Final Report January 2021
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA) NADEEM JINNAH ICON
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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Nadeem Jinnah ICON Residencial cum commercial Project
Plot No. A, COM-3/1-A, Sector 40, Scheme 33, Karachi
FINAL REPORT January 2021
Environmental Impact Environment, Health & Safety Services Assessment (EIA)
701, Greens Two Building Plot No. 155-S, Sir Syed Road, Nadeem Jinnah P.E.C.H.S Block-2, Karachi Contact # +92-300-0320332 ICON WhatsApp # +92-345-2447202 Residencial cum commercial Email: [email protected] Project Web: www.ehss.info
Plot No. COM-3/1-A, Sector 40, Scheme 33, Karachi
Prepared for: N.B Enterprises Builders and Developers
Prepared by: EHS Services
Date: January 2021
This document is intended only for the use of the individual or entity for which it was prepared and may contain information that is privileged, confidential and exempt from disclosure under applicable law. Any dissemination, distribution or copying of this document is strictly prohibited.
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Plot No. A, COM-3/1-A, Sector 40, Scheme 33, Karachi
1. Introduction 7
1.1 Project Brief 13
1.2 Need for Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) 17
1.3 Methodology for Environmental Assessment 18
2. Description of Project 20
2.1 Status of Approvals 21
2.2 Objectives of Project 21
2.3 Construction & Commissioning 33
2.3.1 Pre-Construction Phase 33
2.3.2 Construction Phase 33
2.3.3 Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) 33
2.3.3.1 Structure Works 33
2.3.3.1.1 Dismantling of Pile Heads: 33
2.3.3.1.2 Excavation, Backfilling & Dewatering: 34
2.3.3.1.3 Laying of OFM Concrete Works: 35
2.3.3.2 Finishing Works 38
2.3.3.2.1 Masonry Works 38
2.3.3.2.2 Internal Plaster ½” thick 40
2.3.3.2.3 Tiling Works 41
2.3.3.2.4 Internal Paint Works 41
2.3.3.2.5 Polish Work for Doors Frames Only 42
2.3.3.3 Plumbing Works - OFM 42
2.3.3.3.1 Water & Drainage Piping including Valves 42
2.3.3.3.2 Fixing of Bathroom Fixtures 43
2.3.3.4 Electrical Works - OFM 44
2.3.3.4.1 Electrical Conduits 44
2.3.3.4.2 Wiring 45
2.3.3.4.3 Fixing of D.Bs Boards, Switches & Holders 45
2.3.3.4.4 Wiring & Fixing of Intercom 46
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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Plot No. A, COM-3/1-A, Sector 40, Scheme 33, Karachi
2.3.3.5 Construction Material and other Supplies 46
2.3.3.6 Site Restoration 47
2.4 Plumbing & Electrical System 47
2.4.1 Plumbing System 47
2.4.2 Electrical & Allied Works 50
2.4.3 Preliminary Electrical Load Details 50
2.4.3.1 Firefighting System 51
2.4.4 Gas Supplies 51
3. Statutory Requirements 52
3.1 Administrative Framework 52
3.2 Statutory Framework 53
3.3 Constitutional Provision 55
3.4 Sindh Environmental Protection Act, 2014 55
3.5 Sindh EPA (Review of IEE and EIA) Regulations 2014 58
3.6 Guidelines for Public Consultation 59
3.7 Sindh Environmental Quality Standards (SEQS) 60
3.8 Sindh Prohibition of Child Employment Act, 2017 64
3.9 Land Acquisition Act, 1894 64
3.10 Cutting of Trees (Prohibition) Act, 1975 and the Protection of Trees and Bush Wood Act, 1949 64
3.11 Pakistan Panel Code, 1860 (PPC) 65
3.12 Sindh Solid Waste Management Board Act, 2014 65
3.13 Disaster Management Act, 2010 65
3.14 The Sindh Occupational Safety and Health Act, 2017 65
3.15 Laws on protection of Archaeological Sites & Cultural Heritage 66
3.16 Antiquities Act, 1975 66
3.17 The Sindh Cultural Heritage (Preservation) Act, 1994 66
3.18 Sindh Condominium Act, 2014 67
3.19 Civil Aviation Rules, 1994 67
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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Plot No. A, COM-3/1-A, Sector 40, Scheme 33, Karachi
3.20 Sindh Drinking Water Policy, 2017 68
3.21 Sindh Sanitation Policy, 2016 70
3.22 Sub Soil Water (Extraction and Consumption) Regulations, 2018 71
3.23 Cantonment Board Malir – Bye Laws 71
3.24 Building Code of Pakistan, Fire Safety Provisions 2016 72
3.25 Guidelines for Sensitive and Critical Area, October 1997 74
4. Description of Environment 75
4.1 Description of Physical Environment 78
4.1.1 Geology, Geomorphology and Soil 78
4.1.2 Seismicity 81
4.1.3 Liquefaction Features Caused by Earthquake 84
4.2 Meteorology and Climate 85
4.2.1 Temperature 86
4.2.2 Precipitation 87
4.2.3 Humidity 90
4.2.4 Wind Speed & Direction 91
4.2.5 Urban Heat Island (UHI) Effect 92
4.3 Ambient Air Quality & Noise 94
4.4 Water Resources, Water Quality and Drainage 101
4.1.1.1 Emerging Drainage issues of Authorities’ Response 114
4.4.1 Water Quality 116
4.4.2 Storm Water Drainage 121
4.5 Ecology 123
4.6 Description of Socio-Economic Environment 124
4.6.1 Macro Environment of The City Karachi District 124
4.6.2 Administrative Division 124
4.6.3 Land Use 125
4.6.4 Road Network Infrastructure 125
4.6.5 Demography 126
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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Plot No. A, COM-3/1-A, Sector 40, Scheme 33, Karachi
4.6.6 Households and Average Household Size in Karachi 128
4.6.7 Economic and Livelihood Conditions 128
4.6.8 Health Facilities 129
4.6.9 Education 130
4.6.10 Solid Waste Management 131
4.6.11 Traffic 131
4.6.12 Utilities 131
5. Public Consultation 132
5.1 Objectives of Stakeholders Consultation 132
5.2 Identification of Stakeholders 132
5.3 Consultation Approach & Methodology 133
5.4 Consultation Feedback 134
5.5 Observations/Views of the Institutional Stakeholders 138
6. Screening of Potential Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures 141
6.1 Screening of Potential Environmental Impacts in Siting of Project 142
6.2 Assessment of Impacts at the Construction and Operation stages 143
6.2.1 Building Stability 143
6.2.2 Erosion of Soil 145
6.2.3 Excavation 145
6.2.4 Construction Waste 147
6.2.5 Air Quality 147
6.2.6 Construction Noise 149
6.2.7 Water Sourcing 150
6.2.8 Soil Contamination 151
6.2.9 Wastewater Generation & Disposal 151
6.2.10 Solid Waste Generation and Management 152
6.2.11 Operation of Vehicular Traffic 154
Parking Analysis 155
Access Gate Queue Length Analysis 156
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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Plot No. A, COM-3/1-A, Sector 40, Scheme 33, Karachi
Volume-To-Capacity Ratio Analysis 156
Bus Frequency Analysis 156
Extended Influential Contour of the Project Area 157
Modal Percentages at Nearby Intersection 158
Recommendations Based on Influential Contour 158
6.2.12 Fire Hazards and Life Safety 161
6.2.13 Energy use 162
6.2.14 Materials Selection 163
6.2.15 Disturbance to Wildlife 164
6.2.16 Potential Impacts on Socio-economic Environment 164
6.2.17 Cultural Resources 166
6.2.18 Land-use and Aesthetics 166
6.2.19 Impacts Rating 167
7. Environmental Management Plan (EMP) 170
7.1 Introduction 170
7.2 Objectives 170
7.3 Structure of the EMP 171
7.4 Legislation and Guidelines 171
7.5 Organizational Structure and Roles and Responsibilities 171
7.5.1 Organizational Structure 171
7.5.2 Roles and Responsibilities 172
7.5.2.1 General 172
7.5.3 Planning and Design of the Operations 172
7.5.4 Implementation of the Operation 173
7.5.5 Communication and Documentation 174
7.5.6 Maintenance of the EMP 175
7.5.7 Environmental Health and Safety Management System 176
7.5.8 Health and Safety during Construction Phase 176
7.5.9 Health and Safety during Operation Phase 177
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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Plot No. A, COM-3/1-A, Sector 40, Scheme 33, Karachi
7.5.10 Emergency Response Plan 177
7.5.10.1 Objectives 177
7.5.10.2 Emergency Response Manuals 177
7.5.11 Environmental Compliance Reporting, Documentation and Trainings 178
7.5.12 Mitigation Management Matrix 179
7.5.13 Environmental Monitoring Programme 180
7.5.14 Compliance Monitoring 180
7.5.15 Effects Monitoring 180
7.5.16 Environmental Reporting 181
7.5.16.1 Final Monitoring Report (Construction Phase) 181
7.5.16.2 Annual Environmental Monitoring Reports (Operation Phase) 181
7.5.17 Change Management Plan 181
7.5.17.1 Changes to the EMP 181
7.5.17.2 Changes to the Operation 182
7.5.18 Training Programme 182
7.5.18.1 Objectives 183
7.5.18.2 Roles and Responsibilities 183
7.5.18.3 Training Programme 183
7.6 Standard Operating Procedures (During Construction phase) 201
7.6.1 Wastewater/ Storm water management 201
7.6.2 Solid Waste Management Plan 203
7.6.3 Air and Noise Emissions 207
7.7 Standard Operating Procedures (During Operational Phase) 209
7.7.1 Wastewater Management 209
7.7.2 Solid Waste Management Plan 211
7.7.3 Air and Noise Emissions 214
8. Conclusion 217
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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Plot No. A, COM-3/1-A, Sector 40, Scheme 33, Karachi
Executive Summary
▪ Presented in this report are the findings of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) study submitted to the Sindh Environmental Protection Agency (SEPA) for its approval to construct a B+G+11 storeys residential cum commercial tower Plot No. A, COM-3/1-A, Sector 40, Scheme 33, Karachi. The proponent has obtained necessary No Objection Certificates (NOCs). Statutory approvals / NOCs are attached at Annex-I.
Figure EX-1: Architectural Planning of Nadeem Jinnah ICON
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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Plot No. A, COM-3/1-A, Sector 40, Scheme 33, Karachi
▪ The project site is situated in the midst of several residential cum commercial Highrise projects at M.M. Alam Road; this road provides connectivity linkage to the jinnah avenue, malir link to M9 motorway and gulistane jauhar – malir cantt road. The access to the project building is provided through Jinnah Avenue as well as Pehlwan Goth Road. The access to the project building is provided through jinnah avenue as well as pehlwan goth road. Jinnah avenue facilitates the traffic coming from M9 and N5. Proposed Red Line BRT Project will also serve the population of project area through efficient mass transit system within next 05 years. The built environment has connectivity with M-9 through Malir Cantt-Superhighway link road.
Figure EX-2: Proposed location of Nadeem Jinnah ICON Tower
▪ Following NOCs/approvals (see Annex-I) have been issued by the respective authorities for the project: o NOC for Height Clearance from Civil Aviation Authority (issued) o NOC from SSGC (issued) o NOC from K-Electric (issued) o NOC from KWSB (in process) o NOC from Cantonment Board Malir (issued)
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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Plot No. A, COM-3/1-A, Sector 40, Scheme 33, Karachi
▪ The following parking stalls are provided for the residential zones & commercial zone in proposed development which are mentioned in the table below;
▪ Following are the observations of the stakeholders at the meetings arranged for consultations on the nature of the project & procedures followed for densification: o According to the intuitional stakeholders; the decision to densify the major roads without a masterplan has resulted in road congestion and parking issues. Parking issues have been aggravated due to the addition of the vehicles owned by the residents, their visitors, retailers, their visitors and will further add to the congestion of the already congested roads and all the intersections that are loaded with traffic jam at peak hours. o The addition of vehicles on the already congested roads is adding to the existing problem of smooth running and parking. The need of the hour is to have a realistic demand forecast and to have several parking plazas at critical sites on the commercial areas. The cost of implementation of traffic management plan should be shared among all the builders and developers. o There are several buildings in the close vicinity of the proposed project in which parking demand is higher than supply therefore the encroachment survey provides a brief detail about the on-street parking.
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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Plot No. A, COM-3/1-A, Sector 40, Scheme 33, Karachi
The survey also enlists other forms of encroachment. Both of these road encroachments reduce the capacity of road network. This issue needs to be addressed by the authorities. o Development activities in general are faced with the adverse impact arising from deficiencies in infrastructure and other facilities. The demand for utilities, such as water, sewage disposal, electricity and gas will be increased considerably for which there is no master-plan prepared by the agencies. The residents are already protesting against the shortage of water but the authorities are handicapped for inadequacies in the infrastructure of Karachi Water & Sewerage Board (KW&SB) who keeps on violating the instructions of judicial commission (water) like any other department. o The betterment charges levied by the authorities should be specifically set-aside for improvement of the water supply, sewage disposal system, traffic intersections and provision of infrastructure facilities in the concerned areas. The residents are already raising their voice against non-supply of piped water to their houses but it appears that the Sindh Government is not ready to take any step for the provision of water to Karachiites. The infrastructure facilities are lacking in each sector: the roads are not vehicle worthy but are congested to the extent that the traffic volume is several folds in exceedance with its capacity. o Under the circumstances the builders and developers are resorting to provision of facilities from ground water resources. The lack of water supply has given way to ground water extraction followed by rampant Reverse Osmosis (R.O) treatment without taking into consideration the likely subsidence of the soil which is already burdened by heavy mass shift. Water tankers have become the norm in the area. o The greenery has been usurped and invasive species have been promoted which has added to the problems of health issues. Every builder & developer should be made to contribute to provision of greenery to offset the impact of urban heat island effect. o The stakeholders were apprehensive of the inadequacies in the emergency evacuation and firefighting arrangements. In many cases the hydrants are simply not there and in others the access to the firefighting squad is denied. Since the number of incidents of fire breakout in the high risers is increasing each such unit should have adequate provision of firefighting & emergency evacuation plans. o One of the major challenges for the proposed development and other such developments in the future is the deteriorating state of public utilities. Recent incidents of water lines bursting and consistent power outages in other parts of Karachi are examples that do not bode well for future projects.
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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Plot No. A, COM-3/1-A, Sector 40, Scheme 33, Karachi
o The awareness on traffic laws is also severely lacking amongst the general public. Regardless of plans for mass-transit and other traffic management measures, without awareness of basic road laws and motivation to follow these, traffic congestion will continue and accidents will rise. Recent measures by the Traffic police of increasing fines and penalties are steps in the right direction but, positive incentives for drivers to follow the rules can also make a huge difference. Steps should be taken for area-wise education of traffic rules and benefits of following basic principles of road safety. o Construction debris has of recent become a major constituent of the solid waste disposal system in Karachi. This is because the debris are left to the ill-equipped solid waste collection system to cater; the result is accumulation of piles of construction debris. o The fire escape route and emergency exits must be provided as per international codes and standards. Recent episodes of fire incidents in Karachi has identified the need for each high riser to have its own firefighting system for each floor and fire alarm for each unit of the building. ▪ The screening process has through review of literature, primary as well as secondary baseline data, and expert judgment, made assessment of the potential impacts of said activities on the physical, biological, and socioeconomic environment of the Project. Mitigation measures have been proposed to reduce, minimize or compensate for the identified potential negative impacts and their adoption has been recommended. ▪ The project when completed would require ~ 37, 000 gallons water per day and ~0.65 MW of electricity. The proposed project is a self-contained building having its own back-up power generation, water supply supplemented by hyper filtration system and sewage treatment, grey water recycling and disposal system in addition to provision of more than required parking space. The concerned authorities have already received the due amount for provision of utility services and development of the area. They are expected to plan and implement augmentation of the facilities in advance, otherwise plan for densification would, instead of facilitating improvement in quality of life, be a burden on the environment. ▪ Option for recycling of the wastewater and regeneration of the potable water from groundwater resources by adequate treatment may have to be explored since adequate water supply to the Karachi residents the core areas is not assured despite the fact that the authorities are aware that the needs remain unfulfilled while the exorbitant taxes are unbearable. o A complete record of water consumption during the construction and operation phase will be maintained. o Water conservation practices will be adopted to prevent wastage of water.
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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Plot No. A, COM-3/1-A, Sector 40, Scheme 33, Karachi
o The water supply lines will be checked and repaired for leaks, if any, in order to reduce wastage of water. o Use of water efficient sanitary fittings such as low flush toilets, water efficient shower heads, and aerators on faucets will be ensured throughout the Project cycle. ▪ There are no protected or otherwise cultural or archaeological sites in the microenvironment of the project site and hence no impact of the project will occur on cultural or archaeological resources. However, close coordination will be maintained with all relevant stakeholders during the planning and construction phase of the project. ▪ The Project falls in the category that permits the designated land-use. Construction of multi-storey buildings is in line with the objectives of sustainable development that aims at improvement of quality of life with optimum utilization of resources, in this case densification of Sector 40 Scheme 33 by construction of multi-storied buildings that are self-contained in having their own back-up power generation, water supply and sewage disposal system in addition to provision of parking space. Each proponent is consequently required to ensure that the provisions by the MPGO are followed. The proponent of Nadeem Jinnah ICON will accordingly be mandated by the SEPA to ensure sustainability by the procedure just suggested. ▪ Accordingly, the development and launching of the Project will add the skillfully and sustainably designed “Nadeem Jinnah ICON” as a landmark to the skyline of Karachi & produce positive impact on the aesthetics of the urban environment. ▪ Nadeem Jinnah ICON is designed as a self-contained building; having 24-hour security system all over the building the designers have ensured that the concerns on invasion of privacy are alleviated and eased. The Project would thus achieve its objective of providing a secure and safe residential cum commercial building at an attractive location. This being a positive impact would be an indicator of achievement of the objectives of the Project. ▪ Realizing that the city has overgrown its sustainability limits, it is imperative that the Builders and Developers take cognizance of the cumulative effect of the current pace of rapid development. Consequently, each project is required to keep the sustainability principles in view and go an extra mile beyond the present approach which is confined to bare survival. Their projects have so far been profit oriented, now they will have to share the profit with net zero energy and net zero discharge approach in the project design. ▪ The study recommends that the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) report should be approved with the provision that the suggested mitigation measures will be adopted and the Environmental Management & Monitoring Plan will be followed in letter and spirit.
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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Plot No. A, COM-3/1-A, Sector 40, Scheme 33, Karachi
1. Introduction
Presented in this report are the findings of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) study submitted to the Sindh Environmental Protection Agency (SEPA) for its approval to construct a B+G+11 storeys residential cum commercial tower Plot No. A, COM-3/1-A, Sector 40, Scheme 33, Karachi. The proponent has obtained necessary No Objection Certificates (NOCs). Statutory approvals / NOCs are attached at Annex-I.
1.1 Project Brief
The project site is situated in the midst of several residential cum commercial Highrise projects at M.M. Alam Road; this road provides connectivity linkage to the jinnah avenue, malir link to M9 motorway and gulistane jauhar – malir cantt road. The access to the project building is provided through Jinnah Avenue as well as Pehlwan Goth Road. The access to the project building is provided through jinnah avenue as well as pehlwan goth road. Jinnah avenue facilitates the traffic coming from M9 and N5. Proposed Red Line BRT Project will also serve the population of project area through efficient mass transit system within next 05 years. The built environment has connectivity with M-9 through Malir Cantt-Superhighway link road.
Project location & Site Plan is shown in figure 1.1 & 1.2.
Figure 1.1: Proposed location of Nadeem Jinnah ICON Tower
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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Plot No. A, COM-3/1-A, Sector 40, Scheme 33, Karachi
The project planning is presented as follows and proposed Architectural Plan is shown in figure 1.3.
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Figure 1.2: Site Plan of Nadeem Jinnah ICON Tower
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Figure 1.3: Architectural view of Nadeem Jinnah ICON
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1.2 Need for Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
The EIA study is a mandatory requirement under the provisions of Sindh Environmental Protection Act 2014 and the rules made thereunder. Sindh Environmental Protection Act, 2014 under section 17 (1) mandatorily requires proponent of project to file an IEE or EIA, as the case may be, and obtain approval from the SEPA before commencing construction or operation of the project. Section 17 (1) of the 2014 Act is reproduced herein under for ready reference:
“17. (1) No proponent of a project shall commence construction or operation unless he has filed with the agency an Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) or Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), and has obtained from the Agency.”
Sindh Environmental Protection Agency (Review of IEE/EIA) Regulations, 2014 (“2014 Regulations”) made in exercise of powers conferred under section 37 of the Act 2014 categorizes projects in three categories provided in Schedule I, II and III of the 2014 Regulations. Projects have been classified on the basis of expected degree of adverse environmental impact. Project types listed in Schedule II of the regulations are designated as potentially seriously damaging to the environment and require EIA, and those listed in Schedule I as having potentially less adverse effects and require an IEE.
The proposed project falls in category I (2) of the Schedule II (List of Projects requiring EIA) of the 2014 Regulations.
Accordingly, the requirement of an EIA study is justified in view of the number of the plot size > 2,000 SYD. It is therefore necessary to prepare a detailed account of environmental impact of the proposed high-rise development so that appropriate interventions could be taken. This assessment focuses on various parameters covering all environmental & social issues including building stability, water & wastewater management, sewage treatment plant, source of water, depth of ground water, solid waste management, traffic management, adequacy of parking area, safety & security, nearest sensitive zones/receptors and overall settlement density. The plan seeks to define the project in a holistic manner and suggest possible mitigation measures for development. It has been learnt that through early planning before the start of the project as well as through all phases of the project’s development, if environmental concerns are considered simultaneously with other technical and economic criteria, it may be possible to develop the housing projects with the safeguard of environmental and socioeconomic resources of microenvironment & macroenvironment of the area.
The assessment was conducted with the following objectives:
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▪ Identify the regulatory requirements that apply to project activities in the proposed area, in the context of environmental protection, health & safety;
▪ Assess proposed project activities in terms of their likely impacts on the environment during the construction & operation phases of the project, in order to identify issues of environmental concern; and
▪ Recommend appropriate mitigation measures that can be incorporated into the design of the project to minimize any adverse environmental impacts identified.
1.3 Methodology for Environmental Assessment
EHS Services team was formally inducted to perform the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) of proposed Nadeem Jinnah ICON project. This study has adopted the following methodology for assessment of impact of different activities:
▪ Team of EHS Services experts, including the Environmental Assessment Specialist conducted the reconnaissance survey to identify the critical environmental, social and ecological aspects of the area. ▪ Collection of information related to production activities on the impacted area to delineate the microenvironment of the Project ▪ Use of collected data for identification of hazards posed to safety, health and the environment and risks involved in different activities during the Project. ▪ Screening the potential environmental impacts by applying the checklist method to prepare the EIA report according to SEPA guidelines.
The environmental assessment is based on comparative evaluation of the environmental quality before and after establishment of the Project. For this purpose, the baseline or the profile of the project area was developed by collecting data, records and information on physical, ecological as well as socioeconomic environment of Depot Lines area which forms the microenvironment of project. Following screening of potential environmental impacts, the requirement for mitigation measures to address the impacts is presented. The report also includes the Environmental Management Plan that will be implemented during the construction & operation phases. Environmental Management Plan (EMP) has been prepared to guide Project Proponent through the lifecycle of the project, and to enable them to maintain the environmental, social and workplace conditions in conformity with the Health, Safety and Environmental legislations in vogue. The management plan outlines the details required to manage environmental, safety and occupational risks arising from the project activities as well as social issues.
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Finally, the report has been compiled according to the guidelines for preparation and review of environmental assessment reports. The report includes description of the project, description of microenvironment and macroenvironment, public consultation and screening of potential environmental impact of activities during the pre-construction, construction and operation phases.
The report has been presented in the following sections:
Section 1 - Introduction to Project and EIA Processes Section 2 - Description of Project Section 3 - Overview of National and Provincial Legislation & Guidelines relevant to the project and to this EIA Section 4 - Description of Environment of Project Area Section 5 - Public Consultation & Participation Section 6- Screening of Potential Environmental Impacts & Mitigation Measures Section 7 - Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan (EMP) Section 8 - Conclusion and Recommendations
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2. Description of Project
The proposed project: Nadeem Jinnah ICON is planned to be constructed on Plot No. A, COM-3/1-A, Sector 40, Scheme 33, Karachi Malir Cantonment, having total area of 4,840.00 SYD and will serve as residential-cum-commercial building project.
The building details are described in the table below:
The following parking stalls are provided for the residential zones & commercial zone in proposed development which are mentioned in the table below;
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2.1 Status of Approvals
Following NOCs/approvals (see Annex-I) have been issued by the respective authorities for the project: 1. NOC for Height Clearance from Civil Aviation Authority (issued) 2. NOC from SSGC (issued) 3. NOC from K-Electric (issued) 4. NOC from KWSB (in process) 5. NOC from Cantonment Board Malir (issued)
2.2 Objectives of Project
In launching on the Project: Nadeem Jinnah ICON, N.B Enterprises Builders and Developers aims to achieve the following objectives: ▪ To provide an organized residential structure conducive to the requirement of Karachi; ▪ To promote development in the Housing Sector which at present is the only sector of the economy that is providing stimulus to the economy of the country as a whole and Karachi city in particular; ▪ To meet the increasing demand of residential accommodation in Karachi. ▪ To respond to the need of integrating residential & commercial units in this part of CMB which has of recent attracted the population from other towns of Karachi for reasons of safety and security.
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Figure 2.1: Architectural Planning of Nadeem Jinnah ICON
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Figure 2.1: Architectural Planning of Nadeem Jinnah ICON
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Figure 2.1: Architectural Planning of Nadeem Jinnah ICON
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Figure 2.1: Architectural Planning of Nadeem Jinnah ICON
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Figure 2.1: Architectural Planning of Nadeem Jinnah ICON
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Figure 2.1: Architectural Planning of Nadeem Jinnah ICON
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Figure 2.1: Architectural Planning of Nadeem Jinnah ICON
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Figure 2.1: Architectural Planning of Nadeem Jinnah ICON
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Figure 2.1: Architectural Planning of Nadeem Jinnah ICON
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Figure 2.1: Architectural Planning of Nadeem Jinnah ICON
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Figure 2.1: Architectural Planning of Nadeem Jinnah ICON
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2.3 Construction & Commissioning
2.3.1 Pre-Construction Phase
This is an essential phase that provides the basis for the construction program, the methodology to be adopted and the technologies to be involved. Foundation is a structural member that supports the loads of a structure and distributes them over the substrata on which it rests. In order to be satisfactory, the foundation should satisfy the following requirements:
▪ The foundation must be safe against the possibility of shear failure ▪ The foundation must not undergo excessive differential settlement Calculations have been made to check allowable soil pressure for both the shear and settlement criteria.
Keeping in view the stratigraphy of the area and field and laboratory test results, the allowable pressures have been computed. A detailed geo-technical investigation was conducted and load bearing capacity if the soil was established.
A detailed soil investigation report of the project site is attached at Annex-II.
2.3.2 Construction Phase
The construction activity on the Project will proceed with the approval from Sindh EPA. Besides, all necessary formalities will be fulfilled and NOCs from different departments will be obtained.
Standard & environmentally compatible construction materials (cement, sand, steel reinforcement, bricks etc.) and techniques/construction practices will be employed besides adopting Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs).
2.3.3 Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs)
2.3.3.1 Structure Works
2.3.3.1.1 Dismantling of Pile Heads:
▪ Correct cutting levels will be marked using survey instrument and a cut along the marking will be made with cutting disk at least 4 centimeters into the core. Pile heads will be cut using hilti breaker machines up to required depth. Debris will be removed from site using trolleys.
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2.3.3.1.2 Excavation, Backfilling & Dewatering:
▪ Excavation of raft foundation and footings shall be carried out with mechanical means by using excavators and front-end loaders in one go. All excavated material which is unsuitable, and or is not required for backfilling, shall be disposed of from the site as directed by the Engineer through mechanical dump trucks. Earth shoring/retention for the excavation during the entire period of construction shall be carried out as required. ▪ After excavation for foundation removal of water (dewatering) will be performed using Donkey Pump to avoid rise of water level which may weaken strength of foundation. For backfilling works, excavated material will be backfilled in layers and compaction will be done on every layer.
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2.3.3.1.3 Laying of OFM Concrete Works:
Lean Concrete: ▪ All non-structural concrete such as lean concrete and other binding concrete shall be carried out using ready mix concrete where cement shall be provided by Owner. This being a non-structural concrete does not require vibration however Roding, ramming and floating as required shall be performed. Curing of such concrete shall be carried out by making bunds with sand/earth on all surfaces of the concrete and pounding it with water. Raft Foundation, Columns/Shear Wall, Beams, Slab, Lift Wall & Stairs, UG, OHWT & Septic Tank: ▪ All formwork activities will be carried out in accordance with the specification. ▪ After studying the structural drawings, the Project Engineer will plan for sizes, numbers and type of formwork to be used in consultation with the Structural Engineer, if required. Depending upon the programme, the number of repetitions will be decided. ▪ Availability of formwork will be checked with the Procurement Manager and decision will be taken to buy, hire or reuse formwork material. ▪ During fabrication of formwork shutters, all dimensions shall be cross-checked with a view to avoiding corrective action during erection. ▪ Paint reference numbers on all panels to ensure their use in correct positions. ▪ Ensure that the props, shores, waling, bearers, clamps and tie rods are the right size and at the correct spacing. The Formwork designer shall check the formwork system with respect to load imposed on it and design parameters as laid down in the specification. ▪ Check quality of shutter lining, tightness of bolts and wedges, built-in items, inserts and other embedment. ▪ Tie – rod holes to be made in the formwork shall be neat so that they can be patched or plugged later on. ▪ Particular attention will be paid to the rigidity and line of stop ends and joint formers. ▪ Remove all tie-wire clippings and nails, which may stain both the formwork and the concrete. ▪ Ensure that adequate access and working platforms are in place for the concreting gang and that toe boards and guardrails are provided. ▪ A spreader or lifting beam shall be used to prevent distortion when placing formwork. ▪ Adjustable steel props shall be erected in plumb and verticality of props checked using a spirit level. ▪ A prop should not be used if it is bent, creased or, rusted or has a bent head or base plate, damaged pin etc. ▪ Proper release of agent shall be used so that it can be removed without damaging the surface finish of the concrete.
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▪ A close watch shall be kept on all wedges and fastenings. Make sure that they do not work loose. Grout loss is an indication that some movement has occurred. Safety during Formwork Operations: → The weights of large prefabricated sections of formwork should be marked on them so that the lifting capacity of the crane at the working radius is not exceeded. Lifting points are usually provided. → Fire extinguishers in working order shall be in close proximity to the stored formwork.
▪ The quantity of concrete is calculated and requisition will be made. On the approval of requisition, the batch mix is ordered to the ready-mix concrete supplier provided with the required Compressive strength of concrete. ▪ The ready-mix supplier calculates the design mix of concrete required to achieve the specified strength. The required revolutions for mixing of concrete and slump are calculated by estimating the distance of ready-mix plant with the placement site. The concrete is then placed in the tilting mixer, which then transports the concrete to the required job site. ▪ The arrangements for placement of concrete are done at site in due course of batching and transportation of ready-mix concrete at job site. The labours are equipped with proper PPE’s and required tools are provided to them for effective placement of concrete at the required area. Before the arrival of ready-mix vehicle, proper pathway is maintained to ensure the operation of vehicle at the designated location. ▪ The concrete shall be compacted by using mechanical vibrator for the required time. Over vibration shall be avoided in wet concrete mix to avoid segregation of concrete. On the other hand, lesser vibration might result in air voids/ pockets left in concrete which may result in honey-combing of concrete. ▪ Approved admixture is used during large concreting activities to increase the setting time of concrete. The slump test is carried out at site to check the
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required slump of concrete for the activity and water-cement ratio to obtain the required workability of concrete. ▪ The concrete cubes/cylinders are prepared for the standard testing procedures in order to check the required compressive strength of concrete via the approved testing laboratory/in the on-site lab. A pour slip/check request shall be prepared and signed by the Engineer prior to every concreting activity for official documentation of the type and location of concrete. ▪ The finishing of concrete shall be done as per the required surface. If the concrete is to be placed in foundation. ▪ The curing of concrete will be done by wet jute bags (vertical members) or by ponding over the slab (horizontal members). The concrete shall be cured for the required amount of time depending upon the type of structure in order to achieve its desirable strength. The curing of concrete can also be done by using self-curing compounds during the preparation of concrete (as specified /approved by the Engineer).
Fixing of Steel Reinforcement ▪ A bar bending schedule will be prepared by project engineer according to IFC drawings. Then it will be checked and verified by consultant’s representative. After the approval of bar bending schedule, steel bars will be cut in required sizes by laborers. Steel bars will be transported to required location using hoist/ tower crane. Steel will be fixed according to drawing and will be bind using binding wires. All safety precautions will made in cutting, transporting and fixing of steel bars. Once the steel will be fixed, it will be check by consultant’s representative, and will get approved for pouring of concrete.
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2.3.3.2 Finishing Works
2.3.3.2.1 Masonry Works
▪ OFM ACC Blocks installation shall start by laying out wall lines on building slab by control lines. At the highest corner of the slab, a full width ½” deep sand- cement mortar joint shall be placed using a masonry trowel. If moisture and wicking occur, water resistance mixtures shall be added to sand-cement mortar ensuring top level of all blocks to be at the same height.
▪ First corner block shall now be set in sand-cement mortar and adjusted as needed. To achieve the required height, the block shall be raised or lowered by tapping down with a rubber mallet or by adding additional mortar beneath. Similarly, second corner block shall be set with ¼” notched trowel. Subsequent steps shall be repeated for each corner using a builder’s level to maintain an equal elevation. Triple check at each lead corner in all three planes shall be done.
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▪ After setting up the corners, remaining wall shall be built up with the proper measure so that no space is left between the blocks. An overlapping of the block shall be done with the center of the other blocks. After every 5-6 level of blocks a lentil has to be made with just two 6-8mm iron rod and a proper measurement has to be done to get the wall completely horizontal.
▪ Lintels where required shall be installed with a minimum 8” bearing (overlap). End bearings for lintel should normally be not less than 8”. Concrete spreaders or pad stones shall be incorporated where stresses under lintel will exceed permissible values. Lintels shall be provided on top of doors and windows. Concrete in fill shall be recommended where door is attached to the wall.
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▪ Anchors used with AAC shall be made of plastic or nylon. To make holes for fasteners power drills shall be used. For electrical conduits and piping installation, a chase shall be cut using an electrical router or a chasing tool. A power drill or router can be used to install an electrical box.
2.3.3.2.2 Internal Plaster ½” thick
▪ Application of plaster is the final surface of structure provide leveled and / or designed surface to beautify, hide defects or repairs and protect structure, must have an appealing look. It is mainly based on the surfaces prepared prior. ½” thick plaster with a ratio of 1:4 cement sand internal plaster will be applied including approved water proofing chemical. It is important to prepare the prior surfaces well in level and plumb.
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▪ Ceiling plaster will not be done due to use of marine ply in formwork.
2.3.3.2.3 Tiling Works
▪ Different floorings are proposed for multiple uses. The Tiling works include ceramic tiles in bath & kitchen and, porcelain tiles for flooring and skirting. ▪ Chemically pre polished readymade marbles would lay on a 1-1/2” thick (for flooring) and ¾” thick (for skirting) fresh layer of mortar, stuck tiles by spreading rich cement slurry over base leaving grooves between tiles grouted with colored cement slurry to match tile shade. ▪ Plain CC floor will spread to maintain the proper slope towards floor traps or as directed and will make them nonporous by spreading cement slurry then would divide in squares by marking a straight string.
2.3.3.2.4 Internal Paint Works
▪ Application of painting of approved shades on prepared surfaces gives building a beautiful appearance to eyes; as well it protects plastered surfaces from atmospheric changes and may renew the appearance without any loss of structure. ▪ Process of painting will start by preparing plastered surfaces free of dents and cracks by spreading putty coat evenly and then will level by rubbing with sandpaper. Plastered surfaces will be treated with lime wash before
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application of distemper. Where weather shield paint will be applied on exterior plastered walls or tapered surfaces.
2.3.3.2.5 Polish Work for Doors Frames Only
▪ Application of polishing is the process of creating a smooth and shiny surface by rubbing it or using a chemical action, leaving a surface with a significant specular reflection. ▪ Polish material will be shake well and then sprayed onto the surface of doors frames. Then it will be wiped immediately with a clean cloth and buffing will be continued until the required shine is achieved.
2.3.3.3 Plumbing Works - OFM
2.3.3.3.1 Water & Drainage Piping including Valves
▪ Pipelines will be marked in ground line with operating drawing and supply barricading. ▪ Trenches will be excavated to needed depths as per operating drawings. ▪ Base of trench will be prepared for laying pipes, as per technical specifications. ▪ Pipes will be laid on the prepared base and support them at adequate intervals.
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▪ Pipes will be tested for leaks harassed within the presence of consumer’s representative and maintain a ‘test certificate’ punctually signed by the representatives of the client and contractor. ▪ Provide encasement with sand/granular material, if specified. ▪ Trenches will be backfilled in layers including compaction. ▪ Pipes will be hanged from ceiling using hanging accessories and will be joined with each other using suitable material. ▪ For plumbing works inside building area, pipe lines will be marked on walls as shown on the working drawing. ▪ The walls will be chiseled to required depth using a chiseler machine. ▪ Piping will be assembled beginning from branch left in shaft and introduce in the wall with braces. ▪ Fixture will be located according to working drawing and tile-module drawings. Title modules will be marked on walls by the civil contractor. ▪ All openings will be plugged, and pipe work will be tested for leaks under specified pressure and for required duration. ▪ Hot water pipes will be insulated with the specified material. ▪ Positions of waste outlets will be located and marked, and core drills will be made where necessary. ▪ Pipe headers will be assembled and connected to branches left in the shaft for this purpose. ▪ All open ends will be plugged to prevent ingress of construction debris.
2.3.3.3.2 Fixing of Bathroom Fixtures
▪ Fixtures, taps and toilet accessories will be installed. Screws with nylon washers will be used to repair vitreous crockery and PTPE tape for installation of taps to pipe work. ▪ CP fittings will be checked for leaks and firmness. Proper tools will be used, so that no scratches or any other kind of damages on the chrome plated fixtures should occur. ▪ All bathroom fixtures including taps, basin, commode, etc. will be handled and fixed with great care to avoid its damage.
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2.3.3.4 Electrical Works - OFM
2.3.3.4.1 Electrical Conduits
▪ Electrical conduits will be laid on shuttering, prior to the laying of concrete. Additional security will be provided near to every box and at intervals by binding short lengths of binding wires, twisted around the conduit and reinforcing steel. The conduits shall be adequately fixed to prevent excessive movement and damage during the pouring and setting of concrete and shall be protected from mechanical damage. ▪ Where conduits are left "open ended" prior to wiring they shall be protected by caps or plugs to prevent the ingress of building material. ▪ All conduits run will be designed to permit wiring to be readily installed after the complete erection of the conduits through the available draw-in, accessory and luminary suspension boxes. ▪ It will be ensured that conduits are not concealed until works has been inspected and approved. Ensure that conduit and fittings buried in concrete or behind plaster are protected against corrosion or electrolytic action prior to rendering.
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2.3.3.4.2 Wiring
▪ A loop in form of wiring shall be used as far as practicable or unless otherwise indicated. Joints in conductors shall be made using insulated terminal blocks complying with requirements of this specification. ▪ At expansion joints adequate slack shall be left in the cable. ▪ Where conduits are installed for wiring by others, a draw wire shall be provided between each draw in position. ▪ Where three-phase circuits comprising single-core cables are installed in trucking, all cables shall be tied together at intervals. ▪ Cables forming part of alarm, control, communication or monitoring circuits shall have identification sleeves at their terminations. Identification shall be consistent with the relevant wiring diagrams.
2.3.3.4.3 Fixing of D.Bs Boards, Switches & Holders
▪ Switch boards will be fixed on previously installed boxes and wires will be connected to switches and sockets. ▪ Distribution boards will be fixed on locations indicated in working drawings as per approval of consultant.
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2.3.3.4.4 Wiring & Fixing of Intercom
▪ An intercom system has one major focal point: the master station. It contains the electronic circuitry for the voice communications. ▪ A typical installation consists of a master station installed at a convenient location, several indoor substations, and an outdoor substation. ▪ In some intercom sets, all operations are controlled by the master station: power on/off, radio on/off, and call station selection. ▪ Wiring for intercom will be done in the same manner as electrical wiring and owner provided intercom sets will be placed/ fixed at required locations.
2.3.3.5 Construction Material and other Supplies
Main construction material to be used during the construction phase will include ready mix concrete that will be sourced through reputable companies. Additionally, paints, glass, wood, tiles, aluminum, PVC/GI pipes, concrete/cement pipes, electric cables, etc. will be used during the different phases of construction. The materials will be transported by trucks to the project site, where they will be stored until moved to different locations as and when required.
Materials including paving stone, crush, gravel and sand will be brought from commercial quarries located in the Sindh Province. Other general supplies transported will include office & camp supplies (food etc.) fuels, oils & equipment maintenance parts.
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2.3.3.6 Site Restoration
On the completion of the construction phase, the entire site will be built-up thus no site restoration to original condition is required. External sites will not be used.
2.4 Plumbing & Electrical System
2.4.1 Plumbing System
Design Codes & Standards: All plumbing work designed and installed as per Byelaws, International Plumbing Code 2012, National Plumbing Code, International Fuel Gas Code, American Society for Plumbing Engineers (ASPE) Handbook (2010) and relevant British Standard Institute. Best quality available plumbing fixtures and materials will be specified.
Plumbing Fixtures Requirements: The plumbing system has been designed to meet the minimum plumbing fixture requirements for space occupancy as per International Plumbing Code.
Scope of Plumbing System: The scope of plumbing services is as follows:
▪ Fixtures & Fittings (IPC: 401-427) ▪ Water Supply System (IPC: 601-609) ▪ Soil, Waste and Vent System (IPC: 701-712) ▪ Storm Water Drain & Rainwater Harvesting (IPC: 1101-1113) ▪ Fire Fighting (NFPA 10, 14, 25) ▪ The sewage disposal from the building shall be terminated up to the building’s Manhole, from where it shall be connected via septic tank to the main sewerage system. ▪ The storm water drainage system shall be designed keeping in view the developed levels of the project area & shall be terminated from the building up to the road. ▪ Fire protection system shall comprise of building fire hydrants, Fire hose reels, Fire sprinkler and portable fire extinguishers of various type as per appropriate needs and requirements. The fire water shall be provided through a separate pressurized main.
The main requirements relating to the plumbing works are stated as under: -
▪ Total Potable water requirement for the project is ~37,000 gal/day. ▪ A separate RCC overhead water storage tank shall be installed in building. The capacity of O/H. tank at the roof is 66444.55 gal (potable), 33,231.30 (non-potable) and 33,231.30 (firefighting).
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▪ A separate RCC Underground water storage tank shall be installed in building as per Arch. plan. The capacity of U/G. tank shall be of the daily demand domestic consumption water x 2days + According to (NFPA) 1.5/h reserved water for firefighting system. ▪ Water demand is based on number of Person. ▪ The firewater for fire hydrants and fire hose reels, fire sprinkler shall be provided through a separate pressurized unit.
The relevant codes and standard have been followed in calculation and design of various parameters of the water supply, selection of equipment for the water supply, sanitary / plumbing, sewage disposal and fire protection systems.
The related sections of following codes and standards shall be followed in the design of the above stated works.
ASTM American Society for Testing and Material NFPA National Fire Protection Association (USA) NPC National Plumbing Code ANSI American Plumbing Code. ASME American society of Mechanical Engineer AWWA American water Works Association BCP Building Code of Pakistan
Water Supply: Water supply system shall consist of water storage tanks, water supply network & the internal plumbing works. Potable water shall be provided from the overhead tanks to water supply network of the buildings.
Capacity of Overhead Water Storage Tanks: Overhead Water Storage tanks shall be provided in building to store water. The size of water storage tanks has been determined from the population and its usage.
Design of Water Supply System:
▪ Pipe material used for water shall be of PPRc for internal plumbing works & G.I for external water supply network, pipe sizes shall be designed on the basis of total fixture units connected to the section. ▪ Table used to ascertain maximum numbers of fixture units that can pass through a pipe are adopted from National Plumbing Code USA. ▪ Conversion of plumbing fixture unit’s ratings applicable to building units is adopted from Fundamental of Plumbing design Volume.
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Plumbing Fixture: The plumbing fixtures would be provided to meet the minimum plumbing fixture requirements for space occupancy as per National Plumbing Code (USA) as given below:
Type of Fixture Requirement Occupancy Water Closet Urinal Wash Basin Offices Persons Fixture Persons Fixture Urinals may be Commercial 1-15 1 1-15 1 provided in lieu of Buildings 16-35 2 16-35 2 W.C. but not more 36-55 3 36-55 3 than ½ of W.C. 56-80 4 56-80 4 when more than 35 81-110 5 81-110 5 persons 115-150 6 115-150 6 Add 1 Fixtures for Add 1 Fixture for Every 40 persons Every 40 person Sewerage System:
▪ The Sewerage System includes collection of internal wastewaters through network of pipe and shall be connected to the building manhole to septic tank ▪ The Soil waste collected from wash basins, showers and floor drain shall run through a separate pipe network and then connected to the Gully Trap (G.T) ▪ The Soil waste from water closet and urinals shall pass through uPVC pipes and finally connected to manhole outside the building. ▪ Double stack system will be provided i.e. independent vertical stack for soil and wastewater drain will be installed. For venting, the stacks will be extended 2’-0” above roof level. ▪ To avoid siphon of water seals form traps, vents pipes will be installed near to traps and to be continued to the vent stack in pipe duct. ▪ The sewerage piping system shall consist of the requisite type & adequate number of clean outs. ▪ All the Manholes shall be covered however; they must have proper cleaning facility.
Following criteria shall be adopted in the design of sewerage piping network:
▪ Calculation of sewerage load shall be carried out on the basis of fixture units given in the National Plumbing Code. ▪ Sewerage pipe shall be considered flowing 2/3 full. ▪ Total sewerage load shall be estimated using tables provided in the National Plumbing Code. ▪ Minimum self-scavenging velocity shall be maintained.
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▪ Floor drain shall be provided in each toilet. ▪ Urinals shall be provided at locations as per Clients / Architect requirement. ▪ All water closets & urinals shall be vented properly through the vent piping system. ▪ All vent pips shall be taken 750 mm above the roof level. The horizontal run of vent pipe shall not be more then 6 to 10 meters except where routes do not permit it. ▪ The vent pipes shall be of PVC.
Storm Water Drainage: The storm water drainage shall be achieved through purpose made built-in slopes in the ground all around the buildings and shall be terminated on gravity towards the Storm Water catchments / gully’s at the roadside. Following design criteria shall be adopted in his design of storm water drainage system.
▪ Local climate i.e., rainfall rate. ▪ Site conditions, elevation, water level and location of other utilities etc.
2.4.2 Electrical & Allied Works
The electrical design development of the Project has been carried out in accordance with the prevailing international standards and local regulatory authorities to ensure the ease of maintenance, economy and safety from shock and fire hazards.
Scope of Services
▪ Utility Power Supply from K.E ▪ Backup Generator Supply ▪ Power Distribution including Small Wiring and accessories ▪ UPS / Emergency Supply ▪ Lighting and Controls ▪ Earthing & Grounding ▪ Lightning Protection System ▪ Fire Alarm and Detection System ▪ CCTV Surveillance System ▪ Audio / Audio-Video Intercom System ▪ Voice and Data Communication System ▪ CATV System
2.4.3 Preliminary Electrical Load Details
The total estimated demand load is ~ 650 KW.
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2.4.3.1 Firefighting System
The Fire Fighting System shall comprise of the following main items:
(a) Fire Hydrants & Landing Valves. (b) Fire Hose Reel with cabinets. (c) Portable fire extinguishers for normal fire and electrical fire i.e. dry Powder type and Carbon Dioxide Type. (d) Automatic Fire Sprinklers (e) Following Fire Pumps: i. Electric motor driven Fire Pump. ii. Jockey Pump iii. Diesel Engine driven Fire Pump (f) System Automatic Controls.
General Detail is as follows:
(a) One-inch dia hose reels with a length of 100 ft. have been located at suitable spaces to cover the entire area. (b) Fire hydrants and landing valves shall be located at every mid-level landing in stairs. It will be having the quick couplings compatible with local Fire Brigade use. (c) Inlet connection is being provided at Ground Level to allow the Fire Brigade to connect their system and supply the water into the firefighting system.
Fire Pumps
(a) The Jockey Pump shall maintain the fire lines required pressure of 110 Bar. (b) When the pressure drops below 108 Bar, the main fire pump shall be automatically switched on. (c) The Pump shall require the manual switching off. (d) Diesel Engine driven fire pump shall be switched on in case of failure of electric power.
2.4.4 Gas Supplies
The gas supply for project would be provided by the Sui Southern Gas Company Limited (SSGCL). Project has obtained approval from the SSGCL for connection.
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3. Statutory Requirements
Presented in this section are the Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework applicable to Project in the context of sustainable development. All legal provisions relevant to environmental protection applicable to the planning, construction and operation were identified under the scope of the EIA. The proponent has to be well aware of these requirements and comply with the provisions as applicable and necessary. Besides applicable laws orders of the Courts passed in recent past which have direct implications for building construction industry have also been discussed in this chapter. Legal status of the title documents, no objection certificates issued by or required from concerned departments are also vetted in this chapter.
3.1 Administrative Framework
Before the 18th amendment in the Constitution of Pakistan, the environmental issues were governed under the federal regime through Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997. As a result of the 18th Amendment this subject is now in the exclusive domain of the provincial government. The Ministry of Environment at the federal level was abolished. Its functions related to national environmental management were transferred to the provinces. To manage the international obligations in the context of environment, a new ministry - the Ministry of Climate Change – was created at the federal level. As of now, all four provinces have enacted their own environmental protection laws.
For Sindh province, the Sindh Environmental Protection Act, 2014 (SINDH ACT NO.VIII OF 2014) was passed by the Provincial Assembly of Sindh on 24th February, 2014 and assented to by the Governor of Sindh on 19th March, 2014 and published in official gazette on Thursday March 20, 2014. (Hereinafter the Sindh Environmental Protection Act, 2014 is referred to as the “2014 Act”).
Under the 2014 Act, the Environmental Protection Council (the “EPC”) has been formed consisting of Chief Minister as Chairman with Minister in charge of Environment Protection Department, Addl. Chief Secretary, Planning & Development Department, Government of Sindh and Secretaries of Environment, Finance, Public Health Engineering, Irrigation, Health, Agriculture, Local Government, Industries, Livestock & Fisheries Forest & Wildlife, Energy, Education Departments Government of Sindh and Divisional Commissioners of Sindh. Non-official members are also included (i.e. representatives of Chamber of Commerce & Industry and from medical or legal professions etc.) along with DG, EPA & two Members of Provincial Assembly also form part of EPC.
The EPC within the framework of the 2014 Act acts as a policy making body. The functions and powers of EPC include coordination & supervision of provisions of
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Act, approving provincial environmental & sustainable development policies & SEQS, provide guidance for protection & conservation, consider annual Sindh Environmental Report, deal with interprovincial and federal provincial issues, provide guidance for bio safety & assist Federal Government in implementation of various provisions of UN Convention on laws on Seas (UNCLOS).
Sindh Environmental Protection Agency (the “SEPA”) establishes under the provisions of the 2014 Act is headed by Director General (DG) with the aim to exercise the powers and perform the functions assigned to it under the provisions of the 2014 Act and the rules and regulations made there under. The SEPA acts as the executive body of the provisions of the 2014 Act. It has technical and legal staff and may form advisory committees. SEPA requires preparing environmental policies, taking measures for implementation of environmental policies, preparing Sindh Environment Report and preparing or revising Sindh Environmental Quality Standards. It also establishes systems and procedures for surveys, surveillance, monitoring, measurement, examination, investigation research, inspection and audit to prevent and control pollution and to estimate the costs of cleaning up pollution and rehabilitating the environment and sustainable development. SEPA would also take measures for protection of environment such as to promote research; issues licenses for dealing with hazardous substances, certify laboratories, identify need for or initiate legislation, specify safeguards etc. SEPA would also encourage public awareness and education regarding environmental issues. SEPA has powers to enter or inspect under a warrant issued by Environmental Protection Tribunal or a Court search at any time, any land or building etc. where there are reasonable grounds to believe that an offence has been or is being or likely to be committed. SEPA may also take samples, arrange for testing or confiscate any article in discharge of their duties.
The 2014 Act also provides for establishing Sindh Sustainable Fund derived from various sources such as voluntary contributions or fees generated etc. This fund is utilized for protection, conservation or improvement of environment.
Under the 2014 Act and rules and regulations made there under a complete framework for pre- and post-approval is given, which a proponent of project requires to comply with.
3.2 Statutory Framework
As stated supra after 18th Amendment in Constitution of Pakistan, 1973 subject of environmental protection is devolved to the provinces and all provinces have enacted their own provincial environmental protection acts, rules and regulations. Now all matters related to environmental protection are governed under respective provincial environmental protection laws. However, it would
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apposite to give here a brief history of the development of statutory environmental framework in the Country. Prior to the 18th Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan in 2010, the legislative powers were distributed between the federal and provincial governments through two ‘lists’ attached to the Constitution as Schedules. The Federal list covered the subjects over which the federal government had exclusive legislative power, while the ‘Concurrent List’ contained subjects regarding which both the federal and provincial governments could enact laws. The subject of ‘environmental pollution and ecology’ was included in the Concurrent List and hence allowed both the national and provincial governments to enact laws on the subject. However, as a result of the 18th Amendment this subject is now in the exclusive domain of the provincial government. The Ministry of Environment at the federal level was abolished. Its functions related to national environmental management were transferred to the provinces. To manage the international obligations in the context of environment, a new ministry - the Ministry of Climate Change – was created at the federal level. The PEPA 1997 is no longer applicable to the provinces. The provinces have enacted their own environmental protection laws. These provincial laws are largely based on PEPA 1997 and, hence, provide the same level of environmental protection as the parent law. Between 1993 and 2010, the Pak-EPA promulgated several rules, regulations, standards, and guidelines to implement the provisions of the PEPA 1997. The province of Sindh has made its own rules and regulations. However, sectorial guidelines made under PEPA 1997 are still useful document to benefit from.
Sindh EPA has taken lead in finalizing and notifying the Sindh Provincial rules, regulations and standards.
▪ On December 16, 2014, SEPA enacted the Sindh Environmental Protection Agency (Review of Initial Environmental Examination and Environmental Impact Assessment) Regulations, 2014 (the “IEE-EIA Regulations”).
▪ On December 19, 2014, SEPA enacted the (i) Environmental Sampling Rules 2014, (ii) Hazardous Substances Rules, 2014, (iii) Sindh Environmental Protection (Composition of Offences and Payment of Administrative Penalty) Rules 2014, (iv) Sindh Environmental Protection Tribunal Rules, 2014, (v) Sindh Hospital Waste Management Rules, 2014, (vi) Sindh Environmental Quality Standards (Certification of Environmental Laboratories) Rules 2014, (vii) Sindh Prohibition of Non-degradable Plastic Products (Manufacturing, Sale and Usage) Rules 2014, (viii) Sindh Sustainable Development Fund (Procedure and Utilization) Rules 2014, and (ix) Sindh Environmental Quality Standards (Self-Monitoring and Reporting by Industry) Rules 2014.
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▪ On June 28, 2016, the Sindh Environmental Industrial Wastewater, Effluent, Domestic, Sewerage, Industrial Air Emission and Ambient Air, Noise for Vehicles, Air Emissions for Vehicles and Drinking Water Quality Standards, 2015 have been notified.
For purpose of this report, the 2014 Act, Sindh Environmental Protection Agency (Review of Initial Environmental Examination and Environmental Impact Assessment) Regulations, 2014 (“2014 Regulations”) and other relevant rules and regulations made under the 2014 Act are applicable.
3.3 Constitutional Provision
The Constitution of Pakistan is supreme law of the Country. It is one of the few constitutions in the world, which covers environmental protection and considers it one of the fundamental rights of citizens of Pakistan. Article 9 & 14 of the Constitution bestows fundamental right to life and dignity to every citizen. The Supreme Court of Pakistan in landmark judgment in the case of Shehla Zia and others versus WAPDA (1994) referred to both these Articles and laid down the foundation of modern environmental law in Pakistan. The august Court held that the word “life” in the constitution has not been used in a limited manner. A wide meaning should be given to enable a man not only to sustain life but to enjoy it. Under the Constitution, Article 14 provides that the dignity of man and subject to law the privacy of home shall be inviolable. The fundamental right to preserve and protect the dignity of man under Article 14 is unparalleled and could be found only in few Constitutions of the world. The Constitution guarantees dignity of man and also right to “life” under Article 9 and if both are read together, question will arise whether a person can be said to have dignity of man if his right to life is below bare necessity like without proper food, clothing, shelter, education, health care, clean atmosphere and unpolluted environment.
3.4 Sindh Environmental Protection Act, 2014
The 2014 Act as stated above is the basic legislative tool empowering the provincial government to frame regulations for the protection of the environment. The Act envisages protection, improvement, conservation & rehabilitation of environment of Sindh with the help of legal action against polluters and green awakening of communities. It equally lays emphasis for the preservation of the natural resources of Sindh and to adopt ways and means for restoring the balance in its eco-system by avoiding all types of environmental hazards. The act is applicable to a broad range of issues and extends to air, water, industrial liquid effluent, marine, and noise pollution, as well as to the handling of hazardous wastes.
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The following articles of the SEPA 2014 have a direct bearing on the proposed Project:
▪ Article 11(1): ‘Subject to the provisions of this Act and the rules and regulations therein, no person shall discharge or emit or allow the discharge or emission of any effluent, waste, pollutant, noise or any other matter that may cause or likely cause pollution or adverse environmental effects, as defined in Section 2 of this Act, in an amount, concentration or level which is in excess to that specified in Sindh Environmental Quality Standards…’
▪ Article 11(2): ‘All persons, in industrial or commercial or other operations, shall ensure compliance with the Environmental Quality Standards for ambient air, drinking water, noise or any other Standards established under section 6(1)(g)(i); shall maintain monitoring records for such compliances; shall make available these records to the authorized person for inspection; and shall report or communicate the record to the Agency as required under any directions issued, notified or required under any rules and regulations.’
▪ Article 14 (1): ‘Subject to the provisions of this Act and the rules and regulations, no person shall cause any act, deed or any activity’, including; o (b) disposal of solid and hazardous wastes at unauthorized places as prescribed; o (c) dumping of wastes or hazardous substances into coastal waters and inland water bodies; and o (d) release of emissions or discharges from industrial or commercial operations as prescribed.
▪ Article 15 (1): ‘Subject to the provisions of this Act, no person shall operate or manufacture a motor vehicle or class of vehicles from which air pollutants or noise are being emitted in an amount, concentration or level which is in excess of the Sindh Environmental Quality Standards or, where applicable, the standards established under sub-clause (i) of clause (g) of sub-section (1) of section 6’.
▪ Article 17(1): ‘No proponent of a project shall commence construction or operation unless he has filed with the Agency an initial environmental examination or environmental impact assessment, and has obtained from the Agency approval in respect thereof’
▪ Article 17(2): The agency shall;
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o a) review the initial environmental examination and accord its approval, subject to such terms and conditions as it may prescribe, or require submission of an environmental impact assessment by the proponent; or o (b) review the environmental impact assessment and accord its approval subject to such terms and conditions as it may deem fit to impose or require that the environmental impact assessment be re-submitted after such modifications as may be stipulated or decline approval of the environmental impact assessment as being contrary to environmental objectives.
▪ Article 17(3): ‘Every review of an environment impact assessment shall be carried out with public participation and, subject to the provisions of this Act, after full disclosure of the particulars of the project’.
▪ Article 17(4): ‘The Agency shall communicate its approval or otherwise within a period of two months from the date that the initial environmental examination is filed, and within a period of four months from the date that the environmental impact assessment is filed complete in all respects in accordance with the regulations, failing which the initial environmental examination or, as the case may be, the environmental impact assessment shall be deemed to have been approved, to the extent to which it does not contravene the provisions of this Act and the rules and regulations’.
▪ Article 20(1): ‘The Agency shall from time to time require the person in charge of a project to furnish, within such period as may be specified, an environmental audit or environmental review report or environmental management plan containing a comprehensive appraisal of the environmental aspects of the project’.
▪ Article 20(2): The report of a project prepared under sub-section (1) shall include: o (a) analysis of the predicted qualitative and quantitative impact of the project as compared to the actual impact; o (b) evaluation of the efficacy of the preventive, mitigation and compensatory measures taken with respect to the project; and o (c) recommendations for further minimizing or mitigating the adverse environmental impact of the project.
▪ Article 20(3): ‘Based on its review of the environmental audit report, the Agency may, after giving the person in charge of the project an opportunity of being heard, direct that specified mitigation and compensatory measures
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be adopted within a specified time period and may also, where necessary, modify the approval granted by it under section 17’.
3.5 Sindh EPA (Review of IEE and EIA) Regulations 2014
Sindh Environmental Protection Agency (Review of IEE / EIA) Regulations, 2014 (“2014 Regulations”) made in exercise of powers conferred under section 37 of the Act 2014 provide the necessary guidelines on the preparation, submission, & review of Initial Environmental Examinations (IEEs) and Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs). The regulations categorize projects in three categories provided in Schedule I, II and III of the 2014 Regulations.
The project falls in category I (2) of the Schedule II (List of Projects requiring EIA) of the 2014 Regulations, which provides:
I. Urban development and tourism (1)………… (2) Residential/commercial high-rise buildings/apartments from 15 stories and above.
The submission and approval procedure for the EIA is summarized below:
▪ The EIA report shall be submitted, together with a review fee and form included as Schedule-V of the Sindh IEE/EIA Regulations 2014.
▪ The SEPA shall conduct a preliminary scrutiny and reply within 15 working days of the submittal of the report a) confirming completeness, or b) asking for additional information, if needed, or c) returning the report requiring additional studies, if necessary.
▪ The SEPA is required to make every effort to complete the EIA review process within four months of the issue of confirmation of completeness.
▪ SEPA shall call for a Public Hearing for the project to invite all the concerned persons to raise concerns on the project.
▪ Following the Public Hearing, SEPA shall constitute a Committee of Experts to assist the agency in review of the EIA.
▪ The approval granted at the end of the review process is valid for three years for start of construction.
▪ Once project construction has been completed, the proponent is required to submit a request to the SEPA for confirmation of compliance. An
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environmental management plan for the operation phase is to accompany the request.
▪ The SEPA is required to communicate its decision within four months of receipt of the request. The project can commence operation only after it has received approval from the SEPA.
3.6 Guidelines for Public Consultation
Public consultation is mandated under Sindh’s environmental law. Regulation 11 of the 2014 Regulations provides the general requirements whereas the sectoral guidelines indicating specific assessment requirements are provided in the Guidelines for Public Consultation 1997 (the ‘Guidelines’). These are summarized below:
▪ Objectives of Public Involvement: ‘To inform stakeholders about the proposed project, to provide an opportunity for those otherwise unrepresented to present their views and values, providing better transparency and accountability in decision making, creating a sense of ownership with the stakeholders’;
▪ Stakeholders: ‘People who may be directly or indirectly affected by a proposal will clearly be the focus of public involvement. Those who are directly affected may be project beneficiaries, those likely to be adversely affected, or other stakeholders. The identification of those indirectly affected is more difficult, and to some extent it will be a subjective judgment. For this reason, it is good practice to have a very wide definition of who should be involved and to include any person or group who thinks that they have an interest. Sometimes it may be necessary to consult with a representative from a particular interest group. In such cases the choice of representative should be left to the group itself. Consultation should include not only those likely to be affected, positively or negatively, by the outcome of a proposal, but should also include those who can affect the outcome of a proposal’;
▪ Mechanism of consultations: ‘Provide sufficient relevant information in a form that is easily understood by non-experts (without being simplistic or insulting), allow sufficient time for stakeholders to read, discuss, consider the information and its implications and to present their views, responses should be provided to issues and problems raised or comments made by stakeholders, selection of venues and timings of events should encourage maximum attendance’;
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▪ Timing and Frequency: Planning for the public consultation program needs to begin at a very early stage; ideally it should commence at the screening stage of the proposal and continue throughout the EIA process;
▪ Consultation Tools: Some specific consultation tools that can be used for conducting consultations include; focus group meetings, needs assessment, semi-structured interviews; village meetings and workshops;
▪ Other Important Considerations: ‘The development of a public involvement program would typically involve consideration of the following issues; objectives of the proposal and the study; identification of stakeholders; identification of appropriate techniques to consult with the stakeholders; identification of approaches to ensure feedback to involved stakeholders; and mechanisms to ensure stakeholders’ consideration are taken into account’.
As above, the Guidelines for Public Consultation introduce effective ways to inform the contents of the project to the general public during the planning stage and that eventually consensus building toward the implementation of project is reached.
Incorporating public involvement into the stages of environmental assessment is explained in the guidelines that public consultation meeting has to be carried out after the works on "developing options and assessing and mitigating impacts" for comments and assessment.
3.7 Sindh Environmental Quality Standards (SEQS)
On June 28, 2016, the Sindh Environmental Industrial Wastewater, Effluent, Domestic, Sewerage, Industrial Air Emission and Ambient Air, Noise for Vehicles, Air Emissions for Vehicles and Drinking Water Quality Standards, 2015 have been notified by Sindh EPA.
Table 3.1 shows Sindh environmental quality standard for ambient air.
Table 3.1: Sindh Environmental Quality Standard for Ambient Air Time-weighted Concentration in Method of Pollutant average Ambient Air measurement Sulfur Dioxide Annual Average* 80μg/m3 Ultraviolet Fluorescence 3 (SO2) 24 hours** 120μg/m Method Oxides of Annual Average* 40μg/m3 Gas Phase Nitrogen as 24 hours** 40μg/m3 Chemiluminescence (NO) Annual Average* 40μg/m3
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Oxides of Gas Phase Nitrogen as 24 hours** 80μg/m3 Chemiluminescence (NO2)
3 Non dispersive UV O3 1 hour 130μg/m absorption méthode Suspended Annual Average* 360μg/m3 High volume Sampling, Particulate (Average flow rate not 24 hours** 500μg/m3 Matter (SPM) less than 1.1m3/minute) Respirable 3 Annual Average* 120μg/m Β Ray absorption Particulate 3 method Matter (PM10) 24 hours** 150μg/m Respirable Annual Average* 40μg/m3 Β Ray absorption Particulate 24 hours** 75μg/m3 method Matter (PM2.5) 1 hour 15μg/m3 Annual Average* 1μg/m3 ASS Method after sampling using EPM Lead (Pb) 24 hours** 1.5μ/gm3 2000 or equivalent Filter paper Carbon 8hours** 5mg//m3 Non Dispersive Infra Red Monoxide (CO) 1hours 10mg//m3 (NDIR) method *Annual arithmetic means of minimum 104 measurements in a year taken twice a week 24 hourly at uniform interval. **24 hourly / 8 hourly values should be met 98% of the in a year. 2% of the time, it may exceed but not on two consecutive days.
Table 3.2 shows the standards for motor vehicle noise.
Table 3.2: The Motor Vehicle Ordinance (1965) and Roles (1969) Parameter Standards (maximum permissible Measuring method limit) Sound-meter at 7.5meter from the Noise 85dB(A) source Table 3.3 shows the Sindh Environmental Quality Standard for noise.
Table 3.3: Sindh Environmental Quality Standard for Noise S. No. Category of Area / Zone Limit it in dB(A) Leq*
Day Time Night Time 1 Residential area (A) 55 45 2 Commercial area (B) 65 55 3 Industrial area (C) 75 65 4 Silence Zone (D) 50 45 Note: 1 Day time hours: 6.00 a. m to 10.00 p. m 2 Night time hours: 10.00 p. m to 6.00p. m 3 Silence zone; Zone which are declared as such by competent authority. An area comprising not less than 100 meters around hospitals, educational institutions and courts.
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4 Mixed categories of areas may be declared as one of the four above- mentioned categories by the competent authority. *dB(A)Leq Time weighted average of the level of sound in decibels on scale A which is relatable to human hearing.
The SEQS for effluents are shown in Table 3.4.
Table 3.4: Sindh Environmental Quality Standard for Municipal & Liquid Industrial Effluents S. Parameter Into Inland Into Sewage Into Sea unit No. Waters Treatment 1 Temperature increase <3 <3 <3 oC 2 pH value (H+) 6-9 6-9 6-9 3 Biological Oxygen Demand 80 250 80 mg/l o (BOD)5 at 20 C 4 Chemical Oxygen Demand 150 400 400 mg/l (COD)Cr 5 Total Suspended Solids (TSS) 200 400 200 mg/l 6 Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) 3500 3500 3500 mg/l 7 Oil and Grease 10 10 10 mg/l 8 Phenolic Compounds (as 0.1 0.3 0.3 mg/l Phenol) 9 Chloride (as Cl-) 1000 1000 SC mg/l 10 Fluoride (as F-) 10 10 10 mg/l 11 Cyanide (as CN-)total 1.0 1.0 1.0 mg/l 12 An-ionic detergents (as 20 20 20 mg/l MBAS) 2- 13 Sulphate(SO4 ) 600 1000 SC mg/l 14 Sulphide (S2-) 1.0 1.0 1.0 mg/l 15 Ammonia (NH3) 40 40 40 mg/l 16 Pesticides 0.15 0.15 0.15 mg/l 17 Cadmium 0.1 0.1 0.1 mg/l 18 Chromium (trivalent and 1.0 1.0 1.0 mg/l hexavalent) 19 Copper 1.0 1.0 1.0 mg/l 20 Lead 0.5 0.5 0.5 mg/l 21 Mercury 0.01 0.01 0.01 mg/l 22 Selenium 0.5 0.5 0.5 mg/l 23 Nickel 1.0 1.0 1.0 mg/l 24 Silver 1.0 1.0 1.0 mg/l 25 Total toxic metals 2.0 2.0 2.0 mg/l 26 Zinc 5.0 5.0 5.0 mg/l 27 Arsenic 1.0 1.0 1.0 mg/l 28 Barium 1.5 1.5 1.5 mg/l 29 Iron 8.0 8.0 8.0 mg/l 30 Manganese 1.5 1.5 1.5 mg/l
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31 Boron 6.0 6.0 6.0 mg/l 32 Chlorine 1.0 1.0 1.0 mg/l
The SEQS for drinking water are shown in Table 3.5.
Table 2.5: Sindh Environmental Quality Standards for Drinking Waters (mg/l)
S.# Properties/ Standard Values for S.# Properties / Standard Parameters Pakistan Parameters Values for Pakistan Bacterial Chemical 1 All water intended Must not be detectable Essential Inorganics (mg/liter) for drinking (E.Coli in any 100 ml sample 13 Aluminum ≤ 0.2 or Thermo tolerant (Al) mg/l Coliform bacteria) 14 Antimony ≤ 0.005 (Sb) 2 Treated water Must not be detectable 15 Arsenic (As) ≤ 0.05 entering the in any 100 ml sample 16 Barium (Ba) 0.7 distribution system 17 Boron (B) 0.3 (E.Coli or thermo tolerant coliform and total coliform bacteria) 3 Treated water in Must not be Detectable 18 Cadmium 0.01 the distribution in any 100 ml sample. In (Cd) system (E.coli or case of large supplies, 19 Chloride (Cl-) < 250 thermo tolerant where sufficient 20 Chromium ≤ 0.05 coliform and total samples are examined, (Cr) coliform bacteria) must not be resent in 21 Copper (Cu) 2 95% of the samples Organic (mg/L) taken throughout any 22 Phenolic <0.0002 12-month period. compounds Toxic Inorganics (mg/liter) 23 Cyanide (CN)- ≤ 0.05 24 Fluoride (F) ≤ 1.5 25 Lead (Pb) ≤ 0.05 26 Manganese ≤ 0.5 (Mn) Physical 27 Mercury (Hg) ≤ 0.001 4 Color < 15 TCU 28 Nickel (Ni) ≤ 0.02 - 5 Taste Non-objectionable/ 29 Nitrate (NO3) ≤ 50 Acceptable - 6 Odor Non-objectionable/ 30 Nitrite (NO2) ≤ 3 Acceptable 7 Turbidity < 5 NTU 31 Selenium (Se) ≤ 0.01 8 Total Hardness as < 500 mg/l 32 Residual 0.2-0.5 CaCO3 Chlorine At 9 TDS <1000 consumer
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10 pH 6.5-8.5 end Radioactive 0.5-1.5 at source 11 Alpha Emitters bq/L 0.1 33 Zinc (Zn) 5.0 12 Beta emitters 1
3.8 Sindh Prohibition of Child Employment Act, 2017
Article 11(3) of the Constitution of Pakistan prohibits employment of children below the age of 14 years in any factory, mines or any other hazardous employment. In accordance with this Article, the Prohibition of Child Employment Act (PCEA) 2017 disallows the child labor in Sindh. The PCEA defines a child as a person who has not completed his/her fourteenth years of age, and an adolescent means a person who has completed fourteenth year of age but has not completed eighteenth years of his age. No child shall be employed or permitted to work in any establishment including construction but an adolescent can be employed or permitted to work under strict guidelines provided in the PCEA and rules. An adolescent shall not be employed in any hazardous work included in the schedule to the PCEA.
3.9 Land Acquisition Act, 1894
The Land Acquisition Act, 1894 (LAA) governs land acquisition against compensation for public interest projects. It is termed as draconian law because it gives complete powers to the government to acquire the land and there is no provision for landowner to refuse transferring the land. Only remedy to a landowner is to challenge quantum of compensation, that too, through a civil court where decades pass in deciding the matter. The Act gives power to the Government to acquire the land under emergency clause under which requirement of prior public notice is exempted.
3.10 Cutting of Trees (Prohibition) Act, 1975 and the Protection of Trees and Bush Wood Act, 1949
The Cutting of Trees Act prohibits cutting or chopping of trees without prior permission of the Forest Department. Section 3 of this Act states “No person shall, without the prior written approval of the local formation commander or an officer authorized by him in this behalf, cut fell or damage or cause to cut, fell or damage any tree.”
Similarly, the Protection of Trees and Bush wood Act, 1949 prohibits cutting of trees and bush wood without permission of the Forest department. The Act was enforced to prevent unlawful removal/clearing of trees and green area for any reason without the consent of the Forest Department”.
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3.11 Pakistan Panel Code, 1860 (PPC)
Chapter XIV of the PPC deals with the offences affecting the public health, safety, convenience, decency and morals. Person may be guilty of public nuisance if his act or omission causes common injury, danger or annoyance to the public or results in spread of infection of disease dangerous to life. The chapter also deals with environmental pollution.
3.12 Sindh Solid Waste Management Board Act, 2014
A board established under the Act for management of collection and disposal of all solid waste, to arrange for effective delivery of sanitation services, and to deal with other relevant matters. Under the Act, the board shall have the right over the solid waste related issues, assets, funds and liabilities of the Councils and shall possess sole rights on all kinds of solid waste within the limits of all Councils.
The Supreme Court of Pakistan in recent judgment passed on 16.03.2017 in C.P. No.38 of 2016 (Shahab Usto vs GoS & Ors) has shown serious reservation with regard to the continuation of the Board. The Court has observed in Para No.49 that if this Board is allowed to exist, it would be a permanent liability of the Sindh Government. In the circumstances, the Act has not been reviewed in detail.
3.13 Disaster Management Act, 2010
This Act was enacted to provide for the establishment of a National Disaster Management System for Pakistan. Sindh Disaster Management Authority enforces the Act. The Act defines ‘disaster’ as a catastrophe or a calamity in an affected area, arising from natural or man-made causes or by accident which results in a substantial loss of life or human suffering or damage to, and destruction of, property. Disaster management includes preparedness and response. The Act provides establishment of disaster management authorities at national, provincial and district levels. The authorities require preparing and implementing disaster management plan for their area.
3.14 The Sindh Occupational Safety and Health Act, 2017
The Sindh Occupational Safety and Health Bill 2017 has been approved by the Provincial Assembly of Sindh (Ref. Sindh Bill No. 27 of 2017) and enacted as the Sindh Occupational Safety and health Act, 2017. The Act makes provision for Occupational Safety and Health conditions at all workplaces for the protection of persons at workplaces against risk of injury arising out of the activities at workplaces and the promotion of safe, healthy and decent working environment adapted to the physical, physiological and psychological needs of all persons at work.
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3.15 Laws on protection of Archaeological Sites & Cultural Heritage
After the Eighteenth amendment in the constitution the subject of “Ancient and historical monuments, archaeological sites and remains” the entry No.37 of the concurrent legislative list has also devolved to provincial legislations. There are two laws that are directly relevant for archaeological relics. The first is The Antiquities Act, 1975, which ensures the protection of Pakistan’s cultural resources. Since separate provincial Act has not been enacted yet the Antiquities Act, 1975 shall remain enforce in Sindh under Article 270AA(6) of the Constitution of Pakistan, 1973. The second is The Sindh Cultural Heritage (Preservation) Act, 1994, which is the provincial law for the protection of cultural assets. Its objectives are similar to those of the Antiquity Act.
3.16 Antiquities Act, 1975
The act ensures the protection of cultural resources in Pakistan. It is designed to protect antiquities from destruction, theft, negligence, unlawful excavation, trade and export. Antiquities have been defined in the Act as ancient products of human activity, historical sites, or sites of anthropological or cultural interest, national monuments etc. The Act prohibits new construction in the proximity of a protected antiquity and empowers the Government of Sindh to prohibit excavation in any area, which may contain articles of archaeological significance. The developers are obligated to ensure that no activity is undertaken within 61 m (200ft) of a protected antiquity, and to report to the GoPS’s Dept. of Archaeology if any archaeological discovery made during the course of the project.
3.17 The Sindh Cultural Heritage (Preservation) Act, 1994
The Sindh Cultural Heritage (Preservation) Act, 1994 is the provincial law for the protection of cultural assets. According to KB&TPR 2002, any building declared as a Heritage Building by the GoS, under the above-mentioned preservation Act (1994) shall not be considered for approval by the KBCA, except with the prior approval of the department designated as such by the Government of Sindh. Under the Act an Advisory Committee is formulated to overlook and subsequent right of Acquisition of a protected heritage of architectural, historical, archaeological or national value, custodian/guardianship rights for preservation and declaration of protected heritage, evaluation of ownership rights, take legal action against any offender who attempts to damage, destroy, remove, deface, alter or imperil the protected heritage or to build on or near the site. It also details the purchase, maintenance and repair works of a protected heritage under the government’s jurisdiction. The advisory committee may also receive voluntary donations towards the cost of maintenance of a protected heritage site. The act also establishes the right of access to certain protected heritage
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sites, penalties for violators, formulation of rules and provides protection to the persons working under this Act.
3.18 Sindh Condominium Act, 2014
The purpose of Act is to regulate the services, amenities, façade, parking and common areas in public sale projects by the residents, union or society of the project through the registered maintenance companies in the Province of Sindh. Under the Act maintenance of the project for one after obtaining completion certificate shall be the responsibility of the builder against prescribed maintenance fee charged from the allottees. Section 3 of the Act provides complete mechanism how builder will maintain the building for one year, and who will maintain thereafter etc. The Act further provides for responsibilities and rights of maintenance societies, and company, provision for insurance of the building.
3.19 Civil Aviation Rules, 1994
The Civil Aviation Rules 1994 has mandated it for all the builders and developers to obtain No Objection Certificate (NOC) from Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) under rule 68, section-3 of Civil Aviation Rules, 1994 for “Height Clearance” for projects/buildings within the radius of 25km of all airports. The rule 68, section 3 (Safeguarding at Aerodromes (68) Limitation of obstructions) reads as under: “No person shall erect any temporary or permanent structure, nor position a vehicle or other mobile object on or in the vicinity of any aerodrome to which these rules are applicable, that will be within the clearance area, or will protrude through an obstacle limitation surface, at that aerodrome”.
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3.20 Sindh Drinking Water Policy, 2017
Public Health Engineering & Rural Development Department, Government of Sindh, with the approval of Chief Minister Sindh issued the drinking water policy on 3rd May 2017.
Principles: The main principles of Sindh Drinking Water Policy, adopted from the National Drinking Water policy 2009, and aligned with the Sustainable Development Goals, are as follows:
▪ Access to safely managed drinking water is a fundamental right of every citizen and that it is the responsibility of the Government to ensure its provision to all citizens,
▪ Water allocation for drinking purpose shall be given priority over other uses,
▪ In order to ensure equitable access, special attention shall be given to removing the existing disparities in coverage of safe drinking water and for addressing the needs of the poor and the vulnerable on priority basis.
▪ Recognizing that inadequate and unsafe water supply and sanitation are a major cause of diarrhea and nutritional deficiency in children, which as a consequence contribute towards child mortality. Safely managed drinking water supply and sanitation shall be integrated in health, nutrition and school health programs.
▪ Access shall be increased to high quality nutrition-sensitive services, including access to water, sanitation facilities, and hygiene.
▪ Key hygiene actions (safe drinking water, hand washing with soap, safe disposal of excreta, food hygiene) shall be integrated as essential components in all nutrition programs.
▪ Realizing the fact that access and availability of safe drinking water affects all aspects of life of a citizen, a multi sectoral approach, involving different departments of the government, shall be adopted to address the issues related to safe drinking water.
▪ Being cognizant of the fact that women are the main providers of domestic water supply and maintainers of hygienic household environment, their participations in planning, implementation, monitoring and operation & maintenance of water supply systems shall be ensured, and WASH shall be integrated in maternal and neonatal health programs.
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▪ Responsibilities and resources shall be delegated to local authorities to enable them to discharge their assigned functions with regard to provision of safe water supply.
▪ A supportive policy framework shall be developed that encourages alternate options through private provision, public private partnerships, the role of NGOs and community organizations
▪ The execution of component-sharing model for government programs and projects shall be promoted to ensure financial sustainability and community and private sector involvement in development and O&M.
▪ Low-cost technologies in water and sanitation, that are easy and cost- effective to maintain shall be developed and used.
Goals and Objectives:
Overall Goal: The goal of the Sindh Drinking Water Policy is to improve the quality of life of people of Sindh by reducing morbidity and mortality caused by water-borne diseases through provision of safely managed and potable drinking water to the entire population that is located on premises, available when needed, and free from contamination, affordable and of sufficient quantity, and in a way, that is efficient, equitable and sustainable.
Objectives:
▪ Introduce legislative measures and regulations to create an enabling framework for safely managed drinking water supply, regulation of water usage, extraction, treatment, transportation and distribution.
▪ Ensure that all drinking water resources and supply systems are protected with community involvement.
▪ Develop district level drinking water availability plans for urban and rural areas to ensure improved planning for equitable access.
▪ Enhance the coverage of safely managed drinking water supply in the province to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) targets of universal access.
▪ Develop criteria for installation of new drinking water supply schemes and ensure that all new schemes are safely managed, rationalized and constructed through need-based criteria so that all areas and communities are served.
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▪ Develop standardized service delivery models for both urban and rural drinking water supply schemes to improve efficiency, cost-effectiveness, monitoring & sustainability.
▪ Develop mechanisms for reuse, recycle and recharge of wastewater for other municipal and productive uses.
▪ Ensure that all drinking water supply systems are designed and constructed in line with the national drinking water quality standards and all municipal discharges comply with National Environment Quality Standards (NEQS).
▪ Install water treatment plants at existing drinking water supply schemes where required and incorporate water treatment facilities in all new drinking water supply schemes.
▪ Ensure development of water safety plans for all drinking water supply systems.
▪ Develop and sustain regular drinking water quality monitoring & surveillance, and institute mechanisms for remedial action.
▪ Increase public awareness about water borne and water related diseases (including polio), nutrition and hygiene, and enhance the role of communities for household water treatment/storage, water safety and conservation, and safe hygiene practices.
▪ Ensure that drinking water supply projects are nutrition sensitive and integrated in health, nutrition and school health programs.
▪ Institutionalize Water, Sanitation & Hygiene (WASH) in schools (infrastructure and 3 starts) and introduce curricular change to incorporate health, nutrition and hygiene and improve safe water and sanitation practices among school children.
▪ Institute adaptation measures and disaster risk reduction and mitigation strategies to minimize the impact of climate events on drinking water supply system.
3.21 Sindh Sanitation Policy, 2016
The goal of the Provincial Sanitation policy is to ensure that the entire population of Sindh has access to a safely managed sanitation service and sanitary environment that is also nutrition- sensitive and hygienic. The motto of the policy was ‘Saaf Suthro Sindh’ (Neat and Clean Sindh). The Policy sets targets to
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achieve its motto. For instance, eradication of Open Defecation from Sindh Province by 2025, while 70% villages of 13 high priority districts achieve the status of open defecation free by 2020; create and develop wastewater treatment mechanisms to cover 75% of urban areas and 40% in rural areas by 2025, and implement integrated solid waste management with 100% coverage in urban areas and 60% in rural areas of Sindh by 2025. A WASH behavior change and communication strategy has also been developed for sustainable and safe hygiene environment by 2025 to enhance the living standards of the people of Sindh.
3.22 Sub Soil Water (Extraction and Consumption) Regulations, 2018
Besides many one big achievement of the Supreme Court appointed water commission was ensuring making of regulations on sub soil water. The Regulations are made in exercise of the powers conferred under section 16 of the KW&SB Act 1996. The Regulation introduces license regime for sub soil water extraction and consumption by industrial consumers. It empowers the Board established under KW&SB Act 1996 to ask for carrying out hydrological study and tests to qualify for applying for the license. The Regulations prohibit transportation of extracted water through water tankers and discourages water extraction in excess. The Board retains power of inspection of the water abstraction facility and cancellation of license in case of violation of the terms and conditions of the license.
3.23 Cantonment Board Malir – Bye Laws
The bye-laws for regulating the a erection or re-erection of, or addition to or alteration in, buildings in Cantonment Board Malir, made by the Cantonment Board, Malir, Karachi, in exercise of the powers conferred by section 186 of the Cantonment Act, 1924 (II of 1924), and in supersession of the bye-laws published vide Notification No.1510/70 dated the 17th July 1970 are hereby published for general information, the same having been previously published by the said Board, and approved -and confirmed by the Federal Government as required by sub-section (1) of section 284 of the said Act, namely. Under the Cantonment Board Malir - Bylaws for the building following are important section environment related to design and construction of the project.
1. Drainage and Sanitation ▪ Where there is a public sewer sullage water shall be connected thereto. ▪ Where no public sewer is in existence, all connected to septic tanks. ▪ Septic tanks shall be so, o Constructed as to be impervious to liquid either from the out-side or inside and
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o Sited as not to render liable to pollution any spring or stream of water or any well the water of which is used or likely to be used for drinking or domestic purpose subject to a minimum distance of six meters. ▪ Septic tanks and drainage mains, within boundaries of the plot, be so sited as not to render liable to pollution any water line. There shall be a minimum distance of 1 meter between the two, and where this distance is to be reduced due to any unavoidable reason, then the water main be protected be encasing of concrete which shall be completely impervious to liquid from outside. 2. Fire Extinguisher System ▪ There should be provided: o At least one extinguisher in each 230m(square) of areas of public assembly buildings; o Office building more than five storeys in height and with occupancy area of more than 9300m (square) above ground floor and ▪ At least one signal station shall be located in each storey in an accessible location in the natural depth of exit way or escape. ▪ (3) Every signal station shall be so located that no point on any floor or the building is more than 50 m distant from such station. 3. Parking Requirement Parking schedule in Bye Laws for building is mentioned below.
A. Flat Area Up To 1000 Sq.Ft. = Two Flat One Car B. Flat Area above 1000 Sq.Ft. = One Flat One Car C. Flat Area Up To 650 Sq.Ft. = Not Required D. 16% of Required Cars Utilized as a Motorcycle Parking
3.24 Building Code of Pakistan, Fire Safety Provisions 2016
The Building Code of Pakistan-Fire Safety Provisions-2016 provide rules for fire prevention, life safety in relation to fire and fire protection of building and structures as prescribed. All the federal and provincial governments, organizations, authorities, both public and private are mandated to adopt and implement Building Code of Pakistan-Fire Safety Provisions-2016, as notified. Any construction and modification of buildings in violation of Building Code of Pakistan (Fire Safety Provisions-2016) shall be considered as violation of professional engineering works as specified under clause (xxv) of section 2 of the Act.
The implementation and enforcement of this bye-law shall vest with the Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ) within their respective jurisdictions and circles as follow:
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▪ (1) Building Control, Housing and Development Authorities
▪ (2) District Administration
▪ (3) Tehsil or Town Administration
▪ (4) Municipal Administration
▪ (5) Station Headquarters (Army, Air Force and Navy)
▪ (6) Cantonment Administration
▪ (7) Union Council Administration
▪ (8) Autonomous Bodies
▪ (9) Industrial Estates
▪ (10) Directorates of Civil Defense
▪ (11) Export Processing Zones
▪ (12) Other Federal/Provincial Authorities as and when notified
This Bye-law shall come into force upon being notified and all the concerned AHJs shall implement the same immediately in the prescribed manner.
All relevant AHJs shall ensure compliance and implementations of this Code and accordingly adopt or amend their relevant regulations, Bye-laws or rules as the need be.
This Bye-law shall apply to both new and existing buildings.
▪ buildings permitted for construction after the adoption of these Provisions shall comply with the provisions stated herein for new buildings forthwith.
▪ existing buildings constructed prior to adoption of these provisions shall comply with the provisions stated herein as soon as possible but not later than three years of notification of these provisions; and
▪ minimum fire protection requirements such as provision of fire alarm and detection system, fire extinguishers, emergency response plans and fire drills shall however be in place as soon as possible but not later than one year of notification of these provisions.
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Any person who fails to comply with this Bye-law or fails to carry out an order made pursuant to these provisions, or violates any condition attached to a permit, approval, or certificate shall be subject to the penalties in accordance with the regulations of AHJ.
3.25 Guidelines for Sensitive and Critical Area, October 1997
The above guidelines list up a number of areas subject to protection in terms of sensitive ecosystems and archaeological importance. In Appendix II of the Guidelines, a list of eight Archaeological Sites and Monuments, of which four of them are National Monuments, in Karachi is provided. Further, there are 203 sites declared as “Protected Heritage” within Karachi District.
None of such sites however exist within the microenvironment of the proposed Project.
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4. Description of Environment
Presented in this chapter of the EIA study are the findings of environmental and social baseline conditions of the project area in terms of its macroenvironment & microenvironment. Information available from literature relevant to baseline of the area, surroundings and Karachi was collected at the outset and reviewed subsequently. This was followed by surveys conducted by experts to investigate and describe the existing status and scenario.
The proposed project site is categorized as commercial land. The Project falls into the appropriate category that permits the designated land-use by the Cantonment Board Malir. Siting of the Nadeem Jinnah ICON at Plot No. A, COM- 3/1-A, Sector 40, Scheme 33, Karachi by N.B Enterprises Builders and Developers is therefore duly authorized.
The project site is situated in the midst of several residential cum commercial Highrise projects at M.M. Alam Road; this road provides connectivity linkage to the jinnah avenue, malir link to M9 motorway and gulistane jauhar – malir cantt road. The access to the project building is provided through Jinnah Avenue as well as Pehlwan Goth Road. The access to the project building is provided through jinnah avenue as well as pehlwan goth road. Jinnah avenue facilitates the traffic coming from M9 and N5. Proposed Red Line BRT Project will also serve the population of project area through efficient mass transit system within next 05 years. The built environment has connectivity with M-9 through Malir Cantt-Superhighway link road.
Figure 4.1: Present Status of Project Site
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Figure 4.2: Landuse inventory map
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Figure 4.3: Road inventory map
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4.1 Description of Physical Environment
4.1.1 Geology, Geomorphology and Soil
Geology: Karachi is the part of major synclinorium stretching from Ranpathani River in the east to Cape Monze in the west, Mehar and Mole Jabal (Mountains) in the north. Within the synclinorium a number of structures such as Pipri, Gulistan-e-Jauhar, Pir Mango and Cape Monze are exposed. The presence of concealed structures under the Malir River valley, Gadap and Maripur plains can fairly be deduced.
Rock aggregates, sand, limestone and clay are some of the potentials for gainful utilization. Gulistan-e-Jauhar member of the Gaj formation offers groundwater potential for limited use. The area is underlain by rocks of sedimentary origin ranging in age from Eocene to Recent. Major structural trends and the basin axis strike generally south but with a “bulge” to the east also called Karachi Arc (Bender and Raza 1995).
Geomorphology of Karachi: Karachi is located in the south of Sindh, on the coast of the Arabian Sea. It covers an area of approximately 3,600 km2, comprised largely of flat or rolling plains, with hills on the western and northern boundaries of the urban sprawl. The city represents quite a variety of habitats such as the sea coast, islands, sand dunes, swamps, semi-arid regions, cultivated fields, dry stream beds, sandy plains, hillocks. Classified according to physiographic features, Karachi City District can be divided into three broad categories: Hilly Region (Mountain Highland), Alluvial Plain (Piedmont Plain) and Coastal Areas (Valley Floor). The metropolitan area is divided by two non-perennial river streams namely Lyari and Malir Rivers. The Malir River flows from the east towards the south and centre, and the Lyari River flows from north to the south west. Gujjar and Orangi are the two main tributaries of the Lyari River while Thaddo and Chakalo are the main tributaries of the Malir River. The dry weather flow of both rivers carries urban sewage that is ultimately drained in the Arabian Sea. Among the various physiographic features, low flat-topped parallel hills devoid of vegetation, interspersed with widespread plains and dry riverbeds are the main topographic characteristics of the city.
The greatest height of the region is 250 ft that gradually decreases to 5 ft above mean sea level along the coastline. The Karachi Harbour is a sheltered bay to the south-west of the city, protected from storms by the Sandspit Beach, the Manora Island and the Oyster Rocks.
The Arabian Sea beach lines the southern coastline of Karachi. Dense mangroves and creeks of the Indus delta can be found towards the south east side of the
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city. Towards the west and the north is Cape Monze, an area marked with projecting sea cliffs and rocky sandstone promontories.
Subsurface Characteristics of Microenvironment: The sub-soil conditions are quite homogenous, as observed from 04 bore hole drilled at site upto a maximum depth of 100 feet.
Following stratum were observed:
Layer I
Brown, Very Dense, Fine to Coarse Silty SAND Clayey Binder, Trace Gravel White Spots, Lenses of Conglomerate
Layer II
Brown, Fine to Coarse Cemented Silty SAND Trace Gravel
Layer III
Brown/ Yellow/ Grey, Very Stiff, Fine Sandy SHALE Lenses of Sandstone / Limestone
Layer IV
Brown, Medium Hard, Highly Fractured SILTSTONE/CLAYSTONE
The groundwater is available in low quantities at 14-15 feet depth.
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Figure 4.4: Geomorphological Map of Karachi
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4.1.2 Seismicity
Seismotectonic Study for macroenvironment of Project site aims at elucidating the impact of tectonic movement induced seismicity on the microenvironment. Seismicity in the Karachi region is related to the pressure potential being built at the convergence of the three lithospheric plates: Indian, Arabian, and Eurasian at the Triple Junction (Figure 4.5 & 4.6) formed by the intersection of Owen fracture zone, the Makran subduction zone and the Ornach-Nal fault. The Murray Ridge extends northward into Pakistan, to unite the Ornach-Nal-Chaman Fault system onshore, displaying a strike-slip boundary between the major tectonic plates of India and Eurasia1.
Karachi and its environs fall in the synclinorium, described earlier as being part of Indus deltaic region. Recession of the delta and its retreat towards the southeast dried up its numerous channels, estuaries and creeks that characterize the synclines and are part of the active faults. Tectonic instability of this region can be attributed to this large number of reverse and tear faults and the recently described wrench faults.2
Figure 4.5: Seismicity & Natural Disasters - Pakistan, 1990-2000.
1 (Baloch, S.M. & Quirk, D.G., Mesozoic to Neogene Tectonism and Evolution of Murray Ridge, Pak. Jour. of Hydrocarbon Research, Islamabad, 13). 2 (Riding the mobile Karachi arc, Pakistan: Understanding tectonic threats Ghulam Sarwar and Anwar Alizai, Journal of Himalayan Earth Sciences 46(2) (2013) 9-24).
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Figure 4.6: Schematic plate tectonic sketch map showing the Karachi Arc and its regional tectonic framework.
Figure 4.7: Earthquake epicenter plots for the time period 1902-2013.
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The first number refers to the list numbers whereas the second number represents depth of hypocenter in kilometers. The Red Crosses represent neighborhoods plagued by recurrent seismic activity, usually of low magnitude3
Sarwar and Alizai have compiled a list of earthquakes during the 1902-2013 period and also produced the above map that gives a distribution of hypocenters of earthquakes during the same period. From the distribution of hypocenters, it has been inferred that the entire Karachi Arc and surrounding areas are seismically active with hypocenters ranging in depth from 0-500 kilometers. From the depth of hypocenters, it is inferred that active deformation has taken place at multi- levels ranging from shallow to deep in the basement. Quite a few of the recent epicenters are found within or in close proximity to parts of Karachi that have faced recurrent earthquake activity.
Seismic activity in the region is the result of the triple junction as well as the Karachi Arc, located in southeastern Pakistan, as a large fold and thrust belt that shows Neogene thin-skinned eastward movement (Sarwar and DeJong, 1979; Schelling, 1999). Seismic activity in and around the region shows that the Karachi Arc has been active since long in prompting the eastward movement of the delta. It is possible that the movement is related to the rebound that takes place after mass shift. Sarwar has suggested that the eastward creep of Karachi Arc is directly related to active subsidence of the Hyderabad graben that underlies it and also defines the northern and southern limits of the Karachi Arc.4
It may be added that subsidence such as that on Southern coast of Sindh, occurs naturally as a result of plate tectonic activity above active faults, and in places where fluid is expelled from underlying sediments and is common at river deltas that may have receded. Earthquakes arise and result from the release of the force along the growth fault plane. As a result, many different growth faults are created as sediment loads shift basinward and landward.
Earthquakes: Historically the coastal region has suffered a number of earthquakes. A list of earthquakes that have affected Karachi and its vicinity has been compiled by the Meteorological Department and listed by Sarwar and Alizai.
Some of the events are listed in Table-4.1.
3 (Source: Pakistan Meteorological Department, June 2013 & Ghulam Sarwar and Anwar Alizai, Journal of Himalayan Earth Sciences 46(2) (2013) 9-24) 4 (Sarwar, G., 2004. Earthquakes and the Neo-Tectonic Framework of the Kutch-Hyderabad- Karachi Triple Junction Area, Indo-Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Hydrocarbon Research, 14, 35-40).
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Table-4.1: List of Earthquake in Indus Deltaic Region and surrounding within Latitude 23.0-25.0N and Longitude 67.5-71.0E Magnitude Date Lat-N Lat-E Depth (km) Richter Scale 26-09-1977 25.4 68.2 33 4.5 25-11-1982 25.6 67.9 33 4.9 17-12-1985 24.9 67.4 33 4.9 24-12-1985 24.8 67.6 33 4.7 10-09-1991 24.4 67.7 33 4.8 19-09-1991 24.3 68.7 33 4.7 23-04-1992 24.3 68.8 33 3.7 24-12-1992 25.2 67.7 33 3.6 05-02-1993 24.6 68.9 33 4.3 26-01-2001 23.4 70.3 17 7.6
The largest earthquake that was incident in 1819, had a magnitude of 8.0; it was felt over almost all over the Indian sub-continent. Eastern branch of the Indus River was blocked, long tract of alluvial land was uplifted, and there was surface faulting and subsequent subsidence in the epicenter area. This fault produced a scarp called “The Allah Bund”.
Seismicity of the Site: According to the Uniform Building Code (1997), Karachi and its adjoining areas fall in Seismic Zone-2B.
4.1.3 Liquefaction Features Caused by Earthquake
Liquefaction is a total loss of strength due to undrained restructuring. Disturbance, by shearing or vibration, destroys soil skeleton, with loss of grain contact and decrease of porosity, soil load is transferred to pore water, water pressure>normal stress=0, and soil acts as a liquid. Drainage reduces pore water pressure, allows grain contact and thixotropic recovery of strength (Waltham, 2002). Strong shaking produces liquefaction in the fine sands and silts during the earthquake. This causes the mineral grains to settle and expel their interstitial water to the surface. If the pore-water pressure rises to a level approaching the weight of overlying soil, the granular layer behaves as a viscous liquid rather than a solid and leads to collapse of even engineered structures. Liquefaction has been abundant in areas, where groundwater lies within 10 meters of the ground surface (Husain et al., 2004). Investigators typically have designated sites as “Liquefied” on the basis of the presence of surficial liquefaction features, such as venting of sediment to the surface (i.e., sand boils), ground cracking associated with liquefaction (e.g., lateral spreading), or surface settlements. Other evidence of liquefaction includes tilting or settling of overlying structures and floating of underground structures (Olson et al., 2002). Mahmood and Shaikh (2008) investigated the “sinking” of a water tower in 2006 near Clifton area and speculated about liquefaction due to mild earthquakes.
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4.2 Meteorology and Climate
The climate of the macroenvironment can be characterized by dry, hot and humid conditions and in general terms it is moderate, sunny and humid. There is a minor seasonal intervention of a mild winter from mid-December to mid- February followed by a long hot and humid summer extending from April to September, with monsoon rains from July to mid- September. The characteristic climatic feature of the four seasons of Karachi is presented in Table 4.2.
Table 4.2: Seasonal Characteristics of the Climate of Karachi Season Temperature Rainfall Wind Summer The summer is hot There are less frequent The wind speed in (Mid-March with temperature rain showers in summer summer is variable. It to Mid-June) increasing from with no more than 1 or 2 is around 2.5 m/s in 26.2 °C in March, rainy days in summer. March and rises upto rising up to 40 °C in Average total amount of 18 m/s in April and June. rain in summer is around drops to 4 m/s for the 10 mm rest of the season. The direction mostly remains blowing from West Monsoon The temperature in Almost 80 % of the The wind direction in (Mid-June to monsoon remains yearly rain occurs in the the monsoon is mid- high but relatively monsoon with July and mostly blowing from September) lower than summer August being the East. and oscillates wettest month. around 32°C. Post- The average The post-monsoon The wind speed in Monsoon temperature post period remains mostly September is around Summer monsoon drops and dry and rainfall in 3.7 m/s and drops to (Mid- average min November is around 1.8 1.4 m/s in November. September temperature may mm. to reach 12 °C in November) November. Winter The winter is mild Like the other seasons, The wind speed in the (December with January being except monsoon, there winter season to mid- the coolest month is little occasional increases from 1.4 m/s March) where average rainfall. The rainfall in in December to 2.6 minimum winter is less than 50 m/s in March. The temperature falls to mm. wind direction for 6 °C. most part winter season is blowing from NE and changes its course to blowing from West in early March
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4.2.1 Temperature
Over the course of a year, the temperature typically varies from 13°C to 36°C and is rarely below 9°C or above 39°C (Average Weather for Karachi.5
Figure 4.8: Daily High and Low Temperature
The daily average low (blue) and high (red) temperature with percentile bands (inner band from 25th to 75th percentile, outer band from 10th to 90th percentile). The warm season lasts from March 25 to July 13 with an average daily high temperature above 34°C. The hottest day of the year is May 5, with an average high of 36°C and low of 26°C. The cold season lasts from December 18 to February 7 with an average daily high temperature below 27°C. The coldest day of the year is January 10, with an average low of 13°C and high of 25°C6.
The following Tables show that for the thirteen years (2001-2013) the annual mean minimum temperature ranged between 21.0 and 22.5oC and averaged at 21.8oC at Karachi Airport Meteorological Station. The annual mean maximum on the other hand ranged between 32 and 33oC and averaged at 32.6oC. During winter the range of variation of temperature is large with respect to maximum and minimum temperatures. The mean monthly minimum temperatures recorded for February has a range of 7oC while the range in the case of mean monthly maximum during the thirteen years (2001-2013) at Karachi Airport Meteorological Station is 5oC. The large range in each case is more likely the
5 (https://weatherspark.com/averages/32864/Karachi-Sindh-Pakistan). 6 (Average Weather for Karachi (https://weatherspark.com/averages/32864/Karachi-Sindh-Pakistan).
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result of lower relative heat capacity of the desiccated soil during winter and higher relative heat capacity of soil having higher moisture content.
Table 4.3: Mean Monthly Maximum Temperature oC Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual 2001 27.2 29.6 33.1 34.6 35.1 34.9 32.2 32.3 33.1 36.0 33.5 30.4 32.7 2002 27.0 28.2 33.3 35.4 35.6 35.1 32.2 31.6 31.4 36.5 32.7 28.1 32.3 2003 27.6 28.5 32.4 36.6 35.7 34.9 34.1 32.6 32.5 37.0 32.2 28.3 32.7 2004 26.6 29.9 36.2 35.4 36.8 35.6 33.8 32.7 32.8 33.7 33.1 29.4 33.0 2005 24.9 26.3 31.5 35.3 35.4 36.0 33.2 32.2 34.2 35.2 33.1 28.4 32.1 2006 26.0 31.3 31.8 34.0 34.6 35.3 33.8 31.0 34.2 35.0 33.4 26.3 32.2 2007 26.9 29.4 31.4 37.7 36.0 36.4 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 33.0 2008 24.4 26.9 34.3 34.4 33.9 35.1 33.5 31.9 34.7 35.5 32.5 27.2 32.0 2009 26.2 29.8 33.0 36.0 36.8 35.7 34.5 33.0 32.8 35.9 33.0 28.6 32.9 2010 27.5 29.2 34 35.7 36.5 34.7 34.6 33.2 34.5 35.9 32.7 28 33.0 2011 26.9 28.5 33.2 35.8 35.3 35.3 34.2 32.8 32.9 N/A N/A N/A N/A 2012 25.7 26.9 31.7 35.1 35.5 34.6 33.2 32.7 33.2 35.0 32.7 28.2 32.0 2013 26.7 28.0 33.3 34.0 35.1 36.5 33.8 32.1 33.0 35.7 32.3 28.3 32.4 Source: Pakistan Meteorological Department
Table 4.4: Mean Monthly Minimum Temperature oC Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual 2001 11.5 14.9 19.6 23.8 28.1 29.0 27.1 26.5 25.9 24.4 18.6 15.8 22.1 2002 12.8 13.8 19.5 23.9 27.0 28.2 29.6 25.6 24.8 22.5 17.7 14.9 21.7 2003 12.7 16.9 19.8 24.2 26.5 28.2 23.6 27.0 25.3 20.9 15.2 12.0 21.0 2004 12.9 14.5 19.1 24.8 27.3 28.8 27.5 26.3 25.3 22.4 18.0 15.4 21.9 2005 12.3 11.3 20.3 23.0 26.4 28.3 27.2 26.6 26.6 22.9 18.9 13.0 21.4 2006 11.7 18.1 19.6 24.5 27.5 28.5 28.3 26.3 26.8 25.7 19.4 14.0 22.5 2007 13.0 17.3 19.7 24.7 27.6 28.6 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 21.8 2008 10.1 11.1 19.6 24.0 27.3 29.1 27.9 26.8 26.6 23.8 17.6 14.9 21.6 2009 14.7 16.5 20.8 23.8 27.6 28.7 28.1 27.5 26.5 22.6 17.0 13.9 22.3 2010 12.2 14.7 21.3 25.1 28 28.2 28.3 27.2 25.8 23.9 17.4 11.1 21.9 2011 11 14.5 19.7 23.1 27.1 28.8 27.8 28.6 26.5 N/A N/A N/A N/A 2012 11.2 11.9 19.1 24.5 27.2 28.0 27.9 26.9 26.4 22.7 18.6 14.2 21.5 2013 11.6 15.1 19.2 24.2 27.1 29.3 28.0 26.6 25.5 25.4 18.1 13.0 21.9 Source: Pakistan Meteorological Department
4.2.2 Precipitation
The probability that precipitation will occur has been found to vary from different days of July and August at Karachi throughout the 1992-2012 period. Precipitation most likely occurs around August 4, in 35% of all days. Precipitation is least likely around April 27, occurring in 2% of all days.
Thunderstorms are the most severe type of precipitation observed during 38% days precipitation. They are most likely around August 12, when it is observed during 12% of all days. Drizzle is the most severe precipitation observed
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during 34% of those days with precipitation. It is most likely around July 30, when it is observed during 14% of all days. Moderate rain is the most severe precipitation observed during 22% of those days with precipitation. It is most likely around July 28, when it is observed during 8% of all days. When precipitation does occur, it is most often in the form of thunderstorms (40% of days with precipitation have at worst thunderstorms) and cloud burst, drizzle (36%), moderate rain (19%), and light rain (5%).7
Figure 4.9: Fraction of days on which different types of precipitation are observed
The rainfall in Karachi is extremely low and erratic; accordingly, this region falls in the semi-arid climatic zone. The following Table shows the last thirteen years precipitation data recorded at Karachi Airport station.
Table 4.5: Monthly Amount of Precipitation (mm) at Karachi Air Port Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual 2001 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 10.6 73.6 16.2 N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 33.46 2002 0.0 2.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 N/A N/A 52.2 N/A 0.0 0.5 0.4 13.87 2003 6.4 21.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 16.3 270.4 9.8 N/A 0.0 0.2 0.0 54.15 2004 13.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 N/A 3.0 5.6 N/A 39.3 0.0 4.3 13.18 2005 6.6 12.8 N/A 0.0 0.0 N/A N/A 0.3 54.9 0.0 0.0 17.1 18.34 2006 N/A 0.0 N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 66.2 148.6 21.9 0.0 3.1 61.3 60.22 2007 0.0 13.2 33.4 0.0 0.0 110.2 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 52.26 2008 8.0 Trace 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 54.0 37.5 Trace 0.0 0.0 21.0 24.32 2009 3.0 Trace 0.0 Trace 0.0 2.6 159.9 44.0 68.9 0.0 0.0 1.5 55.68 2012 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Trace Trace 8.1 121.0 0.0 0.0 22.8 152.1 2013 Trace 20.0 2.8 30.0 0.0 Trace 5.5 105.4 4.0 1.2 0.0 0.0 168.9 Source: Pakistan Meteorological Department
7 (Average Weather for Karachi (https://weatherspark.com/averages/32864/Karachi-Sindh-Pakistan).
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The rainfall data suggests that July and August are the wettest months and that the maximum rainfall recorded in Karachi during 2001-2009 period was 270.4 mm during the month of July 2003, while the maximum annual rainfall was 324.9 mm during the year 2003, followed by 301 mm in 2006 and 294 mm in 2009. Karachi received 147 mm of rain between the evening of 17 July and the morning of 19 July and another 147 mm on August 30 and 31. The year 2013 was not as eventful as in the past. Karachi reportedly received 140mm of rain and only the low-lying areas were affected.
The wet years have been found to follow a 3-year cycle during the first 9 years of the 3rd Millennium. The year 2010 was among the wettest years since Karachi City had witnessed more than 5 spells of 50 mm each during the month of July, three major spells of 60 to 100 mm in August and two spells of 25 and 10 mm each in the month of September. In July and August 2011 again, there was heavy rainfall all over Sindh. Hyderabad received about 74 to 103 mm rain in 24 hours and the same amount poured in Karachi and the villages in its outskirts. The torrential rains resulted in flooding of several villages in Karachi District.
Inundation due to Heavy Rainfall Events: Highest rainfall events have occurred in July 1994: 256.3mm, July 2003: 270.4mm and August 2006: 77mm in 3 hours. According to observations recorded for the year 2007, August 10 and 11 were witnesses to unusually high rainfall of 107 mm in 24 hours compared with the normal of about 60 mm for August. The wettest August ever experienced by the city was in 1979, when over 262mm of rainfall was recorded. The record for the maximum rainfall within 24 hours in the eighth month was 166mm of rain on August 7, 1979. The heavy rainfall was not unusual since it was caused by the general monsoon system that travels from across Rajasthan and lays over Sindh. The monsoon weather system did not move towards Baluchistan but the penetration of moist currents from Sindh brought scattered to heavy rain in southern Baluchistan, particularly along its coastal regions. Major inundation and land submergence was noticed in Karachi in July 2003 and August 2006. On both occasions precipitation pattern and intensity was almost similar. The downpour on both occasions was a cloud burst. For estimating the impact of inundation on the six corridors, the maximum intensity of Rainfall of 18th August 2006 at 77mm in about 3 hours i.e. 25.7mm/hour will be considered critical and adopted for making estimates on land submergence.
Pakistan Meteorological Department has confirmed that Karachi received the heaviest rain in a single day ever in its history in August 2020 when 231 mm rain fell in just 12 hours, the highest rainfall record over the last 90 years. Hub Dam water level crossed 338.5 feet, the highest level in 13 years. During August 2020 only, Karachi received 484 mm (19 inches) rain. With rainwater and overflowed water from nullahs and drains flooding most of the main roads and streets in residential locations, many residential areas including urban slums and villages in
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peri-urban areas gravely disrupted the people’s lives. The inundated roads caused massive traffic jams on 27th August 2020, 6 out of 7 districts of Karachi were declared as “Calamity hit areas” by the Relief Commissioner – Government Sindh under Sindh National Calamities (P&R) Act 1958. Karachi East and Malir being most affected. Fully 70% of areas were difficult to access due to damages to the road/ streets or the presence of stagnant water, 0.3% of houses were completely or partially damaged. 27% of bridges and walkways are partially damaged. Electricity breakdown reported in all areas for 10 – 34 hours.
4.2.3 Humidity
The relative humidity has been found to range from 25% (dry) to 91% (very humid) over the 1992-2012 period. The air is driest around February 9, at which time the relative humidity drops below 33% (comfortable) three days out of four; it is most humid around August 2, exceeding 83% (humid) three days out of four.
Figure 4.10: Humidity record of Karachi
The average daily high (blue) and low (brown) relative humidity with percentile bands (inner bands from 25th to 75th percentile, outer bands from 10th to 90th percentile). The trend of variation of humidity is similar to that followed in the case of temperature and precipitation as is evident from the following Figure:
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Figure 4.11: Graphical presentation of Humidity curves for lower Sindh region (1981-2004)
It has been observed that below normal evapotranspiration given by ETo and above normal relative humidity (RH) provide ideal conditions for crop production. Contrarily below normal RH and above normal ETo places the area under water/moisture stress, a condition that negatively affects normal growth/yield of crops in the warmer days of summer. It is the stress situations created by high evapotranspiration, high aridity and hence desiccation of the soil that are largely responsible for the observed changes in climatic norms.
4.2.4 Wind Speed & Direction
The meteorology of Karachi is governed by the seasonal variations in the quality of air over the North Arabian Sea. The wind blows throughout the year with high velocities during the summer months, when the direction is southwest to west. During winter the wind blows from north to northeast, shifting southwest to west in the evening hours. The wind usually carries sand and salt resulting in severe wind erosion and corrosion. The 2001-2013 data wind velocity and direction indicate that the velocity varied and ranged between 2.6 m/s to 12.6 m/s during the period. The wind direction is unsettled, and speed is low during the period intervening the two seasons viz. summer and winter.
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Figure 4.12: Wind rose for Karachi (Data Source: PMD)
4.2.5 Urban Heat Island (UHI) Effect
The term "heat island" describes built environment that are hotter than nearby natural areas. An urban heat island refers to a city or metropolitan area that is significantly warmer than its surrounding natural areas due to human activities. The temperature difference usually is larger at night than during the day and is most apparent when winds are weak. UHI is most noticeable during the summer and winter seasons. It is estimated that the annual mean air temperature of a city with 1 million or above inhabitants can be 1–3°C warmer than its surroundings. In the evening, the difference can be as high as 12°C. The heat island can affect communities by increasing summertime peak energy demand, air conditioning costs, air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions, heat-related illness and mortality, and water quality.
The city of Karachi has been growing exponentially in terms of urbanization and population growth. The city hosts more than 22 million population with a density of 4,115 persons per kilometer square (km2). The urban area density has increased from 233 km2 in 1947 with a population size of 0.4 million to 3,566 km2 in 2004 with a population size of 14 million (Qureshi et al., 2008). Rapid urbanization and global warming have initiated UHI effect over the city. A strong incidence of UHI is generally associated with a severe heat wave hazard in terms
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of sensible temperature. UHI effect is the unique feature of the June 2015 heat wave in Karachi. It is expected that with growing global warming incidence and poor coping strategies, UHI would become a major health risk for the vulnerable segment of population in mega-cities around the globe such as Karachi.
Causes of Urban Heat Island Effect: The principal reason for the night time warming is the retention of short-wave solar radiation absorbed during the day time by the building material consisting of concrete and asphalt. These materials are commonly used in urban areas for pavement and roofs that have significantly different thermal and radiative properties compared to the surrounding rural areas. This causes a change in the energy balance of the metropolitan area, often leading to higher temperatures than surrounding rural areas. This energy is then slowly released during the night as a long wave radiation, making cooling a slow process. Because of this phenomenon, the minimum temperatures of Karachi remained extremely high during the heat-wave event.
There are several causes of an urban heat island effect in Karachi.
▪ Reduced and slow process of evapotranspiration due to shrinking green areas and spaces in the city. With a decreased amount of vegetation, the city loses the shade, cooling effect of trees and the removal of carbon dioxide.
▪ Geometric effects in terms of rising number of tall buildings are a significant contributing factor to urban heat island effect. Over the years, the number of tall buildings within the city has increased that provide multiple surfaces for the reflection and absorption of sunlight, and thus increasing the efficiency with which the city is heated. This is called the "urban canyon effect". Another effect of increased number of buildings is the blockage of wind, which also inhibits cooling by convection and pollution from dissipating.
▪ Waste heat from automobiles, air conditioning, industry, and other sources also contributes to the UHI. High levels of pollution in urban areas can also increase the UHI, as many forms of pollution change the radiative properties of the atmosphere.
Aside from the effect on temperature, UHI can produce secondary effects on local meteorology, including the altering of local wind patterns and humidity, which have been discussed in the previous section. The UHI effect described above has been one of the major causes of unprecedented large number of heat related deaths in Karachi. Future climate scenarios suggest that the frequency of this kind of disasters may increase with the rise of temperature in future.
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4.3 Ambient Air Quality & Noise
Transportation system and indiscriminate burning of garbage are the dominant sources of air pollution in Karachi. Operation of defective vehicles, use of low- quality fuel, and increase in the number of vehicles beyond the capacity of roads are the main reasons for deterioration of ambient air quality. However, the impact of air pollution emanating from transportation system has been found limited to the roadways and that too at traffic intersections and on the middle of the road. Emissions from stationary sources e.g. residential and business districts associated with fuel combustion for domestic use and power generation are significant but have limited extent.
Studies undertaken between 1987 and 1994 had raised concern on the deteriorating air quality and noise levels. Studies over the past decade, had quantified the problem and identified the tremendous growth in volume of traffic as the main factor responsible for increasing congestion all over Karachi roads and aggravating the problem.
The Feasibility Study undertaken for CDGK to monitor the air quality at 26 intersections all over the main corridors of Karachi City from March 2005 to February 2006 has found the levels of pollutants on major transport corridors of Karachi to be in the following range:
Figure 4.13: SO2 Levels in Karachi
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Figure 4.14: NOx Levels in Karachi
Figure 4.15: CO Levels in Karachi
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Figure 4.16: CO2 Levels in Karachi
Figure 4.17: PM10 Levels in Karachi
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Figure 4.18: Noise Levels in Karachi
It has been noted from the analysis of data that except the average concentration of SO2, each pollutant has a concentration much higher than desired by National Environmental Quality Standards & World Bank Guidelines. This study has highlighted the increasing level of NOx, PM & CO to critical limits as the major environmental problem created by the Transport Sector. The main findings of this study are that the pollution load that is being mainly contributed by operation of trucks and buses on diesel oil, and the rickshaws on two stroke engines is composed of NOx and PM whose concentration has increased to critical limits while that of CO is approaching these limits at almost all the intersections in the Metropolitan area. High Noise level and rise in temperature and humidity are other irritants that are annoying for the living environment in general but the corridor of impact along the middle and northeast sections of the roads in particular.
Sindh Environmental Protection Agency (SEPA) has been uploading the data of ambient air quality on their website (www.epasindh.gov.pk) received from the monitoring stations of SEPA and analyzed by SEPA Laboratory team. The results presented below clearly show the levels of dust are far exceeding the limits set by SEQS. The reasons are obvious; indiscriminate cutting down of trees and vegetation on and along major corridors of Karachi as well the vehicles plying on road with no control. According to the report of Vehicular Emission Control
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Programme (VECOP) by the SEPA, regular monitoring and inspection was started from January 2010 and during the first 18 months, about 11,384 vehicles of all categories have been inspected and tested for their emission levels. Out of them, about 3,503 did not comply with the NEQS for vehicles and 1,947 were challenged by the traffic police for violation of the standards.
Oxides of Nitrogen as (NO) 40 30 20 10 NO NO (µg/m3) 0 Jan,18 Feb,18 Mar,18 Apr,18 May,18 Sep,18 Oct,18 Maximum 16.07 17.14 24.78 21.96 19.69 19.55 20.89 Minimum 11.12 9.91 7.23 17.68 17.95 9.91 9.91 Average 13.54 13.73 18.83 19.94 18.91 15.23 16.71
Months Source: EPA Sindh
Oxides of Nitrogen as (NO2) 80 60 40 20 0 NO2 NO2 (µg/m3) Jan,18 Feb,18 Mar,18 Apr,18 May,18 Sep,18 Oct,18 Maximum 55.24 55.04 56.47 50.72 52.57 55.04 55.04 Minimum 38.4 20.11 30.80 45.38 48.05 32.86 33.68 Average 48.92 48.82 47.97 48.35 50.76 44.34 47.03
Months Source: EPA Sindh
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Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) 150 100
(µg/m3) 50 2 0
SO Jan,18 Feb,18 Mar,18 Apr,18 May,18 Sep,18 Oct,18 Maximum 89.14 119.71 78.86 72.57 72.86 112.57 112.57 Minimum 19.14 36.57 23.43 61.71 64.00 39.24 39.43 Average 46.37 65.22 60.01 68.02 69.91 65.60 65.31 Months
Source: EPA Sindh
Carbon Monoxide (CO) 5 4 3 2 1 0 CO(mg/m3) Jan,18 Feb,18 Mar,18 Apr,18 May,18 Sep,18 Oct,18 Maximum 4.41 2.58 1.24 0.83 0.61 1.61 1.61 Minimum 0.55 0.49 0.30 0.50 0.38 0.24 0.30 Average 1.44 1.36 0.67 0.64 0.48 0.65 0.58
Months Source: EPA Sindh
O3 (µg/m3) 135 85
35 O3 (µg/m3 O3 -15 Jan,18 Feb,18 Mar,18 Apr,18 May,18 Sep,18 Oct,18 Maximum 49.93 88.93 18.43 12.00 8.36 29.57 24.00 Minimum 6.64 3.43 5.12 5.57 5.36 4.07 4.29 Average 21.52 26.91 11.25 8.63 6.47 11.30 10.41
Months Source: EPA Sindh
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Particulate Matter 10/2.5 (µg/m3) 500 400 300 200 100
PM 2.5 PM (µg/m3) 0 Jan,18 Feb,18 Mar,18 Apr,18 May,18 Sep,18 Oct,18 Maximum 394 278 133.00 105.00 95.00 68.00 158.00 Minimum 110 0 48.00 81.00 64.00 40.00 44.00 Average 258.95 200.45 91.07 91.71 80.50 51.14 95.80 SEQS 150 150 75 75 75 75 75
Source: EPA Sindh Figure 4.19: Ambient Air Quality of Karachi (Source: SEPA Monitoring Station)
An ambient air monitoring study was conducted in the microenvironment of the proposed project. The air-shed of the macroenvironment of Nadeem Jinnah ICON site has, according to the assessment of ambient air quality been classified 3 as polluted in terms of dust levels with SPM/TSP, PM10 and PM2.5 at 368.2 µg/m , 114.7µg/m3 and 58.6 µg/m3. The levels of SO2 → 11.7 µg/m3, NO→ 7.2 µg/m3, 3 3 3 NO2→ 14.9 µg/m , CO→ 2.2 mg/m and O3 → 14.1µg/m were found with the permissible limits of SEQS however the levels of pollutants of concern (SPM/TSP, PM10 and PM2.5) do not comply with WHO limits with regard to human health. It is only the moderate velocity wind in Karachi that is saving the residents from the hazards of air pollution. The noise levels ranging from 66.3dB(A) to 80.2dB(A) that in excess of SEQS8. As such contribution of the traffic related emissions and noise levels on the adjoining roads of the project site will be a major nuisance and will have to be mitigated in the project architectural design.
8 SEQS Limits: 55/45 dB(A) Leq Day/Night. These are the SEQS Limits for Residential Area (A) Category Zone Sindh Environmental Protection Act, 2014 No. PAS/Legis-B-06/2014
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4.4 Water Resources, Water Quality and Drainage
Hydrogeologically, the city of Karachi lies in the Hab River Basin and the Malir River Basin. The Malir River Basin is drained by the Malir River and the Lyari River. The aquifer of Karachi is, therefore, mainly recharged by seepage from Hab River, Hab Dam as well as the Malir and the Lyari Rivers. The Hab River lies on the western frontier of Sindh and for some distance the boundary between Sindh and the Baluchistan provinces. It located about 30 km to the west of Karachi, along the Karachi- Lasbela boundary. It falls into the Arabian Sea near Cape Monze, with a total drainage course length of 336 km. During the past several
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years, a number of pumping wells have been installed to meet requirements for the irrigation-water supply (to raise vegetables, fruits, dairy and poultry) and drinking-water supply for Karachi. Excessive pumping of groundwater and continuous lowering of water-table is likely to result in intrusion of seawater into the Malir Basin under natural seepage conditions and under artificially induced conditions of recharge of saline seawater in the coastal aquifer(s) of Karachi.
Recharge Sources: Five possible water-sources are contributing to the groundwater recharge in Karachi. The first possible source is the rainfall. As the city of Karachi suffers from deficit of precipitation (only rainfall), the contribution to shallow groundwater storage from rain is very little. However, rainfall in the hinterlands and other areas surrounding Karachi may significantly contribute to the groundwater flow-system. The two freshwater sources are the Hab Lake/Hab Dam and the Indus River. Water from Hab Dam and the Indus River is piped to various residential zones in Karachi for drinking and irrigation purposes. The spring water discharges into Malir River and Lyari River and the municipal/industrial waste effluents added to these rivers are also contributing to groundwater storage as a fourth recharge source. Seawater intrusion along Karachi coast is the fifth possible source.
Shallow Groundwater: Physico-chemical data of shallow groundwater (depth less than 30 meters) shows that the shallow wells, located in the vicinity of coast and in the proximity of polluted rivers, have relatively higher values of electrical conductivity, salinity and population of Coliform bacteria. The shallow groundwater is moderately saline, representing electrical conductivity values in the range of 1.1 to 1.9 mS/cm and salinity in the range of 1 ppt. The pH of shallow groundwater varies from mildly acidic (~6.3) to mildly alkaline values (~7.9). Areas with quite poor sanitary conditions have relatively low values of pH (~6.3 to 6.8). Shallow groundwater below 20 meters is slightly reducing. The dissolved oxygen is in the range of 1.5 to 7.9 mg/L. Turbidity of shallow groundwater varies - between 3.6 NTU and 95 NTU. The concentration of HCO3 (356-514ppm, n=4), - -2 Cl (82-169 ppm, n=4) and SO4 (38-117 ppm, n=4) in shallow groundwater is very - -2 - reasonable. The mean chemical concentrations of Cl , SO4 and HCO3 in shallow groundwater are as follows:
▪ Mean Cl- (Shallow Groundwater): 132.8 + 36.5 ppm (n=4)
-2 ▪ Mean SO4 (Shallow Groundwater): 63.3 + 36.7 ppm (n=4)
- ▪ Mean HCO3 (Shallow Groundwater): 423 + 67.4 ppm (n=4)
The range of variation in stable isotope content of total dissolved inorganic carbon (TDIC) and oxygen in Lyari River water is as follows:
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▪ δ 18 O (Shallow Groundwater) -6.3 to -5.8 ‰ V-SMOW (n=8)
▪ δ 13 C (TDIC-Shallow Groundwater): -16.5 to -5.5 ‰ PDB (n=8)
The mean stable isotope content of 18O and 13C in shallow groundwater is as follows:
▪ Mean δ 18 O (Shallow Groundwater): -5.9 + 0.32 ‰ V-SMOW (n=8)
▪ Mean δ 13 C (TDIC-Shallow Groundwater): -10.1 + 3.3 ‰PDB (n=8)
The stable-isotope results indicate that the shallow / phreatic aquifers are recharged by a mixture of fresh waters of Indus River and Hab River (draining spring water and flooded rainwater), as well as polluted Layari and Malir rivers and their feeding drains (both under natural infiltration conditions and artificially induced infiltration conditions) and, to a much smaller extent, from direct recharge of local precipitation.
Deep Groundwater: In general, Deep groundwater is mostly saline and has high electrical conductivity (range: 1.9- 19.1 mS/cm) and salinity (range: 1.7-7.4 ppt), as compared to shallow groundwater.
Based on hydro chemical data of water samples collected from pumping wells, it is assumed that the shallow mixed deep groundwater discharged by large- scale pumping wells mainly represents the deep groundwater from confined - -2 - aquifer. The mean chemical concentrations of Cl , SO4 and HCO3 in shallow mixed deep groundwater are as follows:
▪ Mean Cl- (Deep Groundwater): 2169.2 + 1828.0 ppm (n=9)
▪ Mean SO4-2 (Deep Groundwater): 458.4 + 691.4 ppm (n=9)
▪ Mean HCO3- (Deep Groundwater): 353.6 + 215.4 ppm (n=9)
The range of variation in stable isotope content of total dissolved inorganic carbon (TDIC) and oxygen in shallow mixed deep groundwater is as follows:
▪ δ 18 O (Deep Groundwater): - 6.2 to -4.2 ‰ V-SMOW (n=10)
▪ δ 13 C (TDIC - Deep Groundwater): -13.2 to -0.3 ‰ PDB (n=10)
The mean stable isotope content of 18O in shallow mixed deep groundwater is as follows:
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▪ Mean δ 18 O (Deep Groundwater): -5.3 +0.7‰ V-SMOW (n=10)
▪ Mean δ 13 C (TDIC- Deep Groundwater): -10.5 + 3.7‰ PDB (n=10)
The hydro chemical and stable isotope results indicate that the confined aquifer hosts a mixture of rainwater from hinterlands and surrounding regions around coastal Karachi, as well as sea trapped water / seawater, through intrusion under natural infiltration conditions or under induced recharge conditions.
Groundwater Recharge Characteristics/Sea water Intrusion: Presently, coastal Karachi is known to have five sources of recharge to its groundwater reserves.
(i) Rainfall,
(ii) Indus River water supply
(iii) Hab-River & Hab Lake water supply
(iv) Polluted Lyari and Malir rivers/ contributory channels draining mixtures of domestic industrial and agricultural wastewater, composed of pre-said three sources
(v) Seawater.
The possibilities of major contribution to groundwater recharge of shallow/phreatic aquifer directly by local rainfall seems very small, due to very poor frequency of rainfall events and rainfall intensities in the Karachi and high evaporation rates. The long-term (15 years annual record) mean monthly average precipitation for Karachi is between 0-15 mm during the months of January to June, 23 - 91 mm during the months of July to September, and 0-7 mm during the months of October to December. The remaining four sources play a significant role in recharge of the shallow aquifer-system and deep groundwater system (confined aquifer) in coastal Karachi. Unpolluted seawater of Karachi coast is characterized by a δ 18O value of ~ +1 ‰ VSMOW and a chloride content of ~23000 ppm. Both the Lyari River and Malir River waters, as well as the Indus River water and the Hab Lake water, have extremely very low aqueous contents of chloride and sulfate ions as compared to seawater. The average mean value of δ 18O in polluted river waters is ~ 5 ‰ V-SMOW and in shallow groundwater is -5.9 ‰ V-SMOW. The relatively deeper ground waters representing confined aquifer have a mean δ 18O value of -4.3 ‰ VSMOW and excessively high values of aqueous chloride and sulfate.
Water Supply and Sewerage System: The water supply and sewerage system is managed by Karachi Water Supply & Sewerage Board (KW&SB). Present water supply system of Karachi City has a supply capacity of 560 mgd. Actually, as of the end of year 2006, the KW&SB supply bulk water of about 630 mgd beyond
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the capacity as shown in following Table. Out of 630 mgd, water of 209 mgd is supplied without filtration, which is equivalent to one third of actual supply amount of 630 mgd.
Table 4.6: Present Water Supply Capacity Supplied from Rated Capacity Actual Supply Gharo Filtration Plant 20 mgd 30 mgd Pipri Filtration Plant with Filtration 100 mgd 102 mgd without Filtration - 32 mgd Dumlottee Conduit from Wells 20 mgd 0 mgd (without Filtration) from GK/K-III - 17 mgd Systems NEK Old Filtration Plant 25 mgd 5 mgd NEK New Filtration Plant 100 mgd 100 mgd COD Filtration Plant with Filtration 115 mgd 104 mgd without Filtration - 48 mgd Hub Filtration Plant 80 mgd 80 mgd Supply without Filtration (from K-III System) 100 mgd 95 mgd Supply without Filtration (from GK System) - 17 mgd Total 560 mgd 630 mgd
The water distribution network in Karachi covers 18 towns, 6 Cantonments and a Defense Housing Authority (DHA) Area. These 18 towns are included in 5 administrative water supply zones classified by the KW&SB, which is shown on Figure.
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Figure 4.20: Karachi Monthly Water Demand (Source: Pakistan Development Perspective)
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Figure 4.21: Existing Water Distribution Zones
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Figure 4.22: Water Transmission System
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The existing sewerage catchment area which covers 18 towns in Karachi city is divided into three districts, namely: respective catchment area of T.P-1, T.P-2 and T.P-3. KW&SB formulated the Master Plan of the water supply and sewerage system in cooperation with JICA in 2008. However, most of the projects for rehabilitation and augmentation proposed in the Master Plan study, etc. have not been carried out due to financial constraint of KW&SB. Due its negligence to maintain and operationalize the treatment plants, not only municipal effluent but industrial effluent also is directly going into sea destroying marine life. Malir Cantonment is the largest Cantonment in Pakistan, created back in 1942. Next to the Defence Housing Authority (Karachi), it has the largest number of Defence officers' housing schemes in Pakistan but without a modern sewerage system.
In January 2018, the Supreme Court appointed Honorable Justice Amir Hani Muslim, a retired Supreme Court judge, the new head of the water commission with a mandate to ‘implement” the recommendations of the previous commission that the apex court had formed in December 2016 in response to a constitutional petition. Treatment of sewage, a much-neglected issue, saw a revival under the commission. Thus, Sewage Treatment Plant-III (77MGD) was restored in June 2018. STP-I (100MGD) could not be completed in 2019 despite time-bound undertaking submitted to Judicial Commission (water). STP-IV (180MGD) was also supposed to be operational by December 2020. Five industrial effluent treatment plants are scheduled to be built in the SITE, Trans- Lyari, F.B, Landhi and Superhighway areas.
Another treatment plant is installed in DHA Phase VIII for the treatment of sewage water from the DHA phase VIII and Clifton Cantt. The plant was operational in 2014 with the rated capacity of 2.4 MGD while currently it receives 1.2 MGD of sewage of DHA Phase VIII.
Sewage is gathered through pipes and uncovered channels and drained in water bodies through rivers and nullahs. Karachi's untreated wastewater, including domestic sewage and industrial wastewater is discharged into the Lyari and Malir rivers, and finally disposed to the nearest coastal belt. Out of the 475 MGD of wastewater generated, around 420 MGD of wastewater remains untreated and a part of it is drained into the sea through the 232 km network of Main nullah and 1000 km network of town drains. These nullahs mainly discharge into the two main rivers namely; Malir River and Lyari River.
Currently, there is a huge gap between wastewater generation and treatment. The wastewater generated in Karachi city is beyond the capacity of the existing treatment plants. Approximately 417-425 MGD of wastewater is drained into sea water without any treatment.
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Figure 4.23: Existing Sewerage System of Karachi
Land use Changes and their Impacts on Natural Drainage System of Malir River Basin: Rapid urbanization of mega cities in developing countries has been responsible for not only alterations in the natural phenomena but has posed serious health challenges due to insufficient water and sanitation infrastructures, inappropriate waste treatment and disposal facilities and substandard living conditions. Less privileged communities that migrate to big cities are not only victims of several types of communal diseases but are more vulnerable to natural disasters. Rapid urbanization of a city may alter its natural hydrology giving rise to blockage and frequent flooding of the drains.
Surface Water Drainage and Flooding in Karachi City: The problem of urban flooding is quite significant in Karachi which is the industrial and business hub of Pakistan. Karachi had experienced severe floods which occurred periodically. In 1977 severe flood occurred in the flood plains of the Malir River and the Lyari River killed 267 people, more than 30,000 were homeless and 100,000 were temporarily dislocated. Houses were destroyed and roads were damaged. The total loss was estimated about 5 billion rupees (KDA, 1981). The present study deals with urban flooding which has now become a serious problem all over the world, affecting urban life, infrastructure, mobility of people and economy of the city. In this context Karachi has been selected for study which is the largest city of Pakistan.
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Surface Water Drainage in Malir River Basin9: The Malir River basin and the Lyari River basin are two main basins which contribute about 80 percent of the surface runoff. The Budnai basin and the coastal basin are minor basins. All basins collect surface runoff through hundreds of small and large channels which finally drain into sea.
Malir River System10: Malir River basin has total catchment area of about 1,850 square kilometer around south eastern boundary of Karachi. Malir River system consists of two major streams, Mol and Khaddeji, and three tributaries named Konkar, Thaddo and Sukkan. River flows southwards and westwards through Gizri Creek and discharges finally into the Arabian Sea. The central part of the river basin is made-up of sediment deposits comprising coarse conglomerate, sand stone, claystone and limestone, whereas, the lower plain is composed of alluvial deposits. In the lower plain, the river is wider and shallower and gets braided. The catchment has a rugged terrain and comprise of rocky waste land covered with sandy soil. Common vegetation in the river basin includes shrub trees and bushes. The lower part of the basin has good grass cover full of orchards and vegetable patches which gradually reduces southwards. Slums are located on both sides of the river with some industrial units. Malir River overflows during the monsoon rainfalls. Storm water stays in the surrounding area for extended period of time due to insufficient drainage which damages the infrastructure and property11. Disposal of untreated industrial and municipal effluent has also severely contaminated the water of Malir River. This may become a serious health issue since most of this water is used to irrigate crops which are consumed by the citizens of Karachi12,13.
9 Surface Water Drainage and Flooding in Karachi City 10 Landuse Changes and their Impacts on Natural Drainage System of Malir River Basin 11 Farooq, M. A., et al. (2010). "Human Induced Impact on Malir River Basin Karachi, Pakistan." World Appl. Sci. J 9(12): 1450- 1456 12 ZUBAIR, A., et al. (2009). "Hydrochemical Interpretation of Stormwater Impact on Groundwater using Factor Analysis." JEPS 3: 117-123 13 ZUBAIR, A., et al. (2009). "Hydrochemical Interpretation of Stormwater Impact on Groundwater using Factor Analysis." JEPS 3: 117-123
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Figure 4.24: Blockages in Malir River (January 2015)
Figure 4.25: Blockages in Malir River 2000 Figure 4.20: Blockages in Malir River 2015
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Table 4.8: Blockage in Malir River and its Tributaries based on Satellite Data S.# Rivers of Blockage Type Geographical Malir Basin Position 67º22’24.272”E 1 Sukkan Nadi Agriculture field/Siltation 24º57’16.871”N 67º19’21.075”E 2 Bazar Naddi Agriculture/Settlemetn 24º57’2.247”N 67º22’33.461”E 3 Jamado Ndi Siltatiom & Agriculture 25º0’15.589”N 67º10’18.873” E 4 Malir Nadi Agriculture/Seweage/Siltation/Urban 24º51’57.589”N 67º24’14.539”E 5 Mol Nadi Agriculture 25º3’33.235”N 67º25’40.299”E 6 Khadeji Nadi Agriculture 25º2’32.542”N 67º15’40.689”E 7 Thaddo Nadi Agriculture/Siltation 24º58’2.917”N 67º14’11.128”E 8 Konkar Nadi Agriculture 25º1’3.743”N *Coordinate system: WGS 1984 UTM Zone 42N
Malir River Basin14: The Malir River basin is the largest basin and source of surface runoff and sediments load. The Malir River forms a result of the confluence of two main rivers the Mol River and the Khadeji River. The catchment area of the Mol River is about 620 square km and the Khadeji River is 580 square km (WAPDA, 1990). The Mol River originates from the Kohistan hills at the height of 640-meter eroding Mol plateau and flows 105 km up to Superhighway where it joins the Malir River.
Flooding in Karachi: Urban flooding is caused by heavy rainfall overwhelming drainage capacity. The primary cause of flooding in Karachi city is torrential rainfall due to tropical storm and monsoon which saturate soil and create huge surface runoff. Floods in urban conditions are flashy in nature and occur both on built up surfaces like roads and streets, parking lots, yards, parks etc. and creeks of urban areas like the Lyari, the Gizri, and the Korangi creek.
Table 4.9: Catchment Areas and Surface Runoff of Malir Rivers Catchment Area (Sq. km. 567 596 1205 1985 Mean Annual Runoff 34 45 74 60 Maximum Annual Runoff 187 255 392 424
14 Landuse Changes and their Impacts on Natural Drainage System of Malir River Basin
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Table 4.10: Drainage characteristics of River Basins of Karachi River Basin Length of Basin Area Branching Ratio Drainage Density Streams Sq.km km/sq.km Malir River Basin 725 2167 Dendritic 3.4 Lyari River Basin 180 578 Dendritic 5.6 Budnai Basin 46 95 Dendritic 5.7
4.1.1.1 Emerging Drainage issues of Authorities’ Response
Pakistan Meteorological Department has confirmed that Karachi received the heaviest rain in a single day ever in its history when 231 mm rain fell in just 12 hours, the highest rainfall record over the last 90 years. Hub Dam water level crossed 338.5 feet, the highest level in 13 years. During August 2020 only, Karachi received 484 mm (19 inches) rain. With rainwater and overflowed water from nullahs and drains flooding most of the main roads and streets in residential locations, many residential areas including urban slums and villages in peri-urban areas gravely disrupted the people’s lives. The inundated roads caused massive traffic jams on 27th August 2020, 6 out of 7 districts of Karachi were declared as “Calamity hit areas” by the Relief Commissioner – Government Sindh under Sindh National Calamities (P&R) Act 1958. Karachi East and Malir being most affected. Fully 70% of areas were difficult to access due to damages to the road/ streets or the presence of stagnant water, 0.3% of houses were completely or partially damaged. 27% of bridges and walkways are partially damaged. Electricity breakdown reported in all areas for 10 – 34 hours.
The critical areas where rainwater accumulated or flooded the localities were Gujjar Nullah in Liaquatabad, Sher Shah Suri Road where pillars of Green Line infrastructure had been constructed within the drain, Kashmir Colony at the tail end of Orangi Nullah, Gulistan-i-Jauhar where encroachment had emerged and desilting could not be done, Gulshan-i-Zafar adjacent to PECHS where encroachment issues were the main causes, Zaman Town in Korangi which also had encroachment issues and Soldier Bazaar Nullah at Police Lines which was deliberately choked by putting heavy stones in the drain.
After July 17 rains, PECHS & Shahrahe Faisal were choked for a few hours at Rumi Mosque due to encroachment at Gulshan-i-Zafar. Zaman Town was flooded due to encroachments there. It was pointed out that most of the previous year problematic areas remained normal because their issues were addressed.
On July 26, it rained more than 86mm within an hour resulting in accumulation of rainwater in Gulistan-i-Jauhar where a private educational institution had encroached upon the drain whose desilting could not be done. According to the local government, the Green Line infrastructure disconnected old drainage systems in Gujjar Nullah, which caused flooding in the area.
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On July 27, it rained over 74mm in one hour. The water from hill torrents inundated Orangi Town and caused Gujjar Nullah to overflow. Due to the Green Line, rainwater inundated KDA Chowrangi, Sakhi Hassan and Nagan Chowrangi. Heavy rains in Orangi Town inundated Kashmir Mohalla, a low-lying katchi abadi.
Karachi Metropolitan Corporation had 38 drains and they all were being cleaned under a World Bank project called SWEEP.
Apart from KMC, the district municipal corporations had 514 smaller nullahs and they were responsible for the cleaning for which the Sindh government was providing them additional funds.
The Sindh government invested an amount equal to $8 million from its own sources which would be reimbursed by the WB. It had released Rs200m as a stopgap arrangement for cleaning the drains. Gujjar Nullah in district Central, Mehmoodabad Nullah in district East, Songal Nullah in district Malir/East and City Nullah, Pitcher Nullah, Kalri Nullah in district South had been cleaned. 3,966,193 tonnes of sludge had been disposed of from six districts — 822,995 tonnes from Central, 973,009 West, 368,309 South-1, 664,631 South-2, 804,279 East, 187,937 Malir and 145,033 tonnes from Korangi.
To improve the sewerage system of Karachi and reduce the pollution load on natural water bodies, KWSB is working on Greater Karachi Sewerage Plan (S-III). This project, through a well-integrated system of collection, treatment and sewage of wastewater from municipal and industrial sources, aims to improve the environmental conditions of Karachi. In this project, sewage will be transmitted to the River Lyari and Malir via a RCC before finally being disposed of in the sea. Following initiatives will be taken under this project
▪ Malir Trunk Sewer: 05 Contract Packages with overall length of 22.74 km ▪ Lyari Trunk Sewer: 08 Contract Packages with overall length of 33.32 km ▪ Upgradation and Capacity Enhancement of Sewage Treatment Plant from 51 to 100 MGD at Haroonabad SITE ▪ Upgradation and Capacity Enhancement of Sewage Treatment Plant from 54 to 180 MGD at Muaripur ▪ Construction of New Sewage Treatment Plant at Korangi of 180 MGD
According to the planning commission of Pakistan 862 Million Rupees have been allocated to the project for the fiscal year of 2018-2019. The rehabilitation of the TPIII for 77 MGD has been done while five different packages of sewage transmission in the length of 20.151 km have substantially been completed.
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4.4.1 Water Quality
Because of unsafe and insufficient water supply and low sanitation coverage, as well as people’s poor hygiene habits, around 60 percent of children suffer from diarrhea that is fatal if not treated in time. Concerns have been raised by various quarters about contamination in drinking water supply in the distribution network and possible linkages with water borne diseases in the city. The seriousness of the issue can be rated from the fact that in the year 2002, the Provincial Ombudsman Sindh, Justice Haziqul Khairi in response to a growing number of reports received from all over the Sindh province about the supply of contaminated drinking water, instituted a study for investigating the claims of the public and assessing the causes of contamination.
Regarding the quality of surface water supplied to the consumers, the Study Report prepared by Dr. Mirza Arshad Ali Beg, concluded that about 75% of the water supplied to Karachi is chlorinated. Shortfall in the availability of water for drinking constrains the distribution to intermittent supply that is one of the main causes of water pollution.
The water that leaks through the distribution mains and smaller pipes, particularly the ones that were laid long time before and in the Third Phase of the Bulk Water Supply scheme for Karachi, creates an underground pool during the supply hours. This serves as a nursery to the micro-organisms, including fecal coliform released by the leaky sewers crisscrossing the water supply pipes. Sewage might enter into the distribution system due to vacuum created during idle hours. This is the reason for the gradual depletion of free-active chlorine in the treated water as it proceeds from the filter plant to the distribution network and in its onward journey to the households. The findings of the analysis of the water samples suggest that the water even though treated gets contaminated in the distribution network and on its way to the consumers.
This finding suggests that the water as received by the residents is not safe for drinking. Assessment of ground water quality in the aforementioned Ombudsman Study Report indicated that ground water has been over exploited in Sindh and the drying of traditional wells in the vegetable and fruit growing areas in the suburbs of Karachi has occurred. Although water quality has not been tested yet, groundwater pollution by nitrates, pesticides, heavy metals and hydrocarbons discharged into the environment is not negligible. The salinity of groundwater in Southern Sindh, particularly in the coastal areas has increased since over pumping has induced seawater to flow in, causing what is known as seawater intrusion.
The fact, also acknowledged by KW&SB that 150 mgd (681,900 m3/day) of water supplied to the consumers is chlorinated and bypasses the KW&SB filter plants
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is an important indicator of the need of addressing this issue on a priority basis. The Ombudsman Study Report says that the water drawn from about 95% of the wells in the city of Karachi is contaminated with sewage bacteria and also contains total dissolved solids beyond permissible limits. The Ombudsman Study Report also documents that 90% of the survey sample tests conducted by PCSIR indicate that the water is unfit for drinking purposes referring to the guidelines set by the World Health Organization (WHO).
Drinking Water Quality in Malir Town15: A study conducted by Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Karachi investigated the physico-chemical and public health profile of drinking water of Malir town, Karachi. Malir town has a low socioeconomic profile as compared to other 18 towns of Karachi. The town has a poor water supply and sanitation system due to which the local population is a victim of deadly diseases. Water Samples were collected from various locations. The quality of water was examined for TDS, TSS, Ph, Turbidity, chloride, sulphate, hardness and alkalinity. In addition, examination of metals was also tested which includes Na, K, Ca and Mg.
The physic-chemical quality of drinking water was found good from the health viewpoint. However, water from all the samples failed to meet WHO guidelines for bacteriological quality of drinking water. It was disturbing to notice that none of the water samples has residual chlorine which indicates that the supplied water to the consumer is heavily polluted with the organisms of public health importance which is due to the obsolete and faulty distribution network which required immediate attention from KWSB.
Water samples were collected from 10 different sites from Malir Town during August – October 2015 presented in figure below. The water samples were collected in two (2) liters pre-sterilized glass bottles. The bottle was carefully filled to avoid trapping air bubbles. The samples were sealed having specific codes, labeled and transported to get tested in the Institute of Environmental Studies laboratory in refrigerated condition.
15 Physico-Chemical and Bacteriological Characteristics of Drinking Water of Malir Town, Karachi, Pakistan
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Figure 4.26: Map of Sampling sites in Malir Town
Table 4.11: Coordinates of the Sampling Locations S.No. Sample Coordinates S.No. Sample Coordinates No. No. 1 M-1 24° 53’ 22.83’’N, 22 M-22 24° 53’ 42.61’’N, 67° 10’ 43.42’’E 67° 12’ 07.50’’E 2 M-2 24° 53’ 38.83’’N, 23 M-23 24° 53’ 38.66’’N, 67° 10’ 37.76’’E 67° 11’ 52.76’’E 3 M-3 24° 53’ 57.97’’N, 24 M-24 24° 53’ 27.57’’N, 67° 10’ 50.057’’E 67° 12’ 07.23’’E 4 M-4 24° 54’ 12.15’’N, 25 M-25 24° 53’ 05.50’’N, 67 °10’ 55.16’’E 67° 11’ 56.33’’E 5 M-5 24° 54’ 38.30’’N, 26 M-26 24° 52’ 51.82’’N, 67° 11’ 08.58’’E 67° 12’ 12.51’’E 6 M-6 24° 54’ 43.54’’N, 27 M-27 24° 52’ 50.88’’N, 67° 11’ 55.04’’E 67° 11’ 55.55’’E 7 M-7 24° 54’ 43.54’’N, 28 M-28 24° 52’ 59.30’’N, 67° 11’ 55.04’’E 67° 11’ 32.92’’E 8 M-8 24° 54’ 37.94’’N, 29 M-29 24° 52’ 45.33’’N, 67° 11’ 37.27’’E 67° 11’ 22.41’’E 9 M-9 24° 54’ 08.29’’N, 30 M-30 24° 52’ 43.08’’N, 67° 11’ 25.19’’E 67° 10’ 41.30’’E 10 M-10 24° 54’ 05.90’’N, 31 M-31 24° 52’ 28.25’’N, 67° 11’ 50.95’’E 67° 10’ 51.15’’E 11 M-11 24° 54’ 01.29’’N, 32 M-32 24° 52’ 26.95’’N, 67° 11’57.36’’E 67° 10’ 18.47’’E
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12 M-12 24° 54’ 10.29’’N, 33 M-33 24° 52’ 42.59’’N, 67° 12’ 22.35’’E 67° 10’ 49.70’’E 13 M-13 24° 54’ 12.03’’N, 34 M-34 24° 52’54.84’’N, 67° 12’ 28.68’’E 67° 10’ 50.43’’E 14 M-14 24° 54’ 12.03’’N, 35 M-35 24° 52’ 51.34’’N, 67° 12’ 28.68’’E 67° 10’ 22.27’’E 15 M-15 24° 54’ 12.03’’N, 36 M-36 24° 52’ 51.34’’N, 67° 12’ 28.68’’E 67° 10’ 22.27’’E 16 M-16 24° 54’ 22.80’’N, 37 M-37 24° 52’ 46.72’’N, 67° 12’ 28.68’’E 67° 10’16.20’’E 17 M-17 24° 54’ 33.04’’N, 38 M-38 24° 52’ 51.17’’N, 67° 13’ 00.35’’E 67° 10’ 54.60’’E 18 M-18 24° 54’ 35.65’’N, 39 M-39 24° 53’ 32.31’’N, 67° 13’ 12.58’’E 67° 11’ 17.18’’E 19 M-19 24° 54’ 34.23’’N, 40 M-40 24° 53’ 42.06’’N, 67° 13’ 26.18’’E 67° 11’ 28.74’’E 20 M-20 24° 54’ 21.79’’N, 41 M-41 24° 53’ 46.73’’N, 67° 13’ 07.83’’E 67° 11’ 10.57’’E 21 M-21 24° 53’ 58.03’’N, 42 M-42 24° 53’ 29.46’’N, 67° 12’ 14.14’’E 67° 10’ 25.88’’E
Physico-chemical Profile: The physic chemical profile given in table 4.12 the pH value of all the samples ranged between 6.9 (M-10) to 7.6 (M-01) having the mean value of 7.25 as can be seen in table 4.9. According to WHO (1985), pH value for safe drinking should range 6.5 to 8.516. The pH value in all samples met the WHO guidelines as well as NSDWQ. Water with pH above 11 and below 4, is responsible for skin, eye irritation and corrosive effects respectively. WHO warns that extreme pH levels can worsen existing skin conditions17.
Turbid water in fact devalues water quality from consumer’s point of view. According to WHO guidelines and NSDWQ the turbidity level should not exceed 5 NTU for drinking water. The values of turbidity of all the samples are within the acceptable limits (0.11-0.91). Turbidity in water mainly results from the presence of fine colloidal and suspended particles. Turbidity level is a vital consideration for effective planning and functioning of the processes of treatment and also an indicator presence of microorganism responsible for causing health issues18.
TSS concentration of all the samples ranged from 72 to 182 mg/l. No health-based guideline for TSS is available. SS are usually organic in nature which serves as a
16 WHO, 1985. Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater 16th Ed. American Water Works Association; Washington DC, USA. 17 WHO Working Group, 1986. Health impact of acidic deposition. Science of the Total Environment, 52: 157-187. 18 Perveen, F., U. Asghar and T.H. Usmani, 2001147. Evaluation of Water Quality of Different Colleges of Karachi City. Journal of the Chemical Society of Pakistan, 29(5): 458-462.
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source of food for the multiplication and growth microorganisms. Ideally the drinking water should not contain suspended solids owing to the fact that suspended solids can cause human health problems and also harmful to aquatic life forms19. High TSS value also responsible for increase in surface water temperature as suspended particles absorbed heat20.
TDS in water represents the amount of inorganic substances that originates from sewage, natural sources, industrial waste and other chemicals. High amount of suspended, dissolved and total solids depreciates palatability of water rendering it unsuitable for drinking purpose. TDS value of the samples ranged between 295 to 709 mg/l. The recommended guideline for TDS as reported by WHO (1984) and NSDWQ is 500 mg/l.
Table 4.12: Descriptive statistics of physical, chemical and microbiological analysis of drinking water of Malir Town, Karachi Parameters Mean Median Min Max Quartile Std. Std. NSDWQ WHO Range Dev. Error Std. Std. pH 7.25 7.30 6.90 7.60 0.20 0.16 0.02 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 Turbidity/NTU 0.50 0.47 0.11 0.91 0.47 0.25 0.04 8.5<5NTU 8.5<5NTU TSS(mg/l) 128.17 132.5 72 182 58 32.05 4.95 N/A N/A TDS(mg/l) 584.17 607 295 709 98.1 77.97 12.03 <1000 <1000 Calcium(mg/l) 53.85 51 35 76.5 23.80 13.58 2.06 N/A 100 Magnesium(mg/ 113.83 112.25 62 179 29.5 25.85 3.99 N/A 150 l) Sodium 32.27 33 19 46.2 6.9 5.84 0.90 N/A 200 Potassium 5.01 5 4 6.5 0.80 0.58 0.09 N/A N/A Chloride 123.58 120.5 100.7 167 25 17.31 2.67 <250 250 Hardness 167.31 165 121 232 25 23.82 3.68 <500 N/A Sulphate 293.19 292.5 227 361 59 36.05 5.56 N/A 250 Alkalinity 751.3 114 90 136 18 11.74 1.81 N/A 120
Generally, water having TDS value less than 500 mg/l is considered to be water of good quality but values of up to 1000 mg/l can be tolerated. High TDS levels can also lead to corrosion, decrease gases solubility, increase water density and make water unfit for drinking purpose.
Microbial Profile: The prevalence of waterborne diseases in Pakistan is mainly due to contamination of drinking water mostly with industrial waste and municipal waste. According to the Pakistan National Conservation Strategy report of 1992, about 40% of communicable diseases are waterborne Siddiqui et
19 Sheila Murphy, 2007. General Information on Solids.USGS Water Quality Monitoring. 20 Mitchell and Stapp, 1992. Field Manual for Water Quality Monitoring.
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al., (2010) reported that 36% samples of Karachi drinking water contaminated with indicator and pathogenic bacteria.
Most of the samples were contaminated with the fecal material therefore potentially dangerous for human health. No residual chlorine as detected in any sample. All the water samples failed to meet WHO guideline.
Malir town is close to Gharo treatment plant and the results indicated that the treatment plant is not treating water adequately. From the table 1 it can be seen that the number of fecal streptococci was relatively low in all the samples as compared to total coliform, total aerobic and total fecal coliform. The reason of fecal contamination could be the faulty and obsolete water distribution network. It would mean that these water samples are unsafe for drinking purpose and continuous threat to human health.
The water supply of Malir town is not suitable from the viewpoint of public health. The faulty and distribution network is the major source of water contamination.
According to the study published in 201221, analysis of groundwater shows the lead content of Clifton/DHA is ~ 5.6µg/l. The effluents rich in lead, pouring through the Malir and Lyari rivers onto the beaches of the Arabian Sea, could percolate into the subsoil can be encountered in the shallow aquifers. The observed higher risk zone area along the Karachi coastal area can be attributed to this vicious cycle of contamination.
According to KW&SB22, the 450MGD out of 650MGD water being supplied to Karachi is duly filtered and chlorinated and there is only shortfall of 200 MGD in filtration capacity and that too is for want of new Filter Plants for which they have no resources.
On the orders of water commission, water-measuring meters were installed at the bulk-pumping stations to curb the theft/wastage of water, a whopping 190MGD. New chlorinators and modern laboratories were added to filter plants to improve water quality. The rehabilitation of water-filter plants involving major civil works has also been set in motion.
4.4.2 Storm Water Drainage
Following Table outlines stormwater drainages and nallahs under each township administration. Drainages are artificial water channels for stormwater drainage;
21 Risk Zone Mapping of Lead Pollution in Urban Groundwater 22 Report of Commission of Inquiry, Dated: 25th February, 2017
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on the contrary, nallahs are natural water channels. Many drainages are connected to nallahs and some drainages connected to river directly; Nallahs discharge into rivers such as Lyari River and Malir River receiving stormwater. As sewage collection system in Karachi City is not enough and its maintenance is not satisfactory, stormwater drainage and nallahs have to receive sewage all year long in addition to stormwater in rainy season.
Table 4.13: Town-wise Stormwater Drainage/Nallah Length Town Depth (m) Width (m) Length (km) 1. Keamari Town 1.21 0.91~3.04 7.62 2. SITE Town 2.13 3.65 16.08 3. Baldia Town 1.22 2.43 11.77 4. Orangi Town 1.52 2.43~3.65 34.1 5. Lyari Town 1.37 0.6~13.7 19.4 6. Saddar Town 1.37 3.05 11.14 7. Jamshed Town 1.5 2.43 33.8 8. Gulshan -e- Iqbal Town 3.64 2.4~15.2 28.0 9. Faisal Town 1.22~4.57 1.52~24.0 20.1 10. Landhi Town 1.22 2.43 35.36 11. Korangi Town 1.52 2.74 36.4 12. North Nazimabad Town 1.22 2.4 30.7 13. North Karachi Town 1.22 2.4 45.1 14. Gulberg Town 1.37 2.4 22.1 15. Liaquatabad Town 1.52 3.65 19.5 16. Malir Town 1.22 3.04 6.15 17. Bin Qasim Town 1.22 3.64 14.63 18. Gadap Town 1.22 3.65 24.43 Total 416.38 Source: KWSB
There are no exclusive pumping facilities for storm water drainage in Malir. However, many pumping stations called “ejector” which were constructed for sewage discharge to natural nallahs or rivers have worked as storm water pumping facilities in rainy season. Roadside drains are cleaned by KWSB 1-2 months before the monsoon season. Removed and collected silt/garbage is conveyed to designate solid waste disposal sites.
However, at times roads are cleaned afterwards by town administration and silt/garbage is transferred to drains again. This is said to be how inundation is caused. In addition to the other mentioned issues in Malir Town many drains and nallahs have been already encroached on by illegal houses and buildings. Storage enforcement of building code and other relevant laws.
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Another major issue with malfunctioned drains / nallahs is that garbage is easily and routinely dumped to these facilities, which leads to their reduced sections. Comprehensive solid waste management system has to be introduced. There are no exclusive pumping facilities for stormwater drainage in Karachi City. However, many pumping stations called “ejector”, which were constructed for sewage discharge to natural nallahs or rivers have worked as stormwater pumping facilities in rainy season.
Roadside drains are cleaned by KW&SB one to two months before monsoon season comes every year. Removed and collected silt/garbage is conveyed to designated solid waste disposal sites. However, roads are cleaned afterwards by town administration and silt/garbage is transferred to drains again. This is said to be how inundation is caused. In addition to above mentioned administrative issues, many drains and nallhas have been already encroached on by illegal houses and buildings. Strong enforcement of building code and other relevant laws is expected. Another major issue with malfunctioned drains/nallahs is that garbage is easily and routinely dumped to these facilities, which leads to their reduced sections. Comprehensive solid waste management system has to be introduced.
4.5 Ecology
The ecology of microenvironment and macroenvironment of the project area has completely changed as a result of continuous emergence of urban conglomerates. Ecological risk of high order has been induced by land clearance and removal of natural vegetation from the plains during the urban sprawl to make room for industrialization and urbanization. This has degraded the physical environment as quantified in the above section & the biological environment in the sense that the entire macroenvironment has lost its biodiversity. During the survey, less number of flora species was recorded in the project area such as Conocarpus, Acacia Nilotica (Sindhi Babur), Capparis Decidua (Kirar), Ficrus Religiosa (Pepul), Azadirachta Indica (Neem), Prosopis Juliflora (Devi) and Saveda Fruticosa (Lani). Horticulturist and tree activists have declared Conocarpus as harmful as the eucalyptus trees planted in the past. Eucalyptus was planted in huge numbers across the city only to be cut down for its negative impact on the environment. The same mistake was repeated with Conocarpus. In response to the growing concern against planting Conocarpus, Cantonment Board Malir has put tremendous efforts in recent years towards plantation of neem trees on and along the main Jinnah Avenue and its arterials.
The impoverished as well as degraded environment resulting from non- availability of surface as well as groundwater and discharge of untreated wastewater into Lyari and Malir River has irreversibly reduced the biodiversity of the indigenous as well as introduced vegetation and hence it offers very little
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chance for the survival / growth of fauna in the macroenvironment of project area. There are even otherwise no habitats of large and small animals, birds or reptiles within the surveyed area.
4.6 Description of Socio-Economic Environment
4.6.1 Macro Environment of The City Karachi District
Karachi is the biggest city district of Pakistan and plays a dominant role in the economy, politics and culture of Pakistan. The city is blessed with a strong industrial base, diverse ethnic populace, efficient financial institutions, cheap labor and powerful business/financial corporations. This city, compared to all other cities of Pakistan, generates maximum revenue for the Government. It has comparative advantage of being the only operational seaport of the country, which makes it the focus of all trade and business in Pakistan.
4.6.2 Administrative Division
In 2001, five districts of Karachi were merged to form the city district of Karachi. Under the devolution plan, the Local Government System was introduced in which Karachi was composed of 18 towns and 178 union councils.
Later, the City District Government of Karachi was dissolved into six (06) constituent districts, namely: Karachi East, Karachi West, Karachi Central, Karachi South, Korangi and Malir. These districts form the Karachi Division now.
There are also six military cantonments, which are administered by the Pakistan Army. District Municipal Corporations, headed by Deputy Commissioners, work under Commissioner Karachi for administration. Malir Cantonment is the largest Cantonment in Pakistan, created back in 1942. Next to the Defence Housing Authority (Karachi), it has the largest number of defence officers' housing schemes in Pakistan.
An outline of existing condition of land holdings in Karachi is illustrated as follows.
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Figure 4.27: Land Holdings by Agency in Karachi (Source: KMP 2020)
4.6.3 Land Use
The project site is located in Malir Cantonment, Karachi. The project area is mainly used for residential purpose however there are few commercial entities operating in the area. The residential area comprises of bungalows as well as apartments and high-rise buildings. Most of the residents belong to middle class and upper middle class, many of whom are employed in the government sector. The commercial activities in the area include shops, hotels, restaurants and marriage halls.
4.6.4 Road Network Infrastructure
Karachi district covers an area of 3,706.83 km2 and is served by a well-established network of major roads. The total road length in Karachi city is approximately 10,000 km. Local roads accounted for 93%, while the highways and arterial roads for less than 5%. There are three highways namely Superhighway (now M-9), National Highway (N-5), and RCD highway (N-25), and six arterial roads: Korangi Road, Shahrah-e-Faisal Road, University Road, Shahrah-e-Pakistan Road, Chaudry Fazal Ellahi Road, and RCD Highway. Lyari Expressway was previously opened to traffic for north-to-south direction only but recently after completion of north-bound track the expressway is now opened for both directions.
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Recently Sindh Government has started Karachi Mega Infrastructure Development Projects which also includes restructuring of six major roads of Karachi including Main University road, Shahrah-e-Faisal, Tariq road from Shaheed-e-Millat to Shahrah-e-Quaideen and Hub River road. Reconstruction and rehabilitation of many other roads, flyovers and underpasses in different areas of the city is also included in the project. At present various components of the project has been completed and others are still in progress. Karachi – Hyderabad Motorway M-9 and National Highway N-5 are also under construction and rehabilitation.
The commercial centers of Karachi, in the older areas of the city, have most congested traffic within the city. The city government has constructed several flyovers / bridges and underpasses to control the traffic flow. To ease the traffic flow in project area, Sindh Mass Transit Authority (SMTA) is working on the plant of BRT project with the financial assistance of ADB.
4.6.5 Demography
As per provisional census results of 2017 total population of Pakistan is 207,774,520 with an average annual growth rate of 2.40 from 1998 to 2017. In 1998, the total population of all districts that form the current Karachi district was 9,856,318 while according to the 2017 census population of Karachi city reached to 16,051,521 with an average annual growth rate of 2.60. In terms of overall %age population change District Malir observe highest, 105.79%, increase in population while lowest population increase is in the district south as 21.22%. District wise population is presented below:
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Figure 4.28: District Wise Population of Karachi
Table 4.14: Population Census Results 2017 – Karachi Division Population 2017 Sex 1998- 2017 Administrative Population Households Ratio Average Annual Units Male Female Transgender All Sexes 1998 2017 Growth Rate 2,770,074 8,439,659 7,610,365 1,497 16,051,521 9,856,318 110.90 2.60 Karachi Rural 193,871 606,588 534,499 82 1,141,169 407,510 113.49 5.56 Division Urban 2,576,203 7,833,071 7,075,866 1,415 14,910,352 9,448,808 110.7 2.43
Karachi 538,983 1,543,950 1,427,349 327 2,971,626 2,277,931 108.17 1.41 Central Rural District Urban 538,983 1,543,950 1,427,349 327 2,971,626 2,277,931 108.17 1.41
Karachi 509,239 1,528,019 1,379,225 223 2,907,467 1,472,896 110.79 3.64 East Rural District Urban 509,239 1,528,019 1,379,225 223 2,907,467 1,472,896 110.79 3.64
Karachi 327,518 943,546 848,010 195 1,791,751 1,478,047 111.27 1.02 South Rural District Urban 327,518 943,546 848,010 195 1,791,751 1,478,047 111.27 1.02
Karachi 634,459 2,065,847 1,848,553 357 3,914,757 2,089,509 111.75 3.35 West Rural 44,051 149,220 134,014 13 283,247 73,568 111.35 7.34 District Urban 590,408 1,916,627 1,714,539 344 3,631,510 2,015,941 111.79 3.14
421,618 1,284,015 1,172,737 267 2,457,019 1,561,742 109.49 2.41 Korangi Rural District Urban 421,618 1,284,015 1,172,737 267 2,457,019 1,561,742 109.49 2.41
338,257 1,074,282 934,491 128 2,008,901 976,193 114.96 3.86 Malir Rural 149,820 457,368 400,485 69 857,922 333,942 114.2 5.08 District Urban 188,437 616,914 534,006 59 1,150,979 642,251 115.53 3.11
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4.6.6 Households and Average Household Size in Karachi
According to the provisional results of 2017 census the Karachi division has total 2,770,074 number of Households with and average household size of 5.79 and sex ratio of 110.90. District wise details are presented below:
Administrative Units Households Sex Ratio 2017 *Average HH Size Karachi Division 2,770,074 110.90 5.79 Rural 193,871 113.49 5.89 Urban 2,576,203 110.70 5.79 District Central 538,983 108.17 5.51 Rural - - - Urban 538,983 108.17 5.51 District East 509,239 110.79 5.71 Rural - - - Urban 509,239 110.79 5.71 District South 327,518 111.27 5.47 Rural - - - Urban 327,518 111.27 5.47 District West 634,459 111.75 6.17 Rural 44,051 111.35 6.43 Urban 590,408 111.79 6.15 District Korangi 421,618 109.49 5.83 Rural - - - Urban 421,618 109.49 5.83 District Malir 338,257 114.96 5.94 Rural 149,820 114.20 5.73 Urban 188,437 115.53 6.11 Note: * Avg. HH Size drive from the Provisional Census Result - 2017 (Pakistan Bureau of Statistics) 4.6.7 Economic and Livelihood Conditions
Karachi is the largest city in Pakistan and represents almost 10% of the population of Pakistan. Its economy is about one-quarter that of the national Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Karachi produces about 30% of the manufactured goods, handles 95% of foreign trade and contributes more than 65% of the national revenue. The primary sector of Pakistani economy (agriculture) probably does not represent more than 1% of Karachi’s Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP). The secondary sector (manufacturing, construction, electricity, gas) constitute one quarter of the metropolitan’s economy. The tertiary sector (services) represents the remaining three-quarters of GRDP.
Karachi has seen a large increase in its labour force and labour force participation rate continues to increase. While higher than other areas of the country, it
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remains quite low at 30.4%. This can partly be explained by low female participation rate. Employment rate is quite high in this city. In terms of family characteristics; 85% are nuclear families while the remaining 15% live in joint families. 80% of the houses are owner occupied in the city. 4.6.8 Health Facilities
The total number of public and private sector health facilities in Karachi is 989. As per Health Profile of Sindh 2016, there is one doctor for every 3,029 patients, one nurse for every 7,282 patients and one bed for every 1,291 patients in Karachi. Details of these health facilities and doctors are presented below: Table 4.15: Health Facilities in Karachi 2016 Health Facilities No. Beds Government Hospitals 15 4,807 Departmental Hospitals 9 1,185 Private Hospitals 134 7,249 Local Bodies Hospitals 7 1,109 Dispensaries (Govt./Local Bodies/ Private/Missionaries) 643 267 MCHC (Govt./Local Bodies/ Private/Missionaries) 85 26 TB Clinic 23 - BHUs 37 76 RHCs 6 94 Govt. Urban Health Centre 5 - Govt. Urban Health Unit 10 - Other Govt. (Trauma Centre/Homeo/Unani Shifakhana) 15 Total 989 Source: Health Profile of Sindh 2016 (BOS-Sindh)
Table: 4.16: Population Served by *Per Doctor: 3,029 Per Nurse: 7,282 Per Bed: 1,291 Note: *It includes Physicians, Surgeons, Gynecologist, Pediatricians and Doctors/GMO Source: Health Profile of Sindh 2016 (BOS-Sindh)
Table 4.17: No. of Doctors in Karachi 2016 Physicians 285 Surgeons 271 Gynecologist 217 Pediatricians 222 Doctors/GMO 5,320 Dentists 276 Nurses 2,627 Source: Health Profile of Sindh 2016 (BOS-Sindh)
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Healthcare facilities near the project area include:
1. Memon Medical Institute Hospital 2. KIRAN Hospital 3. Dow University Hospital
KIRAN is a cancer hospital under the administrative control of Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission. It was established for treatment of poor cancer patients especially those from the rural areas of Sindh and Baluchistan at a subsidized cost. Dow University Hospital is a teaching hospital with a total capacity of 600 beds.
4.6.9 Education
According to the recent study of RSU-Sindh Management Information System the Karachi division has total 2,915 schools including primary, middle, secondary and higher secondary schools. District Malir and District Central has highest number of schools i.e., 613 schools in each district while District East has lowest, 267 number of Schools. District wise School data and enrolment stratus for 2015- 2016 is presented below;
Table 4.18: District wise School data in Karachi 2015-16 Type of School Central East South West Malir Korangi Total Primary 372 169 331 280 488 377 2,017 Middle 100 30 75 42 75 57 379 Secondary 132 62 88 47 43 112 484 Higher Secondary 9 6 5 3 7 5 35 Total 613 267 499 372 613 551 2,915 Source: RSU-Sindh Management Information System (SEMIS)
District wise Enrolment Status of Karachi 2015-16 60,000 50,000 40,000 30,000 20,000
Number 10,000 0 Central East South West Malir Korangi Pre.Primary 8,101 5,180 8,588 3,137 9,096 5,608 Primary 51,755 26,126 44,004 33,665 32,795 53,698 Middle 26,927 12,274 16,717 12,761 9,414 26,982 Secondary 17,720 8,129 10,078 8,091 5,061 17,386 Higher Sec. 1680 630 940 169 1264 870 Figure 4.29: District wise Enrolment Status of Karachi 2015-2016
There are many private educational institutes in the project area. The area residents have access to excellent education facilities including Montessori,
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primary and secondary level schools as well as intermediate colleges. The private educational institutes in the surrounding area include The Cultivators School, Galleon Public School, Crescent Bahria Cadet College, The City Nursery, Nurture Grammar School and The Brighton School.
4.6.10 Solid Waste Management
Solid waste management of the area falls under the jurisdiction of Cantonment Board Malir. The condition of solid waste management in the project area is good. The project area is quite clean, and the residents are satisfied with the solid waste management in the area.
4.6.11 Traffic
The project is located at the road known as M.M. Alam Road leading from Jinnah Avenue. At present the surrounding of the project plot is under development stage where multiple establishments such as residential and commercial units planned. This under-going development spread along the entire road will cause a notable impact on the traffic conditions of the overall project influential area. The road condition is present is not satisfactory. There is no proper pavement on the road and it is in earthen condition highlighting the fact that upon proper maintenance, the road width is suitable for a good 2+2 lane pathway. The right of way of the road is suitable to facilitate large numbers of traffic. Some of the developments surrounding the buildings are residential and in operation phase. Along the road minimal traffic is observed but due to the construction activities going on it is expected that the area will attract a prominent number of traffic in upcoming years. A detailed traffic assessment report is attached as Annex.
4.6.12 Utilities
Water is supplied to the area by Karachi Water & Sewerage Board (KW&SB) through dedicated water pipelines. The water supply has become scarce in the area in the recent years due to rapid increase in the population of the project area in last two decades. The water available in the KWSB water supply lines is insufficient to cater to the needs of the residents therefore the people have to buy water from water tanker at high cost. Water tankers have to be used, but usage varies significantly with relatively large water consumers getting water tankers on a weekly basis while low-water consumers using water on a monthly basis. K-Electric is responsible for electricity supply in the area and majority of the residents are satisfied with the electricity supply in the area. The area suffers from power outages for 5-6 hours daily. Sometimes the power outages exceed more than that however in the recent years load shedding has decreased. The residents are satisfied with the gas supply in the area.
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5. Public Consultation
Stakeholder consultation is a means of involving all primary and secondary stakeholders in the project’s decision-making process in order to address their concerns, improve project design, and give the project legitimacy. Stakeholder consultation, if conducted in a participatory and objective manner, is a means of enhancing project sustainability. It is best to initiate the stakeholder consultation process at an early stage in a project cycle. This ensures that feedback from communities and other stakeholders directly or indirectly affected by the project can be used to adjust and improve the project’s design, planning, and implementation, and help structure the project to be both environmentally and socially sound.
Sindh Environmental Protection 2014 mandates stakeholder consultation as an EIA tool to take onboard all primary & secondary stakeholders in the decision- making process. The objective is to address the concerns of the stakeholders as well as ecology. Stakeholder consultation, if conducted in a participatory and objective manner has been found to enhance the sustainability of the Project.
This EIA has conducted the stakeholder consultation meetings at the earliest stage of initiation of environmental assessment process. The stakeholder consultation has ensured feedback from communities and other stakeholders directly or indirectly affected by the project.
5.1 Objectives of Stakeholders Consultation
Objectives of the public consultation process adopted for this Project are as follows:
▪ To inform primary as well as secondary stakeholders about the Project and project activities; ▪ To obtain feedback from primary and secondary stakeholders on the Project and project activities; ▪ To set-out the boundaries of the assessment by collecting information on relevant potential environmental & social issues of the Project & project activities, and to propose mitigation measures.
5.2 Identification of Stakeholders
Stakeholders are people, groups, or institutions that may be affected by, can significantly influence, or are important to the achievement of the stated purpose of a proposed intervention. For the Nadeem Jinnah ICON Project, the concerned stakeholders have been grouped into primary & secondary stakeholders as follows:
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▪ Primary Stakeholders: People, groups & institutions invited for consultation included the neighbors and proprietors of the activity centers in the immediate surroundings; ▪ Secondary Stakeholders: People, groups, or institutions that are important intermediaries in the project delivery process.
Other Important stakeholders include the following:
1. Sindh Environmental Protection Agency (SEPA) 2. Sindh Building & Control Authority (SBCA) 3. K-Electric 4. Sui Sothern Gas Company (SSGC) 5. Karachi Water & Sewerage Board (KW&SB) 6. Sindh Infrastructure Development Company Ltd (SIDCL) 7. SUPARCO 8. IUCN-Pakistan 9. WWF Pakistan 10. Shehri-CBE 11. National Forum for Environment & Health (NFEH) 12. Institute of Engineers, Pakistan (IEP) 13. Urban Resource Center 14. Academia
A variety of consultation tools were used to engage stakeholders and gather their feedback. A systematic approach was adopted, whereby stakeholders were initially contacted through official letters, followed-up through phone calls and emails and where possible, and meetings were held to solicit stakeholder concerns and recommendations. Consultation with the residents, businesses and public service institutions in the immediate vicinity of the project area was given priority to ensure they are informed regarding the project details and they have ample opportunity to share their concerns & comments. The methodology for stakeholder engagement and the tools used are detailed below.
5.3 Consultation Approach & Methodology
Consultation was conducted in two stages for the Nadeem Jinnah ICON Project. During the EIA Scoping, a Background Information Document (BID) about the project design was shared with the most relevant stakeholders to get feedback on aspects related to design, construction & completion and during the project operations. The comments solicited from stakeholders were helpful in the screening of the potential environmental & social aspects of the project. In the second stage, a ‘Neighborhood Survey’ was conducted to identify residential and commercial interests in the area that may face direct impacts from the proposed development. In preparation for the Neighborhood Survey, a ‘Project Brief’ was prepared highlighting the salient features of the project and the project location.
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The survey was conducted in two stages. The first stage comprised a reconnaissance survey whereby all stakeholders that either reside or work in the project vicinity were identified in reference to the proposed project location. Relevant public service institutions directly involved in service provision in the areas were also identified at this stage. During the second stage, a social survey field team engaged the area residents, commercial interests and public service institutions. Those stakeholders who were not available at the first attempt, were re-visited on the same day or followed-up for their comments during the next few days. During each meeting, the project team introduced the project to the stakeholders, recorded their concerns and suggestions and provided contact details to enable stakeholders to share further comments over email or in writing.
5.4 Consultation Feedback
The comments, concerns and suggestions received from stakeholders during the consultation meetings have been collated in this section. The concerns and suggestions of stakeholders have been segregated into two specific categories based on the responses during the consultation process: i) Residents & Business Operators, and ii) Professional Engineers & Experts from Institutions.
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Figure 5.1: Consultation with stakeholders
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The Study team of EHS conducted a series of consultation meetings in the neighborhood of the project site. The list of stakeholders included residents and commercial entity owners in the neighborhood, estate agents in the vicinity of project, utility service providers among other relevant stakeholders.
The main aim of conducting these sessions was to brief the project relevant stakeholders regarding the upcoming residential project and to obtain their concerns and suggestions regarding the project.
Concerns and Suggestions: During consultation with nearby residents, the following concerns were raised.
▪ The stakeholders were concerned about the parking issues in the area so they wanted to confirm that adequate parking space would be provided in the building. However, they were of the view that these high-rise buildings never have enough parking space for visitors that means traffic congestion will increase in the area, unless the building has entry/exit from the backside. ▪ There is no sewerage system in Malir Cantt. There is no proper waste management system in the area. Even though both the Cantonment Board and KMC charge money for waste dumping from the residents, they have not bothered making a Kachra Kundi in the area and the waste is dumped in the open area. ▪ The residents complained that there are no streetlights in the area which causes security issues so street lights must be installed. ▪ The cost of the new flats are beyond the reach of common person, so it is out of question that a middle class person will buy the apartments. High prices in the area is another major issue as everyday use items are very expensive in the area and the shopkeepers are not willing to negotiate on the rates except for some small vendors. The residents complained that regulatory authorities do not keep a check on market price in the area as per the standard rates. ▪ They appreciated the proposed construction because it would increase the value of the property in the area that would be beneficial for owners of both residential and commercial property in the area.
The following concerns were raised by the Estate Agency owners during consultation session.
▪ Estate agent at Paramount Estate was of the view that the high rise building and flat system is the most appropriate trend as few people occupy the area in houses where on same plot more than 250 people can be accommodated in apartments. He shared that 32000 flats are going to be built in near future and he feared that majority of the buildings are constructed without proper planning. There is a master plan, but no one is ready to follow the rules and regulation.
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▪ They had reservations against unplanned construction and other factors which are not according to the law. They added that Master Plan of Cantonment Malir is totally ignored during any construction. They should develop a separate plan for this area and engage the relevant stakeholders to address the growing civic issues that will only become worse with further developments in the area. This area is near the Red zone and many high- profile residents and businesses are located here and thus special attention is needed to develop this area. ▪ He added that the property rates are getting higher day by day so whenever a person invests on this high price accommodation, they should get access to proper utilities and other facilities. ▪ The fire escape route and emergency exits must be provided as per international codes and standards. In the recent episodes particularly the Regent Plaza incident has identified the need for each high riser to have its own firefighting system for each floor and fire alarm for each unit of the building. ▪ The proposed construction on the plot would increase the value of the property in the area that would be beneficial for the real estate businesses.
The following concerns were raised by business operators in the area during consultation session.
▪ Mr. Walid Khan, Hotel owner, shared his view that construction of another high-rise building will create issues such as provision of water supply and other basic amenities which are already in shortage in the city of Karachi. ▪ There is ongoing work in the area as rehabilitation of Malir-Gulistan-e-Jauhar Road. Due to the road improvement project several trees have been cut down which should be replanted on priority basis. There is also dust and noise issue in the area due to the construction work. Once the road is rehabilitated, dust issue will be solved. ▪ The shop owners and offices welcomed the new development as they were of the view that their businesses may see a significant rise in customers and sales due to influx of more residents to the area. However, if mismanagement prevails as in other areas of Karachi, overcrowding and haphazard planning will actually deter the public from visiting due to parking queues and long waiting hours. They were glad and appreciated the floors provided for the parking as they were frustrated with the parking problems in the area.
Secondary Stakeholders: The following points were raised during consultation with Government agencies & NGOs.
▪ The Hands, SOS village and Fixit Family Orphanage along with Edhi and Bhitai Welfare Association are working in the area. The representative of the Hands Dr. Tanvir Ahmed also appreciated the addition of new residential building,
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but their apprehensions were the high-rise building could not maintain utilities like provision of safe drinking and general water supply, proper Sewerage and Solid Water System which are compulsory for the health & Hygiene of general people. ▪ The government agencies involved in the EIA process are mandated to have their policy and regulatory responsibilities addressed in impact analysis and mitigation consideration. For the competent authority, an effective public involvement programme will ensure a project proposal that effectively incorporates environmental and social concerns. Moreover, in line with international standards, SEPA invites the proponent for evidence of CSR activities in the past and plans for CSR activities in the project vicinity. During the EIA review, the most important concern for SEPA is a transparent public consultation process and a strong stakeholder engagement plan that can address the concerns and suggestions of all stakeholders. ▪ Other interested groups include those who are experts in particular fields and can make a significant contribution to the EIA study. The advice and knowledge of relevant government agencies, academia and private companies most directly concerned with the proposal are often sought. More often than not, a range of experts from these groups are consulted and their input is solicited based on the project requirements.
5.5 Observations/Views of the Institutional Stakeholders
Following are the observations of the stakeholders at the meetings arranged for consultations on the nature of the project & procedures followed for densification:
▪ According to the intuitional stakeholders; the decision to densify the major roads without a masterplan has resulted in road congestion and parking issues. Parking issues have been aggravated due to the addition of the vehicles owned by the residents, their visitors, retailers, their visitors and will further add to the congestion of the already congested roads and all the intersections that are loaded with traffic jam at peak hours. ▪ The addition of vehicles on the already congested roads is adding to the existing problem of smooth running and parking. The need of the hour is to have a realistic demand forecast and to have several parking plazas at critical sites on the commercial areas. The cost of implementation of traffic management plan should be shared among all the builders and developers. ▪ There are several buildings in the close vicinity of the proposed project in which parking demand is higher than supply therefore the encroachment survey provides a brief detail about the on-street parking. The survey also enlists other forms of encroachment. Both of these road encroachments reduce the capacity of road network. This issue needs to be addressed by the authorities.
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▪ Development activities in general are faced with the adverse impact arising from deficiencies in infrastructure and other facilities. The demand for utilities, such as water, sewage disposal, electricity and gas will be increased considerably for which there is no master-plan prepared by the agencies. The residents are already protesting against the shortage of water but the authorities are handicapped for inadequacies in the infrastructure of Karachi Water & Sewerage Board (KW&SB) who keeps on violating the instructions of judicial commission (water) like any other department. ▪ The betterment charges levied by the authorities should be specifically set- aside for improvement of the water supply, sewage disposal system, traffic intersections and provision of infrastructure facilities in the concerned areas. The residents are already raising their voice against non-supply of piped water to their houses but it appears that the Sindh Government is not ready to take any step for the provision of water to Karachiites. The infrastructure facilities are lacking in each sector: the roads are not vehicle worthy but are congested to the extent that the traffic volume is several folds in exceedance with its capacity. ▪ Under the circumstances the builders and developers are resorting to provision of facilities from ground water resources. The lack of water supply has given way to ground water extraction followed by rampant Reverse Osmosis (R.O) treatment without taking into consideration the likely subsidence of the soil which is already burdened by heavy mass shift. Water tankers have become the norm in the area. ▪ The greenery has been usurped and invasive species have been promoted which has added to the problems of health issues. Every builder & developer should be made to contribute to provision of greenery to offset the impact of urban heat island effect. ▪ The stakeholders were apprehensive of the inadequacies in the emergency evacuation and firefighting arrangements. In many cases the hydrants are simply not there and in others the access to the firefighting squad is denied. Since the number of incidents of fire breakout in the high risers is increasing each such unit should have adequate provision of firefighting & emergency evacuation plans. ▪ One of the major challenges for the proposed development and other such developments in the future is the deteriorating state of public utilities. Recent incidents of water lines bursting and consistent power outages in other parts of Karachi are examples that do not bode well for future projects. ▪ The awareness on traffic laws is also severely lacking amongst the general public. Regardless of plans for mass-transit and other traffic management measures, without awareness of basic road laws and motivation to follow these, traffic congestion will continue and accidents will rise. Recent measures by the Traffic police of increasing fines and penalties are steps in the right direction but, positive incentives for drivers to follow the rules can
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also make a huge difference. Steps should be taken for area-wise education of traffic rules and benefits of following basic principles of road safety. ▪ Construction debris has of recent become a major constituent of the solid waste disposal system in Karachi. This is because the debris are left to the ill- equipped solid waste collection system to cater; the result is accumulation of piles of construction debris. ▪ The fire escape route and emergency exits must be provided as per international codes and standards. Recent episodes of fire incidents in Karachi has identified the need for each high riser to have its own firefighting system for each floor and fire alarm for each unit of the building.
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6. Screening of Potential Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures
This section presents the screening process that identifies the environmental aspects and makes assessment of impact of different activities on the physical, biological and social environment. The screening process has through review of literature, primary as well as secondary baseline data, and expert judgment, made assessment of the potential impacts of said activities on the physical, biological, and socioeconomic environment of the Project. Mitigation measures have been proposed to reduce, minimize or compensate for the identified potential negative impacts and their adoption has been recommended.
Figure 6.1: Schematic of Impact Assessment
The environmental aspects of the project as identified by situation analysis are related to the following:
▪ Physical environment, ▪ Biological environment, and ▪ Socio-economic environment.
Description of microenvironment and macroenvironment in the subsequent chapters have provided a classification of the micro-site based on assessment of impact using both primary and secondary data on climate, air quality & noise, hydrology, geology, geomorphology, soil characteristics and seismicity, ecology, built environment including road network and traffic movement, and the socioeconomic aspects pertinent to siting of the project and its adaptation in the emerging situation of intense construction activity in Karachi. Mitigation measures have been proposed wherever necessary.
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6.1 Screening of Potential Environmental Impacts in Siting of Project
The project is proposed on a commercial plot. The proponent has obtained necessary NOCs/letters showing intention to provide amenities. While the proponent has valid lease of commercial plot and NOCs from all relevant agencies but still has to undergo litmus test to prove that the project does not fall under orders of Honorable Supreme Court of Pakistan passed recently. Honorable Supreme Court of Pakistan has always been protecting right to life under a safe environment and environmental protection. In landmark decision in Shehla Zia versus WAPDA, the Supreme Court of Pakistan held that the right to a clean and healthy environment was part of the fundamental right to dignity provided in Article 14 of the Constitution of Pakistan.
In recent past, the Supreme Court of Pakistan has passed orders in two different petitions, which provide litmus test for all proponents of construction projects in Karachi. In 2016 a practicing lawyer Mr. Shahab Usto filed a constitution petition No.38 of 2016 in Supreme Court of Pakistan for supply of clean and safe drinking water and sanitation in district Shikarpur of Sindh province. Recognizing importance of the matter, the Court increased scope of the petition to whole province of Sindh and constituted a judicial commission of a sitting judge of Sindh High Court, who besides several recommendations for different departments recommended in his report ban on construction of high rise building in Karachi till provision of water supply and sanitation is provided and existing infrastructure is improved. Honorable Supreme Court initially imposed complete ban on construction of building above ground plus two floors but later on modified order to allow construction up to ground plus six floors plus floors for parking. This ban on construction was imposed with a view to improve water supply and sanitation infrastructure in the city, which was a gigantic task. On 11th December 2018, the Court retracted ban on construction and ordered that new high rises can be built in accordance with the law. Supreme Court had lifted ban on construction but the situation on which the Court imposed ban still persists and approval to any project can be refused on those grounds by the approval granting agencies. The second case is Constitution Petition No.815-K/2016. In this petition the Court vide order dated 22nd January 2019 imposed complete ban on land use change in whole Karachi. In compliance of this order SBCA issued a Notification on 24th January 2019 whereby complete ban on conversation of plots was imposed and all pending cases of change of land use and approval of construction permits/building plans/NOCs on converted plots shall be deemed rejected as unconsidered.
Examining suitability of the project in view of above two decisions of the Supreme Court of Pakistan, the project can be termed doable as all utility agencies have already confirmed availability of infrastructure to cater with the
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project through the no objection certificates, and the project is proposed on an already commercialized site / land / property.
The microenvironment has no sensitive areas such as protected sites including wildlife sanctuaries, game reserves or national parks, or any archaeological, historical or cultural heritage in its immediate neighborhood; as such its siting would have no sensitivity in this regard. No significant flora and fauna will be disturbed, as the site is located in the commercial area, where no flora and fauna of significance exist.
The project when completed would require ~ 37, 000 gallons water per day and ~0.65 MW of electricity. The proposed project is a self-contained building having its own back-up power generation, water supply supplemented by hyper filtration system and sewage treatment, grey water recycling and disposal system in addition to provision of more than required parking space. The concerned authorities have already received the due amount for provision of utility services and development of the area. They are expected to plan and implement augmentation of the facilities in advance, otherwise plan for densification would, instead of facilitating improvement in quality of life, be a burden on the environment.
With 24-hour security system all over the building the designers have ensured that the concerns on invasion of privacy are alleviated and eased. The Project would thus achieve its objective of providing a secure and safe residential cum commercial building at an attractive location. This being a positive impact would be an indicator of achievement of the objectives of the Project.
6.2 Assessment of Impacts at the Construction and Operation stages
6.2.1 Building Stability
The selection of foundation type depends upon the subsoil conditions, type of structure, and structural loads.
The Sub-Soil is Very Dense / Stiff & favorable as a load bearing material. Topsoil is Silty SAND which is cemented in patches present upto 20 feet depth followed by Shale & Siltstone.
Groundwater was presented at 15 – 17 feet depth. At the time of this investigation the ground level was 1 – 2 feet below main road level.
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Allowable Bearing Capacity
Allowable bearing Capacity is dependent on SPT Counts, Shear Strength from laboratory, Facto of Safety, Fluctuations in Groundwater Table, limit on Settlement etc. and other factors not related to static load. Considering these aspects following is recommended.
Foundation Depth. Foundation Type Allowable Capacity (tsf) 11 – 15 Feet Isolated / Strip 2.35 (gross) 11 – 15 Feet Raft 2.95 (gross) 18 – 24 Feet Isolated / Strip Not Allowed 18 – 24 Feet Raft 3.25 (gross) (Foundation Depth below Main Road)
The recommended load shall cause a maximum settlement of 1 inch for isolated Footings & 2 - 3 inches for Raft Foundation. Such magnitude of Settlement should be considered by the structural engineer.
Modulus Subgrade Reaction (ks)
Modulus of Subgrade Reaction (ks) for design can be adopted as”
Ks = 160 kcf
The value of Modulus is derived from co-relations by Bowles. The Value is conservative only for reference based on 1 inch Settlement.
Stability of Excavation
The Subsoil is cemented & excavated cuts may stand without support. However, for deep excavation precautionary measures are essential. Either the excavation should be in a Slope (60 degrees) or Lateral Support provided. Deep excavation without precautionary measures against sliding is a risk to life & property.
Dewatering
Groundwater is available at 15 -17 feet depth. Excavation for double basement will required dewatering to keep dry conditions for pouring of concrete.
Lateral Earth Pressure
Lateral Earth Pressure parameter for design of Retaining Walls can be adopted from.
Cohesion (C) = nil (no cementation assumed)
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Friction Angle (ɸ) = 30 degrees Bulk Density (ұ) = 125 pcf The above parameters are for permanent retaining wall. For Design purpose groundwater to be considered at surface level only.
Seismic Coefficient
According to uniform building code (1997) the soil profile type falls in category “Sb” corresponding to “Rock”.
Following parameters can be adopted. Seismic Zone = 2B Zone Factor = 0.2 Soil Profile Type = Sb Seismic Coeff “Ca” = 0.20 Seismic “Cv” = 0.20
6.2.2 Erosion of Soil
Generally, the exposed soil after excavation for foundations is vulnerable to erosions and runoffs by rains. Such a situation is of temporary nature and short duration. It lasts only during the landscaping & concreting phase of construction at the site. SOPs have to be adopted to minimize the impact.
Mitigation Measure
▪ Covering the open soil during the construction phase till such time that the foundation will adequately concreted. ▪ Intensification in fugitive dust emission caused by erosion of soil will be mitigated by appropriate measures to reduce the level of impact to minor significance. ▪ Control of air emission during construction will be ensured by adopting sound operating procedures such as: o Exposed surface will be regularly wetted to effectively keep airborne dust levels to minimum o Stockpiles of fine material will be wetted or covered with tarpaulin especially during windy weather conditions. o Site workers will be mandated to wear dust masks especially during dry & windy weather conditions.
6.2.3 Excavation
The provision of foundation will require excavation below ground level. Once removed, the void space is likely to impact the integrity of the soil in the
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surrounding. During excavation, care must be taken to protect the foundation of existing adjacent structures.
Mitigation Measure
▪ Engineering study of sub-soil structure and impact analysis of surrounding structures was carried out. ▪ Fencing and obscuring the construction site to reduce the perception impact was undertaken. ▪ The neighborhood will be notified with adequate signage at the very start of the project. Site will be appropriately covered all around to contain the fugitive dust emission within the microenvironment. The impact of the activity will be continuously monitored by IMC since it is apprehended that the residents in the immediate neighborhood are likely to be exposed to dust fall hazards.
Figure 6.2: Highrise basement water proofing with PVC geomembrane
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6.2.4 Construction Waste
Typical solid waste generated during construction includes wasted concrete, steel and wooden scaffolding, cement bags, excavated soil, wood remains etc. It is envisaged that the quantum of earth fill material will be enormous since excavation will be deeper down. The waste generated has the potential to cause adverse impact on the surroundings if not properly managed and disposed to approved dumpsites by approved waste contractors. The excavated waste has the potential to block nearby drainage channels that could ultimately cause localized flooding, particularly during the monsoon season. Irregular storage of this waste may pose health hazards to the workers at site and more so to the school going children, residents and other sensitive receptors in the neighborhood. The following measures have been recommended for management of the excavation procedure and disposal of construction wastes:
Mitigation Measure
▪ Site will be properly cordoned off by placing curtains all around. ▪ Unusable wastes will be transported to approved dumpsites. ▪ Excavated soil will be disposed of through the regular channel of the approved disposal contractor. ▪ Proper solid waste containers of adequate capacity will be provided to cater to daily waste generation.
6.2.5 Air Quality
The major source of air pollution during the construction phase will be dust emission due to earth works & gaseous emissions from construction equipment. The major source of air pollution during the operation phase when the Project is functional will be the pollutant emissions from the stand-by generator in case of power breakdown and vehicular emissions from the entry and exit of owners and visitor’s vehicles besides the emissions on and along adjoining roads.
Impacts from each source and proposed mitigation measures are likely to be as follows:
Dust Emission: Particulate matter emitted during construction activities results in deterioration of ambient air quality in the vicinity of the source and is usually a nuisance to the neighborhood and the communities in the neighborhood besides the construction workers. Dust emission from construction site is a concern particularly if the site is near sensitive receptors (residential areas, schools & hospitals). The main health hazards emanate from particles smaller than 10 microns (PM10) in particular PM2.5 as they are respirable. These particles are sufficiently charged to assume the properties of aerosols which on reaching
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the receptors have heavy impact on the respiratory system and on the surface of furnishings of the living environment. The impact on the environment would be considered significant if there is an increase in suspended particulate matter within and beyond the boundaries of the project site due to activities at the site, or if the dust affects local property or results in complaints from the community.
Potential sources of particulate matter emission during construction activities include earthworks (dirt or debris pushing and grading), exposed surfaces / storage piles, truck dumping, hauling, vehicle movement on unpaved roads, and concrete mixing and batching. The quantity of dust that is generated on a particular day depends on the magnitude and nature of activity and the atmospheric conditions prevailing on the day. Availability of ready-mix on commercial scale has considerably reduced the level of emission of fugitive and construction sites are no longer required to have a batching plant.
Mitigation Measure
The following mitigation measures have been recommended: ▪ Water sprinkling and monitoring to ensure adequate suppression of dust will be a regular activity as long as the excavation activity lasts. ▪ Dust emission from soil piles and aggregate storage stockpiles will have to be reduced by appropriate measures like keeping the material moist by sprinkling of water at appropriate frequency and regularly monitored by IMC. Availability & use of ready-mix on commercial scale will considerably reduce the level of emission of fugitive at the project site. ▪ Construction materials that are fragile and vulnerable to raising visible dust will be transported only in securely covered trucks to prevent dust emission during transportation. ▪ The exposure of construction workers to dust needs to be minimized by provision of dust masks and mandating the workers to wear them.
Vehicle and Equipment Exhaust: Combustion exhaust from vehicles & construction equipment can affect the ambient air quality of the site surroundings. The impact would be potentially significant when the ambient air quality deteriorates due to emissions from construction equipment and machinery or the construction generators etc. beyond the guidelines especially at the environmental receptors such as schools, hospitals and residential areas in the neighborhood. The exhaust emissions will include particulate matter (PM), hydrocarbons, oxides of nitrogen, sulphur, and carbon (NOx, SO2, COx).
Mitigation Measure
▪ All vehicles, generators and other equipment used during the construction will be properly tuned and maintained in good working condition in order to minimize emission of pollutants.
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▪ The stack height of the generators during operation phase will be vented through vertical stacks to minimize exposure at ground level. ▪ The noise and air emission from site as a whole will be contained within its microenvironment by measures engrained in the design of the building. The mechanical area will be provided with noise abatement devices. Generators emissions will be controlled to acceptable levels by segregating their locations and timely maintenance. ▪ In order to compensate for the increase and footprint of carbon and water vapor it would be desirable for proponent to undertake plantation of large number of trees with dense canopy at the nearest public park/green belt in consultation with the Independent Monitoring Consultant (IMC).
6.2.6 Construction Noise
Depending on the construction equipment used and its distance from the receptors, the commuters travelling on connecting – surrounding roads and residents in the neighborhood may be exposed to intermittent and variable noise levels. During the day such noise results in general annoyance and can interfere with sleep during the night.
In general, human sound perception is such that a change in sound level of 3 dB is clearly noticeable, and a change of 10 dB is perceived as a doubling or halving of sound level. The noise in the project area will increase during construction and completion of the G+11 storey Nadeem Jinnah ICON project and may result in disturbance to the nearby receptors unless it is contained within the appropriately fenced and covered site of the Project.
Baseline noise measurements were obtained through continuous monitoring for a 24-hour period at the project site. It was found from the noise monitoring that the typical average noise level in the project area was >70 dB (A). The Sindh Environmental Quality Standards for noise require that the sound level in residential and commercial areas should not exceed 55 dB(A) and 65 dB(A) respectively during daytime and 45 dB(A) and 55 dB(A) respectively during the night time.
Mitigation Measures
▪ Restraining the use of noisy equipment to suit to the conditions of the living environment namely 65 dB(A) during the day and 55 dB(A) during the night. ▪ Reducing equipment noise at source by proper design, regular maintenance & repair of construction machinery and equipment. ▪ Minimizing noise from vehicles and back-up power generators by use of proper silencers and mufflers. ▪ Use noise-abating devices wherever needed and practicable.
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6.2.7 Water Sourcing
Water required for numerous construction activities would not be of such order as to result in its reduced availability for other activities for the living environment. Conservation practices would nevertheless be adopted during the entire course of construction and operation.
Water in the initial stages will be obtained from tanker trucks, generally from the KWSB water supply system. The availability of ready-mix on commercial scale has greatly resolved the problem of availability of water in the initial stages. The drinking water need during the construction stage will be fulfilled through bottled from a bottled water supplier of repute.
Water requirement during the operation phase of Nadeem Jinnah ICON will be about ~37,000 gallons per day for which the Proponent has sought permission from KW&SB for provision of water from K-IV project. Unnecessary delays in K- IV water supply project which is a three-phase project; (i) Phase-I which is expected to add additional 260 MGD into the existing supply network has not yet been completed, while on the other hand water demand and supply gap continues to stretch, (ii) Phase-2 which will add additional 260 MGD to the water supply network, (iii) Phase-3 which will add 130 MGD to the existing system are likely to be delayed. It is assumed that even after completion of K-IV the city is likely to experience water shortage, and the situation is likely to get worse if additional controls are not taken into consideration to address the current situation. K-IV project phase-I was supposed to be completed by 2018, however only 20 per cent of the work have been completed till date. Keeping in view the present situation the proponent has to conduct ground water investigation survey at site through geo-professionals.
In view of the concerns raised by residents and other stakeholders in particular at the scoping sessions, treatment and recycling of wastewater will have to be supplemented by up-gradation of quality of saline water by RO treatment process. On their part the proponent has initiated the process for obtaining water connection from the regular channel. However, judging from the current availability of water in Karachi in general and of coastal area in particular, the only reliable water source is groundwater.
Such being the case, the proponent has initiated a study to assess the ground water potential and its general use during operation of the project by Reverse Osmosis Treatment. Adherence to the following measures will ensure efficient use of water during the subsequent stage of construction and operation:
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Mitigation Measures
▪ Option for recycling of the wastewater and regeneration of the potable water from groundwater resources by adequate treatment may have to be explored since adequate water supply to the Karachi residents the core areas is not assured despite the fact that the authorities are aware that the needs remain unfulfilled while the exorbitant taxes are unbearable. ▪ A complete record of water consumption during the construction and operation phase will be maintained. ▪ Water conservation practices will be adopted to prevent wastage of water. ▪ The water supply lines will be checked and repaired for leaks, if any, in order to reduce wastage of water. ▪ Use of water efficient sanitary fittings such as low flush toilets, water efficient shower heads, and aerators on faucets will be ensured throughout the Project cycle.
6.2.8 Soil Contamination
The contractor shall be mandated to follow the SOPs with regard to handling, storage, transfer, use and final disposal of contaminants, if any by the proponent. The following measures will be adopted during the construction stage to reduce the chances of soil contamination:
Mitigation Measure
▪ Fuel oils, lubricants, and chemicals will be stored in covered dyked areas, underlain with impervious lining. The construction site(s) will be provided with hard cover or tarpaulin lining to prevent contamination of soil. ▪ Washing and maintenance of vehicles and equipment will only be carried out at designated areas. ▪ Regular inspections will be carried out to detect leakages in construction vehicles and equipment. ▪ Appropriate implements such as shovels, plastic bags and absorbent materials will be made available near fuel and oil storage areas for removal of oil and contaminated soil. ▪ Contaminated soil will be removed and properly disposed after treatment such as by incineration by SEPA certified contractor. ▪ Hazardous Substances Rules 2014 will be adhered to for storage, transfer, subsequent handling and final disposal of any chemicals/substances during the operation stage.
6.2.9 Wastewater Generation & Disposal
Construction Phase: Disposal of domestic effluent from the construction site has to be adequately managed so that the wastewater flows into the regular
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channel and does not contaminate the soil and groundwater of the site or its surrounding.
Mitigation Measures
The following mitigation measures will be adopted:
▪ Wastewater generated will be routed to the nearest drain/sewerage system. ▪ Sewage will not be mixed with any other waste.
Operation Phase: The Nadeem Jinnah ICON on becoming functional will generate around 29,000 gallons of wastewater per day that will be mainly sewage. Small quantities of hazardous wastewater will also be produced during the maintenance activities in the building (such as oily water etc.).
The source of wastewater will include toilets, washrooms, laundry and kitchen. This wastewater would comply with the SEQS values provided that other hazardous wastes (i.e., paints etc.) are not mixed with it. The discharges from kitchen, canteen and other sources will be provided grease traps to separate the oily waste that will be disposed of responsibly through SEPA approved contractor.
Wastewater will be treated at source and the grey water will be separated from black and recycled into a separate channel for use in the washrooms. This is expected to substantially reduce the water footprint. The final discharge would be routed to the existing municipal drain/sewerage system.
Mitigation Measures
Following mitigation measures will be adopted for effective management of wastewater during the operation stage of project:
▪ Wastewater will be treated to comply SEQS. ▪ Waste segregation measures would be employed to minimize entry of solid waste into the wastewater stream. ▪ Water conservation strategies will be employed to avoid wastage of water.
6.2.10 Solid Waste Generation and Management
Construction Phase: The construction phase of the project is expected to generate wastes including; packing waste; scrap, excess construction materials and debris, domestic wastes from construction camp, empty containers and drums, used lubricating oils and chemicals etc.
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The impact of solid waste disposal would be significant if the waste management is not carried out appropriately. This may adversely affect the health of workers, cause soil pollution, and deteriorate the quality of surface water and groundwater. Also, if excessive wastes are generated, recyclable wastes are not recycled, wastes are scattered, handling of wastes will result in contamination, and wastes are improperly disposed of, the result would be serious degradation of the environment.
Waste generated as a result of construction activity will be inherently less reactive and chemically inert under normal conditions however, its handling and storage may pose adverse impacts of minor nature which could be controlled by employing the recommended mitigation measures in the EMP.
Mitigation Measures
A waste management plan will be developed for the construction stage of the project. The following will be the key elements of the waste management system:
▪ Separate bins will be placed for different type of wastes - plastic, paper, metal, glass, wood, and cotton. ▪ Recyclable material will be separated at source. The recyclable waste will be sold to SEPA certified waste contractors for recycling. ▪ Non-hazardous non-recyclable wastes such as kitchen wastes will be disposed of in landfill site managed by municipal administration or approved waste manager/contractor. ▪ No wastes will he dumped at any location outside the site boundary. ▪ All hazardous waste will be separated from other wastes. Hazardous wastes will be stored in designated areas with restricted access and proper marking. Hazardous wastes will be disposed of through approved waste contractor. ▪ Surplus construction materials including partially filled chemical and paint containers will be returned to suppliers. Inert construction wastes will be disposed of onsite as fill material or sold as scrap to contractors. ▪ Records of all waste generated during the construction period will be maintained. Quantities of waste disposed, recycled, or reused will be logged on a Waste Tracking Register. ▪ Training will be provided to personnel for identification, segregation, and management of waste.
Operation Phase: Nadeem Jinnah ICON will generate solid waste which will mainly include food waste, paper and packaging material, plastic bottles and glass. If not properly managed and disposed of this can pose serious environmental threat of pollution not only to the occupants and visitors to the complex but also to the surrounding receptors.
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Mitigation Measures
The following measures would reduce the negative impacts of solid waste disposal:
▪ Grease interceptors will be installed at all kitchen drains to trap oil & grease. ▪ The solid waste shall be collected through garbage chute at dedicated site. ▪ All solid waste shall be segregated into organic and recyclable waste at source and then collected, stored, & transported for ultimate safe disposal. ▪ Handling & disposal of solid waste shall be managed by a dedicated waste management contractor. ▪ The solid waste management plan developed will be implemented and facilities for collection, storage and transportation will be established and organized.
Figure 6.4: Waste Management System (Conceptual)
6.2.11 Operation of Vehicular Traffic
The proposed project entitled as ‘Nadeem Jinnah Icon Tower’ is planned to be constructed on Plot no. 3/1-A, Land Measuring 4840 sq. yard, Out of Plot No. 3/1, Sector 40, Scheme No. 33, Karachi. The plan of the building is designed with B2+B1+G+11 storey with a purpose of commercial and residential land-use. The detailed description of the project plan is such that the basements 2 and 1 are
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dedicated for Parking, at Ground floor there is a superstore whereas from 1st to 11th floors are apartments of types A, A1, B, B1, B2 and XL. The total area of the plot is 43560 sq.ft.
The basic building plan is summarized in the following table.
Table: Project Description Chart S. No. Floor Description 1 Basement 2 Parking 2 Basement 1 3 Ground Superstore 4 1st – 11th Apartments
The traffic impact study is carried out focusing on the nature of building and immediate surrounding area. However, several other recommendations are perceived emphasizing on the entire project area influential contour, which are as follows:
Parking Analysis
Parking Analysis is conducted to assess the provision of parking at the facility such that in case of any deficiency suitable adjustments may be carried out before the operational phase.
The calculations are presented in the table below:
Table: Parking Analysis Summary Chart Vehicle Type Supply Residential Demand Difference Car 197 220 23 Bikes - 248 248
For the parking supply and demand comparison only residential demand of the proposed project is considered because according to the law, parking facilitation for superstores must be entertained outside the building. Considering the fact, the supply at the proposed building is of 197 cars in contrast to which the evaluated demand is of 220 cars and 248 bikes. The parking provision is adequate at the proposed building however bike parking stalls must be sufficiently provided.
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Access Gate Queue Length Analysis
Three different scenarios are calibrated through variation in the arrival period of cars and bikes. According to the project demand, 95% of the total generation is taken into consideration. The results are presented in the table as follows:
Table: Access Gate Queue Length Analysis - Summary Chart
Scenario 1 Scenario 2 Scenario 3 Type of Arrival Service Arrival Service Arrival Service Vehicle Time = 30 Time = 15 Time = 45 Time = 15 Time = 60 Time = 10 min secs min secs min secs Car 89 29 No Queue Bikes 116 56 No Queue
The estimation predicts that no queue will be observed for bikes and cars in the third scenario. The statistical input in the third scenario entails to arrival period of 60 mins with service time of 15 sec/veh. It concludes that similar operational plan will be effective for the efficient performance of the Access Gate.
Volume-To-Capacity Ratio Analysis
The calculations of the ratio are carried out such that different scenarios are established. The summary chart is presented as follows depicting that even after inclusion of project traffic and growth rate factor over the time span of two years the capacity of road is adequate to facilitate the traffic.
Table: Volume-to-Capacity Ratio Analysis - Summary Chart Existing No-Built Built Direction Condition Condition Condition Jinnah Avenue to Gulistan- 0.033 0.037 0.116 e-Jauhar - Malir Cantt Road Gulistan-e-Jauhar - Malir Cantt Road to Jinnah 0.032 0.037 0.115 Avenue Jinnah Avenue, M9 to N5 0.26 0.29 0.34 Jinnah Avenue, N5 to M9 0.28 0.31 0.36
Bus Frequency Analysis
Public Transportation plays a vital role in traffic management, especially considering the situation of Karachi’s traffic nowadays, it is the best suited solution. At present, least number of buses are observed in the project influential area, depicting that a prominent change in the modal split will manage traffic
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operations to an improved level. The table presented below shows the existing modal split along with the proposed modal split.
Table 1: Bus Frequency Analysis Chart BUS FREQUENCY ANALYSIS S. Description / Modes Bikes Car Rickshaw Wagon/ Minibus Large Truck Trailer Total # Hiace Bus 1 Existing Modal Volume 9,207 10,360 1,214 190 220 70 983 25 22,273 2 Percentage 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 Person Occupancy 1 2 2 20 40 70 2 2 4 Person Accommodated 11,048 20,720 2,428 3,800 8,800 4,900 1,966 50 53,720 5 Proposed Modal Volume 6,961 8,156 1,214 190 220 1,129 983 25 18,882 6 Person Accommodated 8,354 16,311 2,428 3,800 8,800 79,032 1,966 50 120,749
The above analysis concludes that according to the modal split of existing traffic volumes person accommodated are 53,700 whereas if the percentage of cars and bikes are reduced 10% and a percentage shift of 5% in increased of buses then the total modal split will carry double the numbers of person i.e. 120,700.
Figure: Extended Contour of Project Location with Area Demarcation
Extended Influential Contour of the Project Area
The project location is near Jinnah Avenue which is a significant route to facilitate traffic coming from M9 as well as from N5. Along with this there are several other residential blocks nearby and prominent area of Malir Cantt which is also transmitted through this route.
At present, the developed area in the influential contour is minimal, whereas the undeveloped area is maximum henceforth the impact observed through a generic perception is not so significant at the moment. However, if the rapid establishments undergoing in the influential area are considered in future
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tremendous population growth and progress will be seen in this area generating huge numbers of traffic. The figure attched below indicates the various sections of developed and undeveloped portions.
Modal Percentages at Nearby Intersection
The intersection near project is analyzed and its traffic volumes at peak hour on intersection is evaluated and modal percentages are also identified. The picture below depicts the traffic volumes & modal percentages at the mentioned intersection.
Figure: Existing Modal Percentages at Project Intersection
Recommendations Based on Influential Contour
The evaluation of the extended project influential area contour basically focuses on the prompt development in the area integrating the fact that Jinnah Avenue is at present the only route facilitating traffic from all over the city especially superhighway. There is no signal present at the road and the recommendation undergoes that the entire road may be signalized. Signals offer the maximum degree of control at intersections and henceforth synchronized signals maybe in effect to reduce the delays at the intersection.
▪ If the entire Jinnah Avenue starting from Malir Link to Superhighway towards Kazimabad and further towards Model colony must be managed through synchronized (time coordinated) signals. The effects of coordination at an individual intersection depend on the timing plan and the operations of adjacent intersections. The coordination may be beneficial to a vehicle traveling between the two intersections, because it will face green time when reach on other intersection, in that manner delay will be reduced.
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▪ Another recommendation is that effective public transportation suiting the requirements of customers maybe viably essential at the route. This transportation means must incorporate connectivity to several important areas of the city. ▪ The development is the area is inevitable and the prominent need of growing population of the city. Hence increased vehicular and passenger trips are expected. This can be managed through minor shifts in modal percentages, such that private vehicle transportation must be replaced with a minimal number of public transportations increasing the passenger travel capacity on the roads rather than vehicular.
Figure: Proposed Modal Percentages at Project Intersection Mitigation Measures
The following measures would reduce the negative impacts:
▪ Heavy traffic during construction; phase will come to the project site during late night hours. ▪ Project vehicles shall not be fitted with pressure horns. ▪ Speed of vehicles will be regulated during construction phase. ▪ Designated parking areas will be provided for different type of project vehicles within and around the project site. ▪ Traffic management plan will be introduced to manage smooth flow of vehicular traffic and to avoid traffic jam and long queues. ▪ Traffic management plan will be implemented and monitored. ▪ Vehicles will be parked at designated parking areas during operational phase. ▪ Parking of vehicles alongside the road would be prohibited at all times.
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Recommendations ▪ The parking evaluation depicts that the in-house car parking provision is deficient of 23 stalls which must be effectively accommodated in the proposed building. ▪ In the drawings provided, no bike parking stalls are present. The bike parking stalls must be properly marked at the proposed building and must be available to accommodate 248 bikes. ▪ The Superstore Parking Demand is estimated separately, which concludes that the demand generation will be of 205 cars and 80 Bikes. According to Law, the commercial parking demand must be entertained on-street, hence it is not considered for any of the afore-mentioned analyses. ▪ However, if such a mechanism is not advised by the law then a separate parking floor dedicated to superstore parking must be provided with similar stall number as mentioned in the analysis. ▪ To further manage the commercial demand valet services must be arranged. ▪ The access gate analysis is conducted separate for bikes and cars, therefore any mechanism adapted for entrance and exit must operate distinctively for each vehicle type. ▪ The access gate analysis is conducted considering the residential demand only and favorable mechanism variables are presented in the analysis chapter. ▪ It is strongly recommended to design new public transportation routes at least originating from these areas and leading to city centers. ▪ Two most important public transport routes recommended for this area are: ✓ Jinnah Avenue – N5 – Drigh Road – FTC – PIDC – Shaheen Complex – I.I. Chundrigarh Road – Tower ✓ Jinnah Avenue – University Road – NIPA – Hassan Square – Jail Chowrangi – Numaish – Saddar ▪ The chemistry of this Avenue also depicts the need of feeder routes leading to main arterials as follows: ✓ Jinnah Avenue – Malir Halt ✓ Jinnah Avenue – Karachi University ▪ The bus frequency analysis emphasizes on the need to proper management of modal spit. At present the number of persons accommodated at the road through existing modes can be doubled if a percentage decrease in privately owned vehicles is substituted by even half of the percentage increase in buses. ▪ The V/C Ratio is also evaluated to estimate the impact which will in further years cause an impact on the immediate project area. ▪ It is concluded by the analysis that project traffic will not have a prominent impact on the road network associated with project location. ▪ The project is located on M.M. Alam road which connects to Jinnah Avenue evaluating that a notable increase in the traffic volumes will be noted on the
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road network in upcoming years which may be managed through a minor change in modal percentages. ▪ Proper signage and marking should be provided in the area to guide the passengers.
6.2.12 Fire Hazards and Life Safety
Fire incidents in high-rise buildings have garnered significant attention in the fire safety over the years. The proponent has to take lessons from the ongoing fire episodes in buildings and take suitable measures with regard to provision of life safety systems. The design of life safety systems is a multidisciplinary solution with the architect detailing the fire stairs, evacuation routes, areas of refuge as well as the fire rating of the shafts and internal fire separation within the building. The structural engineers will specify the fire-retardant materials that will protect the structure. MEP Consultants have designed the active systems in the building to provide a comprehensive fire detection and management system in line with the overall fire and life safety strategy.
Mitigation Measures
The following mitigation measures have been adopted:
▪ The active life safety systems comprise automatic sprinklers, standpipes, fire detection and alarm systems, fire suppression systems, stair and lobby pressurization systems. ▪ Fire control systems comprise of detection and alarm systems, fire suppression systems and fire management systems. ▪ Fire Detection and Alarm systems comprise of: o Smoke and heat detection in selected areas of the building o Sprinkler detection throughout the building with zoned flow switches o Manual call points o Voice Evacuation signals ▪ Fire suppression systems comprise of: o Automatic sprinkler systems o Fire standpipe and hose systems ▪ Fire management systems comprise of: o Smoke management systems o Pressurization systems o Emergency electric power systems o Automatic elevator recall systems o Communication and alarm notification systems o A central fire command center. ▪ Active smoke control measures: o Fire Control by Sprinklers o Pressurization of Designated Escape Stairways
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o Electromagnetic Door Closures o Depressurization of fire floor by extracting from fire floor only (12 air changes per hour) o Shut Down air handling plant on all other floors ▪ The emergency staircase will be provided with a system of pressurization air which is designed in accordance with United States National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) NFPA 92. The Stairwell pressurization and smoke control fans will be linked to the automatic fire alarm system. ▪ The fans for the pressurization will be located at the roof. Each pressurization system will be provided with run and standby fans. A system for modulating the air-flow will be provided to cater for the variations in the number of doors open onto the staircase. The flow rate of air into the lobbies will be varied by using variable speed fans. Smoke extract fans (duty/ standby) will be located on the rooftops of building. ▪ Air will be supplied into the elevator lobbies in order to keep them slightly pressurized in normal operation and to provide the necessary ventilation and cooling. In an emergency situation, the air supply to the corridor lift lobbies will be increased to give the necessary degree of pressurization. ▪ The building will be served by an automatic sprinkler system fed by dedicated pumps. ▪ A combined system permitted under NFPA 14 is proposed where the sprinklers are fed from the same standpipe as the hose systems. Standpipes will be Class I-II standards. Outlet connections to Class III standpipes are provided at every floor level of every required stairway above or below grade. ▪ All areas of the building will have automatic sprinklers. The automatic sprinkler system is designed in accordance with United States National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Automatic Sprinkler Code NFPA13 and local code requirements. A combined system is proposed in accordance with NFPA 14. ▪ The fire water tanks are combined with the domestic water storage to ensure that water does not stagnate in the tanks. ▪ The sprinkler detection system will be provided with zone valves connected to the analogue addressable fire alarm and detection system.
6.2.13 Energy use
Electricity during construction phase will be produced from diesel generators, whereas during operation phase, power supply from K-Electric shall be made available.
A back up diesel operated generator will also be installed in case of emergency or suspension of power supply from the mains. The power produced will be significant in terms of costs both environmental and economic. Since energy produced from non-renewable resource results in COx, SOx, and NOx emissions,
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it is important to ensure that energy is used prudently and best management practices are adopted in building design.
Mitigation Measures
▪ Gensets will be installed with stand-alone or isolated foundation with proper anti-vibration packing/ pad, etc.; ▪ Smoke of a gensets will be channelized/emitted in a manner that it is not a nuisance in the neighborhood; ▪ Genset will be installed in the basement, roof top, ground floor, front/back offset of the premises/ building, in, in order of priority. However, due care will be taken so that it is not a nuisance in the neighborhood; and ▪ Proponent shall necessarily install a source of standby power back up for the building and installation of genset by individuals will be prohibited. ▪ Proper maintenance as per following can reduce the pollution level and increase the Genset life.
6.2.14 Materials Selection
General specification/details have been worked out in respect of type of structures, concrete, and all other materials required for the Construction of Nadeem Jinnah ICON Project. The following measures will be adopted to ensure sustainable development of the Project:
Mitigation Measures
▪ The structures and materials will, in the construction stage, conform to recommended standards and follow standard practice of civil works.
▪ Materials including paving stones, crush, gravel and sand will be brought from commercial quarries located in Sindh province. Environmentally sound materials and goods will be selected, with priority being accorded to products meeting national and international standards. ▪ Traditionally well-tried materials and components will be selected and selection of construction materials would be based on sustainable source. ▪ The production, use and disposal of building materials during the construction stage of Nadeem Jinnah ICON will utilize considerable amount of energy and resources; all attempts will be made towards efficient consumption and minimization of wastage of water, energy and materials ▪ Best practice of energy efficiency will be adopted in the building design. The Project building would be constructed with high level of thermal insulation ▪ The environmental impacts arising from selection of building materials and components would take account of the environmental issues during the materials selection process, and introduce Recycling strategies such as Reuse and Reduction of Wastewater.
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6.2.15 Disturbance to Wildlife
The project site does not have any wildlife habitat or endangered species. Therefore, no significant impacts are envisaged on the wildlife during the project construction and operation phase.
6.2.16 Potential Impacts on Socio-economic Environment
Health, Safety and Environment are major components of the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) of which monitoring of the environmental performance is an integral part. The proponent has to ensure strict adherence to the measures and guidelines stated in the EMP and the contractor must be made to follow the Standard Operating Procedures for construction activities.
It is not unusual to observe that construction workers are left on their own to protect themselves from imminent hazards. Accidents usually occur at unprotected sites and are incident on unprotected workers. HSE considerations require that precautions must be taken against even the most insignificant impacts. Major social concerns during the construction stage arise when: i) the stakeholders are not informed about the project or its schedule of operations; ii) the site is not appropriately cordoned off to restrain outsiders from entering the site; iii) construction crew invariably ignores or sidetracks the mandatory requirement of wearing PPEs; iv) construction crew is not pre-trained to be aware of the likely hazards during various stages of the project; v) even if they are trained on awareness and provided the PPEs the lukewarm attitude of the supervisors does not oversee the follow-up of HSE procedures/SOPs.
Safety risk assumes substantial proportion in densified areas of urban centers. Under the circumstances there is need for strict compliance with the HSE procedures and accidents incident on non-observation of HSE procedures must be keenly monitored and recorded to ensure the safety of both workers and citizens. For this purpose, the contractor will be required to maintain a record of procedures on Health, Safety and Environmental Management Plan and Standards Operating Procedures in addition to the following:
▪ Provide alternative traffic arrangement/detours, if necessary, so that traffic can be distributed and move on different roads; and, ensure that public/residents association is informed about such traffic diversions; ▪ Provide information to the public through media – daily newspapers and local cable television (TV) services about the need and schedule of work, and alternative routes; ▪ Maintain transparency of the project, public information/caution boards must be provided at the work site – information shall inter-alia include: project name, cost and schedule; executing agency and contractor details; nature and schedule of work; traffic diversion details, if any; entry restriction
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information; competent official’s name and contact information for public complaints. ▪ Restraining access to the public from the site by enclosing/barricading the construction area; providing warning boards and sign boards and positioning security guards throughout the day and night, 07/24; ▪ Ensuring provision of PPEs (helmet, hand gloves, boots, masks, safety hoists when working at height, etc.) and making sure that all workers do wear them; ▪ List the code of conduct and standard operating procedures (SOPs) to be followed during different stages of construction; ▪ Employ an Environmental, Health and Safety (EHS) expert on site; ▪ Provide on-site Health and Safety Training for all site personnel; ▪ Report accidents to the authorities promptly, and maintain records on regular basis ▪ Temporary inconveniences due to construction works will be minimized through planning and coordination with community members and organizations e.g. Traffic Management Authorities. ▪ Maintain the service roads in good condition to allow smooth traffic movement; provide necessary personnel to guide and control the traffic.
The proposed project will create employment during its construction and operation phase. During construction, >500 people are expected to be employed. The Project will create employment opportunities after completion. This also includes staff directly involved in the operation and management of the facilities that include the Nadeem Jinnah ICON management, the staff engaged by the flat owners, shop owners, servants, security personnel, and drivers.
Most of the workforce will consist of local people. The generation of employment is likely to be a major positive impact arising from the proposed development. Table- 6.1 presents an analysis of the socioeconomic impacts on the two domains of socioeconomic environment viz. macroenvironment and microenvironment. It may be seen from the Table that both domains have impact that are positive. The Project would promote economic uplift and raise the status of the commercial enterprises and social status as well as lifestyle of the community resident in the microenvironment of project area. Creation of jobs and promotion of business and commercial activities is an additional feature of the Nadeem Jinnah ICON Project.
Table 6.1: Nature and Degree of Positive Socioeconomic Impacts Nature of Degree of Description positive impact impact I. Construction Phase: Generate unskilled, semi-skilled and Job opportunity Positive Impact skilled jobs as construction laborers and other service providers.
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Economic impact in terms of Wider economic generating opportunities for other Positive Impact impact business-like sourcing of man and material supplies for specialized jobs. II. Operation Phase Generate large number of jobs in Major Positive Job opportunity various positions both in managerial, Impact supervisory and subordinate positions. Provide safe and secure environment Improvement in Major Positive for social, cultural, and commercial quality of life Impact activity Enhancement of Benefit the macroenvironment by Major Positive quality of adopting Public park/greenbelt as a Impact environment social responsibility
6.2.17 Cultural Resources
There are no protected or otherwise cultural or archaeological sites in the microenvironment of the project site and hence no impact of the project will occur on cultural or archaeological resources. However, close coordination will be maintained with all relevant stakeholders during the planning and construction phase of the project.
6.2.18 Land-use and Aesthetics
The Project falls in the category that permits the designated land-use. Construction of multi-storey buildings is in line with the objectives of sustainable development that aims at improvement of quality of life with optimum utilization of resources, in this case densification of Sector 40 Scheme 33 by construction of multi-storied buildings that are self-contained in having their own back-up power generation, water supply and sewage disposal system in addition to provision of parking space. Each proponent is consequently required to ensure that the provisions by the MPGO are followed. The proponent of Nadeem Jinnah ICON will accordingly be mandated by the SEPA to ensure sustainability by the procedure just suggested.
Accordingly, the development and launching of the Project will add the skillfully and sustainably designed “Nadeem Jinnah ICON” as a landmark to the skyline of Karachi & produce positive impact on the aesthetics of the urban environment.
Nadeem Jinnah ICON is designed as a self-contained building; having 24-hour security system all over the building the designers have ensured that the concerns on invasion of privacy are alleviated and eased. The Project would thus achieve its objective of providing a secure and safe residential cum commercial
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building at an attractive location. This being a positive impact would be an indicator of achievement of the objectives of the Project.
▪ No mitigation measures will be required.
6.2.19 Impacts Rating
The following Checklist for the Nadeem Jinnah ICON Project provides the screening of potential environmental impact on different components of ecosystem.
Screening Questions Yes No Remarks A. Project Siting Is the project area…...? Densely Populated? √ The project is following the plan of densification by CBM Heavy with Development Activities? √ The densification has open doors for such development activities Adjacent to or Within Any √ Outside the corridor of impact Environmentally Sensitive Areas? Cultural Heritage Site √ Outside the corridor of impact Protected Area √ Outside the corridor of impact Wetland √ Outside the corridor of impact Mangrove √ Outside the corridor of impact Estuarine √ Outside the corridor of impact Buffer Zone of Protected Area √ Outside the corridor of impact Special Area For Protecting √ Outside the corridor of impact Biodiversity Bay √ Outside the corridor of impact B. Potential Environmental Impacts Will The Project Cause…? Impacts on the sustainability of √ Taking cognizance of the associated sanitation and solid situation, the proponent has waste disposal systems and their already paid heavy amount as its interactions with other urban share for the augmentation of services. utility services of the area concerned Deterioration of surrounding √ Densification of the roads has environmental conditions due to taken no cognizance of the rapid urban population growth, centripetal force mentioned commercial and industrial activity, above. This omission is likely to and increased waste generation to result in catastrophes on road. the point that both manmade and The issue must be resolved natural systems are overloaded and through a strategic solution to a the capacities to manage these cumulative problem. systems are overwhelmed? Degradation of land and ecosystems √ Not envisaged (e.g. loss of wetlands and wild lands,
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coastal zones, watersheds and forests)? Dislocation or involuntary √ Not envisaged resettlement of people Dislocation of indigenous √ Not envisaged communities and Disadvantaged population Degradation of cultural property, √ Not envisaged and loss of cultural heritage and tourism revenues? Occupation of low-lying lands, √ Not envisaged floodplains and steep hillsides by squatters and low-income groups, and their exposure to increased health hazards and risks due to polluting industries? Water resource problems (e.g. √ Not envisaged, better depletion/ degradation of available management & conservation water supply, deterioration for practices will be followed surface and ground water quality, and pollution of receiving waters? Air pollution due to urban emissions? √ Minor Social conflicts between √ Not expected construction workers from other areas and local workers? Road blocking and temporary √ Not envisaged but will be flooding due to land excavation mitigated if some such situation during rainy season? emerges through better management practices Noise and dust from construction √ Minor but will be minimized and activities? localized into the microenvironment through best management practices Traffic disturbances due to √ The Project involves major construction material transport and construction activity. State of the wastes? art technology will be used. Construction material transportation to the site will be managed through recognized access roads and adoption of good management practices Temporary silt runoff due to √ Not envisaged but will be construction? mitigated if some such situation emerges through better management practices Hazards to public health due to √ Not envisaged but will be ambient, household and mitigated if some such situation occupational pollution, thermal emerges through better inversion, and smog formation? management practices and
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implementation of Environmental Management Plan Water depletion and/or quality √ Best management practices and degradation? conservation practices will be followed in view of constraints on availability Overplaying of ground water, √ Conservation practices will be leading to land subsidence, lowered followed and excessive use will ground water table, and salinization? be avoided Contamination of surface and √ Solid and Liquid waste Disposal ground waters due to improper system will be in place to prevent waste disposal? possible contamination of water resources Pollution of receiving waters √ Solid and Liquid waste Disposal resulting in amenity losses, fisheries system will be in place to prevent and marine resource depletion, and possible contamination of health problems? receiving waters. Overall Rating √ No significant Impacts
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7. Environmental Management Plan (EMP)
7.1 Introduction
The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for the proposed development activities of Nadeem Jinnah ICON Project has identified potential impacts that are likely to arise during the construction and operation phases. The EIA has examined in detail both negative and positive impacts of each stage of the operation. Where adverse impacts have been identified, the EIA has recommended mitigation measures; include management and monitoring practices, physical controls, or compensation in monetary terms. The mitigation measures proposed are based on a good understanding of the sensitivity and behavior of environmental receptors, past experience, case studies, legislative controls, guidelines, & expert advice.
For any residual impacts (impacts remaining after applying the recommended mitigation measures) or for impacts in which there has been a level of uncertainly in prediction, monitoring measures have been recommended. Advice on monitoring measures required was sought from experts involved in the EIA and case studies of similar development activates at international level.
For the effective implementation and management of the mitigation measures and monitoring requirements an Environmental Managements Plan (EMP) has been prepared and presented in this section. The EMP satisfies the requirements of the Pakistan Initial Environmental Examination and Environmental Impacts Assessment Review Procedures, 2014.
7.2 Objectives
The EMP provides a delivery mechanism to address adverse impacts, to enhance project benefits and to introduce standards of good practice to be adopted for all project works. The primary objectives of the EMP are to:
▪ Outline mitigation measures recommended in the EIA and define the responsibility and timing for the implementation of these measures; ▪ Develop a monitoring mechanism and identify parameters that can confirm the implementation of the mitigation of these measures; ▪ Define roles and responsibilities of the project proponent for the implementation of EMP and identify areas where these roles and responsibilities can be shared with other stakeholders and ▪ Define the requirements necessary for documenting compliance with the EMP and communicating it to all concerned regulatory agencies.
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For each impact, or activity, which could give rise to an impact, the following information is presented:
▪ Mitigation measure that will be implemented; ▪ The person(s) responsible for ensuring full implementation of the mitigation measure; ▪ The parameters that will be monitored to ensure effective implementation of the mitigation measure; ▪ The timing for the implementation of the action, to ensure that the objectives of the mitigation are fully met.
7.3 Structure of the EMP
The EMP consists of the following section.
▪ Legislation and guidelines. ▪ Organizational structure and roles and responsibilities; ▪ Mitigation management’s matrix ▪ Environmental monitoring programme ▪ Change management plan ▪ Training Programme
7.4 Legislation and Guidelines
The EIA has discussed in detail all the legislation and guidelines (chapter 3) which has relevance to the project. N.B Enterprises Builders and Developers shall ensure that the construction and operation of project is conducted in conformance to relevant legislations and guidelines and guidance is sought as and when required. N.B Enterprises Builders and Developers shall also ensure that the key project management staff is aware of these legislations and guidelines. SEQS for municipal and industrial effluents, selected gaseous pollutants from industrial sources and motor vehicle exhaust and noise are provided in Chapter 2.
7.5 Organizational Structure and Roles and Responsibilities
7.5.1 Organizational Structure
The proposed project includes the following main organization:
▪ N.B Enterprises Builders and Developers as the project proponent and owners of the EMP. ▪ The construction contractor as well as contractor required during the operational phase (e.g. waste contractor) as the executors of the EMP.
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These organizations will have the following roles and responsibilities during the project activities.
7.5.2 Roles and Responsibilities
7.5.2.1 General
Project Proponent: As project proponents, N.B Enterprises Builders and Developers will be responsible for ensuring the implementation of the EMP. A person holding a senior position will be responsible for the overall environmental performances during the proposed project. The person will be responsible for ensuring the implementation of the EMP by N.B Enterprises Builders and Developers and all project contractors. The proponent’s Site Representative (SR) will be responsible of implementation of the EMP and liaison with project contractor and stakeholders at site regarding environmental issues during the construction phase. Further the person holding a senior position in N.B Enterprises Builders and Developers will also be responsible for monitoring EMP’s compliance and provided technical support in environmental issues.
Project Contractors: For the proposed project, N.B Enterprises Builders and Developers will appoint construction contractor for different field operations. Various contractor will also be hired during the operation phase of the building (e.g. waste contractors) The contractors will be responsible for implementation of, or adherence to, all provisions of the EIA and the EMP and with any environmental and other codes of conduct required by N.B Enterprises Builders and Developers. Overall responsibility of the contractor’s environmental performances will rest with the person holding the highest management position within the contractor’s organization reporting to their management. The contractor’s site managers will be responsible for the effective implementation of the EIA and the EMP. The contractor’s HSE officers will have functional responsibilities to ensure implementation of or adherence to the EMP.
7.5.3 Planning and Design of the Operations
Details of project Activities: Details of the project activities are provided in section 2 of the EIA report. Following approval of the EIA, any changes to the proposed activities will be handled through the change Management Plan provided in this EMP.
Approvals: Obtaining Approval from SEPA will not relieve the proponent of other legal obligation and hence N.B Enterprises Builders and Developers and
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project contractors will obtain all other relevant clearance and necessary approvals required by the Government of Sindh and Relevant departments prior to commencing the respective operations.
Contractual Provision: Adherence to the requirements of the EIA and EMP in terms of environmental mitigation will be required from all project contractors and thus EMP will form part of their contractor with N.B Enterprises Builders and Developers.
7.5.4 Implementation of the Operation
Co-ordination with Stakeholders: N.B Enterprises Builders and Developers will ensure that co-ordination with the regulators and other stakeholders on environmental & social matters is maintained throughout construction & operation phase of the project.
Monitoring: N.B Enterprises Builders and Developers and the contractors will ensure that monitoring of the project activities is carried out throughout the project. The N.B Enterprises Builders and Developers’ site representative will monitor all project activities during the construction and operation phase. He will keep a record of all non-conformances observed and report these along with actions to N.B Enterprises Builders and Developers management in Karachi for further action. The site representative will also report any impacts anticipated along with his recommendation for further action.
Emergency Procedures: N.B Enterprises Builders and Developers and the contractors will prepare contingency plans to deal with any emergency situation that may arise during the construction and operation e.g. major oil spills, medical evacuation & communicate these to the regulatory agencies if required by these agencies.
Approvals: The project contractor will be responsible for obtaining all relevant approvals such as approvals for waste contractors, water source & others as specified in Mitigation Management Matrix.
Trainings: The project contractors will be responsible for the selection and training of their staff capable of completing the project activities properly and efficiently. The contractors will be responsible for providing training to their staff members according to the training programme. The training programme is discussed briefly in section 7.7.3.
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7.5.5 Communication and Documentation
N.B Enterprises Builders and Developers and the contractor will ensure that the communication and documentation requirements specified in the EMP are fulfilled during the construction and operation phase.
Change Management: The EIA for the proposed operation recognizes that changes in the operation or the EMP may be required during the project activities and therefore provides a Change Management Plan to manage such changes. Overall responsibility for the preparation of change management statements will be with Proponent’s site representative.
Restoration: N.B Enterprises Builders and Developers along with the construction contractor will be responsible for the final restoration of work areas.
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SUGGESTED ORGANOGRAM FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
PROJECT MANAGER
PUBLIC RELATION OFFICER
HEALTH, SAFETY & ENVIRONMENT (HSE) MANAGER
ENVIRONMENTAL INSPECTOR DEPARTMENT SITE OPERATION MANAGER MANAGER
HSE HEALTH, SAFETY & COORDINATOR ENVIRONMENT (HSE) CONSTRUCTION CONTRACTOR HEALTH, SAFETY & ENVIRONMENT (HSE)
PERSONNEL SAFETY SUPERVISOR / FOREMAN/ LEAD SUPERVISOR PERSON
INDIVIDUAL EMPLOYEES
7.5.6 Maintenance of the EMP
EMP needs to be revised on timely basis to keep up-to-date as per the requirements comes up regularly. Therefore, outlining the responsibilities and activities associated with the maintenance of the EMP is essential. The responsibilities of the Construction Contractor should be detailed and procedures for requesting EMP revisions should also be outlined. EMP revision procedures must include requirements for notification of the appropriate
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government and municipal agencies so that their role is also played in the overall management process.
7.5.7 Environmental Health and Safety Management System
Environmental, Health and Safety Management System is essential for the care of EHS issues which should outline mitigation measures and best management practices. This management system recommends carrying out a complete assessment, evaluating, monitoring, identifying and control all potential hazards and risks arise during the construction and operation phases of the proposed project. It needs to ensure that the Health and Safety Plan (HSP) along with the Health and Safety Rules is established and enforced. The Plan should outline roles, responsibilities and expected outcomes with respect to the environmental health and safety management of the construction & operation phase of the Project. These measures should be implemented to ensure that no significant adverse environmental, health and safety impacts are created by activities associated with the construction of the project.
Protection of the public and workforce health and safety during both construction and operations is the prime responsibility of proponent. Utilizing expert personnel and the Environment, Health and Safety Management System (EHSMS), the potential health and safety hazards and risks will be identified and assessed, then the subject of substantial planning, organization, procedures for various facility are developed.
7.5.8 Health and Safety during Construction Phase
Worker Health & Safety Management Plan will also be outlined to implement mitigation measures and best management practices. The plan should be implemented to ensure that no significant adverse worker’s health and safety issues arise from activities associated with the construction of the project.
Potential hazards for workers in construction include:
▪ Falls (from heights); ▪ Trench collapse; ▪ Scaffold collapse; ▪ Electric shock and arc flash/arc blast; ▪ Failure to use proper personal protective equipment; and ▪ Repetitive motion injuries.
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7.5.9 Health and Safety during Operation Phase
Nadeem Jinnah ICON is a high-rise development, occupational health & safety issues need to be addressed managed effectively to ensure safety of its occupants in particular and the neighborhood in general.
7.5.10 Emergency Response Plan
Emergency may be defined as a sudden event causing or has the potential to cause serious human injury and/or environmental degradation of large magnitude. The best “cure’’ for an emergency is, of course, “prevention”. The probable emergency situation can be:
▪ Serious fire or explosion ▪ Major gas leakage. ▪ Major Spillage ▪ Natural calamity such as heavy rain, flooding, dust storm or earthquake, cyclone, etc. ▪ Bomb threat or any sabotage/terrorist activity ▪ Any other incident involving all or large part of the premises and its workers.
Emergency Response Management is provided by a small team of senior managers (the “Control Committee”) who in turn will direct all response activities through the Emergency Response Unit.
7.5.10.1 Objectives
The main objective of this plan is to establish the general guidelines for the actions to be taken in the event of fires, explosion, emergencies, accidents, disasters and sabotage, aimed at minimizing their effects and consequences, in order to protect:
▪ The lives of own or third-party personnel present in the building’s facilities. ▪ The lives of the occupants of the Project ▪ The lives of the nearby residents & communities coming into the direct influence of the building’s area. ▪ The lives of the ecological systems located in the surroundings of the Project.
7.5.10.2 Emergency Response Manuals
Based on the Risk Assessment the proponent should prepare written emergency preparedness and response plans/procedures for the building to cover emergency situations that could occur. It may be required that Emergency Response Manuals will be developed for various situations arising.
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Emergency Contact Numbers S. # Description Image Contact # 01 Fire Brigade 16,
02 Ambulance 2022, 1015
03 Civil Hospital
04 Police Station 15,
05 K Electric
06 SSGC 1199
07 Air Port 114
08 Railway 117
7.5.11 Environmental Compliance Reporting, Documentation and Trainings
The management will be responsible for the regular audit and review of the environmental management and monitoring plan. This will include both on-site auditing and review of performance reports. Additional onsite inspections and investigations will be undertaken in the event of significant environmental incidents. These will be undertaken in conjunction with the IMC.
The management will participate in the audits & inspections and investigations. The management will also be responsible for regular review of the environmental performance of the site and site personnel, and for the reporting on the implementation of commitments made in the EMP.
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In particular, there will be:
▪ Periodic audit reports. ▪ A review and improvement of the EMP.
Management recognizes that periodic external compliance audits and inspections will be made through a third-party consultant (IMC) to monitor, assess and validate the level of performance and compliance pursuant to the commitments made in the accepted Environmental Management Plan. The monitoring reports shall also be submitted to Sindh Environmental Protection Agency (SEPA) on regular intervals.
Training: It an important step for the implementation of the EMP. All the employees will require to be trained to work appropriately on EMP. EHS Manager will organize trainings in consultation with HSE Officer. It will make sure that employees understand the Environment, Health and Safety issues. Trainings should be arranged on regular basis with notification that it should be attended all respective employees.
HSE Officer will determine the training requirements during both phases. Induction will be the basis of all training courses for contractor & subcontractor during construction phase.
Trainings identified in EMP are given below:
▪ Site induction course ▪ Training for emergency response and preparedness ▪ Training for familiarization with site environmental controls
Specific environmental training for relevant employees e.g. daily checks to maintain controls, waste minimization, etc.
7.5.12 Mitigation Management Matrix
The Mitigation Management Matrix will be used as a management & monitoring tool for implementation of the mitigation measures required by the EIA. Mitigation management matrix for construction and operation is provided in the table 7.1. The matrix lists down the following:
▪ The mitigation measure recommended in the EIA. ▪ The person/organization directly responsible for adhering to or executing the required mitigation measures. ▪ The parameters which will be monitored to ensure compliance with the mitigation measures; ▪ The timing at which the mitigation or monitoring has to be carried out.
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It is highlighted that although responsibilities for executing and monitoring mitigation measures have been delegated to different persons, N.B Enterprises Builders and Developers will hold the primary and overall responsibility for ensuring full implementation of the EMP.
7.5.13 Environmental Monitoring Programme
The objective of the environmental monitoring during the construction & operation phase will be as follows:
▪ To check compliance of the contractors with the EMP by monitoring activities of the project on a daily basis. This will be called compliance monitoring. ▪ To monitor impacts of the operation in which there has been a level of uncertainty in prediction such as impacts of noise, water abstraction etc. and to recommend mitigation measures if the impacts are assessed to be in excess of or different from those assessed in the EIA. The aim will be attained through effects monitoring. ▪ To achieve these objectives, the following monitoring programme will be implemented.
7.5.14 Compliance Monitoring
Compliance monitoring will be carried out to ensure compliance with the requirements of the EIA and to document and report all non-compliances. The mitigation management matrix provided in the EMP will be used as a management and monitoring tool. The contractor’s HSE Officer will be responsible for monitoring the compliance of their organization with the relevant EMP requirements. Proponent’s site representative will monitor the contractor's compliance and will also ensure that during construction each activity system and plan is in place for effective compliance monitoring. The site representative will make regular checks on the contractor's works; keep records of all non-compliances observed during the execution of the project activities; & the details of all remedial actions taken to mitigate the project impacts.
7.5.15 Effects Monitoring
The effects monitoring requirements have been detailed in Table 7.2. An independent monitoring consultant (IMC) will be responsible to carry out the required effects monitoring during the construction and operation phase.
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7.5.16 Environmental Reporting
7.5.16.1 Final Monitoring Report (Construction Phase)
After completion of construction phase, a final monitoring report will be prepared by site representative. The report will include the following:
▪ Introduction. ▪ Details of the Project Activities. ▪ Natural Resource used during the Project. ▪ List of Non-compliances recorded. ▪ Effects of the Project on Communities and Physical Resources. ▪ Photographic Records ▪ Approvals provided during the project ▪ Change managements statements ▪ Trainings ▪ Conclusions
7.5.16.2 Annual Environmental Monitoring Reports (Operation Phase)
The project proponent shall prepare annual environmental monitoring reports describing the conduct of the operation phase for project along with details of the effects monitoring conducted annually during the operation phase of the project. The report shall be submitted to the SEPA.
7.5.17 Change Management Plan
The EIA for the proposed project recognizes that changes in the operation or the EMP may be required during the construction and operation and therefore provides a Change Management Plan to manage such changes. The management of changes is discussed under two separate headings, Additions to the EMP and Changes to the Operation and the EMP.
7.5.17.1 Changes to the EMP
The EIA and the EMP have been developed based on the best possible information available at the time of the EIA study. However, it is possible that during the conduct of the proposed operation additional mitigation measures based on the findings of environmental monitoring during the operation may have to be included in the EMP. In such cases following actions will be taken:
▪ A meeting will be held between N.B Enterprises Builders and Developers and the concerned project contractors. During the meeting, the proposed addition to the EMP will be discussed and agreed upon by all parties.
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▪ Based on the discussion during the meeting, a change report will be produced collectively, which will include the additional EMP clause and the reasons for the addition. ▪ The report will be signed by all parties and will be filled at the site office: A copy of the report will be sent to N.B Enterprises Builders and Developers and contractor head offices. ▪ All relevant project personnel will be informed of the addition.
7.5.17.2 Changes to the Operation
The change management system recognizes three orders of changes:
First Order: A first order change is one that leads to a significant departure from the project described or the impacts assessed in the EIA and consequently require a reassessment of the environmental impacts associated with the change. Example of first order change includes change in location of proposed project. Action required in this case will be that the environmental impacts of the proposed change will be reassessed by N.B Enterprises Builders and Developers and sent to the SEPA for approval.
Second Order: A second order change is one that does not result in the change in project description or impacts that are significantly different from those detailed in the EIA. Example of second order changes includes extension in the site area. Action required for such changes will be that N.B Enterprises Builders and Developers will reassess the impact of the activity on the environment & specify additional mitigation measures if required and report the changes to SEPA.
Third Order: A third order change is one that does not result in impacts above those already assessed in the EIA, rather these may be made site to minimize the impact of an activity such as:
▪ Increase in project workforce; ▪ Change in layout plan.
The only action required for such changes will be to record the change in the Change Record Register.
7.5.18 Training Programme
Environmental training will form part of the environmental management system. The training will be directed towards all personnel for general environmental awareness.
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7.5.18.1 Objectives
The key objective of training programme is to ensure that the requirements of the EMP are clearly understood and followed throughout the project. The trainings to the staff will help in communicating environmental related restrictions specified in the EIA and EMP.
7.5.18.2 Roles and Responsibilities
The contractors will be primarily responsible for providing environmental training to all project personnel on potential environmental issues of the project. The contractors will be responsible to arrange trainings and ensure the presence of targeted staff.
7.5.18.3 Training Programme
The environmental awareness, EIA and EMP training will be carried out during the project activities.
Training log: A training log will be maintained by tine contractors. The training log will include:
▪ Topic ▪ Date, time and location ▪ Trainer ▪ Participants
Training Needs Assessment: In addition to the training specified in the training log special/additional trainings will be provided during the project activity. The criteria to assess the need of training will be based on the following:
▪ When a specified percentage of staff is newly inducted in the project ▪ When any non-compliance is repeatedly reported refresher training will be provided regarding that issue. ▪ When any incident/accident of minor or major nature occurs. Arrival of new contractor/sub-contractor. ▪ Start of any new process/activity.
Training Material: The contractors will develop & prepare training material regarding environmental awareness, sensitivity of the area, EIA, EMP and restrictions to be followed during the project. Separate training material will be prepared for each targeted staff.
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Table 7.1: Environmental Management Plan (EMP) S.# Impact and Mitigation Responsibilities Monitoring Timing Measures 1 Land Use and Soils 1.1 The construction activities N.B Enterprises Monitoring During will be planned to minimize Builders and compliance construction disturbance to soil Developers, CC phase 1.2 To the extent possible, N.B Enterprises Monitoring During equipment and materials Builders and compliance construction would be staged in areas Developers, CC phase that have already been disturbed 1.3 Movement of construction CC Monitoring During equipment will be restricted compliance construction to work areas only to avoid phase unnecessary disturbance to soil 1.4 Routes of water tankers, CC Monitoring During dumper trucks and other compliance construction project vehicles will be phase monitored for any signs of soil disturbance & road damage 1.5 Area showing signs of N.B Enterprises Monitoring During unstabilised soil conditions Builders and compliance construction will be compacted and Developers, CC phase watered 1.6 The assessment of CC Monitoring During settlement within affected compliance construction zone due to dewatering will phase be conducted prior to dewatering 1.7 The affected zone of N.B Enterprises Monitoring During settlement, if identified will Builders and compliance construction be monitored regularly Developers, CC phase during dewatering activity 1.8 Proper drainage will be CC Monitoring During provided to construction compliance construction camp, construction site, phase especially near excavations and around proposed facility 1.9 Vehicle speed will be CC Monitoring During regulated and monitored to compliance construction avoid excessive dust phase emissions 1.10 Total land uptake by the N.B Enterprises Monitoring During project and associated Builders and compliance construction facilities will be kept to the Developers, CC phase minimum
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Table 7.1: Environmental Management Plan (EMP) S.# Impact and Mitigation Responsibilities Monitoring Timing Measures 1.11 Periodic trainings will be N.B Enterprises Check During provided to drivers on Builders and training construction mitigation measures related Developers, CC records phase to off-road travel and speed limits 1.12 The Project will have a storm N.B Enterprises Monitoring During water collection system so Builders and compliance design and that the storm water Developers, CC construction effluent has minimal phase sediment load 2 Air Quality 2.1 Dust Emissions 2.1.1 Water will be sprinkled CC Monitoring During daily or when there is an compliance construction obvious dust problem on phase all exposed surfaces to suppress emission of dust. Frequency of Sprinklings will be kept such that the dust remains under control, particularly when wind is blowing towards the receptors 2.1.2 Dust emissions from soil CC Monitoring During piles and aggregate compliance construction storage stockpiles will be phase reduced by appropriate measures. These may include: → Keeping the material moist by sprinkling of water at appropriate frequency → Erecting windshield walls on three sides of the piles such that the wall project 0.5m above the pile, or → Covering the pile, for example with tarpaulin or thick plastic sheets, to prevent emissions. → Locating stock piles out of the wind direction
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Table 7.1: Environmental Management Plan (EMP) S.# Impact and Mitigation Responsibilities Monitoring Timing Measures 2.1.3 All roads within the N.B Enterprises Monitoring During proposed Project will be Builders and compliance construction paved as early as possible Developers, CC phase after the commencement of construction work. Until the roads are paved, they will be sprinkled regularly to prevent dust emission. Other temporary tracks within the site boundary will be compacted and sprinkled with water during the construction works. 2.1.4 Project traffic will maintain a N.B Enterprises Check speed During maximum speed limit of Builders and of vehicles construction 20km/hr on all unpaved Developers, CC phase roads within the proposed site area. 2.1.5 Construction materials that CC Monitoring During are susceptible to dust compliance construction formation will be phase transported only in securely covered trucks to prevent dust emission during transportation. 2.1.6 The exposure of CC Check for During construction workers to dust masks construction dust will be minimized by phase provision of dust masks. 2.2 Vehicle Equipment and Exhaust. 2.2.1 All vehicles, generators and N.B Enterprises Maintenance During other equipments used Builders and records of construction during the construction will Developers, CC vehicles and phase be properly tuned and equipments maintained in good working condition in order to minimize emission of pollutants. 2.2.2 The stack height of the CC Monitor During generators during operation compliance construction phase will be vented phase through vertical stacks to minimize exposure at ground level 2.3 Generator Emissions
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Table 7.1: Environmental Management Plan (EMP) S.# Impact and Mitigation Responsibilities Monitoring Timing Measures 2.3.1 The option of using natural N.B Enterprises Monitor During gas as fuel in the back-up Builders and compliance design generators should be Developers, phase explored. Generator Vendor 2.3.2 The generator will be N.B Enterprises Check During properly tuned and Builders and maintenance operation maintained in good working Developers records phase condition in order to minimize exhaust emissions 2.3.3 The diesel generator should N.B Enterprises Monitoring During be used for a very short Builders and compliance operation duration with the power Developers phase switched back to the main power supply as quickly as possible. 2.3.4 NOx emission reduction N.B Enterprises Monitor NOx During techniques should be Builders and emissions operation employed on a regular basis Developers phase 3 Construction Noise 3.1 Reduce equipment noise at N.B Enterprises Check During source by proper design, Builders and maintenance construction maintenance and repair of Developers, CC records phase construction machinery and equipment 3.2 Minimize noise from N.B Enterprises Monitor During vehicles and power Builders and compliance construction generators by use of Developers, CC phase proper silencers and mufflers. 3.3 Use noise-abating devices N.B Enterprises Monitor During wherever needed and Builders and compliance construction practicable. Developers, CC phase 4 Water Sourcing 4.1 A complete record of N.B Enterprises Check water During water consumption during Builders and consumption construction construction and operation Developers, CC records and phase will be maintained operation phase 4.2 If a new water well is to be N.B Enterprises Monitor During installed, it will be designed Builders and compliance construction to abstract water Developers, CC phase preferably from deep aquifer not being used by local communities
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Table 7.1: Environmental Management Plan (EMP) S.# Impact and Mitigation Responsibilities Monitoring Timing Measures 4.3 Water conservation N.B Enterprises Monitor During program will be initiated to Builders and compliance construction prevent wastage of water. Developers, CC and operation phase 4.4 The water supply lines will N.B Enterprises Check During be checked and repaired Builders and maintenance operation for leaks in order to reduce Developers, records phase wastage of water. Maintenance Contractor 4.5 Recycle grey water for use N.B Enterprises Monitor During for toilet flushing Builders and compliance operation Developers phase 4.6 Ensure that water efficient N.B Enterprises Monitor During sanitary fittings are used Builders and compliance construction throughout the Developers, CC and development e.g. low flush operation toilets, water efficient phase shower heads, and aerators on faucets 5 Soil Contamination 5.1 Fuels, lubricants, and N.B Enterprises Monitor During chemical will be stored in Builders and compliance construction covered bounded areas, Developers, CC phase underlain with impervious lining 5.2 Maintenance of vehicles N.B Enterprises Monitor During and equipment will only be Builders and compliance construction carried out designated Developers, CC phase areas. The area will be provided with hard surface or tarpaulin will be spread on the ground to prevent contamination of soil 5.3 Vehicles will only be CC Vehicle During washed at designated Inspection construction areas. record phase 5.4 Regular inspections will be N.B Enterprises Check During carried out to detect Builders and inspection / construction leakage in construction Developers, CC maintenance phase vehicles and equipment records 5.5 Appropriate arrangements, CC Monitor During including shovels, plastic compliance construction bags and absorbent phase materials, will be available
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Table 7.1: Environmental Management Plan (EMP) S.# Impact and Mitigation Responsibilities Monitoring Timing Measures near fuel and oil storage areas 5.6 Contaminated soil will be N.B Enterprises Monitor During removed and properly Builders and compliance construction disposed after treatment Developers, CC phase such as incineration etc. 6 Traffic 6.1 Heavy traffic during N.B Enterprises Traffic During construction phase will Builders and record construction come to the project site Developers, CC phase during late night hours. 6.2 Project vehicles shall not CC Monitor During be fitted with pressure compliance construction horns phase 6.3 During construction, N.B Enterprises Monitor During regulate speed of vehicles Builders and compliance construction Developers, CC phase 6.4 Designated parking areas N.B Enterprises Monitor During will be provided for Builders and compliance construction different type of project Developers, CC phase vehicles within and around the project site 6.5 Manage vehicle movement N.B Enterprises Monitor During to avoid traffic jam and Builders and compliance construction long queues Developers, CC and operation phase 6.6 Prepare, implement and N.B Enterprises Monitor During monitor the traffic Builders and compliance construction management plan Developers and operation phase 6.7 Vehicles to use designated N.B Enterprises Monitor During parking areas during Builders and compliance operation operational phase. Developers phase 6.8 Parking of vehicles N.B Enterprises Monitor During alongside the road should Builders and compliance construction be prohibited at all time. Developers and operation phase 7 Wastewater Generation 7.1 Wastewater Generation During Construction 7.1.1 Wastewater generated at N.B Enterprises Monitor During the campsites will be Builders and compliance construction stored temporarily in septic Developers, CC phase systems comprising of
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Table 7.1: Environmental Management Plan (EMP) S.# Impact and Mitigation Responsibilities Monitoring Timing Measures septic tanks from where it will be routed to a nearest drain/sewerage system. 7.1.2 At the time of restoration, CC Monitor After the septic tanks will be compliance completion dismantled in place and of backfilled with at least 1m construction of soil cover above the phase surrounding natural surface level 7.2 Wastewater Generation During Operation 7.2.1 The grey water will be N.B Enterprises Monitor During recycled to be re-used Builders and compliance operation again in toilets and Developers phase kitchens etc. 7.2.2 Black water will be N.B Enterprises Monitor During temporary stored in septic Builders and compliance design, tanks and will be Developers, CC construction discharged into a nearby & operation out fall sewer via trunk phase sewer 7.2.3 Waste segregation N.B Enterprises Monitor During measures would be Builders and compliance operation employed to minimize Developers phase entry of solid waste into the wastewater stream 7.2.4 Water conservation N.B Enterprises Monitor During strategies will be employed Builders and compliance operation to avoid wastage of water Developers phase 8 Solid Waste Generation and Management 8.1 Solid Waste Generation and Management During Construction 8.1.1 Separate bins will be N.B Enterprises Monitor During placed for different types Builders and compliance construction of wastes- plastics, paper, Developers, CC phase metal, glass, wood, and cotton. 8.1.2 Recyclable material will be N.B Enterprises Monitor During separated at source. The Builders and compliance construction recyclable waste will be Developers, CC phase sold to waste contractors for recycling 8.1.3 Non-hazardous non- N.B Enterprises Monitor During recyclable wastes such as Builders and compliance construction construction camp kitchen Developers, CC phase wastes will be disposed off in landfill site through
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Table 7.1: Environmental Management Plan (EMP) S.# Impact and Mitigation Responsibilities Monitoring Timing Measures municipal administration or approved waste contractor. 8.1.4 No waste will be dumped N.B Enterprises Monitor During at any location outside the Builders and compliance construction proposed site boundary. Developers, CC phase 8.1.5 All hazardous waste will be N.B Enterprises Check During separated from other Builders and hazardous construction wastes. Hazardous wastes Developers, CC waste phase will be stored in designated disposal areas with restricted records access and proper marking. Hazardous wastes will be disposed of through approved waste contractors. 8.1.6 Surplus construction N.B Enterprises Check waste During materials including partially Builders and records construction filled chemical and paint Developers, CC phase containers will be returned to suppliers. Inert construction wastes will be disposed of onsite as fill material or sold as scrap to contractors. 8.1.7 Records of all waste N.B Enterprises Check waste During generated during the Builders and record construction construction period will be Developers, CC register phase maintained. Quantities of waste disposed, recycled, or reused will be logged on a Waste Tracking Register 8.1.8 Training will be provided to N.B Enterprises Check During personnel for Builders and training construction identification, segregation, Developers, CC records phase and management of waste 8.2 Solid Waste Generation and Management During Operation 8.2.1 Waste generation will be N.B Enterprises Monitor During minimized by adopting Builders and compliance operation waste management Developers phase strategy of reduce, reuse and recycle 8.2.2 A waste management plan N.B Enterprises Monitor During will be prepared, Builders and compliance operation implemented and Developers phase monitored for the safe
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Table 7.1: Environmental Management Plan (EMP) S.# Impact and Mitigation Responsibilities Monitoring Timing Measures collection, storage and treatment/disposal of the building waste 8.2.3 Records of all waste N.B Enterprises Check waste During generated will be Builders and tracking operation maintained. Quantities of Developers register phase waste disposed, recycled, or reused will be logged on a Waste Tracking Register 8.2.4 Training will be provided to N.B Enterprises Check During personnel for Builders and training operation identification, segregation, Developers records phase and management of waste 8.2.5 All inert and non-hazardous N.B Enterprises Monitor During construction wastes will be Builders and compliance operation disposed to the existing Developers, phase tipping sites within or Waste outside of the city limits Contractor 8.2.6 Hazardous wastes will be N.B Enterprises Monitor During disposed through waste Builders and compliance operation management contractors Developers, phase who will identify suitable Waste disposal options for these Contractor wastes such as recycling, metal recovery, incineration or bioremediation etc. 8.2.7 Various waste containers for N.B Enterprises Monitor During waste collection should be Builders and compliance operation placed at appropriate Developers phase locations in the building 8.2.8 Waste storage areas should N.B Enterprises Monitor During be located within the facility Builders and compliance operation and sized to the quantities Developers, CC phase of waste generated, with the following design considerations: Hard, impermeable floor with drainage, and designed for cleaning/disinfection with available water supply, Secured by locks with restricted access designed for access and regular cleaning by authorized cleaning staff and vehicles Protected from sun, and
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Table 7.1: Environmental Management Plan (EMP) S.# Impact and Mitigation Responsibilities Monitoring Timing Measures inaccessible to animals/Rodents Equipped with appropriate lighting and ventilation Segregated from food supplies and preparation areas Equipped with supplies of protected clothing, and spare bags/containers 9 Seismicity 9.1 No specific mitigation N.B Enterprises Monitor During measures other than to Builders and compliance project construct the facility in Developers, design accordance with UBC Zone Structure Design phase 2B Consultant, CC 10 Sustainability 10.1 Best practice of energy N.B Enterprises Monitor During efficiency will be Builders and compliance project incorporated in the Developers, CC design building design phase 10.2 Buildings to be constructed N.B Enterprises Monitor During with high levels of thermal Builders and compliance project insulation Developers, CC design phase 10.3 Ensure that HVAC system, N.B Enterprises Monitor During refrigeration equipment Builders and compliance project and fire suppression Developers, CC design equipment do not contain phase HCFC’s or Halons 11 Socio-Economic Impacts 11.1 Deliveries should be N.B Enterprises Monitor During programmed to arrive and Builders and compliance construction routed to minimize Developers, CC phase disturbance to sensitive receptors 11.2 Designated parking areas N.B Enterprises Monitor During will be provided for Builders and compliance construction different type of project Developers, CC & operation vehicles within and around phase project site 11.3 Areas earmarked for N.B Enterprises Monitor During amenity and commercial Builders and compliance construction infrastructure will not be Developers & operation used for other purposes phase after construction
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Table 7.1: Environmental Management Plan (EMP) S.# Impact and Mitigation Responsibilities Monitoring Timing Measures 11.4 Employment preference N.B Enterprises Monitor During will be given to residents of Builders and compliance construction the project area Developers, CC & operation phase 11.5 Local contractors will be N.B Enterprises Monitor During given preference for hiring Builders and compliance construction equipment and machinery Developers, CC & operation during operation phase 11.6 Ensure maximum quantity N.B Enterprises Monitor During of water to be treated and Builders and compliance design, reused in order to lessen its Developers construction burden on the existing & operation sewerage system. phase 11.7 Locals, surrounding N.B Enterprises Monitor During business and city Builders and compliance construction government are kept on Developers phase the same page during all stages of the development of the project. 11.8 A complaint register will be N.B Enterprises Provision of During maintained on site during Builders and complaint construction construction to record Developers register phase complaints of the nearby residents.
Table 7.2: Environmental Monitoring Plan Ambient Air Quality Sampling Plan Phase Parameters Locations Frequency Duration Standards At the Continuous SOx, NOx, interface of Twice for 8 hours* NAAQS Construction CO, O3, project site Monthly in a full (USEPA) Smoke, PM10 and working day receptors At the Continuous SOx, NOx, interface of for 8 hours* SEQS (Pak Operation CO, O3, project site Quarterly in a full EPA) Smoke, PM10 and working day receptors Drinking Water Quality Sampling Plan Stages Parameters Locations Frequency Duration Standards Heavy WHO metals, TDS, Ground drinking TSS, pH, Total water source Grab Construction Monthly water Coliform, and other sampling quality Faecal sources guidelines Coliform
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Table 7.2: Environmental Monitoring Plan Heavy WHO metals, TDS, Drinking drinking TSS, pH, Total Grab Operation water Quarterly water Coliform, sampling sources quality Faecal guidelines Coliform Wastewater Quality Sampling Plan Stages Parameters Locations Frequency Duration Standards BOD, COD, Camp site DO, TSS, discharge Twice Grab SEQS (Pak Construction TDS, pH, points into Monthly sampling EPA) NO3, SO4, Oil drains & Grease) BOD, COD, Effluent Composite DO, TSS, from Twice sampling / SEQS (Pak Operation TDS, pH, wastewater Monthly Grab EPA) NO3, SO4, Oil treatment sampling & Grease) plant Noise Level Sampling Plan Stages Parameters Locations Frequency Duration Standards At the interface of project site & WHO receptors Twice Construction Noise 7 m from the Monthly Guidelines equipment at Continuous construction for 8 hours Decibels site in a full [dB(A)Scale] At the working interface of day project site & SEQS for facing road Operation Quarterly Noise 7 m from the (Pak EPA) equipment at construction site Solid Waste Stages Parameters Locations Frequency Duration Standards Waste At main solid generation waste rate, waste 24-hour collection composition; sample point from Construction recyclables Monthly collected EPA where the and non- during week waste is recyclables, days transported hazardous from site waste
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Table 7.2: Environmental Monitoring Plan Waste generation At waste 24-hour rate, waste transfer sample composition; facility of the collected Operation recyclables Quarterly EPA project site during week and non- prior to off- days and recyclables, site disposal holidays hazardous waste
Table 7.3: Sample Forms for Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Record Remarks Measured Measured (Measurement Items Value Value SEQS Point, Comments* (Mean） (Max.） Frequency, Method, etc.) Annual 80 µg/m³ SO2 Average 24 hours 120 µg/m³ Annual 40 µg/m³ NO2 Average 24 hours 80 µg/m³ Annual 40 µg/m³ NO Average 24 hours 40 µg/m³ 8 hours 5.0 mg/m³ CO 1 hour 10 mg/m³ Annual 1.0 µg/m³ Lead Pb Average 24 hours 1.5 µg/m³ O3 1 hour 130 µg/m³ Annual Suspended 360 µg/m³ Average Annual 360 µg/m³ SPM Average 24 hours 500 µg/m³ Respirable Annual 120 µg/m³ particulate Average matter PM10 24 hours 150 µg/m³ Respirable Annual 40 µg/m³ particulate Average matter PM2.5 24 hours 75 µg/m³ * (H=High, L=Low)
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Table 7.4: Stack Emissions CO, SOx, NOx, Smoke Time Result SEQS Location S.# Parameters Date (Hrs: Comments* (mg/Nm3) (mg/Nm3) Min) 1 CO 800 2 SOx 1700 3 NOx 600 4 Smoke 40% or 2
Ringlemann Scale or equivalent smoke number 5 PM10 500 * (H=High, L=Low)
Table 7.5: Sample Forms for Waste Water Quality Monitoring Record Measured Measured Remarks Item Unit Value Value SEQS (Measurement Point, (Mean) (Max.) Frequency, Method, etc) pH pH 6-10 TSS (Total mg/L 150 Suspended Solids) TDS (Total mg/L 3500 Dissolved Solids) BOD5 mg/L 80 COD mg/L 150 Oil and Grease mg/L 10 Phenols mg/L 0.1 Chloride mg/L 1000 Cyanide mg/L 2 Sulphate mg/L 600 Sulphide mg/L 1.0 Ammonia mg/L 40 Fluoride mg/L 10 Pesticides mg/L 0.15 Cadmium mg/L 0.1 Chromium mg/L 1.0 Copper mg/L 1.0 Lead mg/L 0.5 Mercury mg/L 0.01 Selenium mg/L 0.5 Nickel mg/L 1.0 Total Toxic mg/L 2.0 metals
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Zinc mg/L 5.0 Arsenic mg/L 1.0 Barium mg/L 1.5 Iron mg/L 8.0 Silver mg/L 1.0 Manganese mg/L 1.5 Boron mg/L 6.0 Chlorine mg/L 1.0 An-ionic mg/L 20 detergents Temperature 0C 400≤ 30
Table 7.6: Sample Form for Noise Quality Monitoring Record Time Analysis S. Location Date (Hrs: Result SEQS [dB(A)Scale]* Comments** # Min) [dB(A)Scale 1 55 (Day) / 45 (Night) 2 55 (Day) / 45 (Night) 3 55 (Day) / 45 (Night)
4 55 (Day) / 45 (Night)
5 55 (Day) / 45 (Night) 6 55 (Day) / 45 (Night) 7 55 (Day) / 45 (Night) 8 55 (Day) / 45 (Night) ** (H=High, L=Low)
Table 6.7: Sample Form for Drinking Water Quality Monitoring Record Sindh Environmental Analysis Location Date Parameters Quality Standards Result Comments* (mg/l) (mg/l) Color < 15 TCU Taste Non-objectionable/ Acceptable Odor Non-objectionable /Acceptable Turbidity < 5 NTU Total Hardness as < 500 mg/l CaCO3 TDS <1000 pH 6.5-8.5 Aluminum (Al) ≤ 0.2 mg/l Antimony (Sb) ≤ 0.005 Arsenic (As) ≤ 0.05 Barium (Ba) 0.7 Boron (B) 0.3 Cadmium (Cd) 0.01
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Table 6.7: Sample Form for Drinking Water Quality Monitoring Record Chloride (Cl-) < 250 Chromium (Cr) ≤ 0.05 Copper (Cu) 2 Phenolic <0.0002 compounds Cyanide (CN)- ≤ 0.05 Fluoride (F) ≤ 1.5 Lead (Pb) ≤ 0.05 Manganese (Mn) ≤ 0.5 Mercury (Hg) ≤ 0.001 Nickel (Ni) ≤ 0.02 - Nitrate (NO3) ≤ 50 - Nitrite (NO2) ≤ 3 Selenium (Se) ≤ 0.01 Residual Chlorine 0.2-0.5 At consumer end 0.5-1.5 at source Zinc (Zn) 5.0 All water 0.0 cfu/ 100 ml intended for drinking (E.Coli or Thermo tolerant Coliform bacteria) Treated water 0.0 cfu/ 100 ml entering the distribution system (Ecoli or thermo tolerant coliform and total coliform bacteria) Treated water in 0.0 cfu/ 100 ml the distribution system (E.coli or thermo tolerant coliform and total coliform bacteria) (cfu=Coliform Unit), * (H=High, L=Low)
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Table 6.8: Sample Form for Solid Waste Monitoring Record (Domestic/residential/commercial solid wastes) Location: ______, Date: ______, Source: ______(domestic/commercial)
Total % by weight Weight (as Non- Organic Quantity Components (as Recyclables discarded) recyclables waste (kg) discarded) Food/kitchen waste Plastics Metals Paper Textile/Rugs Cardboard Glass Rubber Other Total Generation Rate: For domestic or residential units Total waste generated = ______kg/capita/day No of persons in units For commercial units Total waste generated = ______kg per unit area Total floor area of unit Summary: • Total Waste Generated (as collected) = ______kg • Recyclable waste quantity = ______kg • Non-Recyclable waste quantity = ______kg • Organic waste quantity = ______kg • %age of Recyclables = ______% • %age of Non-recyclables = ______% • %age of Organic waste = ______% • Total waste sent for recycling = ______kg • Total waste sent for landfill =______kg Comments: ______
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Table 6.9: Sample Form for Solid Waste Monitoring Record (Hazardous solid wastes)
Location: ______, Date: ______, Source: ______(domestic/commercial)
Characteristics Non- Total Hazardous % by weight Weight (as (corrosive, recyclables Quantity waste (as Recyclables discarded) toxic, (requiring (kg) Components discarded) explosive, etc.) disposal)
Total Generation Rate: Whichever of the following applies: For domestic or residential units Total waste generated = ______kg/capita/day No of persons in units For commercial units Total waste generated =______kg per unit area Total floor area of unit Summary: • Total Waste Generated (as collected) = ______kg • Recyclable waste quantity = ______kg • Non-Recyclable waste quantity = ______kg • %age of Recyclables = ______% • %age of Non-recyclables = ______% • Total waste sent for recycling = ______kg • Total waste sent for disposal = ______kg Comments: ______7.6 Standard Operating Procedures (During Construction phase)
7.6.1 Wastewater/ Storm water management
(1) Purpose of Wastewater/storm water Management The purpose of the adopted procedure is to provide guidelines and simplify the process of categorizing, quantifying, managing, and disposing of wastewater wherever and whenever arising during the project’s construction phase.
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Wastewater management is a critical component of operating policies. Wastewater management includes the proper disposal / recycling and reuse of the wastewater generated during construction and operation phase.
(2) Scope Wastewater as part of construction operation will be managed as per this procedure. An integrated wastewater management system for Nadeem Jinnah ICON project is essential to reduce wastewater.
Substitute techniques must be investigated, including source reduction, recycling and reuse wherever possible with a view towards maximizing the benefits and minimizing the cost of each method of wastewater management.
(3) Procedure Main concern to manage the wastewater is listed below:
▪ Eliminate wastewater production wherever possible. ▪ Minimize wastewater production. ▪ Recycle or Reuse ▪ Wastewater disposal in an environmentally safe manner through adequately designed facility ▪ Proper drainage of Storm water a) Wastewater Minimization: Generation of wastewater will be minimized through the following steps taken by working personnel at the facility:
▪ Through efficient use of raw water (minimizing the wastewater). ▪ Reuse of wastewater after treatment. b) Storage and Handling: Wastewater shall be stored/retained in specifically designed facility or storage tanks till proper treatment at sewage treatment plant is sought and subsequently disposed of. c) Segregation: Wastewater used in construction will be segregated from wastewater originating from latrines used by construction staff. d) Recycling: Reuse of wastewater is a best way to reduce the quantity of the wastewater that requires subsequent treatment and disposal. Construction
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wastewater may be reused in construction activity because it is generally Non-hazardous. e) Treatment: Wastewater originates from latrines used by construction staff requires treatment through retention in septic tanks and through primary and secondary treatment processes. f) Disposal: Proper disposal should be done following the treatment through discharge into water bodies or sewerage system where available.
(4) Wastewater Management Options ▪ All storm water run-off from construction sites will be inspected for the sediment load and may be directed to sedimentation basins to remove suspended solids (e.g., silt); ▪ Sewage may be collected and temporarily stored in tank(s) until it is transported to a designated wastewater treatment facility; ▪ Standard mobile sewage tankers may be engaged to collect and transport sewage from portable latrines and temporary storage tanks; ▪ Direct discharge will only be considered as a contingency option.
7.6.2 Solid Waste Management Plan
(1) Purpose The purpose of this procedure is to provide guidelines and simplify the process of categorizing, managing and disposing of solid wastes. Waste management includes the proper handling, collection, storage, manifesting, transportation, and disposal/recycling of the solid waste generated. The procedure is designed to assist in the management’s wide effort to provide protection to the environment and to comply with environmental laws and regulations regarding proper waste management.
(2) Scope The waste management plan has been developed to ensure that the Management of solid waste generated as a result of the construction is consistent, efficient, and in conformance with the laws and regulations.
With respect to monitoring, the waste management sets out the following objective:
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▪ To monitor and inspect waste management-related facilities and activities directly resulting from executing the scope of the contract in order to ensure compliance with the WMP. Guidelines for proper handling, categorization, recording, minimization, recycling and disposal of all types of waste associated with company operations and projects are part of this procedure.
(3) Definitions a) Waste: Any material, for which no further use is intended, is considered a waste. It can be solid, semi-solid or liquid. Additionally, abandoned materials and materials intended to be recycled are considered wastes. It is very important to understand this concept, because even though something is going to be recycled, it must be managed as a waste until it is actually recycled. b) Hazardous Waste: Waste is categorized as a hazardous waste if it has one or more of the following properties:
▪ Ignitability (flash point less than 60oC); ▪ Corrosivity (pH less than or equal to 2.0, or greater than or equal to 12.5); ▪ Reactivity (inherently unstable under ordinary conditions or when exposed to water); ▪ Irritability (when in contact with body causes inflammation) ▪ Toxicity (may cause risk of injury to health of organisms or the environment.) c) Non-hazardous Waste: The wastes are categorized as non-hazardous wastes, if they do not possess any of the hazardous characteristics as defined above. However, non-hazardous waste may still present hazards to employees who handle them. All recommended safety and handling practices must be followed.
(4) Procedure Priorities to manage the waste are listed below:
▪ Eliminate waste production whenever and wherever possible. Use the material only for its intended purpose on site ▪ Minimize waste production ▪ Reuse ▪ Dispose of waste through properly designed waste disposal facility.
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a) Waste Minimization: To minimize waste, the following steps shall be taken by all personnel working on sites (during construction phase):
▪ Only the needed amount of materials shall be ordered. Before purchasing hazardous material, all alternatives for non-hazardous material should be explored. ▪ Prior consideration shall be given to the sizes of containers available when ordering products that could potentially generate waste. The intent is to avoid unused products and/or their containers from becoming wastes that require special handling. b) Waste Categorization: All wastes generated at facilities shall be categorized in two major categories (i.e. Hazardous wastes and Non-hazardous wastes) as per the definitions in section above. Each category has different types of requirement for handling, storage and disposal. c) Labelling ▪ Name of the waste (e.g., waste oil, solvents, paints). ▪ Waste category (e.g., toxic, ignitable). ▪ Facility name and address (disposal site, etc.). ▪ Date of waste accumulation: (date when waste was placed in drum). ▪ Wastes are segregated and located in designated areas to optimize control; storage areas. d) Segregation: The scheme of segregation is as follow: ▪ All hazardous waste if found shall be segregated from other types of hazardous wastes as well as non-hazardous wastes at the point of generation of waste. ▪ Food waste shall be collected in separate containers. ▪ All containers must be clearly labeled. The label must clearly mention the name or type of waste. Also, if the waste is hazardous, it should be clearly labeled on the container along with its hazardous characteristics (e.g. flammable, toxic, radioactive, etc.). This is important to workers and to emergency response teams, who need to know what they are dealing with. Missing or unreadable labels must be replaced.
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e) Storage and Handling ▪ Waste shall be temporarily stored at waste storage facility that will be sent for recycling or off-site disposal shall be temporarily stored at designated site(s) within the building premises. ▪ The oily sludge, contaminated soil shall be stored in containers ▪ All other wastes awaiting disposal shall be kept in closed containers/boxes separately. Care must be taken to prevent wastes giving rise to secondary environmental problems, such as odors or soil and groundwater contamination through rainwater leaching. ▪ All stored wastes must be clearly labeled with type of waste and warning signs. ▪ Daily estimates of hazardous and non-hazardous waste and volumes generated on site. ▪ Waste segregation, waste storage containers, general housekeeping and the provision of adequate resources will be monitored. ▪ All workers handling wastes shall use proper PPE. f) Reuse Construction waste can be reused in other construction projects & excavated material can be reused in backfilling. g) Disposal Disposal becomes the only available alternatives, if reuse and recycling options are exhausted. A material should be classified as a waste for disposal only if no other useful purpose can be identified and if the material cannot be beneficially reused or recycled. The choice of a suitable disposal option for any waste depends on both environmental and economic considerations. The final disposal can only be off-site disposal facilities due to limited space available.
It requires properly designed and well-operated commercial waste disposal facilities such as sanitary landfill. All such facilities should be explored and evaluated for possible future use.
(5) Recording & Reporting The management has to record the information about source, composition, quantity, and final disposal of the waste. This information is needed for regulatory compliance, risk assessment and setting reduction targets and
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objectives as well as corporate statistics. The routine track of waste shall be recorded.
7.6.3 Air and Noise Emissions
(1) Purpose The purpose of this guideline is:
▪ To monitor contents of polluting substances in the atmospheric air; ▪ To control observance of approved limiting permissible emissions at man- made sources; ▪ To monitor natural sources and a number of man-made sources of emission at work sites at the construction phase; ▪ To identify sources of noise emissions and control noise pollution; ▪ To monitor noise emissions.
(2) Scope Scope of work includes:
▪ Evaluation of present ambient air quality and noise level at existing area. ▪ Evaluation of impact of traffic movement at the proposed site and noise level. ▪ Evaluation of impacts on roads and in the adjacent area due to construction. ▪ Evaluation of impacts of air emissions and noise from various stationary sources. ▪ Recommendations for mitigation techniques to redress the expected impacts both for design phase.
(3) Definitions Air pollution may be referred to as contamination of pollutants dispersed in air affecting ambient air quality that may be deleterious to life and property.
In common use the word noise means unwanted sound or noise pollution. Excessive noise permanently damages hearing, but a continuous low-level sound can be dangerous too.
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(4) Procedure Air emissions (continuous or non-continuous) from facilities such as power generators are comprising of principal gases (greenhouse gases) which typically include carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), water vapors and other gases such as nitrogen oxides (NOx), and, in case of sour gases, sulphur dioxide
(SO2). Air quality impacts should be estimated by the use of baseline air quality assessments and atmospheric dispersion models to establish potential ground level ambient air concentrations during facility design and operations planning. These studies should ensure that no adverse impacts to human health and the environment result. All reasonable attempts should be made to maximize energy efficiency and design facilities to minimize energy use. The overall objective should be to reduce air emissions and evaluate cost-effective options for reducing emissions that are technically feasible.
Also, vehicular emissions and noise due to traffic movement in and around the complex facility may of concern to be mitigated and monitored. Atmospheric conditions that may affect noise levels include humidity, wind direction, and wind speed. Vegetation, such as trees, and walls can reduce noise levels. Installation of acoustic insulating barriers can be implemented, where necessary.
(5) Noise and Air Emissions Management Options Noise and air emissions monitoring includes;
▪ Monitoring of air and noise emissions. ▪ Pollution control technology assessment, ▪ Emission inventory development, ▪ Development of parametric monitoring, periodic monitoring, and compliance assurance monitoring.
(6) Air and Noise Quality Monitoring Refer attached Environmental Monitoring Plan for details of air and noise quality monitoring at the Nadeem Jinnah ICON project site during construction phase. a) Performance Indicator: Monitoring results of ambient air shall show the concentration of pollutant in ambient air. b) Record and Comments: Record would be kept with the laboratory report attached.
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7.7 Standard Operating Procedures (During Operational Phase)
7.7.1 Wastewater Management
(1) Purpose of Wastewater Management The purpose of this procedure is to provide guidelines and simplify the process of categorizing, managing, and disposing of wastewater wherever and whenever arising during the project’s operational phase. Wastewater management includes the proper disposal/recycling & reuse of the wastewater generated during operation phase.
(2) Scope Wastewater generation as part of operational activity will be managed as per this procedure. An effective wastewater management system for Nadeem Jinnah ICON building is essential to reduce wastewater. Substitute techniques must be investigated, including source reduction, recycling and reuse wherever possible with a view towards maximizing the benefits and minimizing the cost of each method of wastewater management.
(3) Definitions a) Wastewater: All water arising after use/consumption from the Project which can encompass a wide range of potential contaminants and concentrations. b) Hazardous Wastewater: ▪ All wastewater comes in the category of hazardous wastewater. If it has one or more of the following properties: ▪ Oily water ▪ Toxicity (wastewater containing laboratory testing chemicals, antibiotics etc.) ▪ Concentration of contaminants too high above safe acceptable limits c) Non-hazardous Wastewater: All wastewaters are categorized as non- hazardous wastes, if they do not possess any of the hazardous contaminant mainly comprising of consumed water arising from washing area and sanitary wastewater.
(4) Procedure Main concern to manage the wastewater is listed below:
▪ Eliminate wastewater production wherever possible.
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▪ Minimize wastewater production. ▪ Recycle or Reuse ▪ Wastewater disposal in an environmentally safe manner through adequately designed facility a) Wastewater Minimization: Generation of wastewater will be minimized through the following steps taken by working personnel at the facility:
▪ Through efficient use of raw water (minimizing the wastewater). b) Storage and Handling: Wastewater shall be stored/retained in specifically designed facility or storage tanks till appropriate treatment is sought and subsequently disposed of. c) Segregation: Hazardous wastewater shall be segregated from Non- hazardous wastewater. d) Recycling: Recycling of Non-hazardous wastewater is a best way to reduce the quantity of the total wastewater that requires subsequent treatment and disposal. Non-hazardous wastewater may be used in the cooling plants and for horticulture purposes. e) Treatment ▪ Treatment of wastewater through retention in septic tanks and through primary and/or secondary treatment processes. ▪ Some of the wastewater may be reused as mentioned in recycling of wastewater. The treated water should comply with Sindh Environmental Quality Standards (SEQS). f) Disposal Proper disposal should be done following the treatment through discharge into water bodies or sewerage system where available.
(5) Drinking Water Quality and Wastewater Monitoring Plan Refer attached Environmental Monitoring Plan for details of drinking water quality and wastewater monitoring plan.
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a) Performance Indicator Monitoring results of water quality shall show the extent of contamination in the drinking water and shall regulate and maintain the quality of potable water for establishing its suitability for human consumption as per WHO guidelines for drinking water quality.
Monitoring results of wastewater quality shall show the concentration of pollutants in the sewage water and potential for contamination of ground water if not disposed of properly. b) Record and Comments Record of analysis reports shall be maintained.
7.7.2 Solid Waste Management Plan
(1) Purpose The purpose of this procedure is to provide guidelines and simplify the process of categorizing, managing, and disposing of solid wastes. Waste management is a critical component of management’s operating policies. Waste management includes the proper handling, collection, storage, manifesting, transportation, and disposal / recycling of the solid waste generated.
(2) Scope The waste management plan has been developed to ensure that the Management of solid waste generated as a result of operation is consistent, efficient, and in conformance with the laws and regulations.
(3) Definitions a) Waste: Any material, for which no further use is intended, is considered a waste. It can be solid, semi-solid or liquid. Additionally, abandoned materials and materials intended to be recycled are considered wastes. It is very important to understand this concept, because even though something is going to be recycled, it must be managed as a waste until it is actually recycled. b) Hazardous Waste: Waste is categorized as a hazardous waste if it has one or more of the following properties:
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▪ Ignitability (flash point less than 60oC); ▪ Corrosivity (pH less than or equal to 2.0, or greater than or equal to 12.5); ▪ Reactivity (inherently unstable under ordinary conditions or when exposed to water); ▪ Irritability (when in contact with body causes inflammation) ▪ Toxicity (may cause risk of injury to health of organisms or the environment.) c) Non-hazardous Waste: The wastes are categorized as non-hazardous wastes, if they do not possess any of the hazardous characteristics as defined above. However, non-hazardous waste may still present hazards to employees who handle them. All recommended safety & handling practices must be followed.
(4) Procedure Priorities to manage the waste are listed below: ▪ Eliminate waste production whenever and wherever possible. ▪ Minimize waste production ▪ Reuse ▪ Dispose of waste through properly designed waste disposal facility. a) Waste Minimization: To minimize waste, the following steps shall be taken by all personnel working on sites:
▪ Only the needed amount of materials shall be ordered. Before purchasing hazardous material, all alternatives for non-hazardous material should be explored. ▪ Prior consideration shall be given to the sizes of containers available when ordering products that could potentially generate waste. The intent is to avoid unused products and/or their containers from becoming wastes that require special handling. b) Waste Categorization: All wastes generated at facilities shall be categorized in two major categories (i.e. Hazardous wastes and Non-hazardous wastes) as per the definitions in section above. Each category has different types of requirement for handling, storage and disposal. c) Labelling ▪ Name of the waste (e.g., chemical waste, solvents, paints, biomedical etc.).
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▪ Waste category (e.g., toxic, ignitable). ▪ Facility name and address (disposal site, etc.). ▪ Date of waste accumulation: (date when waste was placed in drum). ▪ Wastes are segregated and located in designated areas to optimize control; storage areas. d) Segregation: As there are no hazardous wastes envisaged in the project therefore segregation among the waste will be done as per their matter.
The scheme of segregation is as follow: ▪ All hazardous waste if found shall be segregated from other types of hazardous wastes as well as non-hazardous wastes at the point of generation of waste. ▪ Laboratory chemical waste is also to be segregated into chlorinated and non-chlorinated solvents. ▪ Non- hazardous waste consists of containers, shipping cartons, bags, reject, broken bottles, rejected cartons, labels, strips, corrugated boxes, paper etc. e) Storage and Handling ▪ All waste from floor and equipment is to be collected using vacuum cleaners. ▪ All containers must be properly and clearly labeled. The label must clearly mention the name or type of waste. Also, if the waste is hazardous, it should be clearly labeled on the container along with its hazardous characteristics (e.g. flammable, toxic, radioactive, etc.). This is important to workers and to emergency response teams, who need to know what they are dealing with. Missing or unreadable labels must be replaced. ▪ Non-hazardous waste shall be temporarily stored at waste storage facility that will be sent for recycling or off-site disposal shall be temporarily stored at waste storage facilities available at different sites such as junkyard, scrap yard, pits, etc. ▪ All other wastes awaiting disposal shall be kept in closed containers/boxes separately. Care must be taken to prevent wastes giving rise to secondary environmental problems, such as odors or soil and groundwater contamination through rainwater leaching. ▪ Daily estimates of hazardous and non-hazardous waste and volumes generated on site. ▪ Waste segregation, waste storage containers, general housekeeping and the provision of adequate resources will be monitored.
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▪ All workers handling wastes shall use proper PPE. f) Recycling: Non-hazardous waste can be recycled and reuse to minimize the quantity of waste requiring disposal. Some of the wastes (like one side printed paper) can be reused within the facilities while others can only be recycled at off-site recycling centres. g) Disposal: Disposal becomes the only available alternatives, if reuse and recycling options are exhausted. Onsite burning or dumping of waste is strictly prohibited.
A material should be classified as a waste for disposal only if no other useful purpose can be identified and if the material cannot be beneficially reused or recycled. The choice of a suitable disposal option for any waste depends on both environmental and economic considerations. The final disposal can only be off- site disposal facilities due to limited space available.
The waste shall be disposed of through a contractor.
(5) Recording & Reporting The management has to record the information about source, composition, quantity, and final disposal of the waste. This information is needed for regulatory compliance, risk assessment and setting reduction targets and objectives as well as corporate statistics.
The routine track of waste shall be recorded. It is the responsibility of the proponent to assign a suitable person to sign off the record of waste tracking before the waste is dispatched outside.
7.7.3 Air and Noise Emissions
(1) Purpose The purpose of this guideline is:
▪ To monitor contents of polluting substances in the atmospheric air; ▪ To control observance of approved limiting permissible emissions at man- made sources; ▪ To monitor natural sources and a number of man-made sources of emission at work sites during operational phase; ▪ To identify sources of noise emissions and control noise pollution;
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▪ To monitor noise emissions. ▪ The air emissions from backup generators should comply with the SEQS for air emissions and reported as per SEPA reporting requirements.
(2) Scope Scope of work include
▪ Evaluation of present ambient air quality and noise level at existing area. ▪ Evaluation of impact of traffic movement at the proposed site and noise level. ▪ Evaluation of impacts on roads and in the adjacent area during operational phase. ▪ Evaluation of impacts of air emissions and noise from various stationary sources. ▪ Recommendations for mitigation techniques to redress the expected impacts both for design phase and operational phase.
(3) Definitions Air pollution may be referred to as contamination of pollutants dispersed in air affecting ambient air quality that may be deleterious to life and property.
In common use the word noise means unwanted sound or noise pollution. Excessive noise permanently damages hearing, but a continuous low-level sound can be dangerous too.
(4) Procedure Air emissions (continuous or non-continuous) from facilities such as power generators, etc. are comprising of principal gases (greenhouse gases) which typically include carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), water vapors and other gases such as nitrogen oxides (NOx), and, in case of sour gases, sulphur dioxide (SO2). Air quality impacts should be estimated by the use of baseline air quality assessments and atmospheric dispersion models to establish potential ground level ambient air concentrations during facility design and operations planning. These studies should ensure that no adverse impacts to human health and the environment result. All reasonable attempts should be made to maximize energy efficiency and design facilities to minimize energy use. The overall objective should be to reduce air emissions and evaluate cost-effective options for reducing emissions that are technically feasible. Also, vehicular
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emissions and noise due to traffic movement in and around the plant is to be mitigated and monitored.
Atmospheric conditions that may affect noise levels include humidity, wind direction, and wind speed. Vegetation, such as trees, and walls can reduce noise levels. Installation of acoustic insulating barriers can be implemented, where necessary.
(5) Noise and Air Emissions Management Options Noise and air emissions monitoring includes;
▪ Air dispersion modeling and monitoring of air and noise emissions. ▪ Indoor air quality management ▪ Pollution control technology assessment, ▪ Emission inventory development, ▪ Development of parametric monitoring, periodic monitoring, & compliance assurance monitoring.
(6) Air and Noise Quality Monitoring Refer attached Environmental Monitoring Plan for details of air and noise quality monitoring at the Nadeem Jinnah ICON project site during operation phase. a) Performance Indicator: Monitoring results of ambient air shall show the concentration of pollutant in ambient air. b) Records & Comments: Records of monitoring reports shall be maintained
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8. Conclusion
Based on the findings of the environmental impact assessment it is concluded that the environmental impacts of the construction and operation of Nadeem Jinnah ICON project are manageable and can be mitigated by implementing the Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan which forms an integral part of EIA document. Mitigation measures have been proposed to reduce, minimize or compensate for the identified potential negative impacts and their adoption has been recommended. The proposed project is a self-contained building having its own back-up power generation, water supply supplemented by R.O treatment system and sewage treatment, recycling and disposal system in addition to provision of more than required parking space. This being a positive impact would be an indicator of achievement of the objectives of the Project.
The Project falls in the category that permits the designated land-use. Construction of multi-storey buildings is in line with the objectives of sustainable development that aims at improvement of quality of life with optimum utilization of resources, in this case densification of Jinnah Avenue by construction of multi-storied buildings that are self-contained in having their own back-up power generation, water supply and sewage disposal system in addition to provision of parking space. Each proponent is consequently required to ensure that the provisions by the MPGO are followed. The proponent of Nadeem Jinnah ICON will accordingly be mandated by the SEPA to ensure sustainability by the procedure just suggested.
Accordingly, the development and launching of the Project will add the skillfully and sustainably designed “Nadeem Jinnah ICON” as a landmark to the skyline of Karachi & produce positive impact on the aesthetics of the urban environment. The Project would thus achieve its objective of providing a secure and safe residential cum commercial building at an attractive location. This being a positive impact would be an indicator of achievement of the objectives of the Project.
Realizing that the city has overgrown its sustainability limits, it is imperative that the Builders and Developers take cognizance of the cumulative effect of the current pace of rapid development. Consequently, each project is required to keep the sustainability principles in view and go an extra mile beyond the present approach which is confined to bare survival. Their projects have so far been profit oriented, now they will have to share the profit with net zero energy and net zero discharge approach in the project design.
The study recommends that the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) report should be approved with the provision that the suggested mitigation measures will be adopted and the Environmental Management & Monitoring Plan will be followed in letter and spirit.
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Annexures
TRAFFIC IMPACT
ASSESSMENT OF NADEEM JINNAH ICON TOWER
FINAL REPORT
TRAFFIC IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF NADEEM JINNAH ICON TOWER |
TABLE OF CONTENT table of content ...... 1 list of figures ...... 5 list of tables...... 6 executive summary ...... 9 1 project overview ...... 9 2 parking analysis ...... 9 3 access gate queue length analysis ...... 10 4 volume-to-capacity ratio analysis ...... 10 5 bus frequency analysis ...... 11 6 extended influential contour of the project area ...... 11 6.1 modal percentages at nearby intersection ...... 12 6.2 recommendations based on influential contour ...... 13 7 consolidated recommendations ...... 14 chapter 01: the project ...... 17 1 project introduction ...... 17 1.1 project location ...... 17 1.2 existing condition of project area ...... 18 1.3 project influential contour ...... 19 2 traffic impact study – significance ...... 20 3 traffic impact study – objectives ...... 20 4 traffic impact study – scope of work ...... 21 5 report content ...... 21 chapter 02: Methodology ...... 23 1 Project Kickoff ...... 23 1.1 INTERNAL MEETINGS ...... 23 1.2 EXTERNAL MEETINGS ...... 23
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TRAFFIC IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF NADEEM JINNAH ICON TOWER |
1.3 RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY ...... 23 2 METHODOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK ...... 24 3 GENERAL METHODOLOGY ...... 24 3.1 stage 1: data collection...... 25 3.1.1 DATA FROM CLIENT ...... 25 3.1.2 DATA FROM TRAFFIC SURVEYS ...... 25 3.1.2.1 TRAFFIC COUNT SURVEYS ...... 25 3.1.2.2 SIMILAR AREA PARKING SURVEY ...... 26 3.1.2.3 Bus frequency survey ...... 26 3.1.2.4 road inventory survey ...... 26 3.1.2.5 land-use density survey ...... 26 3.2 stage 3: Data processing ...... 27 3.3 stage 3: data analyses ...... 27 3.3.1 ESTIMATION OF PARKING DEMAND ...... 28 3.3.2 COMPARSION OF PARKING SUPPLY AND DEMAND ...... 28 3.3.3 Access gate queue length analysis ...... 28 3.3.4 Volume-to-capacity ratio analysis ...... 28 3.3.5 bus frequency analysis ...... 29 3.4 STAGE: 5 SOLUTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 29 4 CONSOLIDATED FINAL REPORT ...... 29 chapter 03: data collection ...... 31 1 types of data collection ...... 31 1.1 reconnaissance survey ...... 31 1.2 traffic count surveys ...... 31 1.3 similar area parking survey ...... 34 1.4 road inventory survey ...... 34 1.5 bus frequency survey ...... 35 1.6 land-use density survey ...... 36
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1.7 data collection via client ...... 37 chapter 04: data analyses ...... 39 1 project overview ...... 39 2 parking analysis ...... 39 2.1 parking supply inventory ...... 39 2.2 parking demand factor ...... 40 2.3 residential parking demand estimation ...... 40 2.4 superstore parking demand estimation ...... 41 2.4.1 estimation of parking generation factor ...... 41 2.4.2 project specific person trio generation...... 42 2.4.3 calculation of modal distribution ...... 42 2.4.4 vehicular trip generation & parking demand ...... 43 2.5 project parking demand ...... 44 2.6 comparison of supply and demand ...... 44 3 access gate queue length analysis ...... 44 3.1 scenario 01 ...... 45 3.2 scenario 02 ...... 46 3.3 scenario 03 ...... 47 3.4 access gate queue length summary ...... 48 4 volume-to-capacity ratio analysis ...... 48 4.1 From Jinnah Avenue towards Gulistan-e-Jauhar - Malir Cantt Road ...... 48 4.2 From Gulistan-e-Jauhar - Malir Cantt Road towards Jinnah Avenue ...... 49 4.3 At Jinnah Avenue from N5 to M9 ...... 49 4.4 at jinnah avenue from m9 to n5 ...... 50 4.5 volume-to-capacity ratio analysis summary ...... 51 5 bus frequency analysis ...... 51 chapter 05: conclusions & recommendations ...... 53 1 project area brief ...... 53
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TRAFFIC IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF NADEEM JINNAH ICON TOWER |
2 project overview ...... 53 3 data analysis results ...... 54 3.1 parking analysis ...... 54 3.2 access gate queue length analysis ...... 54 3.3 volume-to-capacity ratio analysis ...... 55 3.4 bus frequency analysis ...... 55 4 extended influential contour of the project area ...... 56 4.1 modal percentages at nearby intersection ...... 57 4.2 recommendations based on influential contour ...... 57 5 consolidated recommendations ...... 59
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TRAFFIC IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF NADEEM JINNAH ICON TOWER |
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Extended Influential Contour of Project LocationError! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 2: Modal Percentages at Project Intersection Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 3: Proposed Percentages at Project Intersection ...... 14
Figure 4: Project Location Map ...... 18
Figure 5: Project Location Map - Extended Influential Contour with Area Demarcation ...... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 6: Project Location Map - Influential Contour Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 7: Methodological Approach - Flow Chart ...... 30
Figure 8: Road Inventory Map ...... 35
Figure 9: Land-use Inventory Map ...... 36
Figure 10: Schedule of Project - Project Drawing provided by Client ...... 37
Figure 11: Project Schedule - Project Drawing provided by Client ...... 38
Figure 12: Extended Contour of Project Location with Area Demarcation ...... 56
Figure 13: Existing Modal Percentages at Project Intersection ...... 57
Figure 14: Proposed Modal Percentages at Project Intersection ...... 58
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TRAFFIC IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF NADEEM JINNAH ICON TOWER |
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Project Description ...... 9
Table 2: Parking Analysis Summary Chart ...... 10
Table 3: Access Gate Queue Length Analysis Summary Chart ...... 10
Table 4: Volume to Capacity Ratio Analysis Summary Chart ...... 11
Table 5: Bus Frequency Analysis Chart ...... 11
Table 6: Project Description Chart ...... 17
Table 7: Traffic Volume Count - Direction 01 ...... 32
Table 8: Traffic Volume Count - Direction 02 ...... 32
Table 9: Traffic Volume Count - Direction 03 ...... 33
Table 10: Traffic Volume Count - Direction 04 ...... 33
Table 11: Traffic Volume Count - Direction 05 ...... 33
Table 12: Traffic Volume Count - Direction 06 ...... 34
Table 13: Volume Count of Buses ...... 35
Table 14: Project Description Chart ...... 39
Table 15: Parking Supply Inventory ...... 40
Table 16: Parking Generation Factor ...... 40
Table 17: Parking Demand Evaluation - Residential ...... 40
Table 18: Parking Generation Factor - Superstore ...... 41
Table 19: Project Specific Headcount Generation Chart ...... 42
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TRAFFIC IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF NADEEM JINNAH ICON TOWER |
Table 20: Modal Percentage Distribution at Superstore ...... 43
Table 21: Trip Generation at Project - Superstore ...... 43
Table 22: Project Parking Demand ...... 44
Table 23: Comparison of Project Parking Supply and Demand ...... 44
Table 24: Access Gate Analysis - Scenario 01 - Cars ...... 45
Table 25: Access Gate Analysis - Scenario 01 - Bikes ...... 45
Table 26: Access Gate Analysis - Scenario 02 - Cars ...... 46
Table 27: Access Gate Analysis - Scenario 02 - Bikes ...... 46
Table 28: Access Gate Analysis - Scenario 03 - Cars ...... 47
Table 29: Access Gate Analysis - Scenario 03 - Bikes ...... 47
Table 30: Access Gate Queue Length Analysis Summary Chart ...... 48
Table 31: Volume-to-Capacity Ratio Analysis - Scenario 01 ...... 49
Table 32: Volume-to-Capacity Ratio Analysis - Scenario 02 ...... 49
Table 33: Volume-to-Capacity Ratio Analysis - Scenario 03 ...... 50
Table 34: Volume-to-Capacity Ratio Analysis - Scenario 04 ...... 50
Table 35: Volume-to-Capacity Ratio Analysis - Summary Chart ...... 51
Table 36: Bus Frequency Analysis ...... 51
Table 37: Project Description Chart ...... 53
Table 38: Parking Analysis Summary Chart ...... 54
Table 39: Access Gate Queue Length Analysis - Summary Chart ...... 55
Table 40: Volume-to-Capacity Ratio Analysis - Summary Chart ...... 55
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Table 41: Bus Frequency Analysis Chart...... 56
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Traffic Impact Studies (TIS) are conducted to foresee impacts of demand on the transportation network and its traffic, in existing as well as in future condition. They also determine transportation improvements that may be necessary to accommodate new development. TIS generally underline the appropriate facilitation of traffic and transportation related activities such as Parking Assessment, Access Gate Performance, Trip Generation and relevant Recommendations to manage and minimalize the impact on traffic caused due to any re-development or new project.
1 PROJECT OVERVIEW
The proposed project entitled as ‘Nadeem Jinnah Icon Tower’ is planned to constructed on Plot no. 3/1-A, Land Measuring 4840 sq. yard, Out of Plot No. 3/1, Sector 40, Scheme No. 33, Karachi. The plan of the building is designed with B2+B1+G+11 storey with a purpose of commercial and residential land-use.
The detailed description of the project plan is such that the basements 2 and 1 are dedicated for Parking, at Ground floor there is a superstore whereas from 1st to 11th floors are apartments of types A, A1, B, B1, B2 and XL. The total area of the plot is 43560 sq.ft.
The basic building plan is summarized in the following table.
Table 1: Project Description S. No. Floor Description 1 Basement 2 Parking 2 Basement 1 3 Ground Superstore 4 1st – 11th Apartments
2 PARKING ANALYSIS
Parking Analysis is conducted to assess the provision of parking at the facility such that in case of any deficiency suitable adjustments may be carried out before the operational phase.
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The calculations are presented in the table below:
Table 2: Parking Analysis Summary Chart Vehicle Type Supply Residential Demand Difference Car 197 220 23 Bikes - 248 248
For the parking supply and demand comparison only residential demand of the proposed project is considered because according to the law, parking facilitation for superstores must be entertained outside the building. Considering the fact, the supply at the proposed building is of 197 cars in contrast to which the evaluated demand is of 220 cars and 248 bikes. The parking provision is adequate at the proposed building however bike parking stalls must be sufficiently provided.
3 ACCESS GATE QUEUE LENGTH ANALYSIS
Three different scenarios are calibrated through variation in the arrival period of cars and bikes. According to the project demand, 95% of the total generation is taken into consideration. The results are presented in the table as follows:
Table 3: Access Gate Queue Length Analysis Summary Chart Scenario 1 Scenario 2 Scenario 3 Arrival Service Arrival Service Arrival Service Type of Vehicle Time = 30 Time = 15 Time = 45 Time = 15 Time = 60 Time = 10 min secs min secs min secs Car 89 29 No Queue Bikes 116 56 No Queue
The estimation predicts that no queue will be observed for bikes and cars in the third scenario. The statistical input in the third scenario entails to arrival period of 60 mins with service time of 15 sec/veh. It concludes that similar operational plan will be effective for the efficient performance of the Access Gate.
4 VOLUME-TO-CAPACITY RATIO ANALYSIS
The calculations of the ratio are carried out such that different scenarios are established. The summary chart is presented as follows depicting that even after inclusion of project traffic and growth rate factor over the time span of two years the capacity of road is adequate to facilitate the traffic.
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Table 4: Volume to Capacity Ratio Analysis Summary Chart Existing No-Built Built Direction Condition Condition Condition Jinnah Avenue to Gulistan- 0.033 0.037 0.116 e-Jauhar - Malir Cantt Road Gulistan-e-Jauhar - Malir Cantt Road to Jinnah 0.032 0.037 0.115 Avenue Jinnah Avenue, M9 to N5 0.26 0.29 0.34 Jinnah Avenue, N5 to M9 0.28 0.31 0.36
5 BUS FREQUENCY ANALYSIS
Public Transportation plays a vital role in traffic management, especially considering the situation of Karachi’s traffic nowadays, it is the best suited solution. At present, least number of buses are observed in the project influential area, depicting that a prominent change in the modal split will manage traffic operations to an improved level. The table presented below shows the existing modal split along with the proposed modal split.
Table 5: Bus Frequency Analysis Chart Bus Frequency Analysis S.No. Description / Modes Bikes Car Rickshaw Wagon/ Mini Large Truck Trailer Total Hiace Bus Bus 1 Existing Modal Volume 9,207 10,360 1,214 190 220 70 983 25 22,273 2 Percentage 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 Person Occupancy 1 2 2 20 40 70 2 2 4 Person Accommodated 11,048 20,720 2,428 3,800 8,800 4,900 1,966 50 53,720 5 Proposed Modal Volume 6,961 8,156 1,214 190 220 1,129 983 25 18,882 6 Person Accommodated 8,354 16,311 2,428 3,800 8,800 79,032 1,966 50 120,749
The above analysis concludes that according to the modal split of existing traffic volumes person accommodated are 53,700 whereas if the percentage of cars and bikes are reduced 10% and a percentage shift of 5% in increased of buses then the total modal split will carry double the numbers of person i.e. 120,700.
6 EXTENDED INFLUENTIAL CONTOUR OF THE PROJECT AREA
The project location is near Jinnah Avenue which is a significant route to facilitate traffic coming from M9 as well as from N5. Along with this there are several other
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residential blocks nearby and prominent area of Malir Cantt which is also transmitted through this route.
At present, the developed area in the influential contour is minimal, whereas the undeveloped area is maximum henceforth the impact observed through a generic perception is not so significant at the moment. However if the rapid establishments undergoing in the influential area are considered in future tremendous population growth and progress will be seen in this area generating huge numbers of traffic. The figure attched below indicates the various sections of developed and undeveloped portions.
Figure 1: Extended Influential Contour of Project Location
6.1 MODAL PERCENTAGES AT NEARBY INTERSECTION
The intersection near project is analyzed and its traffic volumes at peak hour on intersection is evaluated and modal percentages are also identified. The picture below depicts the traffic volumes and modal percentages at the mentioned intersection.
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Figure 2: Modal Percentages at Project Intersection
6.2 RECOMMENDATIONS BASED ON INFLUENTIAL CONTOUR
The evaluation of the extended project influential area contour basically focuses on the prompt development in the area integrating the fact that Jinnah Avenue is at present the only route facilitating traffic from all over the city especially super highway. There is no signal present at the road and the recommendation undergoes that the entire road may be signalized. Signals offer the maximum degree of control at intersections and henceforth synchronized signals maybe in effect to reduce the delays at the intersection.
• If the entire Jinnah Avenue starting from Malir Link to Super Highway towards Kazimabad and further towards Model colony must be managed through synchronized (time coordinated) signals. The effects of coordination at an individual intersection depend on the timing plan and the operations of adjacent intersections. The coordination may be beneficial to a vehicle traveling between the two intersections, because it will face green time when reach on other intersection, in that manner delay will be reduced.
• Another recommendation is that effective public transportation suiting the requirements of customers maybe viably essential at the route. This
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transportation means must incorporate connectivity to several important areas of the city.
• The development is the area is inevitable and the prominent need of growing population of the city. Hence increased vehicular and passenger trips are expected. This can be managed through minor shifts in modal percentages, such that private vehicle transportation must be replaced with a minimal number of public transportation increasing the passenger travel capacity on the roads rather than vehicular.
Figure 3: Proposed Percentages at Project Intersection
7 CONSOLIDATED RECOMMENDATIONS
• The parking evaluation depicts that the in-house car parking provision is deficient of 23 stalls which must be effectively accommodated in the proposed building.
• In the drawings provided, no bike parking stalls are present. The bike parking stalls must be properly marked at the proposed building and must be available to accommodate 248 bikes.
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• The Superstore Parking Demand is estimated separately, which concludes that the demand generation will be of 205 cars and 80 Bikes. According to Law, the commercial parking demand must be entertained on-street, hence it is not considered for any of the afore-mentioned analyses.
• However, if such a mechanism is not advised by the law then a separate parking floor dedicated to superstore parking must be provided with similar stall number as mentioned in the analysis.
• To further manage the commercial demand valet services must be arranged.
• The access gate analysis is conducted separate for bikes and cars, therefore any mechanism adapted for entrance and exit must operate distinctively for each vehicle type.
• The access gate analysis is conducted considering the residential demand only and favorable mechanism variables are presented in the analysis chapter.
• It is strongly recommended to design new public transportation routes at least originating from these areas and leading to city centers.
• Two most important public transport routes recommended for this area are:
✓ Jinnah Avenue – N5 – Drigh Road – FTC – PIDC – Shaheen Complex – I.I. Chundrigarh Road – Tower
✓ Jinnah Avenue – University Road – NIPA – Hassan Square – Jail Chowrangi – Numaish – Saddar
• The chemistry of this Avenue also depicts the need of feeder routes leading to main arterials as follows:
✓ Jinnah Avenue – Malir Halt
✓ Jinnah Avenue – Karachi University
• The bus frequency analysis emphasizes on the need to proper management of modal spit. At present the number of persons accommodated at the road through existing modes can be doubled if a percentage decrease in privately owned vehicles is substituted by even half of the percentage increase in buses.
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• The V/C Ratio is also evaluated to estimate the impact which will in further years cause an impact on the immediate project area.
• It is concluded by the analysis that project traffic will not have a prominent impact on the road network associated with project location.
• The project is located on M.M. Alam Road which connects to Jinnah Avenue evaluating that a notable increase in the traffic volumes will be noted on the road network in upcoming years which may be managed through a minor change in modal percentages.
• Proper signage and marking should be provided in the area to guide the passengers.
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CHAPTER 01: THE PROJECT
1 PROJECT INTRODUCTION
The proposed project entitled as ‘Nadeem Jinnah Icon Tower’ is planned to constructed on Plot no. 3/1-A, Land Measuring 4840 sq. yard, Out of Plot No. 3/1, Sector 40, Scheme No. 33, Karachi. The plan of the building is designed with B2+B1+G+11 storey with a purpose of commercial and residential land-use.
The detailed description of the project plan is such that the basements 2 and 1 are dedicated for Parking, at Ground floor there is a superstore whereas from 1st to 11th floors are apartments of types A, A1, B, B1, B2 and XL. The total area of the plot is 43560 sq. ft.
The basic building plan is summarized in the following table.
Table 6: Project Description Chart
S. No. Floor Description 1 Basement 2 Parking 2 Basement 1 3 Ground Superstore 4 1st – 11th Apartments
1.1 PROJECT LOCATION
The project is situated at M.M. Alam Road. This road is linked to Jinnah Avenue, Malir Link to Super Highway Road and Gulistan-e-Jauhar – Malir Cantt Road. The access to the project building is provided through Jinnah Avenue as well as Pehlwan Goth Road.
The area in general is under development stage, however rapid establishments are taking place which include mostly commercial and residential apartments. Some of the developments surrounding the buildings are residential and in operation phase.
Along the project road minimal traffic is observed but due to the construction activities going on it is expected that the area will attract a prominent number of traffic in upcoming years. Also, some renowned commercial establishments are
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located at a nearby junction which attracts traffic from nearby areas especially Malir Cantt.
Figure 4: Project Location Map
1.2 EXISTING CONDITION OF PROJECT AREA
The project location is near Jinnah Avenue which is a significant route to facilitate traffic coming from M9 as well as from N5. Along with this there are several other residential blocks nearby and prominent area of Malir Cantt which is also transmitted through this route.
The general investigation of the area suggested that pavement condition of the Project Road is inadequate. The road infrastructure including pavement markings and traffic signage is not present. Considering the high rate of development in the project area, road infrastructure is not up to the marked. Pedestrian realm is also not available.
It is observed that residential apartments have some commercial activities on their ground floors. It indicates that short trips of the users will be minimized while for major necessities like shopping, work, and hoteling long trips will occur.
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1.3 PROJECT INFLUENTIAL CONTOUR
Emphasizing on the impact generation of the building, since the area as yet in under development stage hence we expand the influential contour to a larger area, focusing on a general impact which is likely to rise to an extended number in a few years.
The pocket of area represented in the figure below indicates the area where several high-rise residential cum commercial buildings are already under construction.
Figure 5: Project Location Map - Influential Contour
At present, the developed area in the influential contour is minimal, whereas the undeveloped area is maximum henceforth the impact observed through a generic perception is not so significant at the moment. However if the rapid establishments undergoing in the influential area are considered in future tremendous population growth and progress will be seen in this area generating huge numbers of traffic. The figure attched below indicates the various sections of developed and undeveloped portions.
In the latter part of the report a typical traffic impact study of the building is conducted along with several pointers highlighting the best suited recommendations to effectively manage the project area at a greater extent.
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2 TRAFFIC IMPACT STUDY – SIGNIFICANCE
Traffic Impact Study (TIS) is a technical appraisal of the traffic and safety implications relating to the specific developments that would generate significant additional traffic. TIS entails a study which is conducted during the development phase of a project to determine the impacts of traffic generated by the proposed development on the surrounding road network and the improvements needed in the transportation system in order to mitigate those impacts.
Figure 6: Project Location Map - Extended Influential Contour with Area Demarcation
3 TRAFFIC IMPACT STUDY – OBJECTIVES
Majorly TIS deals with an overall impact generated by any new project or due to redevelopment of a particular project. The aims and objectives to be targeted in a typical Traffic Impact Study are:
• To assess the impact produced by the project on the nearby road network
• To evaluate the traffic circulation pattern within the facility and in its influential contour
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• To assess the parking facilitation at the project
• To estimate the relative Level of Service and administer the areas of improvement through which progress in smooth flows can be achieved
• To evaluate the traffic issues and suggest adequate and applicable recommendations in the regard so as to improve the traffic management operations
• To propose suitable modifications on the basis on analyses conducted
4 TRAFFIC IMPACT STUDY – SCOPE OF WORK
The scope of work entails to the set of tasks necessarily required to fulfill the set objectives. For the TIS the scope of work includes:
• Conductance of Traffic Surveys at nearby junctions
• Estimation of Trip Generation
• Parking Demand Analysis
• Access Gate Performance Analysis
• Volume-to-Capacity Ratio Analysis
• Solutions and Recommendations in regard to analyses
• Documentation in the form of Report
5 REPORT CONTENT
A typical Traffic Impact Study consists of a number of analyses which are carried according to the nature of the building. However, the necessary content are enlisted as:
• Purpose and Objectives of the respective traffic impact study
• A brief description of the site location and study area
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• Present conditions in the subjected area
• Estimation of Trip generation
• Traffic condition resulting from the development building
• Projected future traffic volumes
• Relative Traffic Analyses
• Impact Assessment with respective Recommendations
• Alternatives for Improvement
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CHAPTER 02: METHODOLOGY
The framework of this chapter includes a brief description of the approach methodology for traffic impact study of project. For solving traffic impact and management related issues, a proper framework is important. Since every project has inimitable characteristics and exclusive properties than other, it is necessary to understand the area specific characteristics of traffic and other maneuvering aspects such that improved solutions can be accustomed. Through the following methodology we provide efficient, effective and economical assessment of the proposed development.
1 PROJECT KICKOFF
Initially, after the grant of project, a kickoff meeting is held at the consultant’s office to discuss the various characteristics of project. Then internal and external meetings take place, for understanding of objectives and best outcomes of the concerned project. This is directed towards developing the general methodology of the concerned project.
1.1 INTERNAL MEETINGS
Internal meetings are important to develop a basic understanding of the project objective, scope of work and an overall project approach. These consultations assist in composing the deliverable methodology and its conductance.
1.2 EXTERNAL MEETINGS
External meetings are conducted with the client and led to define the approachable and technical capabilities, required results and necessary resources associated with the project. The aim is to outline the scope with its required margin. The methodology of collecting data is finalized with the client and inform them if any other surveys and techniques are used for collection of data. The records, detailed drawings, and parking supply data are taken from the client to proceed further in the project.
1.3 RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY
In the vicinity of the proposed project, reconnaissance surveys are carried to acquire the existing land use, road and traffic condition as well as road geometry
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near the project area. Reconnaissance surveys are preliminary scrutiny of the study area and help to understand the traffic impact which could be caused by the development of project on the surrounding roads.
Surrounding roads which are likely to be affected by the proposed development are identified and the flow of traffic, traffic mix, traffic bottlenecks, on street parking and traffic pattern are observed by surveyors and all the characteristics of the traffic conditions are duly observed and noted.
Moreover, general information regarding geometrical features, layout and pavement condition of the surrounding locations are also noted. Snap shots of existing conditions are captured to analyze the geometry of connected roads of the proposed buildings. Then specific locations are finalized for cameras to be mounted in order to collect extensive traffic data.
2 METHODOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK
The project methodology is adapted such that a generic approach is evaluated which are the necessary set of tasks for any Traffic Impact Study. The further part of the report elaborates on the detailed methodological approach for estimation of Queue Length and Volume-to-Capacity ratio. These factors are the supplementary contributor towards building generated impact on the traffic of roads networks and nearby junctions. Based on the analyses achieved, suitable recommendations with applicable approach are suggested.
3 GENERAL METHODOLOGY
The general methodology of the project is based on the five stages which should be opted for evaluation of better assessment of traffic condition and its impact on the road. The five stages of traffic impact study are mentioned below;
STAGE: 1 Data Collection
STAGE: 2 Data Processing
STAGE: 3 Data Analyses
STAGE: 4 Major Outcomes
STAGE: 5 Solutions and Recommendations
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Therefore, all of these are cyclical steps and the loop continues until the optimized solution is achieved. The detailed description of the sub sections of steps mentioned above are listed hereunder.
3.1 STAGE 1: DATA COLLECTION
Initially, baseline data is required for proceeding further. The data is collected from two main sources:
3.1.1 DATA FROM CLIENT
Data is assembled from the client regarding the architectural drawings showing the details of commercial area, apartments, parking floors, parking circulation, access point data, and nearby roads identification etc. This supply inventory provides the basis for type and intensity of the land use and a major input in estimation of trip rates to the building.
3.1.2 DATA FROM TRAFFIC SURVEYS
Traffic surveys are carried out for the data collection, it helps to achieve our objectives and analyze the traffic impact of ‘Nadeem Jinnah Icon Tower’ on the existing traffic conditions. The traffic surveys carried out for the particular project are enlisted:
• Traffic Count Surveys
• Similar Area Parking Surveys
• Road Inventory Survey
• Bus Frequency Survey
• Land-use Density Survey
3.1.2.1 TRAFFIC COUNT SURVEYS
Traffic volume counts are performed to determine the number of vehicles passing through a specific point on a road. These counts have immense significance in traffic planning, design, and operation. Information about the volumes is
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important for development of capacity analysis, parking restrictions, planning one- way streets, etc.
Video cameras were used for recording traffic movement, which are mounted on a vintage point from where a clear scene can be captured. The video is then rendered and processed under close supervision of enumerators and traffic engineers for counting traffic movement in each direction. The outcomes are then recorded in forms with respect to each direction.
3.1.2.2 SIMILAR AREA PARKING SURVEY
This survey is conducted to obtain the demand of parking stalls and projected traffic volume after the application of growth factor in future, as mentioned earlier the proposed project is based on commercial and residential land-use. So, the similar commercial and residential area are surveyed and the findings obtained are used to calculate the project demand.
3.1.2.3 BUS FREQUENCY SURVEY
The bus frequency survey is used to identify the number of buses operational in respective mid-block. In order to collect such data surveyors are assigned on a vintage location in the project influential area. They record the number of buses passing at periodic time intervals for both directions. This data is then transferred upon excel spreadsheets for further processing.
3.1.2.4 ROAD INVENTORY SURVEY
Road Inventory Surveys help in assessment of Road geometry and provides with the data that describes the physical elements of the road system. These also includes inspection of existing road assets. The details acquired through road inventory are further incorporated in evaluation of Volume-to-Capacity Ratio.
3.1.2.5 LAND-USE DENSITY SURVEY
For this type of surveys, the land use classification is done in order to assess the existing land-use pattern and characteristics. The determination of land use is important because of the traffic generation factor around the proposed project. The project traffic will also amalgamate in the existing land-use traffic so it is essential to know the existing pattern of traffic. The densification on the project road will also determine the land use characteristics.
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3.2 STAGE 3: DATA PROCESSING
Data provided by the client and surveys which are conducted during the traffic impact study lead to the essential statistics for examining the traffic impacts of the proposed project. Mentioned below is the list of immediate outcomes of collected data:
Traffic Volume:
The number of vehicles on the specific road network is used as an input for various Analysis, Assessment of varying traffic management measures and Parking management.
Modal Split:
The designation of classified vehicles percentages in the total volumes is required to estimate trip generation and plan various traffic operations.
Parking Supply Inventory:
Information of available parking capacity is obtained from the proposed drawings and available documents, to aid the estimation of deficiency or efficiency in parking supply.
Frequency of Buses in Area:
The number of buses transiting through the project area is used as an input to majorly conclude the methods through which effective utilization of transportation can be achieved.
Densification and Mix of Project Area Vicinity:
These are obtained through Land-use Densification Survey and assist in precise and detailed impact evaluation of the influential area of project so as to suggest the best applicable recommendations.
3.3 STAGE 3: DATA ANALYSES
It is essential to put forward reliable information through collected data and hence relevant data analyses are carried out. The following analysis further lead towards into development of suitable recommendations for the proposed project.
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3.3.1 ESTIMATION OF PARKING DEMAND
Parking is considered as an important yet critical factor of any particular construction. Hence parking demand is estimated through area of each floor of the building for commercial land-use implied through an appropriate parking factor.
3.3.2 COMPARSION OF PARKING SUPPLY AND DEMAND
A comparison between the supply and demand is led to assess the traffic impact of the proposed project on the surrounding land use. If the parking stalls are coming out to be additional then it can be catered for guest or disabled parking, while the deficiency in comparison must be reduced by some additional modifications for parking.
3.3.3 ACCESS GATE QUEUE LENGTH ANALYSIS
For the purpose of a careful and accurate forecast of traffic operations at the approach road of the facility following steps are followed.
• Queue Capacity - refers to the availability of space at the access lane for the vehicles arriving or departing the facility
• Readjustment of the capacity - Involves the geometrical considerations which will lead to the recommendations for the improvement of queue capacity
• Peak Hour at Access Gate - will be evaluated to encounter the requirements of ultimate traffic.
3.3.4 VOLUME-TO-CAPACITY RATIO ANALYSIS
The volume-to-capacity (v/c) ratio is an indication of how well traffic flow is being accommodated by the road network. This ratio is a principle influencing factor to evaluate the Level of Service of a particular junction and eventually in evaluation of the impact upon the influential area road network.
V/C ratios are estimated through scenario development on the;
• Existing Condition
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• No Built Condition – Growth Rate
• Built Condition – Growth Rate
3.3.5 BUS FREQUENCY ANALYSIS
Long-term solutions to minimize, control and manage traffic related issues majorly focus on provision of public transportation systems. These must be such efficient systems that people recently using private vehicles may find public transportation means much more easeful and satisfactory. In this section hypothetical scenarios are developed by applying a percentage shift in the modes of cars, bikes and buses. After this the results are evaluated on number of person accommodated.
3.4 STAGE: 5 SOLUTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
After analyzing and estimation of impact of project and the impact of overall traffic on project visitors, alternatives will be suggested. These alternatives can be traffic circulation changes, traffic control changes, stretching peak hour using time shifts, and minor to major geometric changes. In this stage a cyclic procedure has been adopted as mentioned in the beginning of this chapter to optimize the efficiency of suggested alternatives. During this stage after suggesting any change the impact and level of service after the change will be calculated and compared to the original condition. In this way after a few alterations optimized results can be achieved.
4 CONSOLIDATED FINAL REPORT
The complete procedure to plan, execute and analyze the project essentials will be accorded systematically in the report. The content of the report initiates with overview of the existing conditions then concentrates on the factors that implicate assessment and finally evaluates these factors to be further used in implementation of relevant task.
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TRAFFIC IMPACT STUDY
PROJECT START-UP & RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY Stage I – Data Collection
• Commercial Area Space • Traffic Count Surveys • Road Frontage • Similar Area Parking Survey • Project Location • Bus Frequency Survey • • Parking Supply Inventory • Road Inventory Survey • Access Gate Location • Land-use Density Survey FIELD SURVEYS BUILDING SPECIFIC • Parking Floor Geometry DETAILS
Stage II – Data Processing
• Traffic Volume • Parking Supply Inventory • Modal Split • Detailed Road Inventory • Densification and Mix of • Available Road Capacity Project Area INFORMATION FROM COLLECTED DATA
Stage III – Data Analyses
• Parking Analysis • • Access Gate Queue Length Analysis • Volume-to-Capacity Ratio Analysis LOGICAL • Bus Frequency Analysis INTERPRETATION OF DATA
Stage IV – Major Outcomes Stage V - Recommendations
• Parking Supply & Demand Comparison • Access Gate Performance • Improvement Measures of Impact SUGGESTIONS & RESULTS PROPOSITIONS
CONSOLIDATED FINAL REPORT
Figure 7: Methodological Approach - Flow Chart
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CHAPTER 03: DATA COLLECTION
This chapter entails the type of data collected to complete the obligations of a comprehensive traffic circulation plan study. Traffic circulation plans are small scale traffic impact studies and are performed for the buildings that are creating marginal impact on the road networks. Therefore the scope of data collection is limited and less amount of surveys are performed for this study.
1 TYPES OF DATA COLLECTION
Data collection for traffic circulation studies is broadly divided into two types i.e. Data collected through field surveys and the data collected via client. The data collected via client includes the building related information, which is collected from the architectural plans and sections of the building, expected operational year of the building, nature and land-use etc. The data collected via field surveys mainly consist of following surveys and the information collected for this study during the data collection exercise is mentioned below:
1.1 RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY
The project is located at the road known as M.M. Alam Road leading from Jinnah Avenue. At present the surrounding of the project plot is under development stage where multiple establishments such as residential and commercial units planned. This under-going development spread along the entire road will cause a notable impact on the traffic conditions of the overall project influential area.
The road condition is present is not satisfactory. There is no proper pavement on the road and it is in earthen condition highlighting the fact that upon proper maintenance, the road width is suitable for a good 2+2 lane pathway. The right of way of the road is suitable to facilitate large numbers of traffic. Some of the developments surrounding the buildings are residential and in operation phase. Along the road minimal traffic is observed but due to the construction activities going on it is expected that the area will attract a prominent number of traffic in upcoming years.
1.2 TRAFFIC COUNT SURVEYS
To carry out traffic count surveys, the cameras are mounted on two locations viable to capture the traffic leading to project location. These count surveys are
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carried out on the double road known as Gulistan-e-Jauhar – Malir Cantt Road as well as a minor collector road of Malir Link to Super Highway. The tables of the count are represented as:
Table 7: Traffic Volume Count - Direction 01
Through Traffic At Jinnah Avenue (M9 To N5) S.No. Time Motorcycle Car/ Rickshaw Wagon/ Mini Large Truck Trailer Other Total PCU Jeep/ Hiace Bus Bus Machinery Total Taxi/ Pickup PCU 0.5 1 0.75 1.5 2 3 3 3.5 3 1 7:30 73 137 3 2 4 0 8 2 0 229 218 2 8:30 42 113 9 3 1 0 5 2 1 176 173 3 9:30 524 953 53 14 25 1 66 6 2 1644 1554 4 10:30 348 1065 72 9 21 4 79 9 0 1607 1629 5 11:30 289 927 76 6 18 4 106 2 0 1428 1511 6 12:30 172 664 44 3 11 3 74 1 0 972 1044 7 13:30 66 389 38 3 10 3 39 0 0 548 601
Table 8: Traffic Volume Count - Direction 02
FROM JINNAH AVENUE (M9) TO GULISTAN-E-JAUHAR – MALIR CANTT ROAD S.No. Time Motorcycle Car/ Rickshaw Wagon/ Mini Large Truck Trailer Other Total PCU Jeep/ Hiace Bus Bus Machinery Total Taxi/ Pickup PCU 0.5 1 0.75 1.5 2 3 3 3.5 3 1 7:30 24 17 5 1 0 0 1 0 0 48 38 2 8:30 45 15 4 1 0 0 1 0 0 66 45 3 9:30 61 22 8 0 0 0 2 0 0 93 65 4 10:30 55 36 7 2 0 0 1 1 0 102 79 5 11:30 48 24 4 0 0 0 1 0 0 77 54 6 12:30 45 31 5 1 0 0 1 0 0 83 62 7 13:30 12 20 4 2 1 0 2 0 0 41 40
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Table 9: Traffic Volume Count - Direction 03
From Gulistan-E-Jauhar - Malir Cantt Road Towards Jinnah Avenue (M9) Car/ Jeep/ Wagon/ Mini Large Other PCU S.No. Time Motorcycle Rickshaw Truck Trailer Total Taxi/ Hiace Bus Bus Machinery Total Pickup PCU 0.5 1 0.75 1.5 2 3 3 3.5 3 1 7:30 52 42 5 2 0 0 0 0 0 101 75 2 8:30 45 25 5 1 0 0 2 0 0 78 59 3 9:30 47 20 5 0 0 0 2 0 0 74 54 4 10:30 43 35 7 0 0 0 2 0 0 87 68 5 11:30 45 30 5 0 0 0 4 1 0 85 72 6 12:30 41 37 5 0 0 0 1 0 0 84 65 7 13:30 45 22 5 5 1 0 3 0 0 81 67
Table 10: Traffic Volume Count - Direction 04
From Gulistan-E-Jauhar - Malir Cantt Road Towards Jinnah Avenue (N5) Car/ Jeep/ Wagon/ Mini Large Other PCU S.No. Time Motorcycle Rickshaw Truck Trailer Total Taxi/ Hiace Bus Bus Machinery Total Pickup PCU 0.5 1 0.75 1.5 2 3 3 3.5 3 1 7:30 53 24 4 3 0 0 1 0 0 85 61 2 8:30 57 32 4 0 0 0 2 0 0 95 70 3 9:30 58 30 4 1 0 0 1 0 0 94 67 4 10:30 51 26 12 1 0 0 4 0 0 94 74 5 11:30 49 35 7 1 0 0 3 0 0 95 76 6 12:30 59 35 9 1 0 0 4 0 0 108 85 7 13:30 24 30 10 2 0 0 5 0 0 71 68
Table 11: Traffic Volume Count - Direction 05
From Jinnah Avenue (N5) To Gulistan-E-Jauhar - Malir Cantt Road Car/ Jeep/ Wagon/ Mini Large Other PCU S.No. Time Motorcycle Rickshaw Truck Trailer Total Taxi/ Hiace Bus Bus Machinery total Pickup PCU 0.5 1 0.75 1.5 2 3 3 3.5 3 1 7:30 66 13 2 5 0 0 0 0 0 86 55 2 8:30 75 21 5 4 0 0 1 0 0 106 72 3 9:30 55 11 5 3 0 0 1 0 0 75 50 4 10:30 77 17 9 3 0 0 0 0 0 106 67 5 11:30 60 20 5 2 0 0 3 0 0 90 66 6 12:30 76 41 5 6 0 0 3 0 0 131 101 7 13:30 68 33 7 7 0 0 0 0 0 115 83
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Table 12: Traffic Volume Count - Direction 06
THROUGH TRAFFIC AT JINNAH AVENUE (N5 TO M9) Car/ Jeep/ Wagon/ Mini Large Other PCU S.No. Time Motorcycle Rickshaw Truck Trailer Total Taxi/ Hiace Bus Bus Machinery Total Pickup PCU 0.5 1 0.75 1.5 2 3 3 3.5 3 1 7:30 1186 821 80 43 26 22 61 0 0 2239 1840 2 8:30 1169 670 112 16 21 5 60 0 0 2053 1600 3 9:30 854 649 110 2 18 3 73 0 0 1709 1426 4 10:30 859 869 127 12 17 4 97 0 1 1986 1752 5 11:30 911 897 135 14 18 7 99 0 0 2081 1829 6 12:30 921 910 125 0 15 9 101 0 0 2081 1825 7 13:30 357 552 68 9 13 5 64 1 0 1069 1032
The traffic charts indicate that minimal traffic is observed on the project road however comparatively large traffic numbers are captured at Jinnah Avenue.
1.3 SIMILAR AREA PARKING SURVEY
As the building is yet to be constructed so the building specific parking requirement is estimated using parking factor derived from similar nature building and projected to the proposed building. Separate procedures for commercial and residential land-use of the building are followed.
1.4 ROAD INVENTORY SURVEY
Road inventory helps in determining the capacity of the road network to facilitate the traffic volume generated through multiple projects collectively as well as an impact of a single building. Following drawing was developed using the road inventory survey. This drawing was developed initially using the satellite imagery and afterwards it was further checked on site using laser measurement instrument. After on site re-checking a final drawing was prepared which was sufficient for traffic analysis and level of service estimation.
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Figure 8: Road Inventory Map
1.5 BUS FREQUENCY SURVEY
The bus frequency survey has been conducted in order to collect the data about the number of buses which are operational near the proposed building, along with their frequency and occupancy. Real-time data is captured as the surveyor is assigned with forms at vintage locations and buses are noted down. It is observed that some buses are assigned on Jinnah Avenue however minimal buses are observed on the project access road.
The charts attached as follows, represent the frequency of buses for each hour along the project road network:
Table 13: Volume Count of Buses Frequency of Buses S. No. Time Mini Buses Large Buses 1 7:30 30 22 2 8:30 22 5
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3 9:30 43 4 4 10:30 38 8 5 11:30 36 11 6 12:30 26 12 7 13:30 25 8
1.6 LAND-USE DENSITY SURVEY
Usually the impact of surroundings are more than the impact of the building. But since the scope of traffic study covers the building related impacts therefore at times the effect of surroundings is not noted. In this study the consultant attempts to identify the impact of surroundings as well so that the actual difference between the delay created by the surrounding and the project can be reviewed separately. Attached map is prepared after the survey of land-use density of the surrounding area. This map depicts the impact other land-uses are creating on the road network.
Figure 9: Land-use Inventory Map
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1.7 DATA COLLECTION VIA CLIENT
The data collected via client includes the building related information, which is collected from the architectural plans and sections of the building. Expected operational year of the building, nature and land-use etc. are also extracted through project drawings and other data provided by the client. Primarily, data is provided by the client to kick off the project.
Figure 10: Schedule of Project - Project Drawing provided by Client
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Figure 11: Project Schedule - Project Drawing provided by Client
The collection of data from the client is significant in the approach to establish a precise analysis. This data can be effectively used to verify certain observations of traffic surveys. It is evident that some data is collected through practical surveys providing a more accurate number to carry out the analysis. The data collection exercise is followed by Parking Analysis, estimation of Access Gate Queue Length and V/C Ratio Analysis.
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CHAPTER 04: DATA ANALYSES
The series of data collection exercise is followed by relevant analyses through which outcomes are drawn relating to various traffic activities. Based upon these outcomes significant and appropriate recommendations are advocated.
1 PROJECT OVERVIEW
The proposed project entitled as ‘Nadeem Jinnah Icon Tower’ is planned to constructed on Plot no. 3/1-A, Land Measuring 4840 sq. yard, Out of Plot No. 3/1, Sector 40, Scheme No. 33, Karachi. The plan of the building is designed with B2+B1+G+11 storey with a purpose of commercial and residential land-use. The detailed description of the project plan is such that the basements 2 and 1 are dedicated for Parking, at Ground floor there is a superstore whereas from 1st to 11th floors are apartments of types A, A1, B, B1, B2 and XL. The total area of the plot is 43560 sq.ft. The basic building plan is summarized in the following table.
Table 14: Project Description Chart Number S. No. Floor Description Units Car Bikes 1 Basement 2 - 112 - Parking 2 Basement 1 - 85 - 3 Ground Floor Superstore - - - 4 1st – 11th Floor Apartments 16 on each floor
2 PARKING ANALYSIS
It is necessary to conduct Parking analysis in order to evaluate the required parking demand of the building. This evaluation will further involve the comparison of parking supply with the demand and incase of deficiency a strategy will be developed to manage the deficiency within the facility.
2.1 PARKING SUPPLY INVENTORY
The total number of parking stalls provided at the project building are presented in the table below:
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Table 15: Parking Supply Inventory Vehicle Type Basement 2 Basement 1 Car 112 85 Bike - -
2.2 PARKING DEMAND FACTOR
For parking demand estimation two separate buildings are surveyed with similar characteristics such as proposed building.
The factors derived are as follows:
Table 16: Parking Generation Factor Car Motor Cycle 4 Bedroom Apartment 1.75 1.75 3 Bedroom Apartment 1.5 1.75 2 Bedroom Apartment 1.1 1.5 1 Bedroom Apartment 0.75 Vehicles
2.3 RESIDENTIAL PARKING DEMAND ESTIMATION
The proposed Development consists of residential units from floors 1st – 11th. The parking demand estimation is presented in the following tables. For apartment Type B, consisting of one bedroom, the parking factor used is 0.75 vehicles, through which respective cars and bikes are calculated.
Table 17: Parking Demand Evaluation - Residential Residential Parking Demand Floor Description Apartment Details Parking Factor Number Required of Parking Type # of bed # of units Car Bike Floors Car Bike 1st - 5th Residential XL 4 2 1.75 1.75 5 18 18 Apartments A 3 12 1.5 1.75 90 105 A1 3 2 1.5 1.75 15 18 Total 123 141 6th - 11th Residential XL 4 2 1.75 1.75 6 21 21 Apartments B 2 6 1.1 1.5 40 54 B2 3 1 1.5 1.75 9 11 Total 70 86
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6th - 11th Residential B 1 7 0.75 6 32 Apartments Total Vehicular Demand for 1 Bed Apartments 32 Car Parking Demand (84% of Total Vehicular Demand) 27 Bike Parking Demand (16% of Total Vehicular Demand x 4) 21 Grand Total - Residential Parking Demand Evaluation 220 248
From the calculations it is estimated that for residential distribution of the above mentioned categories of apartments 220 and 248 parking stalls are required for cars and bikes respectively.
2.4 SUPERSTORE PARKING DEMAND ESTIMATION
For superstore parking demand the following analysis is carried out:
2.4.1 ESTIMATION OF PARKING GENERATION FACTOR
As there is a Super Store in the studied facility, therefore thorough studies were performed at established super stores to estimate the parking demand of this sub facility in detail. Hence from the surveyed location this super store was selected for head count analysis and parking generation.
Using the survey values trip generation factor was calculated for any store similar to that of surveyed superstores. Through analysis was being made and following are the results:
Table 18: Parking Generation Factor - Superstore ESTIMATION OF GENERATION FACTOR S. Peak Hour Head Generation Location Peak Hour Area No. Count Factor 1 Malir 453 19:00- 1600 0.0283125 Cantt. 20:00 0
The analysis depicts that there is a demand generation of 0.0283 Persons/Sq. ft. at the above mentioned vicinity. It is pertinent to mention that these are person trip rates. Which will be further analyzed in later stages to calculate vehicular trip rates and required parking demand.
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2.4.2 PROJECT SPECIFIC PERSON TRIO GENERATION
As discussed earlier that people with similar characteristics usually show similar behaviors to several cues and triggers. Similarly a facility attracting the people will experience quite similar behavior if it is compared with a facility of similar nature.
Keeping this concept intact, this sub section is further evaluating the project specific expected person trip rates using the trip generation factor of previously performed analysis and the data collected from the client regarding the project that includes but not limited to:
• Project location
• Project planned area in square feet
• Characteristics of the planned area
Using these values and the previously performed person traffic analysis of similar area and its generated factor following analysis was performed:
Table 19: Project Specific Headcount Generation Chart Project Specific Generation Factor S. No. Description Value 1 Avg. Factor 0.02831 2 Area of Project (SQFT) 21294 Expected Head Count at Project During Peak 3 602 Hour
This shows that the project facility will experience expected head count of 602 persons during peak hours. This can also be terms as the person trip rates this facility will generate during peak hours at the time of its full fledge operations.
2.4.3 CALCULATION OF MODAL DISTRIBUTION
People usually prefer several modes to travel. It is vital to evaluate the modal percentage i.e. approaching the facility. Broadly 03 modes are used i.e. walk, Passenger Cars (taxi or private vehicle) & Motor Cycles. Every mode has its own special characteristics and for the purpose of trip generation and parking demand estimation they are significant because all of them has unique occupancy levels.
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The utilization of occupancy level is show in the next section. This section utilize the survey data shown in the previous chapters and evaluates the modal percentages of each attracted mode. Following are the results of the analysis:
Table 20: Modal Percentage Distribution at Superstore Modal Percentage observed at Walk 9% Imtiaz Super Store Malir Cantt. Motorcycle 21% Car and Para-transit 70%
Since the para-transit usage has a big plus that this mode doesn’t require additional parking lots. This pick and go service as per our surveys has been utilized by many visitors of the facility. Our social survey was specifically designed to accommodate such type of demand. And hence we are quite able to evaluate the results of this surveyed data. From a detailed desk study and formulation various spreadsheets the team finally filter out the para-transit traffic from the passenger car traffic. The results showed that 13 % of the total Car users are actually using cab services.
2.4.4 VEHICULAR TRIP GENERATION & PARKING DEMAND
Using all the above data, an analysis was performed to evaluate the peak vehicular trip rates and parking demand. This data is essential to design drop-off points, their lengths, parking lot size and supply inventory etc.
Table 21: Trip Generation at Project - Superstore Vehicular Trip Generation S. No. Description Detail Value 1 Exp. Head Count 602 Walk 9% 2 Modal Percentage Motorcycle 21% Car 70% Motorcycle 1.6 3 Occupancy Car 1.8 Vehicular Trips/ Parking Motorcycle 80 4 Requirement Car 235 5 Deduction of Cab and Rickshaw users 13% 6 Final Parking Demand for Private Cars 205
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From the calculations it is concluded that for commercial distribution of the proposed project 205 & 80 parking stalls are required for cars & bikes respectively.
2.5 PROJECT PARKING DEMAND
The total number of parking stalls as calculated according to the parking factors of various types of facilitation in the building are:
Table 22: Project Parking Demand Vehicle Type Residential Demand Commercial Demand Total Demand Car 220 205 425 Bikes 248 80 328
2.6 COMPARISON OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND
Parking Analysis is conducted to assess the provision of parking at the facility such that in case of any deficiency suitable adjustments may be carried out before the operational phase. The calculations are presented in the table below:
Table 23: Comparison of Project Parking Supply and Demand Vehicle Type Supply Residential Demand Difference Car 197 220 23 Bikes - 248 248
For the parking supply and demand comparison only residential demand of the proposed project is considered because according to the law, parking facilitation for superstores must be entertained outside the building. Considering the fact, the supply at the proposed building is of 197 cars in contrast to which the evaluated demand is of 220 cars and 248 bikes. The parking provision is adequate at the proposed building however bike parking stalls must be sufficiently provided.
3 ACCESS GATE QUEUE LENGTH ANALYSIS
Considerable trip rates are expected to be generated by the building due its commercial land use. Scenario based on the predictable consequences are developed and outcomes drawn are evaluated for the expected Queue Length at the access gates.
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Different scenarios are considered to evaluate the performance and level of effectiveness of access gate under various arrival times. The best suited scenario is then recommended for operations at the project building.
For the access gate analysis, only residential demand is considered based on the fact that peak period is attained during the time of the day when no substantial commercial activity is conducted.
3.1 SCENARIO 01
In the first scenario we are assuming 95% of total traffic generation of the building approaching at the access gate, in the peak period of 30 mins. Service time for bikes and cars is 15 secs.
Table 24: Access Gate Analysis - Scenario 01 - Cars ARRIVAL SCENARIO: 1 (SUBJECT VEHICLE: CAR) Arrival period =30 mins, Service Time= 15 sec/veh S. No. Description Inputs Statistics Units 1 Time Period (min) 30 1800 sec 2 95% of Total Generation 220 209 # of cars 3 Service Time Required for vehicle 1 15 sec 4 Service Time Required for Generated 209 3135 secs Cars 5 Expected Queue for Cars 89 # of cars
The scenario depicts that at this particular arrival rate 89 cars will be queued at the access gate.
Table 25: Access Gate Analysis - Scenario 01 - Bikes ARRIVAL SCENARIO: 1 (SUBJECT VEHICLE: BIKES) Arrival period =30 mins, Service Time= 15 sec/veh S. No. Description Inputs Statistics Units 1 Time Period (min) 30 1800 sec 2 95% of Total Generation 248 236 # of bikes 3 Service Time Required for vehicle 1 15 sec Service Time Required for Generated 4 236 3534 secs Bikes 5 Expected Queue for Bikes 116 # of bikes
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In this scenario, the queue obtained consists of 116 bikes.
3.2 SCENARIO 02
In the second scenario we are assuming 95% of total traffic generation of the building approaching at the access gate, in the peak period of 45 mins. Service time for bikes and cars is 15 secs.
Table 26: Access Gate Analysis - Scenario 02 - Cars ARRIVAL SCENARIO: 2 (SUBJECT VEHICLE: CAR) Arrival period = 45 mins, Service Time= 15 sec/veh S. No. Description Inputs Statistics Units 1 Time Period (min) 45 2700 sec 2 95% of Total Generation 220 209 # of cars 3 Service Time Required for vehicle 1 15 sec 4 Service Time Required for 209 3135 secs Generated Cars 5 Expected Queue for Cars 29 # of cars
The scenario depicts that at this particular arrival rate 29 cars will be queued at the access gate.
Table 27: Access Gate Analysis - Scenario 02 - Bikes ARRIVAL SCENARIO: 2 (SUBJECT VEHICLE: BIKE) Arrival period = 45 mins, Service Time= 15 sec/veh S. No. Description Inputs Statistics Units 1 Time Period (min) 45 2700 sec # of 2 95% of Total Generation 248 236 bikes 3 Service Time Required for vehicle 1 15 sec Service Time Required for 4 236 3534 secs Generated Bikes 5 Expected Queue for Bikes 56 # of bikes
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In this scenario, the queue obtained consists of 56 bikes.
3.3 SCENARIO 03
In the third scenario we are assuming 95% of total traffic generation of the building approaching at the access gate, in the peak period of 60 mins. Service time for bikes and cars is 15 secs.
Table 28: Access Gate Analysis - Scenario 03 - Cars ARRIVAL SCENARIO: 3 (SUBJECT VEHICLE: CAR) Arrival period = 60 mins, Service Time= 15 sec/veh S. No. Description Inputs Statistics Units 1 Time Period (min) 60 3600 sec 2 95% of Total Generation 220 209 # of cars 3 Service Time Required for vehicle 1 15 sec 4 Service Time Required for 209 3135 secs Generated Cars 5 Expected Queue for Cars No Queue is Formed
The analysis highlights that no queue formation of cars is observed at the access gate
Table 29: Access Gate Analysis - Scenario 03 - Bikes ARRIVAL SCENARIO: 3 (SUBJECT VEHICLE: BIKE) Arrival period = 60 mins, Service Time= 15 sec/veh S. Description Inputs Statistics Units No. 1 Time Period (min) 60 3600 sec 2 95% of Total Generation 248 236 # of bikes 3 Service Time Required for vehicle 1 15 sec 4 Service Time Required for Generated Bikes 236 3534 secs 5 Expected Queue for Bikes No Queue is Formed
The analysis highlights that no queue formation of bikes is observed at the access gate
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3.4 ACCESS GATE QUEUE LENGTH SUMMARY
Three different scenarios are calibrated through variation in the arrival period of cars and bikes. According to the project demand, 95% of the total generation is taken into consideration. The results are presented in the table as follows:
Table 30: Access Gate Queue Length Analysis Summary Chart Type of Scenario 1 Scenario 2 Scenario 3 Vehicle Arrival Service Arrival Service Arrival Service Time = Time = 15 Time = 45 Time = 15 Time = 60 Time = 30 min secs min secs min 10 secs Car 89 29 No Queue Bikes 116 56 No Queue
The estimation predicts that no queue will be observed for bikes and cars in the third scenario. The statistical input in the third scenario entails to arrival period of 60 mins with service time of 15 sec/veh. It concludes that similar operational plan will be effective for the efficient performance of the Access Gate.
4 VOLUME-TO-CAPACITY RATIO ANALYSIS
The V/C ratio indicates the proportion of the facility’s capacity being utilized by current or projected traffic. Here V/C is calculated with the help of number of lanes, lane capacity, existing traffic and projected traffic volume of proposed site. V/C ratio is less than 1 which means that current design is sufficient.
The volume-to-capacity ratio is evaluated on four directions from which project is expected to attract traffic. All these directions are calculated on three scenarios; Existing Condition, No-built condition (2 year span) and Built Condition (2 year span) along with application of growth rate factor.
4.1 FROM JINNAH AVENUE TOWARDS GULISTAN-E-JAUHAR - MALIR CANTT ROAD
At this section the traffic volumes arriving from Jinnah Avenue at Gulistan-e-Jauhar – Malir Cantt road are used to evaluate V/C Ratio. The results obtained are as follows:
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Table 31: Volume-to-Capacity Ratio Analysis - Scenario 01 From Jinnah Avenue towards Gulistan-e-Jauhar - Malir Cantt Road No. of Lanes Capacity Volume V/C Existing Condition 2 4400 146 0.033 No-Built Condition (2 year Growth) 2 4400 164 0.037 Built Condition (2 year Growth) 2 4400 509 0.116
Minimal traffic volumes are observed on this section hence the V/C ratio estimates that there is capacity for a notable number of vehicles.
4.2 FROM GULISTAN-E-JAUHAR - MALIR CANTT ROAD TOWARDS JINNAH AVENUE
At this section the traffic volumes arriving from Gulistan-e-Jauhar – Malir Cantt road at Jinnah Avenue are used to evaluate V/C Ratio. The results obtained are as follows:
Table 32: Volume-to-Capacity Ratio Analysis - Scenario 02 From Gulistan-e-Jauhar - Malir Cantt Road towards Jinnah Avenue No. of Lanes Capacity Volume V/C Existing Condition 2 4400 142 0.032 No-Built Condition (2 year Growth) 2 4400 161 0.037 Built Condition (2 year Growth) 2 4400 505 0.115
Minimal traffic volumes are observed on this section hence the V/C ratio estimates that there is capacity for a notable number of vehicles.
4.3 AT JINNAH AVENUE FROM N5 TO M9
Jinnah Avenue connects multiple traffic attractors to each other and facilitates much from the traffic of N5 and M9. Also, the presence of multiple renowned
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commercial units such are also present here, capturing comparatively large number of traffic.
Table 33: Volume-to-Capacity Ratio Analysis - Scenario 03 At Jinnah Avenue from N5 to M9 No. of Lanes Capacity Volume V/C Existing Condition 3 6600 1819 0.28 No-Built Condition (2 year Growth) 3 6600 2045 0.31 Built Condition (2 year Growth) 3 6600 2389 0.36
Since the ratio is estimated to be less than 1 hence it is viable to note that the operating capacity of the road is satisfactory.
4.4 AT JINNAH AVENUE FROM M9 TO N5
Jinnah Avenue connects multiple traffic attractors to each other and facilitates much from the traffic of N5 and M9. Also, the presence of multiple renowned commercial units such are also present here, capturing comparatively large number of traffic.
Table 34: Volume-to-Capacity Ratio Analysis - Scenario 04 At Jinnah Avenue from M9 to N5 No. of Lanes Capacity Volume V/C Existing Condition 3 6600 1708 0.26 No-Built Condition (2 year Growth) 3 6600 1920 0.29 Built Condition (2 year Growth) 3 6600 2264 0.34
Since the ratio is estimated to be less than 1 hence it is viable to note that the operating capacity of the road is satisfactory.
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4.5 VOLUME-TO-CAPACITY RATIO ANALYSIS SUMMARY
The calculations of the ratio are carried out such that different scenarios are established.
The summary chart is presented as follows depicting that even after inclusion of project traffic and growth rate factor over the time span of two years the capacity of road is adequate to facilitate the traffic.
Table 35: Volume-to-Capacity Ratio Analysis - Summary Chart Existing No-Built Built Direction Condition Condition Condition Jinnah Avenue to Gulistan- 0.033 0.037 0.116 e-Jauhar - Malir Cantt Road Gulistan-e-Jauhar - Malir Cantt Road to Jinnah 0.032 0.037 0.115 Avenue Jinnah Avenue, M9 to N5 0.26 0.29 0.34 Jinnah Avenue, N5 to M9 0.28 0.31 0.36
5 BUS FREQUENCY ANALYSIS
Public Transportation plays a vital role in traffic management, especially considering the situation of Karachi’s traffic nowadays, it is the best suited solution.
At present, least number of buses are observed in the project influential area, depicting that a prominent change in the modal split will manage traffic operations to an improved level.
The table presented below shows the existing modal split along with the proposed modal split.
Table 36: Bus Frequency Analysis BUS FREQUENCY ANALYSIS Wagon/ Mini Large S.No. Description / Modes Bikes Car Rickshaw Truck Trailer Total Hiace Bus Bus 1 Existing Modal Volume 9,207 10,360 1,214 190 220 70 983 25 22,273 2 Percentage 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 Person Occupancy 1 2 2 20 40 70 2 2
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4 Person Accommodated 11,048 20,720 2,428 3,800 8,800 4,900 1,966 50 53,720 5 Proposed Modal Volume 6,961 8,156 1,214 190 220 1,129 983 25 18,882 6 Person Accommodated 8,354 16,311 2,428 3,800 8,800 79,032 1,966 50 120,749
The above analysis concludes that according to the modal split of existing traffic volumes person accommodated are 53,700 whereas if the percentage of cars and bikes are reduced 10% and a percentage shift of 5% in increased of buses then the total modal split will carry double the numbers of person i.e. 120,700.
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CHAPTER 05: CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS
1 PROJECT AREA BRIEF
The project is situated at M.M. Alam Road. This road is linked to Jinnah Avenue, Malir Link to Super Highway Road and University Road. The access to the project building is provided through Jinnah Avenue as well as Pehlwan Goth Road. The area in general is under development stage, however rapid establishments are taking place which include mostly commercial and residential apartments. Some of the developments surrounding the buildings are residential and in operation phase. Along the road minimal traffic is observed but due to the construction activities going on it is expected that the area will attract a prominent number of traffic in upcoming years. Also, some renowned commercial establishments are located at a nearby junction which attracts traffic from nearby areas especially Malir Cantt.
2 PROJECT OVERVIEW
The proposed project entitled as ‘Nadeem Jinnah Icon Tower’ is planned to constructed on Plot no. 3/1-A, Land Measuring 4840 sq. yard, Out of Plot No. 3/1, Sector 40, Scheme No. 33, Karachi. The plan of the building is designed with B2+B1+G+11 storey with a purpose of commercial and residential land-use. The detailed description of the project plan is such that the basements 2 and 1 are dedicated for Parking, at Ground floor there is a superstore whereas from 1st to 11th floors are apartments of types A, A1, B, B1, B2 and XL. The total area of the plot is 43560 sq.ft.
The basic building plan is summarized in the following table.
Table 37: Project Description Chart S. No. Floor Description 1 Basement 2 Parking 2 Basement 1 3 Ground Superstore 4 1st – 11th Apartments
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3 DATA ANALYSIS RESULTS
The traffic impact study is carried out focusing on the nature of building and immediate surrounding area. However, several other recommendations are perceived emphasizing on the entire project area influential contour, which are as follows:
3.1 PARKING ANALYSIS
Parking Analysis is conducted to assess the provision of parking at the facility such that in case of any deficiency suitable adjustments may be carried out before the operational phase.
The calculations are presented in the table below:
Table 38: Parking Analysis Summary Chart Vehicle Type Supply Residential Demand Difference Car 197 220 23 Bikes - 248 248
For the parking supply and demand comparison only residential demand of the proposed project is considered because according to the law, parking facilitation for superstores must be entertained outside the building. Considering the fact, the supply at the proposed building is of 197 cars in contrast to which the evaluated demand is of 220 cars and 248 bikes. The parking provision is adequate at the proposed building however bike parking stalls must be sufficiently provided.
3.2 ACCESS GATE QUEUE LENGTH ANALYSIS
Three different scenarios are calibrated through variation in the arrival period of cars and bikes. According to the project demand, 95% of the total generation is taken into consideration. The results are presented in the table as follows:
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Table 39: Access Gate Queue Length Analysis - Summary Chart Scenario 1 Scenario 2 Scenario 3 Type of Arrival Service Arrival Service Arrival Service Vehicle Time = Time = 15 Time = 45 Time = 15 Time = 60 Time = 10 30 min secs min secs min secs Car 89 29 No Queue Bikes 116 56 No Queue
The estimation predicts that no queue will be observed for bikes and cars in the third scenario. The statistical input in the third scenario entails to arrival period of 60 mins with service time of 15 sec/veh. It concludes that similar operational plan will be effective for the efficient performance of the Access Gate.
3.3 VOLUME-TO-CAPACITY RATIO ANALYSIS
The calculations of the ratio are carried out such that different scenarios are established. The summary chart is presented as follows depicting that even after inclusion of project traffic and growth rate factor over the time span of two years the capacity of road is adequate to facilitate the traffic.
Table 40: Volume-to-Capacity Ratio Analysis - Summary Chart Existing No-Built Built Direction Condition Condition Condition Jinnah Avenue to Gulistan- 0.033 0.037 0.116 e-Jauhar - Malir Cantt Road Gulistan-e-Jauhar - Malir Cantt Road to Jinnah 0.032 0.037 0.115 Avenue Jinnah Avenue, M9 to N5 0.26 0.29 0.34 Jinnah Avenue, N5 to M9 0.28 0.31 0.36
3.4 BUS FREQUENCY ANALYSIS
Public Transportation plays a vital role in traffic management, especially considering the situation of Karachi’s traffic nowadays, it is the best suited solution. At present, least number of buses are observed in the project influential area, depicting that a prominent change in the modal split will manage traffic operations to an improved level. The table presented below shows the existing modal split along with the proposed modal split.
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Table 41: Bus Frequency Analysis Chart BUS FREQUENCY ANALYSIS S.No. Description / Modes Bikes Car Rickshaw Wagon/ Mini Large Truck Trailer Total Hiace Bus Bus 1 Existing Modal Volume 9,207 10,360 1,214 190 220 70 983 25 22,273 2 Percentage 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 Person Occupancy 1 2 2 20 40 70 2 2 4 Person Accommodated 11,048 20,720 2,428 3,800 8,800 4,900 1,966 50 53,720 5 Proposed Modal Volume 6,961 8,156 1,214 190 220 1,129 983 25 18,882 6 Person Accommodated 8,354 16,311 2,428 3,800 8,800 79,032 1,966 50 120,749
The above analysis concludes that according to the modal split of existing traffic volumes person accommodated are 53,700 whereas if the percentage of cars and bikes are reduced 10% and a percentage shift of 5% in increased of buses then the total modal split will carry double the numbers of person i.e. 120,700.
Figure 12: Extended Contour of Project Location with Area Demarcation
4 EXTENDED INFLUENTIAL CONTOUR OF THE PROJECT AREA
The project location is near Jinnah Avenue which is a significant route to facilitate traffic coming from M9 as well as from N5. Along with this there are several other residential blocks nearby and prominent area of Malir Cantt which is also transmitted through this route.
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At present, the developed area in the influential contour is minimal, whereas the undeveloped area is maximum henceforth the impact observed through a generic perception is not so significant at the moment. However if the rapid establishments undergoing in the influential area are considered in future tremendous population growth and progress will be seen in this area generating huge numbers of traffic. The figure attched below indicates the various sections of developed and undeveloped portions.
4.1 MODAL PERCENTAGES AT NEARBY INTERSECTION
The intersection near project is analyzed and its traffic volumes at peak hour on intersection is evaluated and modal percentages are also identified. The picture below depicts the traffic volumes and modal percentages at the mentioned intersection.
Figure 13: Existing Modal Percentages at Project Intersection
4.2 RECOMMENDATIONS BASED ON INFLUENTIAL CONTOUR
The evaluation of the extended project influential area contour basically focuses on the prompt development in the area integrating the fact that Jinnah Avenue is at present the only route facilitating traffic from all over the city especially super highway. There is no signal present at the road and the recommendation undergoes that the entire road may be signalized. Signals offer the maximum degree of control at intersections and henceforth synchronized signals maybe in effect to reduce the delays at the intersection.
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• If the entire Jinnah Avenue starting from Malir Link to Super Highway towards Kazimabad and further towards Model colony must be managed through synchronized (time coordinated) signals. The effects of coordination at an individual intersection depend on the timing plan and the operations of adjacent intersections. The coordination may be beneficial to a vehicle traveling between the two intersections, because it will face green time when reach on other intersection, in that manner delay will be reduced.
• Another recommendation is that effective public transportation suiting the requirements of customers maybe viably essential at the route. This transportation means must incorporate connectivity to several important areas of the city.
• The development is the area is inevitable and the prominent need of growing population of the city. Hence increased vehicular and passenger trips are expected. This can be managed through minor shifts in modal percentages, such that private vehicle transportation must be replaced with a minimal number of public transportation increasing the passenger travel capacity on the roads rather than vehicular.
Figure 14: Proposed Modal Percentages at Project Intersection
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5 CONSOLIDATED RECOMMENDATIONS
• The parking evaluation depicts that the in-house car parking provision is deficient of 23 stalls which must be effectively accommodated in the proposed building.
• In the drawings provided, no bike parking stalls are present. The bike parking stalls must be properly marked at the proposed building and must be available to accommodate 248 bikes.
• The Superstore Parking Demand is estimated separately, which concludes that the demand generation will be of 205 cars and 80 Bikes. According to Law, the commercial parking demand must be entertained on-street, hence it is not considered for any of the afore-mentioned analyses.
• However, if such a mechanism is not advised by the law then a separate parking floor dedicated to superstore parking must be provided with similar stall number as mentioned in the analysis.
• To further manage the commercial demand valet services must be arranged.
• The access gate analysis is conducted separate for bikes and cars, therefore any mechanism adapted for entrance and exit must operate distinctively for each vehicle type.
• The access gate analysis is conducted considering the residential demand only and favorable mechanism variables are presented in the analysis chapter.
• It is strongly recommended to design new public transportation routes at least originating from these areas and leading to city centers.
• Two most important public transport routes recommended for this area are:
✓ Jinnah Avenue – N5 – Drigh Road – FTC – PIDC – Shaheen Complex – I.I. Chundrigarh Road – Tower
✓ Jinnah Avenue – University Road – NIPA – Hassan Square – Jail Chowrangi – Numaish – Saddar
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• The chemistry of this Avenue also depicts the need of feeder routes leading to main arterials as follows:
✓ Jinnah Avenue – Malir Halt
✓ Jinnah Avenue – Karachi University
• The bus frequency analysis emphasizes on the need to proper management of modal spit. At present the number of persons accommodated at the road through existing modes can be doubled if a percentage decrease in privately owned vehicles is substituted by even half of the percentage increase in buses.
• The V/C Ratio is also evaluated to estimate the impact which will in further years cause an impact on the immediate project area.
• It is concluded by the analysis that project traffic will not have a prominent impact on the road network associated with project location.
• The project is located on M.M. Alam road which connects to Jinnah Avenue evaluating that a notable increase in the traffic volumes will be noted on the road network in upcoming years which may be managed through a minor change in modal percentages.
• Proper signage and marking should be provided in the area to guide the passengers.
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ANNEXURE A – ROAD INVENTORY MAP
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ANNEXURE B – LAND-USE INVENTORY MAP
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