Forestation, Aesthetic Plantation and Landscaping for Karachi
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Forestation, Aesthetic Plantation and Landscaping For Karachi FINAL REPORT Forestation, Aesthetic Plantation & Landscaping Study-Karachi Comprehensive Plan TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgement………………………………………………………………………………ix Executive Summary………………………………………………………………………….. xi Chapter I……………………………………………………………………………………1 1.0 Introduction………………………………………………………………………………1 1.1 Background ……………………………………………………………………………1 1.2 Historical context of Karachi……………………………………………….…………1 1.3 Geographical context of Karachi…………………………………………..…………2 1.4 Population and demographic analysis……………………………………..………2 1.5 Ecological footprint analysis……………………………………………..……………2 1.6 Environmental context of Karachi………………………………………..……………3 1.7 Past Master Planning and Landscaping …………………………….……………3 1.8 Opportunities and Challenges for Comprehensive Plan…………….……………4 Chapter II………………………………………………………………………………………5 2. Goals and Basis of Comprehensive Plan………………………………………………..5 2.1 Goals of Comprehensive Plan……………………………………………………………5 2.2 Forestation and Landscaping……………………………………………………….……6 2.3 Implementation of Goals……………………………………………………………….…6 2.4 Basis of Comprehensive Plan…………………………………………………………..6 2.4.1 Background Studies…………………………………………………………………....6 Chapter III………………………………………………………………………………………11 3. Assessment of Target Areas………………………….……………………………………11 3.1 Total vegetation Cover in Karachi……………………….………………………………11 3.2 CDGK’S Entry Points………………………………………………………………15 3.3 Karachi Northern Bye-Pass……………………………………………………..16 3.4 Link Roads …………………………………………………………………………16 3.5 Urban Roads and Arteries of Karachi ……………………………….……………17 3.6 Defense Housing Authority roads ………………………………………………………22 3.7 Soil Quality of target areas………………………………………………………………24 3.8 Water Quality and Suitability……………………………………………………………27 3.9 Rivers……….………………………………………………………………………………29 3.9.1 Malir River ………………………………………………………………………………29 3.9.2 Lyari River………………………………………………………………………………31 3.10 Coastal belt of Karachi outside mangrove areas ……………………………………32 3.11 Streets, roundabouts and greenbelts … ………………………………………………35 3.12 Farmlands…………………………………………………………………………………37 3.13 Establishment of Mini Forests…………………………………………………………38 3.13.1 Assessment of Mini Forests…………………………………………………………38 3.13.2 Concept of Mini Forests ………………………………………………………………38 3.13.3 Importance of Forests/ Mini Forests…………………………………………………39 3.13.4 Potential for Establishment of Mini Forests in Karachi……………………………39 3.14 Micro irrigation system …………….……………………………………………………40 3.14.1 Why Micro Irrigation Design is Important……………………………………………40 3.14.2 Advantages of Modified Hose fed Irrigation System………………………………40 3.14.3 Comparison between Hose fed and Drip Irrigation Systems………………………41 3.14.4 Modified Hose-Fed Fertigation System………………………………………………41 Tahir Traders-Landscape Consultants, Karachi i Forestation, Aesthetic Plantation & Landscaping Study-Karachi Comprehensive Plan Chapter IV………………………………………………………………………………………43 4. Concept Designs of Target Areas ………………………………………………………43 4.1 General Guidelines for Designing of Roads/Avenues …………………………………43 4.1.1 Balanced Line System …………………………………………………………………43 4.1.2 Unbalanced Line System ………………………………………………………………43 4.1.3 Sporadic System ………………………………………………………………………43 4.1.4 The Park way System …………………………………………………………………43 4.2 Purpose and objectives of forestation along highways ………………………………44 4.3 General Plantation Pattern ………………………………………………………………44 4.4 Guidelines for Plantations along Highways………………………..……………………45 4.5 Concept designs and choice of species for highways and roads ……………………46 4.5.1 Super Highway (M-9)…………………………………………………………………46 4.5.2 National Highway (N-5)………………………………………………………………50 4.5.3 RCD Highway (N-25)……………………………………………………………………52 4.5.4 Establishment of Tree Groves ………………………………………………………53 4.5.5 Karachi Northern Bye- Pass ………………………………………………………53 4.5.6 Link Roads …………………………………………………………………………….55 4.6 Main Roads and arteries of city …………………………………………………………65 4.6.1 Objectives of Forestation of Urban Roads ……………………………………………65 4.6.2 Assessment of Urban roads ……………………………………………………………65 4.6.3 Present status of Urban Plantation……………………………………………………65 4.6.4 Proposed Planting Methodology………………………………………………………66 4.6.5 Guiding principles of Concept designs………………………………………………66 4.6.6 General guidelines for concept designs………………………………………………67 4.6.7 Classification of Urban Roads …………………………………………………………68 4.6.8 Concept Design of Major Roads and Arteries:………………………………………72 4.6.9 Concept designs of Corridors…………………………………………………………..89 4.6.10 Concept designs of Major Roads ……………………………….............…………103 4.6.11 Per Unit Cost of Urban roads………………………………………………………..113 4.6.12 Rivers ………………………………………………………………………………… 117 4.6.12.1 Malir River…………………………………………………………………………117 4.6.12.2 Lyari River …………………………………………………………………………122 4.6.13 Farmlands ……………………………………………………………………………128 4.6.13.1 Social Forestry in urban agriculture areas ……………………………………128 4.6.13.2 Social Forestry technologies for Urban Build Up Areas……………………135 4.6.13.3 Social Forestry Models and their technical features ………………137 4.6.13.4 Establishment of demonstration areas/plots ……………………………139 4.6.13.5 Awareness Campaign for Social Forestry ………………………………139 4.6.13.6 Incentives for social/participatory Forestry…………...……………………… 143 4.6.13.7 Capacity building of target groups ………………………………………………144 4.6.13.8 Training Module for Social Forestry/Participatory Forestry ……………………146 4.6.14 Mini forests ……………………………………………………………………………148 4.6.14.1 Objectives of Mini Forests ………………………………………………………148 4.6.14.2 Probable Locations of Mini Forests ………………………………………………148 4.6.14.3 Concept Designs of Mini Forests ………………………………………………149 4.6.14.4 Technique of Establishment of Mini Forest ……………………………………150 4.6.14.5 Proposed potential area for establishment of Mini Forests……………………153 4.6.15 Coastal belt outside mangrove area ………………………………………………154 4.6.15.1 Purpose and Objectives of Forestation and landscaping on coastal roads …154 4.6.15.2 Concept Designs …………………………………………………………………155 4.6.15.3 Proposals of water supply ………………………………………………………156 Tahir Traders-Landscape Consultants, Karachi ii Forestation, Aesthetic Plantation & Landscaping Study-Karachi Comprehensive Plan 4.6.15.4 Proposals for Development of Recreation Areas ………………………………156 4.6.16 Streets, Roundabouts and Greenbelts …………………………………………157 4.6.16.1 Streets ……………………………………………………………………………158 4.6.16.2 Roundabouts ………………………………………………………………………159 4.6.16.3 Greenbelts…………………………………………………………………………172 4.6.17 Maintenance of trees…………………………………………………………………182 4.6.18 Establishment of Nursery …………………………………………………………183 4.6.19 Concept designs on Micro Irrigation Techniques ………………………………184 4.6.19.1 Objectives …………………………………………………………………………186 4.6.19.2 Micro Irrigation Systems Technology …………………………………………186 4.6.19.3 Irrigation Scheduling ……………………………………………………………186 4.6.19.4 Crop Water Requirements ……………………………………………………186 4.6.19.5 Irrigation Water Quality Criteria ………………………………………………188 4.6.19.6 Comparisons of various Micro Irrigation Systems and their Components .188 4.6.19.7 System Layout and Components of Drip Irrigation…………………………189 4.6.19.8 Low-Cost Modified Hose-fed Irrigation System ………………………190 4.6.19.9 System Layout and Components of Hose fed system …………………….…190 Chapter V …………………………………………………………………………………… 211 5. Physical and Financial Targets and Impact of Comprehensive Plan ……………211 5.1 Physical Targets ………………………………………………………………………211 5.2. Utilization of Container Plants and estimated achievement of targets …………212 5.3. Projected Targets of KSMP, 2020 …………………………………………………213 5.4. Micro Irrigation …………………………………………………………………………213 5.5 Overall Targets of Comprehensive Plan ……………………………………………214 5.6 Estimated Financial Financial allocation of Comprehensive Plan …………………215 5.7. Impact of Comprehensive Plan ………………………………………………………217 5.8. Agencies and groups influencing urban Tree management in Karachi……….220 5.9. Other potential organizations/Departments ……………………………………220 5.10. Non Government Organizations ……………………………………………………220 5.11. Phasing of Physical and Financial targets …………………………………………221 Chapter VI ……………………………………………………………………………………225 6. Approaches/strategies for execution of Plan …………………………………………225 6.1: Coordination……………………………………………………………………………225 6.2: Participation ……………………………………………………………………………225 6.3: Team work ………………………………………………………………………………225 6.4: Political will ……………………………………………………………………………225 6.5: Vision-driven planning …………………………………………………………………226 6.6: Community involvement ………………………………………………………………226 6.7: The Green Movement …………………………………………………………………226 6.8: Allocation of budget for Tree Plantation in Infrastructure Projects…………………226 6.9: Partnerships ……………………………………………………………………………226 6.10: Transparency …………………………………………………………………………227 6.11: Environmental stewardship …………………………………………………………227 6.12: Recommended Administrative set up for execution of Plan ……………………227 6.13: Legislationn for Trees and Parks……………………………. ……………………228 6.14: Alleniation of Comprehensive Plan with KSDP and Sindh Vision 2030. ………228 6.15: Allocation of Land for Forestation ……………………………. ……………………228 6.16: Public Private Partnership………….…………………………. ……………………228 6.17: Preservattions of Heritage Trees….…………………………. ……………………229 6.18: Tree Plantation on Pathways……….…………………………. ……………………229 Tahir Traders-Landscape Consultants, Karachi iii Forestation, Aesthetic Plantation & Landscaping Study-Karachi Comprehensive Plan Chapter VII …………………………………………………………………………………231 7. Monitoring and Evaluation Plan of Comprehensive Plan ……………………………231 7.1: Monitoring and Evaluation (M & E) System using Satellite Facility ………………231