The Pathologization, Psychologization, and Privatization

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

The Pathologization, Psychologization, and Privatization 1 BOTTLED TEARS: THE PATHOLOGIZATION, PSYCHOLOGIZATION, AND PRIVATIZATION OF GRIEF LEEAT GRANEK A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY GRADUATE PROGRAM IN PSYCHOLOGY YORK UNIVERSITY, TORONTO, ONTARIO OCTOBER 2008 Library and Archives Bibliotheque et Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-90378-0 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-90378-0 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par I'lnternet, preter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans le loan, distrbute and sell theses monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non­ support microforme, papier, electronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. Ni thesis. Neither the thesis nor la these ni des extraits substantiels de celle-ci substantial extracts from it may be ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement printed or otherwise reproduced reproduits sans son autorisation. without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformement a la loi canadienne sur la Privacy Act some supporting forms protection de la vie privee, quelques may have been removed from this formulaires secondaires ont ete enleves de thesis. cette these. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires aient inclus dans in the document page count, their la pagination, il n'y aura aucun contenu removal does not represent any loss manquant. of content from the thesis. Canada iv Abstract I examine how grief has become constructed by the psy-disciplines as a pathology, and the impact this approach to viewing grief has had on contemporary grievers. I argue that the psy-disciplines have constructed grief as a disorder so as to claim a role in professionally treating grief. Further, I argue that the construction of grief by mainstream psychology has influenced North American norms in the modern world. I show how these grief norms are reiterated in medical/psychological discourses, in mainstream media, and in public policy. By tracing the development of grief theory, originally conceived by Freud within a psychoanalytic framework, to the current conceptualization of grief within the disease model, I show how grief theory has evolved within the discipline of psychology to become a) an object worthy of scientific study within the discipline and subsequently, b) a pathology to be privatized specialized, and treated by mental health professionals. Subsequent chapters examine the impact of psychological classifications on people's experiences of grieving. I argue that the power of the psy-disciplines to construct categories of human experience actively constructs new ways of being, thinking, and feeling when it comes to the expression and experience of grief. Using examples of mainstream media such as film, television, newspapers, magazines, self-help books, and memoirs, I show how the psy-construction of grief becomes thoroughly looped into people's consciousness so that the notion of pathological grief becomes the norm for people. I also examine three intertwined cultural discourses that support and enforce the psy-construction of pathological grief including fear of the body and emotions, the denial of death, and subsequently the denial of grief, and the contemporary progress narrative that does not allow for expressions of prolonged sadness. I show that a significant outcome of all three of these discourses that support the construction of pathological grief is a sense of shame and embarrassment for the mourner. The last chapter examines how modern grieving trends can be interpreted as new forms of rituals that have arisen in response to a culture that does not tolerate grieving, and offers no protocol on how to mourn one's losses. vi For Irit Granek (1953-2005), a dedicated, loving mother, and a loyal and passionate friend. vii Acknowledgments A wise child once told me that when someone you love dies, your heart hurts so much it stretches and then there is room for more love after the pain goes away. One of the things that happened after my mother died is that I gained a new appreciation and overwhelming sense of gratitude for those around me. A result, I believe, of my stretched heart. There aren't enough pages for me to include all the people to whom I am thankful for. With that caveat in mind, here are a few out of the many that I wish to acknowledge. I thank my supervisory committee, Dr. Thomas Teo, Dr. Stephen Fleming, and Dr. Alexandra Rutherford for their editorial input and continual enthusiasm for my project. To Alexandra Rutherford, a committed, and supportive mentor, I am particularly grateful. Thank you for the advice, the collaborative work, the encouragement, your caring, your generosity with time and resources, and the delicious baked goods that kept me going all these years. To Naomi Wolf, I owe heart-felt thanks. Thank you for supporting my wish to live ethically and spiritually, for being a shining example of courage, bravery, and passion, for generously including me in your family and inviting me into your home and for supporting and encouraging and getting excited about this project, even when, especially when it was the most depressing. To Maria Varnvalis, I owe my gratitude for coming up with the ingenious title of this project. To Beth Dewitt, I am thankful for carefully editing the entire dissertation and catching all the little errors along the way. I thank one of my best friends, Ran Levine, for always making me laugh, for reading, and editing my work with verve and style, and for listening to me talk for hours on end about nothing and everything. I thank Yonatan (age 5), Stav (age 10 months), Noah (age 4 months), Mara (age 7 months) and Keshet (age 1), for bringing so much joy and laughter into my life at a time where I thought I would never smile again. To all the glorious women who have supported and sustained me through the hardest years of my life, Orna Megides, Naomi Valin, Dr. Sharonie Valin, Leemor Valin, Maya Nahman, Dr. Michal Nahman, Lila Beijer, Dr. Ellen Warner, Seagal Eben-Ezra, Dr. Tobi Lubinsky, Dr. Giselle Vincett, Danya Lantz, Dr. Kayli Balaban, Lauren Epton, Dr. Ann Yeoman, Doriann Shapiro, Rabbi Yael Splansky, Dr. Karen Fergus, Wende Jager- Hyman and the Woodhull Institute and all the women of the monthly women's gathering group, I thank you. I thank my best friend, and cousin, Tom Megides, for listening, for being there, and for existing. Without you I could not have survived the last decade of my life. You are the sister I dreamed of my whole life. To my older brother, Jamie and younger brother, Elran with whom I am convinced I share a heart, I owe my gratitude. My world is a safer place because you defend it on both sides. Thank you for laughing with me, crying with me, and grounding me in reality every Shabbat dinner for the last 28 years of my life. You make every experience, every accomplishment, every moment infinitely better because it's shared with you. To Kalman Granek, my father, I am thoroughly grateful. Thank you for telling me you love me every time we talk, for reminding me to drive safely, and cross the street with caution. Thank you for helping me change the oil in my car, teaching me about how to invest money and hanging up every shelf in my house on multiple occasions. Thank you for believing that I could accomplish anything. I am grateful also to the four women who were inspirations for this project that died in 2005. For my aunt, Chaya Itzchaki, my professor, Cynthia Chataway and for my mother's friends, Louise Sahar and Gail, known simply as the 'chemo partner', I thank you wherever you are. May your memories continue to be a blessing to all who had the privilege to know you. And finally, to my mother, Irit Granek (1953- 2005) who was my best friend and to whom this project is dedicated, I am beyond gratitude. There are simply no words to describe or to express appreciation for the value of unconditional love. It is akin to trying to explain the importance of air for survival. May we be blessed to have mothers like these, and may we strive towards becoming such parents ourselves. ix Table of Contents Abstract iv Dedication vi Acknowledgments viii Table of Contents ix Preface xi Horizon of Understanding xiii Introduction 1 Theoretical foundation 1 Overview 9 Chapter One: Problematization 13 Human vs. Natural Kinds: The Development of the Psychological Concept of Grief 13 Psychoanalytic Conceptualizations of Grief 19 Psychiatric Conceptualizations of Grief 31 Grief Studies in the United Kingdom 46 The Synergy of Psychology and Psychiatry 42 Chapter Two: Pathologization 51 The Abnormality Paradigm 51 Psychiatry and Classification 59 The Expansion of Psychology and the Construction of Pathology 65 The Pathologization
Recommended publications
  • Altered Hyaluronic Acid Content in Tear Fluid of Patients with Adenoviral Conjunctivitis
    Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências (2015) 87(1): 455-462 (Annals of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences) Printed version ISSN 0001-3765 / Online version ISSN 1678-2690 http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765201520140122 www.scielo.br/aabc Altered hyaluronic acid content in tear fluid of patients with adenoviral conjunctivitis JULIANA L. DREYFUSS1,2*, CAIO V. REGATIERI1,3,5*, BRUNO COELHO1, JOSÉ B. BARBOSA3, DENISE DE FREITAS3, HELENA B. NADER1 and JOÃO R. MARTINS1,4 1Departamento de Bioquímica, Disciplina de Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Três de Maio, 100, 4º andar, 04044-020 São Paulo, SP, Brasil 2Departamento de Informática em Saúde, Grupo Interdisciplinar de Ciências Exatas em Saúde, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Botucatu, 862, 04023-062 São Paulo, SP, Brasil 3Departamento de Oftalmologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Botucatu, 821, 04023-062 São Paulo, SP, Brasil 4Departamento de Medicina, Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Borges Lagoa, 800, 04038-001 São Paulo, SP, Brasil 5Department of Ophthalmology, New England Eye Center, Tufts Medical Center, 800 Washington Street, 02111 Boston, MA, USA Manuscript received on March 13, 2014; accepted for publication on October 24, 2014 ABSTRACT The adenoviral conjunctivitis is one of the biggest causes of conjunctival infection in the world. Conjunctivitis causes relatively nonspecific symptoms, as hyperaemia and chemosis. Even after biomicroscopy, complex laboratory tests, such as viral culture, are necessary to identify the pathogen or its etiology. To contribute to the better understanding of the pathobiology of the adenoviral conjunctivitis, the tear fluids of patients with unilateral acute adenovirus conjunctivitis (UAAC), normal donors (control) and patients with allergic conjunctivitis were analyzed.
    [Show full text]
  • Ν Prefit Examination
    Cosmetics and the Contact Lens Wearer - What and Why By Diane F. Drake, LDO, ABOM, FCLSA Mission Statement Better Quality of Life Through Better Vision Course Description This presentation discusses cosmetics offered for the male and female contact lens wearers. Obvious and not so obvious cosmetics such as hairsprays, aftershaves, colognes, and soaps will be discussed. Proper handling and hygiene of contact lenses and the various structures of the tear layer and ocular structure will be included. Discover how improper cosmetic use can affect tear layers and the success or lack of success of the contact lens wearer. Introduction ν Tear layers ν Cosmetic usage ν Importance of tear film ν Patient instructions ν Types of cosmetics ν Conclusion - Communication ν Prefit examination Anatomy of the Eye Cornea Eyelids ν Five distinct layers ν Important in health of eye – Epithelium – Help to keep eye moist – Bowman’s layer – Help to distribute tears, oxygen and – Stroma nutrients – Descemets membrane – Protects the eye from light and injury – Endothelium – Lids are elastic ν Lose elasticity with age Tissues of Eyelids Conjunctiva ν Conjunctiva ν Thin mucous membrane, running ν Termed palpebral aperture continuous from lid to corneal limbus – While opened – Not always same size – Palpebral - lids – Bulbar - Globe of eye ν Contain Meibomian glands ν Contain Sebaceous glands ν Muscles of eyelid – Levator Muscle ν Pumps tears away – Orbicularis Oculi Muscle Contact lenses cannot get lost behind the eye Lacrimal Apparatus - Tear Production ν The conjunctival
    [Show full text]
  • Virtual Homage to the Dead: an Analysis of Digital Memorials in the Social Web
    Virtual Homage to the Dead: An Analysis of Digital Memorials in the Social Web Aron Daniel Lopes, Cristiano Maciel, and Vinicius Carvalho Pereira Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso (UFMT) Laboratório de Ambientes Virtuais Interativos (LAVI) Av. Fernando Corrêa da Costa, nº2367 - Cuiabá/MT - Brazil -78060-000 [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Abstract. Considering that many real-world cultural practices are now migrating to virtual environments, the expression of mourning and bereavement is also being imported to the virtual world, by means of the so-called digital memorials, supported by increasingly new and complex technologies. In this paper, we undertake a literature review on real and digital memorials, as well as social networks. Then, through empirical observation of digital memorials in Brazil, we investigate if they have characteristics of the social web. Next, by means of an interaction test and a questionnaire, we analyze how users feel when interacting with digital memorials and their evaluation on the functionalities of those applications. Finally, we approach the difficulties found when studying this kind of tools and our perspectives for future works. Keywords: digital memorials, social web, social networks, death. 1 Introduction In modern societies, digital technologies are increasingly embedded in our daily activities, thus changing the way we see the world and act upon it. That leads real- world social practices to migrate into virtual environments and acquire new meanings, including cultural expressions triggered by someone’s death. Death is an unavoidable event which entails both sacred and profane rites, most often performed by bereaved people. Among those rites, we can find wakes, funerals, burials, requiem masses, prayers and the building of memorials.
    [Show full text]
  • A Case of Steroid Induced Mania
    Case Report International Journal of Psychiatry A Case of Steroid Induced Mania 1* 1 Maryam M Alnasser , Yasser M Alanzi and Amena H * 2 Corresponding author Alhemyari Maryam M Alnasse, MBBS from University of Dammam, Saudi Arabia, E-mail: [email protected]. 1 MBBS from University of Dammam, Saudi Arabia. Submitted: 14 Dec 2016; Accepted: 26 Dec 2016; Published: 30 Dec 2016 2MBBS from King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia. Abstract Background: Steroids have been widely used and prescribed for a variety of systemic diseases. Although they prove to be highly effective, they have many physical and psychiatric adverse effects. The systemic side effects of these medications are well known and well studied, in contrast to the psychiatric adverse effects which its phenomenology needs to be the focus of more clinical studies. However, the incidence of diagnosable psychiatric disorders due to steroid therapy is reported to be 3-6%. Affective reactions such as depression, mania, and hypomania are the most common adverse effects, along with psychosis, anxiety and delirium. Aim: We describe a case of corticosteroid induced mania, its unusual clinical picture, its course and management. Case description: A 14-year-old female intermediate school student, with a recent diagnosis of Chron’s disease was brought to A&E department due to acute behavioral disturbance in form of confusion, visual hallucinations, psychomotor agitation, irritability, hyperactivity, talkativeness, lack of sleep, and physical aggression. Those symptoms have started few days following corticosteroid therapy which was Prednisolone 40mg PO OD. And she was diagnosed with steroid induced mania. Discussion: This case illustrates the need for more understanding of the phenomenology and diversity of corticosteroids induced psychiatric syndromes.
    [Show full text]
  • Magisterarbeit/ Master's Thesis
    MAGISTERARBEIT/ MASTER’S THESIS Titel der Magisterarbeit/ Title of the Master‘s Thesis „Web Memorials in the German Speaking Area“ Demographics and Temporal Patterns of Communication verfasst von/ submitted by Alexandra Lux, Bakk.phil. angestrebter akademischer Grad/ in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Magistra der Philosophie, (Mag. phil.) Wien/ Vienna, 2017 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt/ Degree programme code as it appears on A 066 841 the student record sheet: Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt/ Degree programme as it appears on Magisterstudium Publizistik- und the student record sheet: Kommunikationswissenschaft Betreut von/ Supervisor: Univ.- Prof- Dr. Homero Gil de Zúñiga, PhD !2 Declaration of Authorship I hereby declare that the thesis submitted is my own unaided work. All direct or indirect sources used are acknowledged as references. I am aware that the thesis in digital form can be examined for the use of unauthorized aid and in order to determine whether the thesis as a whole or parts incorporated in it may be deemed as plagiarism. For the comparison of my work with exist- ing sources I agree that it shall be entered in a database where it shall also remain after examination, to enable comparison with future theses submitted. Further rights of reproduction and usage, however, are not granted here. This paper was not previously presented to another examination board and has not been published. Vienna, 2017 !3 !4 Acknowledgment At this point I want to thank the people that supported me (in all the various ways) through my studies and with whom this would not have been possible. First, of course my parents, Andrea and Reinmut.
    [Show full text]
  • Epiphora (Excessive Tearing)
    EPIPHORA (EXCESSIVE TEARING) INTRODUCTION Epiphora, or excessive tearing, is the overflow of tears from one or both eyes. Epiphora can occur all the time or only sometimes. It can be split into two categories. Either too many tears are produced or not enough of the tears are cleared. The following information will focus on tears not being cleared. ANATOMY The part of your body that makes tears is the lacrimal apparatus (See Figure 1). It is a system of tubes and sacs. It begins at the outer corner of your eyes in the lacrimal gland. This is the gland that produces tears. Tears then wash across the surface of the eye from the outer to inner corner, protecting, moistening and cleaning the outer layer of the eye. The upper and lower eyelids each have a single opening near the inner corner. These openings are on slightly raised mounds called puncta (See Figure 2). Each punctum drains tears into a tube called the canaliculus. There is an upper and lower canaliculus. Each of these small tubes drains tears into a larger tube called the common canaliculus. The common canaliculus delivers tears to the lacrimal sac, which is under the inner corner of the eye near the nose. The duct then drains tears from the lacrimal sac into the nose. Tears enter the nasal cavity through an opening near the bottom known as Hasner's valve. Too much tearing can result from problems that happen anywhere along this path. A common area to see obstruction is in the nasolacrimal duct. Figure 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Being a Michael Jackson Pilgrim: Dedicated to a Never-Ending Journey
    UNIVERSITY OF GRONINGEN Being a Michael Jackson Pilgrim: dedicated to a never-ending journey S2054620 9/15/2015 Fardo Ine Eringa Master thesis Religion and the Public Domain, Faculty of Religious Studies First supervisor: dr. Mathilde van Dijk Second supervisor: dr. Kristin McGee “Heal the world Make it a better place For you and for me And the entire human race There are people dying If you care enough for the living Make a better place For you and for me.” ‘Heal The World’, Michael Jackson (1991) ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This research has been made possible through invaluable input and support by several individuals. I would like to express my gratitude to all those who have guided me through the writing process of this thesis. First of all, I would like to thank Mathilde van Dijk, who has supported and motivated me both with her broad knowledge in the field of pilgrimage research and with her enthusiasm. During the writing process dr. Van Dijk helped me to structure my study and supported me with extensive feedback. I very much enjoyed our collaboration and it is our personal meetings and dr. Van Dijk’s thorough feedback that have made this study to the best possible outcome. I would also like to thank Kristin McGee, who has been a wonderful second supervisor and has provided me with helpful information in the field of popular culture. Moreover, dr. McGee has provided me with valid feedback both regarding the content of my study and my English. Furthermore, I would like to thank my family for the many brainstorm sessions and their assistance through personal feedback and support during the finalizing of this research.
    [Show full text]
  • This Too Shall Pass: Mourning Collective Loss in the Time
    THIS TOO SHALL PASS Mourning collective loss in the time of Covid-19 Alex Evans, Casper ter Kuile and Ivor Williams 2 This Too Shall Pass Mourning collective loss in the time of Covid-19 About the authors Alex Evans is founder of the Collective Psychology Project. He is a Senior Fel- low at New York University, and the author of The Myth Gap: What Happens When Evidence and Arguments Aren’t Enough? (Penguin, 2017), a book about the power of deep shared stories to unlock social and political change. He is a former Cam- paign Director of the 50 million member global citizen’s movement Avaaz, spe- cial adviser to two UK Cabinet Ministers, and climate expert in the UN Secre- tary-General’s office. Casper ter Kuile is the co-founder of Sacred Design Lab, a research and design consultancy working to create a culture of belonging and becoming, and is a Ministry Innovation Fellow at Harvard Divinity School. He’s the author of The Power of Ritual (HarperCollins, 2020), which demonstrates how everyday habits can become soulful practices that create meaning, connection and joy. Casper co-hosts the podcast Harry Potter and the Sacred Text and previously co-founded activist training organization Campaign Bootcamp and the UK Youth Climate Coalition. Ivor Williams is a designer, developing new ways of thinking about and ex- periencing dying, death and loss in the 21st century. He leads the End-of-Life Care group at the Institute of Global Health Innovation within Imperial College London. He is a visiting lecturer at Imperial College London, and was visiting professor of Information Design at the University of Venice from 2014–2016.
    [Show full text]
  • Dry Eye Syndrome: Excessive Tear Evaporation
    IOWA CITY DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS (VA) MEDICAL CENTER Medical Center 601 Highway 6 West, Iowa City, IA 52246-2208 Community-Based Outpatient Clinics 2979 Victoria Street, Bettendorf, IA 52722-2784 200 Mercy Drive, Suite 106, Dubuque, IA 52201-7343 387 E. Grove Street, Galesburg, IL 61401-3728 721 Broadway, Quincy, IL 62301-2708 1015 S. Hackett, Waterloo, IA 50701-3500 Coralville Clinic: 520 10th Avenue, Suite 200, Coralville, IA 52241-1923 Dry Eye Syndrome: Excessive Tear Evaporation Dry eye syndromes can be caused by excessive tear evaporation. The root cause of this condition is obstruction and poor quality of the eyelid (meibomian) oil glands. These glands are responsible for coating the tears with a layer of oil that helps prevent evaporation. Meibomian gland dysfunction, or, more simply, MGD, is the most common dry eye syndrome, accounting for approximately 85% of cases. MGD may occur as a consequence of getting older and may be become symptomatic in 10% to 15% of adults over the age of 50. It can also occur in patients with acne rosacea (where it is almost universally present), in patients with multiple allergies (especially those with strong family histories of allergy and/or eczema), and after eye surgery (especially LASIK, but also after cataract or glaucoma surgery). The MOST common symptom of MGD is fluctuation of vision. This is most noticeable during visual tasks that are associated with decreased blinking, such as reading, using the computer, watching television, and driving. It is aggravated during exposure to “evaporative conditions,” such as low environmental humidity and blowing air, especially ceiling and floor fans and heaters or air conditioners.
    [Show full text]
  • The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders : Clinical Descriptions and Diagnostic Guidelines
    ICD-10 ThelCD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders Clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines | World Health Organization I Geneva I 1992 Reprinted 1993, 1994, 1995, 1998, 2000, 2002, 2004 WHO Library Cataloguing in Publication Data The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders : clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines. 1.Mental disorders — classification 2.Mental disorders — diagnosis ISBN 92 4 154422 8 (NLM Classification: WM 15) © World Health Organization 1992 All rights reserved. Publications of the World Health Organization can be obtained from Marketing and Dissemination, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland (tel: +41 22 791 2476; fax: +41 22 791 4857; email: [email protected]). Requests for permission to reproduce or translate WHO publications — whether for sale or for noncommercial distribution — should be addressed to Publications, at the above address (fax: +41 22 791 4806; email: [email protected]). The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers' products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters.
    [Show full text]
  • Sympathy Crying: Insights from Infrared Thermal Imaging on a Female Sample
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Portsmouth University Research Portal (Pure) RESEARCH ARTICLE Sympathy Crying: Insights from Infrared Thermal Imaging on a Female Sample Stephanos Ioannou1*, Paul Morris2, Samantha Terry2, Marc Baker2, Vittorio Gallese3,4, Vasudevi Reddy2 1 Alfaisal University, Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Medicine, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, 2 Department of Psychology-Centre for Situated Action and Communication, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom, 3 Parma University, Department of Neuroscience, Section of Human Physiology, Parma, Italy, 4 Institute of Philosophy, School of Advanced Study, University of London, London, United Kingdom * [email protected] a11111 Abstract Sympathy crying is an odd and complex mixture of physiological and emotional phenom- ena. Standard psychophysiological theories of emotion cannot attribute crying to a single subdivision of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and disagreement exists regarding the emotional origin of sympathy crying. The current experiment examines sympathy crying OPEN ACCESS using functional thermal infrared imaging (FTII), a novel contactless measure of ANS activ- Citation: Ioannou S, Morris P, Terry S, Baker M, ity. To induce crying female participants were given the choice to decide which film they Gallese V, Reddy V (2016) Sympathy Crying: Insights wanted to cry to. Compared to baseline, temperature started increasing on the forehead, from Infrared Thermal Imaging on a Female Sample. PLoS ONE 11(10): e0162749.doi:10.1371/journal. the peri-orbital region, the cheeks and the chin before crying and reached even higher tem- pone.0162749 peratures during crying. The maxillary area showed the opposite pattern and a gradual tem- Editor: Alessio Avenanti, University of Bologna, perature decrease was observed compared to baseline as a result of emotional sweating.
    [Show full text]
  • The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders Diagnostic Criteria for Research
    The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders Diagnostic criteria for research World Health Organization Geneva The World Health Organization is a specialized agency of the United Nations with primary responsibility for international health matters and public health. Through this organization, which was created in 1948, the health professions of some 180 countries exchange their knowledge and experience with the aim of making possible the attainment by all citizens of the world by the year 2000 of a level of health that will permit them to lead a socially and economically productive life. By means of direct technical cooperation with its Member States, and by stimulating such cooperation among them, WHO promotes the development of comprehensive health services, the prevention and control of diseases, the improvement of environmental conditions, the development of human resources for health, the coordination and development of biomedical and health services research, and the planning and implementation of health programmes. These broad fields of endeavour encompass a wide variety of activities, such as developing systems of primary health care that reach the whole population of Member countries; promoting the health of mothers and children; combating malnutrition; controlling malaria and other communicable diseases including tuberculosis and leprosy; coordinating the global strategy for the prevention and control of AIDS; having achieved the eradication of smallpox, promoting mass immunization against a number of other
    [Show full text]