Magnetic Amplifier Voltage Regulators
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VOLTAGE REGULATORS 1. Zener Controlled Transistor Voltage Regulator
VOLTAGE REGULATORS A voltage regulator is a voltage stabilizer that is designed to automatically stabilize a constant voltage level. A voltage regulator circuit is also used to change or stabilize the voltage level according to the necessity of the circuit. Thus, a voltage regulator is used for two reasons:- 1. To regulate or vary the output voltage of the circuit. 2. To keep the output voltage constant at the desired value in-spite of variations in the supply voltage or in the load current. To know more on the basics of this subject, you may also refer Regulated Power Supply. Voltage regulators find their applications in computers, alternators, power generator plants where the circuit is used to control the output of the plant. Voltage regulators may be classified as electromechanical or electronic. It can also be classified as AC regulators or DC regulators. We have already explained about IC Voltage Regulators. Electronic Voltage Regulator All electronic voltage regulators will have a stable voltage reference source which is provided by the reverse breakdown voltage operating diode called zener diode. The main reason to use a voltage regulator is to maintain a constant dc output voltage. It also blocks the ac ripple voltage that cannot be blocked by the filter. A good voltage regulator may also include additional circuits for protection like short circuits, current limiting circuit, thermal shutdown, and over voltage protection. Electronic voltage regulators are designed by any of the three or a combination of any of the three regulators given below. 1. Zener Controlled Transistor Voltage Regulator A zener controlled voltage regulator is used when the efficiency of a regulated power supply becomes very low due to high current. -
Technical Details of the Elliott 152 and 153
Appendix 1 Technical Details of the Elliott 152 and 153 Introduction The Elliott 152 computer was part of the Admiralty’s MRS5 (medium range system 5) naval gunnery project, described in Chap. 2. The Elliott 153 computer, also known as the D/F (direction-finding) computer, was built for GCHQ and the Admiralty as described in Chap. 3. The information in this appendix is intended to supplement the overall descriptions of the machines as given in Chaps. 2 and 3. A1.1 The Elliott 152 Work on the MRS5 contract at Borehamwood began in October 1946 and was essen- tially finished in 1950. Novel target-tracking radar was at the heart of the project, the radar being synchronized to the computer’s clock. In his enthusiasm for perfecting the radar technology, John Coales seems to have spent little time on what we would now call an overall systems design. When Harry Carpenter joined the staff of the Computing Division at Borehamwood on 1 January 1949, he recalls that nobody had yet defined the way in which the control program, running on the 152 computer, would interface with guns and radar. Furthermore, nobody yet appeared to be working on the computational algorithms necessary for three-dimensional trajectory predic- tion. As for the guns that the MRS5 system was intended to control, not even the basic ballistics parameters seemed to be known with any accuracy at Borehamwood [1, 2]. A1.1.1 Communication and Data-Rate The physical separation, between radar in the Borehamwood car park and digital computer in the laboratory, necessitated an interconnecting cable of about 150 m in length. -
A 'T97- 7- Art97- 3
June 22, 1965 SHINTAROOSHIMA ETAL 3,191,053 SIGN DETECTING SYSTEM Fillied Aug. 19, 1960 6 Sheets-Sheet I A 't97- 7- Art97- 3. fend za June 22, 1965 sHINTARO osHIMA ETAL 3,191,053 SIGN DETECTING SYSTEM Filed Aug. 19, 1960 6 Sheets-Sheet 2 Az7-2- ...C I / I I,/ III Asg - F - - June 22, 1965 SHINTARO OSHIMA ETAL 3,191,053 SIGN DETECTING SYSTEM Filled Aug. 19, 1960 6 Sheets-Sheet 3 Zz7- 6 - A - G7 - 9 e2f ASA, a A. A1 A. 62. APPS C AMe O) C As if Asa Af A. O) Z/2 Me O) At(6) A2 ; : : : A2 : WarfO) 72AA Merg 3.N. y eaa June 22, 1965 SHINTARO OSHIMA ETAL 3,191,053 SIGN DETECTING SYSTEM Filed Aug. 19, 1960 6 Sheets-Sheet 4 Z'67-72. A 't:9-73 - As? A. Ca -- G, Ay + \ 42 a .2A A 7 aia 2 A/ A1 Az/4A, Og /We AZeO A.O. We A4 2% O A7. June 22, 1965 SHINTARO OSHIMA ETAL 3,191,053 SIGN DETECTING SYSTEM Filed Aug. 19, l960 6 Sheets-Sheet 5 (o) June 22, 1965 SHINTARO OSHIMA ETAL 3,191,053 SIGN DETECTING SYSTEM Fiied Aug. 19, 1960 6 Sheets-Sheet 6 3,191,053 United States Patent Office Patiented June 22, 1965 2 FIG. 4 is a wave diagram for showing an example of 3,191,053 control time chart for describing the operating principle SIGN DETECTING SYSTEM of the system of the present invention; Shintaro Oshima, Tokyo-to, Hajime Enomoto, ichikawa FIGS. 5 (A) and (B) are characteristic curves for de shi, and Shiyoji Watanabe and Yasuo Koseki, Tokyo-to, 5 scribing an operation principle of the system of the Japan, assignors to Kokusai Denshin Denwa Kablishiki present invention; Kaisha, Tokyo-to, Japan FIGS. -
Advantages of Using PMOS-Type Low-Dropout Linear Regulators in Battery Applications by Brian M
Power Management Texas Instruments Incorporated Advantages of using PMOS-type low-dropout linear regulators in battery applications By Brian M. King Applications Specialist Introduction Figure 1. Components of a typical The proliferation of battery-powered equipment has linear regulator increased the demand for low-dropout linear regulators (LDOs). LDOs are advantageous in these applications because they offer inexpensive, reliable solutions and require few components or little board area. The circuit model for a typical LDO consists of a pass element, sam- Pass pling network, voltage reference, error amplifier, and Element externally connected capacitors at the input and output of the device. Figure 1 shows the circuit blocks of a typical + Reference + + – Error linear regulator. The pass element is arguably the most Amplifier important part of the LDO in battery applications. The Sampling V V technology used for the pass element can increase the IN Network OUT useful life of the battery. The pass element can be either a bipolar transistor or a – – MOSFET. The general difference between these is how the pass element is driven. A bipolar pass element is a current-driven device, whereas the MOSFET is a voltage- driven device. In addition, the pass element can be either an N-type (NPN or NMOS) or a P-type (PNP or PMOS) device. N-type devices require a positive drive signal with respect to the output, while P-type devices are driven from a negative signal with respect to the input. Generating a positive drive signal becomes difficult at low input voltages. PMOS pass elements much more attractive than PNP pass As a result, LDOs that operate from low input voltages elements. -
Magnetic Amplifiers & Saturable Reactors
Magnetic amplifiers & Saturable reactors Ricciarelli Fabrizio 01/01/2016 Magnetic amplifiers and saturable reactors Summary SECTION I.......................................................................................................................................................... 2 What are the saturable reactors .................................................................................................................. 2 SECTION II ......................................................................................................................................................... 3 Types of reactors .......................................................................................................................................... 3 Saturable reactors .................................................................................................................................... 4 Linear reactors .......................................................................................................................................... 4 Control modules ....................................................................................................................................... 4 SECTION III ........................................................................................................................................................ 5 History ......................................................................................................................................................... -
The Magnetic Amplifier a Lost Technology of the 1950S Anyone Can Build It! ■ by George Trinkaus
Trinkaus.qxd 1/11/2006 1:04 PM Page 68 The Magnetic Amplifier A Lost Technology of the 1950s Anyone can build it! ■ by George Trinkaus ost folks believe that first came the vacuum tube and right on its heels came its successor, the transistor — an historical fact, correct? Not really. Another competitive control technology developed by US and Nazi engineers came in between. It was the magnetic amplifier. Rugged, dependable, EMP- proof, and capable of handling greater electrical powers than either transistor or tube, the magnetic amplifier is a simple device that can be built by anyone. By the 1950s, the magnetic amplifier M was not just an experimental dream languishing in some inventor’s notebook. Nor was this ingenious technology sitting unexploited in patent archives. The mag amp was in manufac- ture in a number of versions and had a clique of boosters, including many electronics engineers, especially within the US Navy. ■ Home-built Mag Amp. 68 February 2006 Trinkaus.qxd 1/11/2006 1:05 PM Page 69 ■ FIGURE 1. Principle of Operation. ■ FIGURE 2. Saturable Reactor. The mag amp is an American that’s the definition of an “amplifier.” core’s permeability (its receptivity to invention and has been used in heavy A mag amp can be put in series magnetism) can be varied by degrees, electrical machinery regulators since with any circuit carrying an alternat- thus controlling a larger AC flow. 1900. In the 1940s, the Germans took ing current and control that flow. No Fully energized, the control coil the American’s relatively crude device, external power supply is required to can reduce the permeability of the assigned their best scientists, invested run the device. -
Voltage Regulators
Voltage Regulators Column-Type Variable Transformers, 40-1200 kVA Phenix Technologies offers an extensive line of voltage regu- lators to accommodate the enormous variety of electrical equipment in use today. Variable transformers provide an adjustable output voltage whenever a continuous regulation of AC voltages with load is necessary. With standard input voltages and different transformer designs to choose from, we are sure to have a regulator that meets your specific application. Toroidal Variable Transformers, 10-300 kVA CABLE GIS CIRCUIT TRANSFORMER MOTOR GENERATOR INSULATION RECLOSER PROTECTIVE PORTABLE G SWITCHGEAR BREAKER MATERIALS EQUIPMENT Specifications are subject to change without notice. Brochure No. 70106 TOROIDAL VARIABLE TRANSFORMERS (TOVT) • Continuously adjustable output voltage for inputs ranging from 120 to 600 Volts AC • Provides output voltage as a percentage of input voltage over a range of either 0-100% or 0-117% • Applications include test equipment and lab instruments, as well as an enormous variety of power supplies Description TOVTs are a simple and efficient auto-transformer distinguished by their unique shape. Copper windings encompass a toroidal, or “doughnut” shaped core, to form a toroidal helix. The outer face of the windings is Single Stack exposed to provide a path for current collection. A carbon brush traverses the windings by means of output voltage selector, or “swinger”. The swinger originates at the center of the toroid and rotates a maximum of 318 degrees about the face of the transformer. The result is an output voltage that varies linearly in proportion to the angle of rotation of the swinger. By stacking multiple transformers on a common shaft and wiring them in series and/or parallel, the line voltage may be doubled and the current and kVA rating increased accordingly. -
LM2595 SIMPLE SWITCHER Power Converter 150 Khz 1A Step
LM2595 www.ti.com SNVS122B –MAY 1999–REVISED APRIL 2013 LM2595 SIMPLE SWITCHER® Power Converter 150 kHz 1A Step-Down Voltage Regulator Check for Samples: LM2595 1FEATURES DESCRIPTION The LM2595 series of regulators are monolithic 23• 3.3V, 5V, 12V, and Adjustable Output Versions integrated circuits that provide all the active functions • Adjustable Version Output Voltage Range, for a step-down (buck) switching regulator, capable of 1.2V to 37V ±4% Max Over Line and Load driving a 1A load with excellent line and load Conditions regulation. These devices are available in fixed output • Available in TO-220 and TO-263 (Surface voltages of 3.3V, 5V, 12V, and an adjustable output Mount) Packages version. • Ensured 1A Output Load Current Requiring a minimum number of external • Input Voltage Range Up to 40V components, these regulators are simple to use and include internal frequency compensation†, and a • Requires Only 4 External Components fixed-frequency oscillator. • Excellent Line and Load Regulation Specifications The LM2595 series operates at a switching frequency of 150 kHz thus allowing smaller sized filter • 150 kHz Fixed Frequency Internal Oscillator components than what would be needed with lower • TTL Shutdown Capability frequency switching regulators. Available in a • Low Power Standby Mode, I Typically 85 μA standard 5-lead TO-220 package with several Q different lead bend options, and a 5-lead TO-263 • High Efficiency surface mount package. Typically, for output voltages • Uses Readily Available Standard Inductors less than 12V, and ambient temperatures less than • Thermal Shutdown and Current Limit 50°C, no heat sink is required. -
A Two-Module Linear Regulator with 3.9–10 V Input, 2.5 V Output, and 500 Ma Load
electronics Article A Two-Module Linear Regulator with 3.9–10 V Input, 2.5 V Output, and 500 mA Load Quanzhen Duan 1, Weidong Li 1, Shengming Huang 1,*, Yuemin Ding 2,*, Zhen Meng 3 and Kai Shi 2 1 School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Film Electronic and Communication Devices, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China; [email protected] (Q.D.); [email protected] (W.L.) 2 School of Computer and Science Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China; [email protected] 3 Institute of Microelectronics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (S.H.); [email protected] (Y.D.) Received: 7 September 2019; Accepted: 4 October 2019; Published: 10 October 2019 Abstract: A linear regulator with an input range of 3.9–10 V, 2.5 V output, and a maximal 500 mA load for use with battery systems was developed and presented here. The linear regulator featured two modules of a preregulator and a linear regulator core circuit, offering minimized power dissipation and high-level stability. The preregulator delivered an internal power voltage of 3 V and supplied internal circuits including the second module (the linear regulator core). The preregulator fitted with an active, low-pass filter provided a low-noise reference voltage to the linear regulator core circuit. To ensure operational stability for the linear regulator, error amplifiers incorporating the Miller compensation technique and featuring a large slewing rate were employed in the two modules. -
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Recent Work
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Recent Work Title EXPERIMENTAL AND EXTERNAL-PROTON-BEAM MAGNET POWER-SUPPLY SYSTEMS AT THE BEVATRON Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/05r5c6gp Author Jackson, Leslie T. Publication Date 1965-02-11 eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UCRL-11793 University of California Er'nest 0. lawrence Radiation Laboratory EXPERIMENTAL AND EXTERNAL-PROTON-BEAM MAGNET POWER-SUPPLY SYSTEMS AT THE BEVATRON TWO-WEEK LOAN COPY This is a Library Circulating Copy which may be borrowed for two weeks. For a personal retention copy, call Tech. Info. Division, Ext. 5545 ·Berkeley, California DISCLAIMER This document was prepared as an account of work sponsored by the United States Government. While this document is believed to contain correct information, neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor the Regents of the University of California, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by its trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof, or the Regents of the University of California. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof or the Regents of the University of California. -
Approved for Public Release. Case 06-1104
APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE. CASE 06-1104. Engineering Bote E-477 Page 1 of 13 Digital Computer laboratory Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, Massachusetts SUBJECT: MAGNETIC AND DIEIECTBIC AMPLIFIERS To: Jay W. Forrester From: Dudley A. Buck Date: August 28, 1952 Abstract: This paper was prepared at the request of Professor Arthur B. von Eippel for presentation at a summer symposium on the Theory and. Applications of Dielectric Materials. September 3-12, 1952, at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology* A. INTBODUCTIOH The prime motivation behind recent magnetic and dielectric amplifier research is the quest for amplifiers which are more reliable and more rugged than vacuum-tube amplifiers. Amplifiers of increased reliability and rugged- ness are needed in military and industrial control circuits, in communication circuits, and in information-handling machines* Before describing how a piece of iron alloy or a thin sheet of barium titanate can act as an amplifier, let us briefly consider amplifiers in general. The term amplifier here refers to a power amplifier* Power amplifiers are three terminal-pair devices (Fig* 1)* One terminal pair is associated with the input, or signal to be amplified; one terminal pair is associated with the output, or load; and the third terminal pair is associated with the power supply. The power supply contains no information, that is, it contains no meaningful fluctuating component that is to be amplified. The power supply can be a direct voltage, a sinusoidal voltage, a sequence of pulses, or any other waveform for which the amplifier is designed to operate* Vacuum-tube and transistor amplifiers normally use direct voltage power supply, while magnetic and dielectric amplifiers, by their very nature, must use alternating current or pulsed power supplies* Power amplification, or power gain, may be defined as the average output power divided by the average input power, without reference to the average power delivered by the power supply. -
LM2596 SIMPLE SWITCHER Power Converter 150 Khz3a Step-Down
Distributed by: www.Jameco.com ✦ 1-800-831-4242 The content and copyrights of the attached material are the property of its owner. LM2596 SIMPLE SWITCHER Power Converter 150 kHz 3A Step-Down Voltage Regulator May 2002 LM2596 SIMPLE SWITCHER® Power Converter 150 kHz 3A Step-Down Voltage Regulator General Description Features The LM2596 series of regulators are monolithic integrated n 3.3V, 5V, 12V, and adjustable output versions circuits that provide all the active functions for a step-down n Adjustable version output voltage range, 1.2V to 37V (buck) switching regulator, capable of driving a 3A load with ±4% max over line and load conditions excellent line and load regulation. These devices are avail- n Available in TO-220 and TO-263 packages able in fixed output voltages of 3.3V, 5V, 12V, and an adjust- n Guaranteed 3A output load current able output version. n Input voltage range up to 40V Requiring a minimum number of external components, these n Requires only 4 external components regulators are simple to use and include internal frequency n Excellent line and load regulation specifications compensation†, and a fixed-frequency oscillator. n 150 kHz fixed frequency internal oscillator The LM2596 series operates at a switching frequency of n TTL shutdown capability 150 kHz thus allowing smaller sized filter components than n Low power standby mode, I typically 80 µA what would be needed with lower frequency switching regu- Q n lators. Available in a standard 5-lead TO-220 package with High efficiency several different lead bend options, and a 5-lead TO-263 n Uses readily available standard inductors surface mount package.