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Nationalism in the French Revolution of 1789
The University of Maine DigitalCommons@UMaine Honors College 5-2014 Nationalism in the French Revolution of 1789 Kiley Bickford University of Maine - Main Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/honors Part of the Cultural History Commons Recommended Citation Bickford, Kiley, "Nationalism in the French Revolution of 1789" (2014). Honors College. 147. https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/honors/147 This Honors Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UMaine. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors College by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UMaine. For more information, please contact [email protected]. NATIONALISM IN THE FRENCH REVOLUTION OF 1789 by Kiley Bickford A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for a Degree with Honors (History) The Honors College University of Maine May 2014 Advisory Committee: Richard Blanke, Professor of History Alexander Grab, Adelaide & Alan Bird Professor of History Angela Haas, Visiting Assistant Professor of History Raymond Pelletier, Associate Professor of French, Emeritus Chris Mares, Director of the Intensive English Institute, Honors College Copyright 2014 by Kiley Bickford All rights reserved. Abstract The French Revolution of 1789 was instrumental in the emergence and growth of modern nationalism, the idea that a state should represent, and serve the interests of, a people, or "nation," that shares a common culture and history and feels as one. But national ideas, often with their source in the otherwise cosmopolitan world of the Enlightenment, were also an important cause of the Revolution itself. The rhetoric and documents of the Revolution demonstrate the importance of national ideas. -
Contested Symbolism in the Flags of New World Slave Risings
Contested Symbolism in the Flags of New World Slave Risings Steven A. Knowlton Throughout the summer of 1800, an enslaved blacksmith of Richmond, Virginia, named Gabriel conspired with fellow bondspeople to rise in arms and fight for their freedom. Among his plans was a scheme to paint a flag with the phrase “Death or Liberty” to be carried at the head of the column that would march into the city.1 Gabriel’s slogan inverted the words of his fellow Virginian Patrick Henry, whose famous oration on the eve of the American Revolution concluded, “Is life so dear, or peace so sweet, as to be purchased at the price of chains and slavery? Forbid it, Almighty God! I know not what course others may take, but as for me, give me liberty or give me death!”2 It is a well-known irony of history that among those who fought for American independence from British rule—and couched their rhetoric in terms of “freedom” and “liberty”—were some of the largest slaveholders on the continent, including Henry.3 In popular memory, their struggle against King George III has been valorized, but so have the efforts of those who sought emancipation for slaves. For example, historical markers now stand at key locations in Gabriel’s career, and the Richmond History Center has made an artist’s conception of Gabriel’s image one of fifty key objects that define the city’s story.4 (Figure 1) As Gabriel’s adaptation of Henry’s rhetoric demonstrates, opposing parties are known to assign conflicting meanings to shared symbols; flags are among the most prominent of these, as documented throughout vexillological literature.5 Slaves who engaged in violent conflict with their masters often used flags mod- eled on those of their oppressors. -
The Pitiful King: Tears, Blood, and Family in Revolutionary Royalism
The Pitiful King: Tears, Blood, and Family in Revolutionary Royalism Victoria Murano Submitted to Professors Lisa Jane Graham and Linda Gerstein In partial fulfillment of the requirement of History 400: Senior Thesis Seminar Murano 1 Abstract When the French Revolution erupted in 1789, revolutionaries strove to foster a sense of freedom of expression, guaranteeing a brief freedom of the press. The eleventh article of the 1791 Declaration of the Rights of Man asserts that “The free communication of thoughts and opinions is one of man’s most precious rights; all citizens may therefore speak, write, print freely, except to answer for the abuse of this liberty in cases determined by law.” However, as France became further embroiled in the Revolution, it abandoned its allegiance to the universality of these rights, propagating pro-republican thought, and persecuting anyone who did not share these views. The royalist press was a major concern to the new republican government, because it continued to speak out in support of the king and criticize the Revolution. The existence of royalist journalists and writers thus posed a problem for revolutionaries who wanted to establish a monolithically-minded republic. Therefore, over time, they enacted repressive censorship and punishment to crack down on royalist sympathizers. Although they sent many royalist writers to prison or the guillotine, the revolutionaries ultimately failed to silence their political enemies. This thesis uses newspapers, images, and other printed media to explore royalist coverage of three events that diminished royal power: Louis XVI’s flight to Varennes in June 1791, his execution in January 1793, and the death of his nine-year-old son and heir, Louis XVII, in June 1795. -
Liberty Leading the Women: Delacroix’S Liberty As Transitional Image
Kimberly Carroll (Eugene Delacroix. Liberty Leading the People, 1830. Musée du Louvre, Paris.) Liberty Leading the Women: Delacroix’s Liberty as Transitional Image One of the most iconic transformed into a true wom- overthrow of the monarchy works of revolutionary art is an of the people. Delacroix that had been reinstituted Eugene Delacroix’s Liberty introduces through her figure shortly after the first French Leading the People, a paint- a level of specificity that Revolution of 1789 – 99. It ing from 1830 that depicts transcends her traditional debuted in the Paris Salon the July Revolution of the representations as a passive, in 1831 and was met with same year (Fig 1.). The main mythological, or allegorical mixed reactions. figure of the painting is the symbol. In looking to the or- Many were horrified at the symbol of Liberty, an igins of the figure of liberty, depiction of an event in allegorical representation the role of women during the what would have been of the ideal of perfect free- revolutions, the artist’s own contemporary history in dom. Liberty is represented history, and the reappear- which a bare-breasted through the female form, a ance of this figure into our woman was painted leading traditional manner of rep- own contemporary world, the people of France. In the resentation of victory that the evolution of Delacroix’s same year of its debut, the dates back to antiquity (Fig. Liberty as an image can be painting “was censored by 2). Many components of her seen to serve as a bridge Louis-Philippe” and was appearance clearly indicate from a purely allegorical fig- “hidden from the public for that she is an allegorical rep- ure to a real woman. -
Innovation After the French Revolution, Or, Innovation Transformed: from Word to Concept
Innovation after the French Revolution, or, Innovation Transformed: From Word to Concept Benoît Godin 385 rue Sherbrooke Est Montreal, Quebec Canada H2X 1E3 [email protected] Project on the Intellectual History of Innovation Working Paper No. 14 2013 Previous Papers in the Series: 1. B. Godin, Innovation: The History of a Category. 2. B. Godin, In the Shadow of Schumpeter: W. Rupert Maclaurin and the Study of Technological Innovation. 3. B. Godin, The Linear Model of Innovation (II): Maurice Holland and the Research Cycle. 4. B. Godin, National Innovation System (II): Industrialists and the Origins of an Idea. 5. B. Godin, Innovation without the Word: William F. Ogburn’s Contribution to Technological Innovation Studies. 6. B. Godin, ‘Meddle Not with Them that Are Given to Change’: Innovation as Evil. 7. B. Godin, Innovation Studies: the Invention of a Specialty (Part I). 8. B. Godin, Innovation Studies: the Invention of a Specialty (Part II). 9. B. Godin, καινοτομία: An Old Word for a New World, or the De-Contestation of a Political and Contested Concept. 10. B. Godin, Republicanism and Innovation in Seventeenth Century England. 11. B. Godin, Social Innovation: Utopias of Innovation from c.1830 to the Present. 12. B. Godin and P. Lucier, Innovation and Conceptual Innovation in Ancient Greece. 13. B. Godin and J. Lane, ‘Pushes and Pulls’: The Hi(S)tory of the Demand-Pull Model of Innovation. Project on the Intellectual History of Innovation 385 rue Sherbrooke Est, Montreal, Quebec H2X 1E3 Telephone: (514) 499-4074 Facsimile: (514) 499-4065 www.csiic.ca Abstract For centuries, innovation has been a pejorative concept, and there has been no study of what innovation is. -
Tricolore, the Flag of Italy
Reading Comprehension/Social Studies Name: ________________________________ Date: __________________ Tricolore, the Flag of Italy Italy's flag is composed of green, white, and red bands. You may notice that it looks much like the flag of France; the reason for that is that Italy was once a territory of France. Before 1796, many different flags were used throughout the different territories that make up Italy, each representing the different local rulers and their coats-of-arms; each with different color schemes. In 1796, however, the French emperor, Napoleon Bonaparte, declared that "the national colors to adopt are the green, the white, and the red." The same year, Bonaparte united two areas of land formerly known as the Cisalpine and Transpadane Republics. In 1802, that became the Italian Republic and at that time a new flag shape was created: the flag was solid red, with a green rectangle and a white lozenge (horizontal diamond) in the middle. In 1805, a golden eagle, representing Napoleon himself, was added to the green rectangle. The State flag also included a crown, and sometimes another coat of arms was added to the white area. The design was becoming very crowded! Finally, on June 19, 1946, the modern flag with its green, white, and red bands was officially adopted. It is known as the "Tricolore," from "tri," the Latin word for three, and "colore," for color. Like most national flags, the Tricolore has a size ratio of 2:3, meaning that it is two parts tall by three parts wide; for example, a flag two feet high is always three feet wide. -
The Justification of Violence Within the Principles of Maximilien
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by DigitalCommons@Providence Providence College DigitalCommons@Providence History Student Papers History Spring 2013 A Plagued Mind: The uJ stification of Violence within the Principles of Maximilien Robespierre Kevin Lynch Providence College Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.providence.edu/history_students Part of the European History Commons, and the Political History Commons Lynch, Kevin, "A Plagued Mind: The usJ tification of Violence within the Principles of Maximilien Robespierre" (2013). History Student Papers. Paper 9. http://digitalcommons.providence.edu/history_students/9 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the History at DigitalCommons@Providence. It has been accepted for inclusion in History Student Papers by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@Providence. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INTRODUCTION Maximilien Francois Marie Isidore de Robespierre entered the world with humble beginnings on the 6th of May, 1758. In spite of the immense sufferings he endured in his youth, Maximilien Robespierre persevered through these struggles by dedicating himself wholly to his studies. In keeping with his family tradition, Robespierre became a lawyer in his hometown of Arras, working as tirelessly as he had in his childhood. At a first glance of Robespierre’s beginning, it seemed unlikely his life would become as tumultuous as the time he lived. Better yet, it seemed closer to an outright impossibility that he would directly play a role in a revolution that fundamentally changed the society of France, and indeed Europe, forever. The lawyer from Arras rose in simultaneous speed with the French Revolution, although he never saw it completed. -
* Terror and Resistance Usually Hanged
1 789-1 800 deputies sat in the highest seats of the Na- creased divisions, which ultimately led to tional Convention), in contrast, was closely Robespierre's fall from power and to a dis- allied with the Paris militants, mantling of government by terror. The first showdown between the Giron- dins and the Mountain occurred during the Robespierre and trial of the king in December 1792. Although the Girondins agreed that the kingwas guilty the Committee of Public Safety of treason, many of them argued for clemency, The conflict between the Girondins and the exile, or a popular referendum on his fate. Af- Mountain did not end with the execution of ter a long and difficult debate, the NationaÌ Louis XVI. Milita¡rts in Paris agitated for the Convention supported the Mountain and removal of the deputies who had proposed a voted by a very narrow majority to execute referendum on the king, and in retaliation the king. Louis XW went to tlle guillotine. on the Gi¡ondins engineered the a¡rest of Jean- January 21, 1793, sharing the fate of Charles I Paul Marat, a deputy who had urged violent .We of England in 1649. have just convinced measures in his newspaper The Friend ourselves that a king is only a man," wrote oJ the People. When Marat was acquitted, one newspaper, "and tJlat no man is above the Girondins set up a the law." special commission to 'j,.j Review: Why did the French Revolution turn in e+.]Lo,.sasi"Èvt${ro5'¡,$artei:178e?,,.,. The Guillotine Before l7B9 only nobles were decapitated if condemned to death; commoners were * Terror and Resistance usually hanged. -
The French Revolution
The French Revolution ‘This is more than a history of the French Revolution. It covers all Europe during the revolutionary period, though events in France naturally take first place. It is particularly good on the social and intellectual back- ground. Surprisingly enough, considering that Lefebvre was primarily an economic historian, it also breaks new ground in its account of international relations, and sets the wars of intervention in their true light. The French have a taste for what they call works of synthesis, great general summaries of received knowledge. We might call them textbooks, though of the highest level. At any rate, in its class, whether synthesis or textbook, this is one of the best ever produced.’ A. J. P. Taylor Georges Lefebvre The French Revolution From its origins to 1793 Translated by Elizabeth Moss Evanson With a foreword by Paul H. Beik London and New York La Révolution française was first published in 1930 by Presses Universitaires de France. A new, entirely rewritten, version was published in 1951. The present work is a translation of the first three parts of the revised edition of 1957. First published in the United Kingdom 1962 by Routledge and Kegan Paul First published in Routledge Classics 2001 by Routledge 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005. “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” © 1962 Columbia University Press All rights reserved. -
French Revolution and the Trial of Marie Antoinette Background Guide Table of Contents
French Revolution And The Trial Of Marie Antoinette Background Guide Table of Contents Letter from the Chair Letter from the Crisis Director Committee Logistics Introduction to the Committee Introduction to Topic One History of the Problem Past Actions Taken Current Events Questions to Consider Resources to Use Introduction to Topic Two History of the Problem Past Actions Taken Current Events Questions to Consider Resources to Use Bibliography Staff of the Committee Chair: Peyton Coel Vice Chair: Owen McNamara Crisis Director: Hans Walker Assistant Crisis Director: Sydney Steger Coordinating Crisis Director: Julia Mullert Under Secretary General Elena Bernstein Taylor Cowser, Secretary General Neha Iyer, Director General Letter from the Chair Hello Delegates! I am so thrilled to welcome you all to BosMUN XIX. For our returning delegates, welcome back! For our new delegates, we are so excited to have you here and hope you have an amazing time at the conference. My name is Peyton Coel and I am so honored to be serving as your Chair for this incredible French Revolution committee. I’m a freshman at Boston University double majoring in History and International Relations. I’m from the frigid Champlain Valley in Vermont, so the winters here in Boston are no trouble at all for me. When I’m not rambling on about fascinating events in history or scouring the news for important updates, you can find me playing club water polo or swimming laps in the lovely FitRec pool, exploring the streets of Boston (Copley is my favorite place to go), and painting beautiful landscapes with the help of Bob Ross. -
The French Revolution 1789
Grade 10 - History Topic 3 THE FRENCH REVOLUTION 1789 1 Until 1789 rule by Kings States Generals Called 1789 Fall of the Bastille, July 1789 King Louis XVI of France [http://www.biography.com/people/louis-xvi-9386943] New Constitution 1789 - 1791 Republic 1792 Extremists in Power 1793 Reign of Terror 1793 - 1794 Napoleon First The Directory Consul 1795 1799 2 [http://www.biography.com/people/napoleon- 9420291] CONDITIONS IN FRANCE BEFORE 1789 The French Revolution was the result of conditions in France in the century preceding 1789. The causes are usually considered under the following headings: POLITICAL CAUSES A. THE WORKING OF THE GOVERNMENT The government was despotic, i.e. the King had absolute power. However, there were two other powerful organisations in France: i The power of the Church a. The Catholic Church owned a large amount of land. b. It was very wealthy. c. It was not subjected to ordinary laws; it had its own legal system. d. It did not pay official taxes but gave ‘presents’ to the state on a voluntary basis. e. It was socially and educationally very important. ii The Parlements of France a. These were special courts of law that had the right to register all and therefore could refuse to register a law made by the King. b. The King could use his power of ‘Lit de justice’ whereby he could in theory force the Parlements to register the law, but in fact he was afraid to use this power in case he upset the Parlements. b. The King nominated the members of the Royal Council and they were responsible to him. -
The French Revolution of 1789 Powerpoint Presentation
The French Revolution © Student Handouts, Inc. www.studenthandouts.com The Old Regime (Ancien Regime) • Old Regime – socio-political system which existed in most of Europe during the 18th century • Countries were ruled by absolutism – the monarch had absolute control over the government • Classes of people – privileged and unprivileged – Unprivileged people – paid taxes and treated badly – Privileged people – did not pay taxes and treated well Society under the Old Regime • In France, people were divided into three estates – First Estate • High-ranking members of the Church • Privileged class – Second Estate • Nobility • Privileged class – Third Estate • Everyone else – from peasants in the countryside to wealthy bourgeoisie merchants in the cities • Unprivileged class The Three Estates Estate Population Privileges Exemptions Burdens First •Circa 130,000 •Collected the tithe •Paid no taxes •Moral obligation (rather than legal •Censorship of the press •Subject to Church obligation) to assist the poor and •High-ranking •Control of education law rather than civil needy clergy •Kept records of births, deaths, law •Support the monarchy and Old marriages, etc. Regime •Catholic faith held honored position of being the state religion (practiced by monarch and nobility) •Owned 20% of the land Second •Circa 110,000 •Collected taxes in the form of •Paid no taxes •Support the monarchy and Old feudal dues Regime •Nobles •Monopolized military and state appointments •Owned 20% of the land Third •Circa 25,000,000 •None •None •Paid all taxes •Tithe (Church tax) •Everyone else: •Octrot (tax on goods brought into artisans, cities) bourgeoisie, city •Corvée (forced road work) workers, •Capitation (poll tax) merchants, •Vingtiéme (income tax) peasants, etc., •Gabelle (salt tax) along with many •Taille (land tax) parish priests •Feudal dues for use of local manor’s winepress, oven, etc.