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Crocodylus Niloticus II/B UNEP-WCMC technical report Review of species selected on the basis of the Analysis of the European Union annual reports to CITES 2017 (Version edited for public release) Review of species selected on the basis of the Analysis of the European Union annual reports to CITES 2017. Prepared for The European Commission, Directorate General Environment, Directorate F - Global Sustainable Development, Unit F3 - Multilateral Environmental Cooperation, Brussels, Belgium. Published June 2019 Copyright European Commission 2019 Citation UNEP-WCMC. 2019. Review of species selected on the basis of the Analysis of the European Union annual reports to CITES 2017. UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge. The UN Environment World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC) is the specialist biodiversity assessment centre of the UN Environment, the world’s foremost intergovernmental environmental organisation. The Centre has been in operation for over 35 years, combining scientific research with practical policy advice. This publication may be reproduced for educational or non-profit purposes without special permission, provided acknowledgement to the source is made. Reuse of any figures is subject to permission from the original rights holders. No use of this publication may be made for resale or any other commercial purpose without permission in writing from UN Environment. Applications for permission, with a statement of purpose and extent of reproduction, should be sent to the Director, UNEP-WCMC, 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, CB3 0DL, UK. The contents of this report do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of UN Environment, contributory organisations or editors. The designations employed and the presentations of material in this report do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UN Environment, the European Commission or contributory organisations, editors or publishers concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city area or its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries or the designation of its name, frontiers or boundaries. The mention of a commercial entity or product in this publication does not imply endorsement by UN Environment. UN Environment World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC) 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 0DL, UK Tel: +44 1223 277314 www.unep-wcmc.org UN Environment promotes environmentally sound practices globally and in its own activities. Printing on paper from environmentally 2 sustainable forests and recycled fibre is encouraged. Contents Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 2 Lama guanicoe II/B ............................................................................................................................. 3 Crocodylus niloticus II/B .................................................................................................................... 23 Sphyrna lewini II/B ............................................................................................................................ 36 Appendix ............................................................................................................................................... 47 i Introduction Introduction This report presents a review of three species selected on the basis of the Analysis of the European Union annual reports to CITES 2017. On the basis of the 2017 Analysis, 123 taxa were identified as having noteworthy trends in EU imports of wild or ranched specimens, from which four Appendix II/Annex B species were suggested for review: Lama guanicoe (Guanaco) – Chile Caiman crocodilus yacare (Yacare caiman) – Brazil Crocodylus niloticus (Nile crocodile) – Malawi Sphyrna lewini (Scalloped hammerhead) – Kenya These four taxa/country combinations were selected by the SRG for review, along with Lama guanicoe from Argentina. The assessment for Caiman crocodilus yacare from Brazil will be presented at the next SRG meeting, alongside reviews for Bolivia and Paraguay, which were separately selected for in-depth review on the basis of long-standing opinions from those range States. 2 Lama guanicoe ARTIODACTYLA: CAMELIDAE Lama guanicoe II/B SYNONYMS: Lama glama guanicoe Müller, 1776 COMMON NAMES: Guanaco (EN, ES, FR) RANGE STATES: Argentina, Plurinational State of Bolivia, Chile, Falkland Islands (Malvinas) (Introduced), Paraguay, Peru UNDER REVIEW: Argentina, Chile EU DECISIONS: Current no opinion i) for wild-sourced specimens from Chile other than the population of Tierra del Fuego formed on 07/11/2016, replacing a previous no opinion with the same annotation formed on 15/03/2005 Current positive opinion for wild-sourced specimens from Chile for the population on the Guanaco Conservation and Management Program, Region XII, Magallanes, Tierra del Fuego, formed on 08/12/2014, replacing a previous positive opinion for animals and products from the same population formed on 09/10/2003 Previous Article 4.6(b) import suspension for wild-sourced specimens from Chile formed on 03/02/2001 and last confirmed on 01/03/2003 Previous Article 4.6(b) import suspension for wild specimens from Argentina (except (i) specimens that form part of the registered stock in Argentina, provided that permits are confirmed by the Secretariat before being accepted by the Member State of import; (ii) products obtained from the shearing of live animals approved management programme, appropriately marked and registered; (iii) non-commercial exports of limited quantities of wool for industrial testing, up to 500 kg annually) formed on 19/09/1999 and last confirmed on 03/09/2008 IUCN: Least Concern Taxonomic note The species was formerly listed in CITES as Lama glama guanicoe. Historically, four subspecies were recognised based on skull measurements, coat colouration, body size and distribution (Franklin, 2011). There are currently only two subspecies which are recognised, based on recent molecular studies (González et al., 2006): Lama guanicoe cacsilensis (Lönnberg, 1913) and Lama guanicoe guanicoe (Müller, 1776). The current CITES Standard Reference for Camelidae recognises L. guanicoe as a separate species to L. glama, and includes L. cacsilensis as a synonym (Wilson and Reeder, 1993). Wilson and Mittermeier (2011) note that a significant biogeographic revision of the two current subspecies is required. 3 Lama guanicoe Trade patterns Lama guanicoe was listed in CITES Appendix II on 12/08/1978 and in Annex B of the European Union (EU) Wildlife Trade Regulations on 01/06/1997; in both cases the listing was under its former accepted name, Lama glama guanicoe, which is now considered a synonym. Argentina Argentina has submitted all annual reports for the period 2008-2017 with the exception of 2014. Argentina has never published export quotas for L. guanicoe. According to the CITES Trade Database, direct trade to the EU-28 2008-2017 predominantly consisted of hair and fibres for commercial purposes: with 4092 kg reported by Argentina and 4972 kg reported by importers (Table 1). Over two thirds of trade was wild-sourced and the remainder was captive-bred. Direct exports to the rest of the world 2008-2017 primarily comprised hair reported 2008-2011 and in 2017, the vast majority of which was wild-sourced for commercial purposes. Other exports to the rest of the world since 2011 were limited to low levels of wild-sourced garments and cloth for commercial purposes and specimens for scientific purposes (Table 1). Indirect trade to the EU-28 originating in Argentina 2008-2017 primarily constituted low levels of wild-sourced garments for commercial purposes (Table 2), most of which were re-exported via Switzerland. 4 Lama guanicoe Table 1: Direct exports of Lama guanicoe from Argentina to the EU-28 (EU) and the rest of the world (RoW), 2008-2017. Quantities have been rounded to whole numbers where applicable. Due to low levels of trade (<5 units), trade in plates, small leather products and skin pieces, as well as trade reported as purpose ‘P’ has been excluded from the table. Importer Term Unit Purpose Source Reported by 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Total EU cloth kg T C Importer Exporter 48 48 W Importer 123 123 Exporter 163 163 fibres kg T C Importer 31 31 Exporter W Importer 663 298 221 139 1 1322 Exporter 221 221 garments - T W Importer Exporter 1 32 33 hair kg T C Importer 543 98 360 179 1180 Exporter 456 22 569 212 31 1290 F Importer 1 1 Exporter W Importer 223 775 31 1400 8 2437 Exporter 151 785 123 1382 139 1 2581 skins kg T C Importer Exporter 88 88 W Importer Exporter 72 72 - T W Importer 1 1 Exporter specimens - S W Importer Exporter 29 29 RoW cloth kg T W Importer Exporter 202 202 m T W Importer 10 10 Exporter garments - T W Importer 8 8 Exporter 6 6 hair kg T C Importer 47 47 Exporter 47 47 W Importer 550 253 11 210 151 1175 5 Lama guanicoe Importer Term Unit Purpose Source Reported by 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Total Exporter 300 254 215 769 skins kg T C Importer Exporter 49 49 W Importer Exporter 201 201 specimens - S W Importer Exporter 40 40 T W Importer Exporter 42 42 teeth - S W Importer Exporter 179 179 Source: CITES Trade Database, UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge, UK, downloaded on 03/06/2019. Table 2: Indirect exports of Lama guanicoe originating in Argentina to the EU-28, 2008-2017. All trade was for commercial purposes. Quantities have been rounded to whole numbers, where applicable. Term Unit Source Reported by 2008 2009 2010
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