".IF.II.I.I:.".

FRONTLINE: SOUTHERN AFRICA

A TEACHING & STUDY GUIDE TO ACCOMPANY THE A.F.R.I. C.A. RECORD AND VIDEO "A.F.R.I.C.A. ": A LYRIC FOR LIBERATION (G. Bolton, A. Hamilton) LEARN THE WORDS- LEARN WHAT'S BEHIND THE WORDS

CHORUS: ...I A-F-R-I-C-A, , SOWETO*, , , , AND SO LET US SPEAK! ABOUT THE MOTHERLAND!

I know this girl whose name is Lola , it's nothing less than conspicuous She lives in a country called Angola Anti-black and pro-ridiculous Her president's name is Dos Santos Feel it in ya' heart 'cause it's so for real And a man named Savimbi playin' him too close But in the mind it develops and becomes the deal She says "Hey, brothers, my country's in a war, we are As the struggle survives South Africans rely Fightin' rebels backed by Pretoria" On us and U-N-1-T-Y Upon bearin' this I was pretty upset, you know what? Thinkin' back as a slave, bonded in those chains continues I went and told the STET and the STET said The thoughts of being free was never the same Some committed suicide 'cause times were harsh Yo ... is Lola's last name Falana? And the ones who survived they got brainwashed No! Well my cousin lives in Botswana. From lightning and thunder hails the storm Aie they in war too? We can never forget 'cause the struggle lives on Is a heel on a shoe? My man, they know apartheid like I Release the chains or history will burst know you! Mandela, Mugabe, he's first, freedom's power The president is Masire, the capital This is Africa's hour the unforgotten people in our... Where the fight for freedom is a universal tone. So are you with it? I'm in beyond a shadow of doubt. CHORUS Well let's spell it on, spell it on, spell it on out! no free neither are we CHORUS Those are our brothers and sisters across the sea I'm speaking for the STET and we make a plea I've seen the 1V report and I watched it all week To fight apartheid, everybody That of Mozambique To fight against de wicked and help Mugabe Was killed in a crash that couldn't be explained To fight apartheid and assist Nyerere Yo, D. I wanna break! Yo, brother, refrain! Support the MK and the ANC 's in Zambia, I'm in America We wanna see Nelson and Winnie free SWAPO's in , Nyerere's in Tanzania You don't know, you need to study Mugabe's in , Jesse just came back And when you do we're sure you'll agree From the homeland, the green and the black! So let's They need help but so do we spell it out! Them with their government Us with mentality CHORUS CHORUS

*SOWETO is a black township in South Africa. It is not a © 1987, Tee Girl Music (BMI) Frontline State. It is referred to in this song because it is a All rights reserved. center of resistance to apartheid. Lyrics reprinted by permission.

This study guide is designed to accompany the anti-Apartheid "A.F.R.I.C.A." rap record and video produced by Tommy Boy Music, 1747 First Avenue, New York City 10128. Buy the record in your local record store, or order the record, video and teaching guide from The Africa Fund, 198 Broadway, New York, NY 10038, (212) 962-1210. The A.F.R.I.C.A. Study Guide 1 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

A MESSAGE FROM THE STET

Before we wrote the songA.F.R.I.C.A., some of us thoughtMrica was one big country. We never learned about the many countries on the continent. For most of us, Africa was far away. Another world.

It was someone else's problem.

When we started to check it out, we found out that the people there have names, families, and dreams -just like us. We realized that most of our group's families came from Africa - originally. Not because they wanted to, but because they were slaves. There are other connections between them and us. For one thing, we all want freedom. We all want justice, to feed ourselves, to have decent houses .. The whole deal! The system of slavery they call apartheid makes some people rich, and keeps a lot of folks poor. The Black people get the worst treatment. Big companies from our country are over there making money off the racist system. Also, our government seems to want to go along and get along with Apartheid.

A.F.R.I.C.A. expresses how we feel about the situation. We hope that people who hear our words - and feel the beat - will learn more about the countries, leaders, movements and problems of "our brothers and sisters across the sea." It's not enough to know what you are against. You also have to know who you are for- and why.

This study guide is filled with information. If you're a teacher, please educate your students about apartheid. If you're a student, encourage your teacher to share it with your class. We don't care who you are. There are facts in here that everyone needs to know. 2 The A.F.R.I.C.A. Study Guide ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

HERE'S A MAP OF SOUTHERN AFRICA: CAN YOU FILL IN THE NAMES OF THE COUNTRIES?

ANGOLA

BOTSWANA

MOZAMBIQUE NAMIBIA SOUTH AFRICA TANZANIA

ZAMBIA ZIMBABWE

£\ ~.~ .. Maseru , Lla..Q_urban \"· .. ~::-..· .' ·

km 200 400 600 ...... mls 200 400 Southern Mrica

credit: Joseph Hanlon. Apartheid's Second Front (Penguin Books. 1986). The A.F.R.I.C.A. Study Guide 3 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

"YOU DON'T KNOW, YOU NEED TO STUDY" -From Stetsasonic's rap A.F.R.I.C.A.

WHERE IS APARTHEID?

If your answer is South Africa you're only half right. Apartheid- pronounced apart-hate- is a product of South Africa.

It is a system oflegalized racism that keeps all political power in the hands ofSouthAfrica's 4.5 million whites.

South Africa's 25 million blacks have no rights. They are not allowed to vote, run for government office, or live where they want to. Housing, education, and health care are separate and unequal. And so are jobs and wages.

• In South Africa, 87 percent of the land is reserved for whites. while the black majority is being pushed into overcrowded and barren rural areas that cover just 13 percent of the country.

• In some black areas, half the children die before they reach age five.

• Since 1984, thousands ofblacks have been killed by the South African army and police. Tens of thousands more have been arrested and tortured because of their opposition to apartheid. Almost half of the victims have been children. If you were in South Africa you could be arrested just for having this teaching guide.

But you probably don't know how apartheid affects the lives of the 70 million people who live in southern Africa - in the countries near South Africa.

You might not have heard that apartheid kills a black child in southern Africa every four minutes.

You might not have known that South Africa has been waging war on its neighbors for over a decade.

You might not know that 100,000 South African troops occupy another country and that millions of people in southern Africa are starving because of apartheid's war.

This study guide is designed to help teachers and students use the A.F.R.I.C.A. song and video to learn how apartheid affects the whole region. To understand the "rap behind the rap," aL.d get involved to help end the hate that is apartheid. 4 The A.F.R.I.C.A. Study Guide ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

"A young child dies every four minutes as a result of South Africa's destablization." -"Children on the Frontline" A United Nations Report

THE WAR IN SOUTHERN AFRICA

We have all heard about the violence inside South Africa. South Mrica's government, desperate to maintain white minority rule, faces a growing threat from the peoples' demand for an end to apartheid. South Mrica's black majority is fighting back. This is the war in South Mrica. But there is a war in southern Africa as well. The war in southern Africa directly involves seven countries - Angola, Mozambique, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland - and the territory of Namibia, which is illegally occupied and ruled by South Africa.

The term "" refers to the five largest of these countries near South Africa -Angola, Botswana, Mozambique, Zambia and Zimbabwe - and Tanzania, which is farther north. These independent countries are called Frontline States because they actively support the struggle for freedom inside South Africa. Apartheid South Mrica is also threatened by the very existence of countries that are governed by their black majority. If these countries succeed in creating societies free of racism and exploitation, then they demonstrate the moral bankruptcy of apartheid. Some of these The A.F.R.I.C.A. Study Guide 5 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

countries have enormous economic potential because of their wealth of natural resources. They offer a powerful example to the black majority in South Africa. So, apartheid South Africa is striking out militarily and economically, trying to destroy them.

It's not a fair fight. South Africa is much strange~ militarily and economically The Frontline States are very poor. Many have recently won their independence from the countries that exploited them as colonies. Some have made policy mistakes, or face terrible natural disasters likP drought. But their worst problem is: SOUTH AFRICA

I I

Ten-year-old Dominique Nakanda at Huambo Provincial Young boy injured in UNITA attack. Hospital in Central Angola. Nakanda lost her arm in an attack on her village by South African backed UNITA guerrillas. Her father and brother died in the raid. 6 The A.F.R.I.C.A. Study Guide •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• rJJ til ;j rJJ )1 >..... al s0. :::::. 1::: 0 rJJ - ~ '&i C1) "E 0 B .c::0 0. South African President P. W. Botha

WHAT SOUTH AFRICA SAYS

Apartheid South Africa does not deny that it is attacking its neighbors. The white minority government justifies its policies on two grounds: security and anti-communism.

South Africa admits its troops are fighting in Angola. It takes "credit" for attacks on freedom movements based in the Frontline States. It admits violating an agreement with Mozambique which explicitly prohibited South Africa from attacking Mozambique.

Many white South Africans support this war against their neighbors because they live in fear. The media and the government tell them they are targets of a " Total Onslaught" by Communists who want to take over. Some whites also think the black people want to drive them into the sea. But they are wrong.

A South African soldier captured during a sabotage raid into Angola probably came closer to the truth when he said: "We are fighting this war in other countries to protect our interests."

Apartheid South Africa does have an interest in attacking its neighbors- an economic interest aimed at preserving white wealth, and white power. But South Africa's whites seek security through terrorism and violence, just as their wealth and power have been built on black poverty and oppression.

Not all South African whites support apartheid. Some work with black freedom movements and have been jailed, tortured and killed because of their commitment to freedom. But too few of the whites understand that the freedom movements are not anti-white. Most are afraid that black people will treat them the way whites have treated blacks. In fact, the liberation movements want freedom and justice for all people.

Black South Africans know that they are not free. They are not fighting for freedom because the Soviets or any other foreign group wants them to, they are fighting because of their experiences inside South Africa. They receive support from people all over the world, people of every economic system - capitalist, Communist and everything in between. The A.F.R.I.C.A. Study Guide 7 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

WHAT SOUTH AFRICA DOES: A SUMMARY

• INVASIONS

South Africa has the largest and most powerful army in Africa. It's called the South African Defense Force, but it functions as an offense force. South African troops have occupied parts of southern Angola since at least 1981, and admit to launching major attacks deep into Angolan territory from their bases in occupied Namibia. South African troops have carried out cross-border raids, bombing attacks and other acts of war against seven countries, causing tens of billions of dollars worth of damage and killing thousands .

• ASSASSINATIONS AND KIDNAPPINGS

The South African government has been implicated in assassination plots against the leaders of two neighboring countries. It is widely suspected of engineering the airplane crash that killed Mozambique President Samora Machel and 32 members of his government in October 1986. South African security agents periodically kidnap or murder South African exiles in Lesotho and Swaziland, and are believed to have assassinated ANC leaders Joe Gqabi and Ruth First.

• SUPPORTS TERRORIST GROUPS

White South Africa provides money. weapons and military protection to African mercenaries and terrorist groups fighting against the Frontline States to create chaos, terrorize the civilian population, and undermine those countries militarily and politically. South Africa also helped to create and now sponsors the MNR­ RENAMO terrorists in Mozambique. South Africa, with military support from the U.S .. sponsors UNITA guerrillas in Angola .

• SPONSORS "DESTABILIZATION"

All of these attacks are known as Destabilization, a kind of low level warfare that tries to destroy a society from the inside. It involves military attacks on a country's infrastructure: its roads, harbors. bridges, railways, telephone and electrical systems, as well as terrorist attacks on civilians.

Economic destabilization alone has cost South Africa's neighbors nearly four billion dollars every year, or $70 per person in countries where people only make $500 per year. 8 The A.F.R.I.C.A. Study Guide ••••••••••••••••••••• • •• • ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •• • ••••• The Road to Independence

Angola and Mozambique timber, sisal, maize, tobacco, sugar). Mozambique Immediately' after independence the These were Portuguese colonies. In the MPLA started to make efforts towards Mozambique was colonised by the post World War Two period, national improving living conditions, but factions Portuguese for over 400 years starting in liberation movements grew up in each within the country, particularly the the early sixteenth century. Like Angola, country. Resistance in Angola came from FNLA and later UNITA, created a Mozambique was deemed a province of the MPLA (Movement for Liberation of situation of almost continuous warfare, ·which and the economy developed to Angola), the FNLA (National Liberation · hindered growth already hit by years of war and supplement that of Portugal. Front), and UNIT A (Nationall!aion for the sudden exodus of most Europeans. the Total Independence of Angola). In ECONOMY Mozambique it came from Frelimo One of the MPLA's main objectives, Mozambique's economy is largely (Mozambican Liberation Front). still nowhere near achieved, has been to agricultural, 90% of the workforce being South Africa remained an ally of the restore production to at least pre­ employed in the rural sector. Crops Portuguese administration in both col­ independence levels, under .a new pattern include cashew nuts, tea, sugar, sisal, onies until their independence, with of management and labour organisation. cotton, copra and oil seeds. It has consid­ treaty arrangements on security, trade . Today oil and gas constitute 90% of erable undeveloped mineral resources, and financial links. Angola's exports, with exploration in such as coal, iron, and graphite. Resistance undermined Portuguese joint ventures between Sonangol (the The withdrawal of the Europeans at colonialism and destabilised the Angolan state company) and European independence hit the economy heavily. Portuguese government in Lisbon. In and American companies. The United Lately further blows have been dealt by 1974 the revolution against the 40-year­ States is in a paradoxical position. growing low level warfare. During the colonial old dictatorship in Portugal, then under Angola is one of its largest African period white farmers made up under I % of President Marcello Caetano, signalled trading partners, yet the American agricultural producers, but controlled over 50% the end of attempts to hold the colonies. government has t;efused it diplomatic of the cultivated farm land. Power was surrendered in 1975 to the recognition. MPLA (which had emerged as the domi­ nant group) in Angola and to Frelimo in Mozambique. Portuguese withdrawal was marked Mozambique Independence Celebrations by the removal of almost all mobile installations, plant and machinery from the two countries, and the emigration of almost all the administrative, technical and supervisory personnel, who had been closely identified with the colonial regime. Unlike the British and French colonial administrations in Africa, no preparation had been made for African successors.

Angola Angola experienced the earliest and most backward form of European colonialism in Africa. The first Portuguese settle­ ment began or. the coast at Luanda in 1575. For centuries it was used as a base for the slave trade, which ended in the

nineteenth century. It was replaced by a '0 ::r system of forced labour, through which 0 Angola W

J Kenneth Kaunda, . Dat1d c,tdhlatt !DAF , Prime :-.tinister of Zimbabwe. Fmnk SP''"n~r P1cture8 .Jac()h Sultnn Gamma

Zambia Zimbabwe Formerly the British colony of Northern Zimbabwe (formerly ), although After South Africa, Zimbabwe has the Rhodesia. In 1953 it became part of the technically a British colony, was never most broadly based economy of any Central African Federation with directly ruled from Whitehall. Until1923 African country. It has a diversified and , but it was administered by the British South industrial infrastructure, including a retained Whitehall administration. The Africa Company (BSA). It then became more than 40-year-old iron and steel Federation tried to entrench power in the what was called 'a self-governing colony'. industry. Its mining, chemical and white minorities, but Zambian liberation Around the time it became part of the construction industries are relatively movements, most notably UNIP (United · Central African Federation in 1953 a advanced and except for petroleum-based National Independence Party), led by national liberation movement developed products it is almost self-sufficient. The Kenneth Kaunda, resisted. among the black majority. Eventually country has always had a strong agri­ In 1963 the Federation, torn by inter­ there were two main organisations- the cultural base, with tobacco, wheat, nal dissension and the pressures for Zimbabwe African National Union maize, sugar and cotton. Minerals such independence in its various constituents, (ZANU), led by Robert Mugabe, and the as asbestos, gold, chrome, coal, copper, was abandoned by the British govern­ Zimbabwe African People's Union iron, tin and nickel are extensively ment and in 1964 Nyasaland became the (ZAPU), led by . In the mined. independent state of and seventies each organisation developed its The strength of the economy was became Zambia. own guerrilla forces, and conducted maintained for several years after Southern Rhodesia remained under military operations against the minority independence, but began to show signs of white minority rule until1980. white regime oflan Smith. strain as the situation worsened in South The British government attempted Africa in the mid-eighties. ECONOMY ineffectually to intervene politically, and Zambia's chief exports are copper, zinc the Smith government broke away from Botswana and cobalt, as well as tobacco and, in good Britain and unilaterally declared itself years, maize. Foreign exchange is earned independent in 1965. By 1979 the guer­ Hotswana, formerly Bechuanaland, mainly from copper (80-90%). Agricul­ rilla struggle had seriously undermined became a British Protectorate in 1885 ture has never been properly developed the regime and under pressure from the and it was effectively under direct British despite its great potential and as a result British government direct negotiations administration until 1965. On several the country imports most of its food . produced a ceasefire and in 1980 a occasions attempts were made to put the Lately, with the collapse of the copper general election. territory under South African rule, most market, emphasis has at last been put on The independent state of Zimbabwe notably in 1910 when the Union of South agricultural development. was established under Mugabe as Prime Africa came into being. But the Africans In 1965 made his Uni­ Minister of a black majority government. always resisted abandonment by the lateral Declaration of Independence The white minority which fell frqm British and in 1965 power was trans­ (UDD in Rhodesia. International sanctions 270,000 to 100,000 retained 20 seats ferred to an elected local government followed and the economic disruption in under the constitutional settlement until headed by . the region seriously affected Zambia. The 1987. long-term decline in copper prices added ECONOMY to the country's difficulti~ . Zambia was Most of the land is semi-arid and 75% is forced into increasing dependence on ECONOMY agriculturally non-productive. Meat was western financial institutions, although Zimbabwe is key to any regional for long a key export, but mining in 1987 it threw off an International economic grouping. Sitting astride all the developed substantially after indepen­ Monetary Fund (IMF) programme for main roads and railways, it is the heart of dence, leading to rapid economic growth. recovery on the grounds that it was the region. It is also the most industrially Diamonds provide 70% of total foreign making matters worse. advanced state (other than South Africa). exchange earnings. Copper, nickel, iron- 10 The A.F.R.I.C.A. Study Guide ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

ore, soda ash are also present, together crops. Manufacturing has grown in with Africa's largest known coal reserves. recent years, notably in the provision of Mining is dominated by foreign com­ farm products. Conflict panies already involved in South Africa. Lately the country has been hit by several years of drought, leading to the Namibia South Africa's economic and military need for food aid. strategies are closely linked, in a policy Botswana, like Lesotho and Swazi­ A German colony until the end of World War known as the 'total strategy'. This focuses land, has a Customs Union with South One, Namibia became a mandate of the League all elements of national planning on the Africa, integrating the economy largely of Nations entrusted to South Africa. In 1966 preservation of apartheid. with that of the Republic. In recent years the UN ended South Africa's mandate and Militarily, Pretoria has sought to the Botswana government has made ordered it to withdraw. It refused tO pull out. In destabilise the Frontline States to ensure attempts to diversify. Although a the same year the People's they remain too weak to challenge South Frontline State, Botswana's support for Organisation (SW APO) started its armed African dominance. A Commonwealth organisations fighting South Africa is struggle for independence. In 1971 the Inter­ report in 1986 called the situation 'a constrained because of its vulnerable national Court of Justice declared South major armed conflict spilling well beyond position. Africa's presence illegal, but it continues South Africa's borders'. Pretoria works to run the territory and the war goes on. largely through surrogate armies: A series of South African-controlled UNITA in Angola, MNR in Mozambique, Malawi administrations have meantime run the and the so-called super-ZAPU in country. Zimbabwe. Formerly Nyasaland and from 1953 part of the Central African Federation, Malawi became independent in 1964. ECONOMY Mozambique President Banda rules with almost Namibia's economy is built almost dictatorial powers. Unlike all the entirely on the export of raw material In the last years of the Zimbabwe war of other Southern African Development Co­ and animal products. Between them, independence, Mozambique provided ordination Conference (SADCC) countries, agriculture, fishing and mining account bases for Mugabe's ZANU guerrillas. Malawi has diplomatic relations with for 99% of all exports. The economy is Smith's government, aided by rebellious South· Africa, contrary to the wishes of the controlled completely by South Africa remnants of the Portuguese colonial Organisation of African Unity (OAU). which aims to extract as much wealth as regime, established the MNR, also possible against the day when it might be known as Renamo. After Smith's collapse ECONOMY forced to give up the territory. 90% of all South Africa continued to support this Malawi's economic development goods are exported. mercenary force. South Africa and amounts to a refinement and improve­ Mining is the largest sector, producing private Portuguese interests still supply ment of the colonial system, rather than diamonds, uranium, tin, lithium, copper, and finance the MNR, whose operations an attempted transformation. Malawi lead, zinc and gem-stones. Most mines are designed to destroy the Mozambican was considered one of the world's poorest are owned by foreign multinationals, economy and infrastructure. nations, and it has received substantial such as the South African de Beers, aid from the West as well as from South which produces about one-sixth of the The MNR has tried systematically to Africa. Lilongwe, the new capital, was world's annual supply of gem diamonds, destroy the country and it is believed built with South African aid. and Rio Tinto Zinc. Agriculture consists 400,000 lives have been lost, many of Malawi has no natural resources almost entirely of ranching. Three­ them children under five. A UNICEF apart from land, and therefore agricul­ quarters of the national cattle herd is report published in·February 1987 says ture is the most important activity with owned by whites. During the seventies that 'one of the deadliest weapons of war 90% of the population dependent on some of the world's richest fishing is the mass terrorism carried out, which agriculture for their survival. Maize, grounds off the Namibian coast were has burned crops and farms, destroyed tobacco, sugar and tea are the major fished to exhaustion. schools and clinics, villages and stores'.

COUNTRY POPULATION HEAD OF GOVERNMENT CAPITAL (million)

Angola 8.7 Jose Eduardo dos Santos (President) Luanda

Mozambique 13.8 (President) Maputo

Zambia 6.5 ·Kenneth Kaunda (President)

Zimbabwe 7.0 Robert Mugabe (Executive President) Harare

Botswana 1.1 Quett Masire (President) Gaborone

Malawi 2.0 Kamuzu Banda (Life President) Lilongwe

Namibia 1.5 South-African controlled Windhoek The A.F.R.I.C.A. Study Guide 11 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

Oil supplit>s art' \"ita I to thE> Frontline StatE's. This terminal has bee n blown up at Beira, From the time of the fall of the Smith !\1ozamhiqu€.'. ( ;ohn,·l .\!unci/an('. govemment, South African hostility has been manifested by armed attacks, undercover incursions and covert support for disaffected groups which sought to create disturbed conditions in areas where political support for Mugabe's party is weakest. Most of Zimbabwe's imports and exports have to pass through South Africa via South African railways to the main ports- and Port Elizabeth. From time to time South Africa has threatened to close these routes, and used periodic, bureaucratic delay and obstruc­ tive procedures at the frontiers as a warning of what could be done.

Angola

Since Angola became independent it has provided bases and assistance to liber­ ation forces from Namibia. SWAPO guerrillas from Namibia use Southem Mozambique has hundreds of obliged to remit part of the miners' pay to Angola as a base and a haven of retreat t!J.ousands of displaced people, driven Mozambique in gold, for 'deferred pay' to from South African military forces. The from their land and unable to plant crops. the men. By reducing the number of South Africans have made large-scale With nearly four million people on the men hired, South' Africa has cut incursions into Angola, and in recent verge of starvation because of the Mozambique's main foreign currency years have maintained an almost con­ destruction of food crops and transport earnings. tinuous presence there. capacity, famine has become an effective Meanwhile Pretoria provides direct weapon of war. assistance to UNITA, the anti-govern­ In 1984 South Africa and Mozambique Zimbabwe ment force operating in Angola. It has signed the Nkomati accord, under which recently been joined by the United States Mozambique undertook to cease all aid Until Rhodesia became independent in providing logistical and financial to the ANC, and South Africa to end all Zimbabwe in 1980, relations with support for the rebel army. UNITA is a aid for the MNR. Mozambique closed Pretoria were close. South Africa assisted more coherent group than the MNR in ANC offices and removed personnel, but the UDI process by trade and economic Mozambique, with wider support in some South Africa continued to give support means, including the supply of military areas of the country and with plans to to the MNR. equipment and oil. Without this help the overthrow the MPLA government. In addition to its military tactics, Smith regime would not have survived Up to 30,000 Cuban troops and tech­ South Africa has used its economic so long. cians are in Angola at the request of the muscle to curtail recruitment of Mozam­ South Africa and South African based government to help counter the UNIT A­ bican labour for South African mines. companies provided the means for South African threat. Angola has not had Under labour agreements South Africa is Smith to break the oil embargo which a single day's peace in 25 years. British governments tried, usually half­ heartedly, to impose. Throughout the Anl{ola. This is an Anti-p<'rsonnl'l mim•. war in Zimbabwe, South Africa served as These children are some of Angola's Tht' South Afrit·ans sow tht• mint's in fit' Ids the main ally and support base for the 20,000 limbless people. The lucky few have wh<·n· p<•oplt· go to work. Ft•w arc killed regime, while Mozambique and Zambia accE>ss to this one hospital where they can hut man~ · an• st•riously maimed. Ke1/h were the allies and supply bases of the be fitt<;d with artificial limbs and taught to U,•rnsl''/!1 liberation forces. walk again. Keith Bernstein . 12 The A.F.R.I.C.A. Study Guide ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• "In the sense that Reagan is cooperating with the South African government, all Americans are supporting South Africa militarily THE U.S. IN SOUTHERN AFRICA: economically and politically." DESTRUCTIVE ENGAGEMENT - Dr. Abisai Shejavali, General Secreatry of the Council of Churches in Namibia

Most Americans believe that the United But the countries and freedom move­ 1986, the U.S. began shipping sophisticated States is and should be a champion of human ments of southern Africa want no part in the missiles and other weapons to the South rights, freedom and democracy for op­ between the U.S . and the Soviet African-sponsored UNITA movement, pressed people around the world. So you'd Union. They seek only the right to govern trying to overthrow the Angolan govern­ think we would be supporting the "right themselves and to overcome the desperate ment. poverty, ignorance and disease that are the side" in southern Africa, the side of those For the past ten years, UNIT A and South inheritance of colonialism. They are strug­ who want freedom. We say we are. All our African forces have waged an unceasing gling for the independence of their coun­ Presidents criticize apartheid. But there's a campaign of terror against the people of tries. They are also trying to work together to gap-a big gap-between what we say and Angola. They have put land mines on paths promote self-reliance and economic self­ what we do. In fact, in the townships of leading to peasant fields, destroyed vital sufficency. South Africa, in the villages of Mozam­ food crops, and levelled whole villages and bique, on the footpaths in Angola, the President has called his towns. They have ambushed Red Cross re­ United States is seen as an enemy, not as a policy toward South Africa "constructive lief trucks and ambulances, kidnapped friend. Here's why: engagement". It is really a policy of creating clergy and foreign aid technicians and During the 1960s and 70s, the United close relations with the white government in boasted of shooting down civilian airplanes. South Africa. The United States has also States provided weapons that were used to In 1987 the United Nations estimated that become allied with South Africa in its war fight the freedom movements in Mozam­ over 600,000 Angolans faced starvation bique and Angola. In 197 5, the United States because of UNITA attacks, and that thou­ Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) sup­ sands of Angolan children and their parents ported South Africa's invasion of Angola in had lost arms and legs to UNIT A mines. a failed effort to block Angolan independ­ The United Nations ence. Because UNITA and its leader, Jonas estimates that over Savimbi, are financed, armed, trained and American corporations and private citi­ supplied by South Africa to destabilize zens have invested billions of dollars in 600,000 Angolans Angola, the Organization of African Unity southern Africa, mostly in South Africa. (OAU), which represents all the countries of Because apartheid keeps wages for black faced starvation Africa, has denounced UNIT A and Ameri­ workers low, profits from these investments can support for Savimbi. have been among the highest in the world. because of UNITA The U.S. is afraid that political change and In a letter to fellow members of Con­ black majority rule will threaten these in­ attacks gress, the Congressional Black Caucus vestments and reduce profits. noted that aid to UNIT A, "whether military or so-called humanitarian aid, whether cov­ American support for white supremacy against the Frontline States. As part of ert or overt, would definitely ally the United in southern Africa is also partly a reflection Reagan's constructive -engagement, the States with South Africa's Botha regime." of the racial prejudices and attitudes that United States has used its economic power exist in the United States. Namibia has been equally victimized by to weaken South Africa's neighbors. War constructive engagement. In 1981 the United In addition, "anti-communism" often and drought-ravaged Mozambique was re­ States and South Africa announced that means more to our leaders than "pro-free­ fused food and development aid from the Namibia could become independent only dom." When the liberation movements U.S. until it agreed to sign the a non-aggres­ after Cuban troops protecting Angola from launched their struggles for independence, sion pact with South Africa - a pact that South African attacks were withdrawn. the United States refused to assist the Afri­ South Africa has continued to violate. cans against America's European allies, The American "linkage" policy gave The Reagan administration even refused Britain and Portugal. The movements were Pretoria an excuse to remain in Namibia and then forced to go to other countries, includ­ to protest South African attacks against continue its war against SW APO. Since ing socialist countries like the , other countries, and is opposed to the use of linkage was adopted, thousands ofNamibi­ Cuba and for support. As a result, the sanctions against the white government that ans have been killed, wounded or beaten by U.S. has accused them of being "Soviet President Reagan has described as "our old the South African army, while thousands puppets" and communists, and justified its friends." more have fled into exile in neighboring support for South Africa and colonialism as lnAngolaandNamibia, the United States countries. necessary to halt "communist subversion." has become South Africa's direct ally. In The A.F.R.I.C.A. Study Guide 13 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

WHAT STUDENTS CAN DO

WI wanted that feeling like we're going somewhere. -Students in some cities have joined community And that we're motivating people - the record anti-apartheid organizations to work on boycotts motivates people. We start small, one person, two and other anti-apartheid projects. In New York people, and we end up with a lot of people going in high school students joined protests against South the same direction: and that's how political change is Africa's invasions of Angola, in Chicago they joined made." demonstrations against attacks on Mozambique. Little Steven of "Sun City", Artists United Against Apartheid. -Students in Houston, Texas have formed Children Endorsers of A.F.R.I.C.A. Against Apartheid and have joined campaigns to publicize the arrests and j ailings of people - particularly children - in South Africa. Here is a list of activities being worked on by different -Many public school and college teachers have student groups around the country. Use these ideas retirement monies invested in corporations which to develop an original plan which has a good chance do business in South Africa. Students have of contributing to the abolition of apartheid in South discussed ways of supporting their teachers' efforts Africa as well as to justice at home. You can make a to. get their funds out of these corporations. presentation to your class, outlining your ideas. Your Presentation -Maryland high school students are researching the origin of gold used in senior class rings, making certain South Africa is not the source. 1. Describe in detail how you would put your plan into practice in your school or community. Consider: -Students in Minneapolis are collecting clothes to send to people in Mozambique who don't have -From which individuals or groups will you try to enough clothing because of South African get support? sponsored attacks on their country. -What arguments will you use to convince students, -Students in Seattle have helped produce radio teachers and others that racism and apartheid are shows to educate other students and the larger everybody's problem? Why should they want to community about apartheid in South Africa and its become involved? effects on neighboring countries. Students in other -Who will probably not support your efforts? cities have produced video tapes for closed circuit and cable television. -What problems might you have with your plan? -Students at colleges and universities have done -How will you overcome these problems? research to determine whether their schools have 2. What are the strengths and weaknesses of your investments in companies that do business in plan? South Africa. They've discovered that many schools have large investments in corporations heavily 3. Explain clearly what effect you believe your plan involved in South Africa. Students have fasted, will have on ending apartheid in South Africa and picketed. staged sit-ins in administrative offices, apartheid's wars on its neighbors? and lobbied college trustees until their schools 4. How will your plan not just "point the finger at stopped supporting apartheid and sold this stock. someplace else" but also deal with racial and social -Students - from the elementary level through problems in your community? university- have written letters to the U.S. government and the South African government and See page 20 for a list of organizations that have sent letters of support to people working for can help you implement these ideas. change in South Africa and southern Africa.

Adapted from Sun City: A Teaching Guide. By William Bigelow. 14 The A.F.R.I.C.A. Study Guide ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION

• "A.F.R.I.C.A."- A Lyric For Liberation 1. In A.F.R.I.C.A., Stet refers to southern Africa as "the motherland." Later on they say that "South Africa no free, neither are we." What are they saying about links between Africa and African Americans? 2. The last lines of the song speak about the need to change our "mentality." What does STET mean by this? 3. Why is rap a good way to express ideas? What would you write a rap about? • WHERE IS APARTHEID? 1. Imagine that you are a black person in South Africa. How would apartheid affect your daily life? 2. Read Thami's story in handout 1. Thousands of South African students have been killed, beaten, arrested and tortured by the army and police. How would you feel if you were a student in South Africa? • THE WAR IN SOUTHERN AFRICA

1. Can you name the Frontline states? Can you name their leaders? 2. Why do the black ruled countries of southern Africa threaten white minority rule in South Africa? How is the struggle for freedom in South Africa and Namibia different from the freedom struggle in the American south during the Civil Rights Movement? 3. If you were President Robert Mugabe in Zimbabwe, would you risk attacks from South Africa by helping the freedom movements? Why or why not?

• WHAT SOUTH AFRICA DOES 1. What do you think is the real cause of violence in southern Africa? Communism? Apartheid? Any other cause? Give reasons for your answer. • THE ROAD TO INDEPENDENCE

1. Although every country in southern Africa is different, they have important things in common. What are they? . 2. In 1957 European colonial powers ruled all but two black African countries. Today, Namibia and South Africa are the only African countries still governed by whites. Why has it taken so long for majority rule to come to southern Africa? Why have some African countries achieved independence peacefully, while others have had to endure bloody anti-colonial wars? 4. Read Handout #3 carefully. If you were a South African general and wanted to strangle the Frontline States economically, where would you attack? If you were a Frontline States president, what would you do to reduce your dependence on South Africa? The A.F.R.I.C.A. Study Guide 15 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

U.S. President Ronald Reagan meeting with UNITA rebel Jonas Savimbi

• DESTRUCTIVE ENGAGEMENT

1. If you were the president of the United States, what would you do about apartheid? 2. Imagine that the United Nations is having an emergency meeting to decide what to do about a South African invasion of Mozambique. The Frontline States demand full economic sanctions against apartheid. If you were the U.S. ambassador, would you support or oppose sanctions? (Then research how the U.S. ambassador has voted.)

Match The Leader And The Country I Jose DosSantos Botswana Quett Masire South Africa * Mozambique Kenneth Kaunda Tanzania Robert Mu,gabe Zimbabwe J oaquim Cbissano Zambia P.W. Botha Angola

• SPECIAL PROJECTS 1. Find out about the leaders of the freedom struggle in southern Africa: Nelson and Winnie Mandela, Robert Mugabe, Samora Machel and others. 2. Show the A.F.R.I.C.A. video. Put on a film series at your school, community center, church or synagogue about southern Africa and the struggle to end apartheid. Write The Africa Fund for a list of films. 3. Become a pen pal with a student in southern Africa. Write the ANC's school for exiled students, the Solomon Mahlangu Freedom College in Tanzania, c/o Tim Maseko P.O. Box 680, , Tanzania. 4. Write a report or create a project about one of the Frontline States.

• Nyerere was the first president of Tanzania. Ali Hassan Mwinyi is now the president of Tanzania.

This teaching guide is not an encyclopedia. We're asking lots of questions, but you won't find answers to all of them in this guide .. For more information look at the resources listed on page 20. 16 The A.F.R.I.C.A. Study Guide ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

GLOSSARY

African National Congress (ANC)-South African lib­ and SWAPO are southem Africa's liberation move­ eration movement founded in 1912 to struggle for a ments. democratic and ·nonracial society in South Africa. MK-A short name for Umkonto we Sizwe (Spear of the Outlawed by the government and forced underground Nation). the armed wing of the ANC which is fighting for in 1961. freedom in South Africa. Apartheid- South Africa's system of legalized racism. MPLA - Stands for the Popular Movement for the Bantustans- Name for 10 areas malting up 13 percent Liberation ofAngola. Freed Angola from Portugal in 197 4 of South Africa's land that the apartheid government and controls the government of Angola today. has declared as the place where Africans can exercise MNR/RENAMO - Mozambique National Resistance. political rights. South African-sponsored terrorist group notorious for Black Consciousness Movement- Black South Afri­ cutting off its victims' ears and noses. and murdering can political movement that stresses black leadership civilians in the struggle against apartheid. Pan Africanist Congress (PAC)- South African lib era­ Black Township-Segregated and impoverished ghet­ tion movement founded in 1959 and based on black tos outside South Africa's "whites-only" cities. By law, . Outlawed by the government in 1961. blacks must live in these townships. People's Liberation Army ofNamibia (PLAN)-Anned Colonialism - The process by which Europe con­ wing of the Namibian liberation movement SWAPO. quered the countries of Africa, Asia and the Caribbean Commenced war against South African troops in Na­ and ruled them. The colonial powers exploited and mibia in 1966. brutalized the people they defeated, and stole the Pretoria - The capital of South Africa. Often refers to wealth of their colonies. Colonized peoples often had to its white government. fight bloody wars to regain their freedom. Sanctions-Usually refers to comprehensive economic Constructive Engagement - The Reagan sanctions against South Africa that are forcing an end administration's name for its policy of political, eco­ to all political and economic links with South Africa in nomic and military support for South Africa's white order to help pressure the white minority government to minority rulers. end apartheid and grant Namibian independence. Destabilization - The term used to describe South South West Africa People's Organization (SWAPO)­ Africa's campaign of sabotage, terrorism and economic Namibian liberation movement founded in 1959 to free sanctions against the surrounding, black-ruled coun­ Namibia from South African rule. tries. Southern Africa Development Coordination Confer­ Freedom Charter- The ANC's blueprint for a demo­ ence (SADCC) Economic alliance of the nine majority­ cratic, nonracial and just South Africa, adopted in 1955. ruled countries of southemAfrica. Launched in 1979 to FRELIMO - Stands for the Front for the Liberation of lessen regional dependence on South Africa. Mozambique. Freed Mozambique from Portugal in 1974 Soweto Uprising- Began in South Africa on June 16, and controls the government of Mozambique today. 1976, when police killed 16 students protesting racist Frontline States - Military and political alliance of education. Began year:.long series of protests led by countries near South Africa that support the struggle young people. At least 600 people were killed by police. against apartheid. Countries include Angola (an-GO­ UNITA - Stands for National Union for the Total lah). Botswana (boat-SWA-nah). Mozambique (mow­ Independence of Angola. Collaborated with the Portu­ zam-BEEK). Tanzania (tan-za-NEE-ah). Zambia (ZAM­ guese colonial army during war for Angolan independ­ bee-ah), and Zimbabwe (zim-BOB-way). ence against MPLA. After independence, allied with Liberation Movement - A political group struggling South Africa and the United States to destabilize An­ for freedom and justice in its country. The ANC, PAC gola. Notorious for terrorist attacks on civilians. Re­ ceives support from the U.S. CIA.

Adapted. from the South Africa Information Packet published by The Washington O.fftce on Africa The A.F.R.I.C.A. Study Guide 17 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

STUDENT HANDOUT # 1 (For use with Where Is Apartheid?, p. 3)

Living Under Apartheid At Age 17- Thami's Story

I was born in Soweto, South Africa. I came In some cases I, together with others, became across suffering from a small age. I grew up "doctors," because when the police shoot we knowing humiliation, alienation and resentment can't go to hospitals because they detain us as a result of racist laws in our country. I from hospital. Some just die. I had a few witnessed a number of humiliating acts: my experiences of this. people dying after being shot father being slapped by a racist farmer in town, and not getting immediate treatment. Some fell my mother being insulted by a racist woman in right beside me when police and apartheid a shopping center. These and many more made soldiers were shooting at us during funeral me realize that there is something wrong here .... processions. Those scenes haunted me at night. Resistance to this type of system, which has I suffered from nightmares, running away from racial discrimination on jobs, health services, soldiers all the time. I still suffer from these housing, education, public services and right to nightmares. South African citizenship, has caused a lot of In 1984 my parents were also taken into wounds and misery to our people and me. It was detention. It was on this day that my sister, who on June 16 in the year 1976 when I first saw was then three years old, first came face to face dying bodies - and others lying dead. After that with terror, having to stay for a day in detention a lot of people started disappearing: they were without any food. Since then she has suffered a either exiled, jailed or murdered. lot from nightmares. I am worried because she The war came closer to me when I was in high reacts by screaming whenever she sees an army school. Since then I lost a lot of close friends vehicle or uniformed police or soldier approach. who were also involved in the student struggle I also twice faced detention. In the second for a more meaningful education system. detention I was seriously assaulted with guns all Bongani was taken by police who kicked him to over my body. This was done by the police as a death after having shot him with many bullets form of entertainment. I did not stay very long in and did a lot of things to his body with different detention·and I thus considered myself lucky. tools. David was put in a cell, tortured and What worries me is that we die every day in the made to stay with mosquitos. David is still alive dark and in silence. but is psychologically condemned. Sipho was These false efforts by the apartheid regime, detained, i.e. jailed in solitary without trial, and the murdering army which also invades and tortured. He later died in detention. All these occupies foreign territories, are all in vain. Peace were made to put fear into me and my friends - and justice will come one day because we are into any South African who can attempt to prepared to bring that. Please help all of us do speak up honestly .... something. Pull peace !learer.

Reprinted from: Religious Task Force, Children ofWar Tour. 18 The A.F.R.I.C.A. Study Guide ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

STUDENT HANDOUT #2 (For use with Sponsors Destabilization, p. 7)

Front-Line States Call for Sanctions Against South Africa, Even Though They May Be Hurt A Region Turns on a Powerful Neighbor

Jly EDWARD A. GARGAN

ItA Mit!:, ~BABWE tween SOUth African whites and lize Angola and Mozambique while EFYING threats of retalia­ blacks collapsed last month. the blockading Zimbabwe and Botswa­ tion against their econorruc would-be negotiators concluded that na, actions that could lead to politi­ self-interest, SQuth Africa's sanctions were the only remaining cal turmoil as it did· in Lesotho in black-ruled neighbors have appropriate action. However, unpub. January. When South Africa im­ D licized analyses by several diplo­ increased their calls for sanctions since posed a trade blockade on that tiny the internal emergency was proclaimed matic missions here have concluded country, the military overthrew the by Pretoria on June 12. that the consequences of sanctions Government and restored more tran­ could be catastrophic. All the bordering countries, the quil relations with South Africa. socalled from-line states, rely on trade A diplomatic analysis put it this Vulnerable Rail Unes way: "Simply by closing the two links with South Africa, which has Rail lines to South Africa's seaport frontier points, at Beitbridge and threatened to cut off their access to ocean at Durban carry most of the impons Mafeking, South Africa could reduce ports and markets if Europe or the United and exports of landlocked Zamb;a the physical trade flows of the land­ States imposes restrictions on trade. and Zimbabwe. Even neighbors thi!t locked front-line states by 85 per­ Nonetheless, President Kenneth are not landlocked are vulnerabl.!. cent, to 15 percent of normal. Facto­ Kaunda of Zambia bas threatened to Mozambioue nas been under attack ries, mines and commercial farms withdraw from the Commonwealth tor " t:lecade by guerrillas aru>ed and would progressively shut down. Most unless Britain agrees to trade sanc­ td1anced by South Africa. And al­ urban people would become unem­ tions. And Prime Minister Robert though Mozambique has three se.-. ployed. The tax base would shrink Mugabe of Zimbabwe has called on ports, its railroads to Zimbabwe a:-e rapidly. Inflation would soar. Social Africans to create an armed force to in poor repair. The main line to Beira services would decline. Large num­ fight the whit&-ruled republic and to is kept open only by the- presence at bers of public servants would be dis­ accelerate the infiltration of weaJ>­ 10,000 Zimbabwean troops, on&­ missed.'' The economy would "move ons to anti-apartheid guerrillas. fourth of that" country's army. They fairly qwckly back toward the sub. "The Boer is using the gun to mow guard freight trains and work crews sistence level," the paper predicts. down the people of South Africa," !.ay, South Africa is likely to bomb bwe Industries, John Mkushi, who language the Boer will understand is these rail lines. said recently that the economy the language of the gun." President P. W. Botha of South Af­ would collapse under an embargo in Despite their abhorrence of apart­ rica has indicated that he is consid­ a "matte1· of months." heid, both leaders had largely tem­ ering the expulsion of foreign work­ The front-line leaders are acutely pered their criticism untjl..Sgyth Af. ers and the severing of the rail links aware of what a South African em­ nca-attacked ~ ane residences to Zimbabwe. "There is no question bargo would mean. But increasingly, of the Airican National Congress in that sanctions by the West will entail they are echoing Mr. Kaunda's.view Zimbabwe, Zambia and Botswana on reaction by South Africa against that political and moral obligations May 19. "May 19 increased the sense Zimbabwe," a Western diplomat to South Africa's black majority out­ of paranoia," a veteran Western dip­ said. "Of all the netgbbors, Zimba­ weigh the pain they would feel from lomat sdid. bwe is the one South Africa-would retaliation by the white Govern­ "More important," another diplo­ really like to lay into." ment. "If we are given a choice, mat added, "the practical day-to­ On the Atlantic coast, the Marxist therefore, to bear whatever suffer­ day act:vity is not going on as be­ Government of Angola is under seige ing will come from sanctions, and fore." He said Zimbabwean and by the South African-backed rebels the choice to _continue as we are in­ South African security forces of Jonas Savimbi, who have also definitely, we say we prefer sanc­ stopped meeting regularly on smug­ been getting increased American tions because they will make our suf­ gling and other border violations. aid. In case of sanctions, many diplo­ fering shorter," Mr. Mugabe said in When tbe effort by Commonwealth mats here believe, South Africa his Soweto COHlmemoration speech. countri~ to promote dialogue be- would increase its efforts to destabi-

Reprinted from , July 6, 1986 The A.F.R.I.C.A. Study Guide 19 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

STUDENT HANDOUT #3 (For use with What Students Can Do, p.l3) The Importance of International Solidarity

Julius Nyerere

Does support for the people of southern Africa in their struggle against apartheid make a dif­ ference? Julius Nyerere, the former Chairman of the Frontline States, spoke about international solidarity in a speech inArusha, Tanzania on December 1, l987. What are the major points in this speech, and what is he asking Americans to do? What will you do?

"I pay tribute to all those who have worked for continent. We have to fight for greater economic freedom and human equality within the ANC, and independence and even for economic survival in a in cooperation with theANC, froml912 until today. hostile world. The Frontline States also have to There have been and there still are. great leaders defend their own nations against the military and of the [ANC's] Organization, people whose names economic aggressions with which apartheid seeks are an inspiration to all the opponents of apartheid to strengthen itself. As we succeed in these en­ inside and outside South Africa; such men and deavors, we do, ourselves, inflict defeats on apart­ women are so greatly feared by the leaders of heid. For the leaders of the racist state rejoice in apartheid that it is illegal to quote their words or our difficulties and our setbacks; they mourn and even to mention their names inside the country. try to prevent any advance in freedom and justice And there are millions - yes millions - of people made by the peoples of independent Africa. who have participated in the struggle against But whatever our problems or our own difficul­ racism and whose names are known only to those ties, or our advances or setbacks, nothing can with whom they worked and struggled - and too excuse us from actively supporting the struggle often died. against apartheid. We must be active in opposing But most of us live outside South Africa- in it by every means within our power. For the freedom and spared the daily experience of racism. apartheid regime could ncit long survive if it was It is our job to give support to the struggle inside deprived of all external support, and all external South Africa. We have to play our part by acting to acceptability. · weaken the forces of apartheid. We must help to We must intensify our efforts to abolish apart­ strengthen all those who organize, or who, by heid. Those of us outside South Africa must con­ whatever means. participate in opposition to tinue to fight for sanctions against apartheid; we apartheid inside South Africa. And we must help must increase our practical support for the free­ those who are engaged in the Armed Struggle dom fighters and the others inside South Africa against apartheid. who fight against the regime. All of us in our own countries have our problems It is because of these efforts and these sacrifices to contend with-sometimes very desperate prob­ that victory is coming, victory over apartheid - lems. We in Africa in particular have to maintain victory over organized inhumanity against people the struggle for justice, for equality and for free­ for being the color they were born. May that day dom within the independent countries of our come soon." 20 The A.F.R.I.C.A. Study Guide ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

Where To Go To Learn More About Southern Mrica The Africa Fund offers an extensive collection of literature on the situation in southern Africa. Write for a free literature list. In addition we have listed a few of the many good resources available on southern Africa.

• Books and Pamphlets Strangers in Their Own Country: A Curriculum Guide on SouthAfiica, by William Bigelow (Africa World Press, 1985). 91 pp. $12.95. Available from The Africa Fund. Children on the Frontline by United Nations Children Fund (UNICEF, 1987). 67 pp. $5.00. Available from The Africa Fund. The Channel Four Guide to Frontline Southern Afiica: Destructive Engagement and the Corridors ofFreedom, by Toni Strasburg (Channel41V London, 1987). 8 pp. Let My Country Go: Letters To President Reagan. (Luanda: SWAPO Department of Information and Publicity, 1986). 26 pp. Available from SWAPO, 801 Second Ave., New York, NY 10017. Voices .from Apartheid's Other War: South Africa's Aggression Against Its Neighbors by Carole Collins (PhilaC.elphia: American Friends Service Committee, 1987). 16 pp. $3.00 Available from AFSC, 1501 Cherry Street. Philadelphia, PA 19102. Destructive Engagement: Southern Africa at War, edited by Phyllis Johnson and David Martin. (Red Sea Press, 1986). 440 pp. $12.95. Available from Red Sea Press, P.O. Box 1892, Trenton, NJ 08607. Apartheid's Second Front: South Africa's War against Its Neighbours, by Joseph Hanlon. (Penguin, 1986). 130 pp., $4.95. Available from The Africa Fund. King Solomon's Mines Revisited: Western Interests and the Burdened History of Southern Afiica by William Minter (New York: Basic Books, 1986). 401pp. $21.95. Available from The Africa Fund.

• Audio-Visual Resources A.F.R.I.C.A., by Stetsasonic. Directed by Hart Perry. (Tommy Boy Music, 1987). 4-1/2 minutes. $12.00. Available from The Africa Fund. Destructive Engagement, by Toni Strasburg. Produced by Scope Films. Available from California Newsreel (Southern Africa Media Center, 630 Natoma Street. San Francisco, CA 94103). The Making of Sun City, by Artists United Against Apartheid. Produced by Hart Perry (Lorimar, 1985). 52 minutes. Available from The Africa Fund. Killing A Dream. by Anders Nilsson and the Mozambique Information Agency with a U.S. introduction. 30 minutes. $16.95. Available from Icarus Films (200 Park Avenue South, New York, NY 10011). Destablizing Angola, by Washington Office on Africa. 15 minutes. Rental $20.00. Purchase $25.00. Available from Washington Office on Africa see address below)

• For More Information Contact THE AFRICA FUND (associated with American Committee on Africa) 198 Broadway. :New York, NY 10038 (212) 962-1210 AMERICAN FRIENDS SERVICE COMMITTEE, 1501 Cherry Street. Philadelphia, PA 19102 (215) 241-7000 MOZAMBIQUE SUPPORf NE'IWORK, 342 South Dearborne, Suite 601, Chicago, IL 60604 (312) 922-3286 NATIONAL NAMIBIA CONCERNS, 915 East Ninth Ave., Denver, CO 80218 (303) 830-2774 TRANSAFRICA, 545 Eighth Street, S.E. Washington, DC 20003 (202) 547-2550 WASHINGTON OFFICE ON AFRICA, 110 Maryland Ave., N.E. Washington, DC 20002 (202) 546-7961

• To Get In Touch With the People of Southern Africa AFRICAN NATIONAL CONGRESS, 801 Second Ave., New York, NY 10017 (212) 490-3487 PAN AFRICANIST CONGRESS of Azania, 211 East 43rd Street. New York, NY 10017 (212) 986-7378 SWAPO OF NAMIBIA, 801 Second Ave., New York, NY 10017 (212) 557-2450 The A.F.R.I.C.A. Study Guide 21 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

The Rev. JesseJacksonjoins rap band STETSASONIC on "A.F.R.I.C.A.," a song which calls for unity in the fight against apartheid. (Photo credit: Kristian Callahan) •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• This study guide was produced for The Mrica Fund by Mike Fleshman, Marcia McBroom Landess. Jim Cason, Rick Dutka and A Mandla. It is intended for educational use only, and not to be reprinted without permission. Your suggestions and help in distributing this guide are welcome.

Special thanks to: Toni Strasburg, Rick Dutka, Hart Perry, Cora Weiss, Tommy Boy Music, The Samuel Rubin Foundation, USA for Africa, and the United Nations Special Committee Against Apartheid, Laura Hynes, Tom Silverman, Monica Lynch, Jennifer Davis, Richard Knight.

Thanks to everyone who cqntributed their energy and talents to this project, especially: William Bigelow, Sarah Bios, Paula Bower, Kevin Danaher, Sylvia Ewing, Art Guidry, Prexy Nesbit, Sue Nichols, Barby and Vic Ulmer. Dr. Theodore Walker, Dr. Loretta Williams. Amnesty Intemational, The Children of War Tour, • Educators Against Apartheid, Educators for Social Responsibility, Tanzanian Mission to the United Nations, Washington Office on Africa, Religious Education Association, Unitarian Universalist Association

Desktop Publishing by Kramer Communications, 212/866-4864

For additional copies of this study guide, send $3 to The Mrica Fund, 198 Broadway, New York, NY 10038. (212) 962-1210.

If you like this study guide, order the "Sun City" record, documentary and teaching guide ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

"The video is designed to inform as well as to inspire. There is no conflict between rhyming and reasoning ..... What better way to learn geography." - Rev. Jesse Jackson

"I am deeply impressed by the Stetsasonic \,'ideotape and record, and the impact that it can have on public thinking about southern Mrica." - Dr. Loretta Williams Unitarian Universalist Association