A More Equitable Transportation Formula For NY Metro Area (+35,000 Recurring Local Jobs)

“Insanity: doing the same thing over and over again and expecting different results.” - Albert Einstein

Samuel I. Schwartz, P.E. Sam Schwartz Engineering March 2012 CONGESTION PRICING: Why it failed and why it will continue to fail

• Viewed as a tax • Sanctity of inter-borough travel • No trust that dollars will go to transportation • Little in it for car centric outer communities; for biggest contributors • Boroughs pay bulk; little burden on Manhattanites south of 86th St. Unless, we learn from history

“Those that fail to learn from history are doomed to repeat it.” - Winston Churchill (Var. George Santayana) MOST RECENT PLANS: Bloomberg Plan Ravitch Plan

• $8 Cars • Tolls on E. River Bridges • $21 Trucks same as Major MTA facilities • South of 86th Street at $6.50 now, one-way • 50% discount in zone • Tolls on Harlem River Bridges same as single ride subway • FDR, West Side Highway Free fare • No double dipping • One-way tolling • Taxis, Buses, Disabled • Implementation of variable exempt tolling on crossings NYC City Council For/Against Bloomberg’s Plan 2008

Heavy Opposition from outer perimeters of Queens, and Staten Island as well as central Brooklyn and Queens Why Should Bronx, Queens and Brooklyn be Angry?

Throgs Neck Bridge • $640 million collected in 2010 (RFKB +TNB + WB) • Most of the $$ goes to subways, Metro-North and LIRR • Awful transit across bridges • Round trip tolls hiked $11 to $13 cash, $9.14 to $9.60 EZ Pass on Dec. 30, 2010 and more to come Why Should Bronx, Queens and Brooklyn be Angry?

Throgs Neck Bridge 1960 $.50 2000 $8 1970 $1 2011 $13

1980 $3 2020 $25 projected*

1990 $6 2030 $51 projected*

* Cash rate round trip Major Crossings: Passenger Car Round Trip Cash Fares (1965 - 2030) Congestion Pricing

Successful in: • Singapore (1975) • Bergen, Norway (1986) • Durham, UK (2002) • London (2003) • Stockholm (2007) • Valletta, Malta (2007) • Milan (2008) • Oslo, Norway (1990) • Trondheim, Norway (1991) • Gothenburg, Sweden (2013) • Beijing (TBD) Announced September 2011. Case Study City East River Bridges: Tolled Until 1911 Mayor Gaynor: [tolls] inconvenient and irksome…For my part, I see no more reason for tollgates on the bridges than for toll gates on Fifth Avenue or Broadway. Mayor , center, moments after being shot on Aug. 9, 1910. Current Dysfunctional Pricing Scheme 2012 Toll Rates $2.20 ($4) $9.50* ($12) $ 4 ($ .8 $ 6 0 4 .5 ($ . 0 6 8 4.80 ) .5 0 $ 0 ($6.50) )

Legend $9.50* FREE! $# ($#) $EZPass ($Cash) ($12) $4.80 Tolls in both directions CBD ($6.50) Toll in one direction FREE! * Peak hour rate $9.50* ($12) FREE! FREE! $4.80 ( $6.50) $1.80 $9.50* ($3.25) ($12) $9.60 $ 9.50* ($13) $1.80 ($ 12) ($3.25) Even More Dysfunction! Verrazano Bridge Boondoggle Created by an act of Congress FREE! Outbound New Jersey “Trucker’s Special!”

Take Manhattan Bridge FREE! Save $70 and have fun! EE! R nd F bou Tour Chinatown, Tribeca, and Little Out FREE! Italy via Canal St. (While supplies last)

e) xl -A (5 0 $7 Wipe the Slate Clean

$2.20 ($4) $9.50* ($12) $ 4 ($ .8 $ 6 0 4 .5 ($ . 0 6 8 ) .5 0 0 $4.80 ) ($6.50) $9.50* FREE! ($12) $4.80 CBD ($6.50) FREE! $9.50* ($12) FREE! FREE! $4.80 ( $6.50) $1.80 $9.50* ($3.25) ($12) $9.60 $ 9.50* ($13) $1.80 ($ 12) ($3.25) Fair Pricing: A more equitable transportation formula 1 – Apply market-driven pricing where there’s serious congestion and where there are good transit options (aimed at choice drivers). 2 – Lower or eliminate tolls at poor transit locations Manhattan CBD Congested With Choice Riders The Fair $2.20 ($4) $ $9.50* 2 $ Plan ($12) 2 .3 .3 0 ($ 0 4 An example ($ ) 4 of flat rate $5 ) ($7) approach $2.30 ($4) Legend $# ($#) $EZPass ($Cash) $5 ($7) $9.50 Tolls in both directions ($12) $5 ($7) Toll in one direction

Peak hour rate CBD * $5 ($7)

$9.50 $5 ($7) ($12) $5 ($7)

$5 ($7)

$.80 $9.50* ($2.25) ($12) $4.60 ($8) $9.50* $.80 ($12) ($2.25) The Fair $0

-$ Plan $0 2 -$ .5 2 0 .5 Delta rates 0 from 2012 +$5 ($7) -$2.50 Legend $# ($#) $EZPass ($Cash) +$5 ($7) $0 Tolls in both directions +$.20 ($.50) Toll in one direction

Peak hour rate CBD * +$5 ($7)

$0 +$5 ($7) +$5 ($7) +$.20 ($.50) -$1

$0 -$5 -$1 $0 Equitable Transportation Formula (ETF)

• Reduce round trip tolls on non-Manhattan Major Spans between boroughs by $5, minor spans by $2; 5 year freeze on non-CBD bridges, COLA afterwards (Max), 615K vehicles/day • $5 E-Z Pass/$7 Cash Tolls for East River Bridges both ways, Midtown and Battery Tunnels to CBD and 60th Street screen line 485K vehicles/day • End parking tax rebate for Manhattanites south of 86th St. • $1 surcharge on taxi trips south of 86th St. • Reduce bus fares by $1 in neighborhoods with limited subway access • No service reductions on local buses for three years without Community Board approval • Creates 35,000 recurring local jobs Annual Financial Impacts of Fair Pricing

Revenue Generated (Millions) Costs (Millions)

East River Bridges $841 East River Bridge $50 60th Street Screenline $1,198 Maintenance Sub-Total $2,039 System Costs $200 Revenue Loss TBTA ($441) Costs $250 Revenue Delta $1,598 Taxi Surcharge $70 Investments End Parking Rebate $22 Highway Fund $200 Total Dollars $1,690 Ped Bridge Fund $ 50 Total $250 Investments

Transit Investment = Revenue – (Investments + Costs) = Net Available $1,690M – ($250M + $250M) = $1,190 Million 35,000 Jobs Annually Balanced Transportation Analyzer By Charles Kominoff Balanced Transportation Analyzer By Charles Kominoff Analysis of Fair Pricing Plan

• Net revenue: $1,260 Million (a year) • Taxi surcharge: $150 million • Time Savings: Almost 200 million hours a year, worth $3.5 billion • CBD Time Savings: 22% on weekdays 6am-6pm • Drop in # vehicle entries to CBD: 21% weekdays 24h • Change in # persons entering CBD: Up 3.3%. Highway Improvements • LIE, Bruckner and Belt Bus Rapid Transit down median • Widen Staten Island Expressway and Van Wyck Expressway bottleneck to JFK • Get trucks off Brooklyn Streets; widen Belt Parkway, allow commercial vehicles, and improve access to JFK/Aqueduct

LIE Three New Bridges to Manhattan for Peds/Bikes

Long Island City/ Hoboken / Hunter’s Point Jersey City Midtown

Greenpoint

Financial District

Governor’s Downtown Island Brooklyn Brooklyn > Governors Island > Lower Manhattan Equitable Transportation Formula Viewed as a Tax • Fair Pricing applied where there’s congestion and good transit • Tolls lowered for 613,883; raised for 485,313 daily car trips Sanctity of Inter-borough Travel • Tolls reduced between Queens-Bronx, Brooklyn-Queens, Staten Island- Brooklyn • Only travel to CBD is priced Boroughs Pay Bulk; Little Burden on Manhattanites South of 86th St. • No parking rebate south of 86th St. • $1 surcharge on taxis south of 86th St. No Trust That Dollars Will Go to Transportation • A lock-box system, using 2010 transportation investment as base, must be legislated • 35,000 annual jobs created Little In It For Car-centric Outer Communities • Many of their tolls reduced • Staten Island Expressway, Belt and Van Wyck Expressway widened • Bus rapid transit for LIE, Belt Parkway and Bruckner to suburbs