FACE a Froduald KARAMIRA O L~ ...Nous Devons Avant Tout Savoir Que Nous Devons Nous Unir, C~N" Nous Avons Des Problèmes

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

FACE a Froduald KARAMIRA O L~ ...Nous Devons Avant Tout Savoir Que Nous Devons Nous Unir, C~N FACE A O l~ Froduald KARAMIRA .....nous devons avant tout savoir que nous devons nous unir, c~n" nous avons des problèmes dontbon nombreproviennent de nospropres fautes comme vous le constatezvous-mëmes. !e commencepar le partiMDR. Avez-vous vu commentnous avons’, pris et embrigadéau seinde notreparti un individu,en la personnede TWAGIRAMUNGUque nousavons dernièrement expulséet qui, par malheur, a été repëché par le MRND! Cetindividu a déclaré sur ce stade, que lorsquenous avons commencé, au momentoù il estentré au seindu parti,nous l’avons traitéd’Inyenzi, que nous l’avons qualifié d’Inyenzi lorsqu’il ,,»’est rendu à Bruxellesetau Burundi,qu’il a ditqu’il donnera des vaches aux Inkotanyi, propos tenus en Tanzanie, qu’il a luttépendant trente trois ans ! Et maintenantà notre grande surprise, nous constatons que c’estcette personne qui va dirigerle gouvernementd’un pays dont 90% de la populationest hutue,situation que vous avez acceptée ! C’est vous qui livrez le pays! (applaudissements) C’estvous qui livrez le pays,car, en commençantpar le partiMDR, vous, les militants du MDR,vous les Hutus ici présents, il estinconcevable queGasana aille signer les accords en votrenom et deviermevotre Ministre des affaires étrangères, alors que vous savez que son épousequi a passéquatre ans au seindes Inkotanyi a déclaré quielle ne rentreraitque lorsque lesInkotanyi auraient remporté la victoire!Et vousvous réjouissez d’avoir eu quelqu’un qui allaitsigner les accords de paix.Maintenant ilvous amène six cents militaires ici ! Et vous prétendezavoir des représentants ! Vous livrez le pays,vous ,:lui avez lutté pour lui ; que pensez-vousfaire d’autre si ce n’est de vous battre ? Queferez-vous d’autre (interruption) alors que vous êtes distra.ites ? Vous autres, autorités, vousëtes distraites, vous ne défendezque vos intérêts, vous vous absentez de nosmeetings. Vousrusez pour nous entraînerdans le gouvernementdes Hima,je dis biendans le gouvernementdes Himade l’Ouganda,du Burundiet du Rwanda.Et nousnous y précipitons consciemment! Certains d’entre vous diront que ce sontdes man.oeuvres du FPR, et toutHutu, où il est,dira que ce sontdes manuvresdu MDR.Qui d’entrevous n’est pas membredu parti PARMEHUTU? Qui d’entrevous n’a pas du sang « PARMEHUTU>>.9 Qui n’a pas bénéficiédes bienfaitsde KAY1BANDA? K022-4010-K022-4033 1 WS-02-067 Etmaintenant, ëtes-vous vigilants ? Etes-vous vigilants ? Nous nous adressons en ce moment auxImpuzarnugambi. Cesproblèmes existent donc, et nousen sommesla causepar notre polïtïquerwandaise quiconsiste à ne pas faire preuve de discernement, à nepas savoir-faire la partdes choses et à nepas voir les problèmes assez tôt. Et puis ces réflexions quenous disons haut,devraient être adressées aux autorités qui se préoccuperaientde cette guerre. KAJEGUHAKWAnous attaque et il a amassébeaucoup de fondspour le faire.Qui lui a procuréces fonds ? Qui? N’est-cepas vous ? Tousces problèmes que nous avons..., levoilà qui s’en va opérer au Burundi (inaudible). Qui d’autres? N’est-ce pas vous ? N’est-cepas de lapolitique ? Les problèmes que nous avons proviennentdesautorités quine savent pas ce qui est convenable, quine comprennent pasles desideratadesmembres de lapopulation etqui n’ont qu’en vue les places qu’elles projettent occuper.Nous sommes entrain de lutterpour les places, y compris moi-même. Nous luttons pourobtenir des postes ministériels et,si parhasard nous avons des dettes de plusieurs millions,nous allons soutirer ces sommes de la population, nous’, allons sucer cette population jusqu’audernier sou en vue de sauver nos intérêts tout en l’entraînant dansdes malheurs. Telssont les dirigeants quinous gouvernent pour le moment. Inutiled’aller plus loin et lancer un appel aux membres de lapopulation pour intervenir au Burundi.Adressez-vous plutôt à nosautorités, et spécialementà HABYARIMANA, afin qu’ilsprennent conscience de la situation. Qu’il soit le premier à en être conscient età connaîtreces gens. Dites-lui que pour tout Hutu du Rwanda,(HABYARIMANA) ne peut pas prétendreêtre Hutu tant qu’il portera publiquement unehyène. En effet, ce sont ces hyènes quinous feront tomber dans le piège. (Applaudissements). Nepas en parler revient à trahir la population. Nousne devons pas avoir peur de dire la vérité. Un Hutuvoleur, un traîtreà la population,un(inaudible) quiverse des cotisations aux Inyenzï,nous ne pouvonspas dire que nous sommes avec ces gens, alors que nous sommes conscientsquece sont des intérêts personnels quivont livrer le Rwanda. Vousnous demandez de nousmobiliser. Comment interviendrons-nous pouraider le Burtmdi siceux qui devraient semobiliser sont ceux-là mêmes qui trompent les gens, y envoientleurs camionsremorques, font transiter par ici les marchandises à destination de ce pays. Leurs investissementssetrouvent iciet leurs avoirs enbanque sont tr~a-asférés pouraider le Burundi ; K022-4010-K022-4033 2 WS-02-067 et findes fins, il s’entrouve que c’est vous mêmes qui ont dolmé l’argent à ceux-là qui le passentde l’autrecôté. Nous ne pourronspas assister les autres aussi longtemps que nous n’auronspas préalablement éradiqué cette racine du mal qui nous gangrène. Ilne s’agitpas de vousexciter et dire tout simplement que nous allons nous battre ; vousallez vous battre avec ce Tutsique vous rencontrez dans la rue,soit disant qu’il aurait commis un forfait,et vous oubliezla maladiequi vous ronge, qui nous ronge, nous les Hutus. Cessez de vousdistraire en détruisantlesbiens de vos voisins, en vousterrorisant lesuns le:» autres, car, ce faisant, vous risquezde leurouvrir une brèche. N’est-ilpas vrai que les Inkotanyi se trouventdans cette ville, discrets ? Si noussommes distraits,si nous ne prenonspas des mesures appropriées, nous les trouverons le moment venu à nosportes respectives ettoujours discrets. Plutôtque de nousexciter excessivement, nous devrions chercher à savoirsi lesautorit6s veulenttravailler, ainsi que les voieset moyensde connaîtrenos problèmesinternes. L’ennemiest d’abordparmi nous. Nous n’allonspas prétendreque les événementsdu Burundivont se passeruniquement au Burundiet épargnerontle Rwanda[...]alors que l’ennemiest dansnos murs.Oui, l’ennemi est parmi nous ! Effectivement,l’ennemi s’est infiltréparmi nous. A titred’exemple, qui est maître de RadioRwanda pour laquelle tous les Hutusont lutté pour pouvoir à nouveaus’exprimer ? Plus aucun Hutu ne peuts’exprimer sur lesondes de cetteRadio. Dèssa création,la RTLMa essayéde nousvenir en aide.L’Inyenzi HIGIRO, qui s’est rendu maîtrede RadioRwanda devrait déguerpir avant même que nousne livrionsbataille. Qu’est- ce quevous faites vous, qu’avez-vous fait ? Vousdirez demain que c’est cette aile du MDR. Commentpouvez-vous reconnaître cette aile qui ignorele PARMEHUTU? Cetteaile qui s’appropriela Radio et interditpar la suiteles manifestations comme celles-ci, denature à soutenirles burundais ! Vous avez entendu le PremierMinistre Agathe déclarer que de telles manifestationsne devraient pas avoir lieu, sauf sur autorisation, sachant pertinemment que celle-cia été autorisée. Untel comportement etde telspropos de lapart d’un Premier ministre doiventêtre qualifiés d’actes d’Inyenzi. Jusqu’àce jour,vous avez été sérieusement méprisés et vousêtes méprisables. En effet: si nousavons lutté pour la signaturedes accords de paixet pourque ce gouvernementsiège à K022-4010-K022-4033 3 WS-02-067 Kigali,comment pouvez-vous concevoir que beaucoup de gens,le Premierministre et tousles ministresfa sgent..:.-. ,:~«.,«}a ,.-»,,queue pour faire la courà Mulindi,à Kinihira. Quel est ce genrede pouvoir? Ce méprisque vous continuez à accepter, ce méprisdont vous parlez, que personnene dise ~ qU e c estle MDRqui est parti essuyer ce mépris. Ce sontles valets des Inyenzi et desTutsis quisont allés se fairemépriser à Mulindi. Ne prétendezjamais que le MDRpeut procéder à de telsactes. Qu’allez-vous faire en effetpuisque le gouvernementquevous vouliez qu’il soit ïnstalléà Kigali, ’es st fixé à Mulindi? Bref,militants, nous avons montré notre ligne d’action. Nous avons exprimé ce quenous demandonsau gouvernement.Evitons la divisiondes Hutus,partout où ils se trouvent; évitonsd’être affaiblis par la division, une fois attaqués ; évitons l’infiltration destraîtres qui nousvoleraient le pouvoir.Nous avons enfin au seindu MDRun sloganpour tout Hutu. Nous devrïonsnéanmoins manifester le powerde toutHutu en volantau secoursdu Burundi. Hutupower ! Foule’ Power,power, power ! FrodualdKARAMIRA ¯ Hutupower ! Foule: Power,power, power ! FrodualdKARAMIRA ¯ MRND power ! Foule: Power,power, power ] FrodualdKARAMIRA ¯ MRND power ! K022-4010-K022-4033 4 WS-02-067 ~çO2S o 5 ,5 .,,-- Foule: Power,power, power ! Froduald KARAMIRA¯ CDR power! Foule- Power,power, power ! Froduald KARAMIRA¯ MDR power ! Foule" Power,power, power ! FrodualdKARAMIRA ¯ MDR power ! Foule" Power,power, power ! FrodualdKARAMIRA - Interahamwepower ! Foule: Power,power, power ! Froduald KARAMIRA¯ Les JDR power7 Foule¯ Power,power, power ! K022-4010-K022-4033 WS-02-067 FrodualdKARAMIRA - a:7© Zï¯~ 0.z,, 5 ,~,_, Le Hutuest un power! Foule- Power,power, power ! FrodualdKARAMIRA ¯ Je vousremercie. Kantano HABIMANA o..il y a aussides questions que se.posent les militaires ! Entre autre, le problèmed’être regroupésdans des camps. Hier, le GénéralDallaire s’est rendu à Mulindipour s’entretenir avecles Inkotanyi relativement au choix des camps qui les hébergeront. Hum! Lesmilitaires ontcependant leur mot à direet d’ailleursils nous ont fait paJ:t de leurmécontentement. Il s’agitd’une inquiétude, etje pensequ’il ne serait pas déplacé de vous
Recommended publications
  • Out of Africa
    Out of Africa Chris McGreal The Guardian, March 27, 2009 Chris McGreal began repor- the infection spread across Africa. ting from Africa at a time of pro- But running in parallel were the found change. He witnessed both worst of times. Weeks after watching the unbridled optimism of Nelson Mandela vote, I was standing at a Mandela’s release and the hor- church among thousands of corpses ri- rors of the Rwandan genocide. sing from the ground. It was about 3am Two decades later, in his final and I had just listened to a small group dispatch, he relives the moments of nuns in the Rwandan town of Kibuye that affected him most deeply, describe the massacre of thousands of and asks what the future holds for Tutsis in the Roman Catholic church. this great continent Eleven thousand died there in a single “”hey were the best of times in day. Another 10,000 were murdered in Africa, and the worst. They were the the football stadium the next. years when South Africa was swept The bodies were swiftly buried away by the belief that it was a na- around the church but rains washed tion blessed, a moral beacon to the the soil away, and everywhere the re- world, symbolised by a single moment mains of people frozen in futile de- as Nelson Mandela stood outside a fence against bullets and machetes small KwaZulu school in April 1994, were emerging from the soil. Women, dropped his vote into the ballot box children, old men - no one was spared, with a cross next to his own name, and not even the priest.
    [Show full text]
  • Rwamakuba Ictr-98-44C-T
    International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda Tribunal pénal international pour le Rwanda UNITED NATIONS NATIONS UNIES OR: ENG TRIAL CHAMBER III Before Judge: Dennis C. M. Byron, Presiding Karin Hökborg Gberdao Gustave Kam Registrar: Adama Dieng Date: 20 September 2006 THE PROSECUTOR v. André RWAMAKUBA Case No. ICTR-98-44C-T JUDGEMENT Office of the Prosecutor: Defence Counsel Dior Fall David Hooper and Andreas O’Shea Iain Morley Adama Niane Tamara Cummings-John Judgement 20 September 2006 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION .....................................................................................................................................................................3 CHAPTER I – CHARGES AGAINST THE ACCUSED...................................................................................................6 CHAPTER II - FINDINGS ....................................................................................................................................................13 I. RULES ON EVIDENTIARY MATTERS.................................................................................................................13 I.1. Presumption of Innocence......................................................................................................................................13 I.2. Chamber’s Discretionary power in the Appreciation of the Evidence ...........................................................14 II. FACTUAL FINDINGS .................................................................................................................................................14
    [Show full text]
  • ORIGINAL: ENGLISH TRIAL CHAMBER I Before: Judge Erik Møse
    International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda Tribunal pénal international pour le Rwanda ORIGINAL: ENGLISH TRIAL CHAMBER I Before: Judge Erik Møse, presiding Judge Jai Ram Reddy Judge Sergei Alekseevich Egorov Registrar: Adama Dieng Date: 18 December 2008 THE PROSECUTOR v. Théoneste BAGOSORA Gratien KABILIGI Aloys NTABAKUZE Anatole NSENGIYUMVA Case No. ICTR-98-41-T JUDGEMENT AND SENTENCE Office of the Prosecutor: Counsel for the Defence: Barbara Mulvaney Raphaël Constant Christine Graham Allison Turner Kartik Murukutla Paul Skolnik Rashid Rashid Frédéric Hivon Gregory Townsend Peter Erlinder Drew White Kennedy Ogetto Gershom Otachi Bw’Omanwa The Prosecutor v. Théoneste Bagosora et al., Case No. ICTR-98-41-T TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION........................................................................................ 1 1. Overview ................................................................................................................... 1 2. The Accused ............................................................................................................. 8 2.1 Théoneste Bagosora ................................................................................................... 8 2.2 Gratien Kabiligi ....................................................................................................... 10 2.3 Aloys Ntabakuze ...................................................................................................... 10 2.4 Anatole Nsengiyumva .............................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Rwanda Assessment
    RWANDA ASSESSMENT October 2001 Country Information and Policy Unit CONTENTS I SCOPE OF DOCUMENT 1.1 - 1.4 II GEOGRAPHY A Location and Climate 2.1 - 2.5 B Population 2.6 - 2.8 2.9 C Language III HISTORY A Military and Political Conflict, 1990 - 1994 3.1 - 3.4 B Genocide, April-July 1994 3.5 - 3.10 C The Aftermath, 1994-2001 3.11 - 3.30 D International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda 3.31 - 3.40 3.41 - 3.51 E The Economy IV INSTRUMENTS OF THE STATE A Government 4.1 - 4.11 B Judicial System 4.12 - 4.20 C Prisons 4.21 - 4.24 D Security 4.25 - 4.33 4.34 - 4.35 E International Instruments and General Practice V HUMAN RIGHTS A GENERAL ASSESSMENT 5.1 - 5.8 1 B SPECIFIC CONSIDERATION Freedom of Assembly and Political Association 5.9 - 5.13 Freedom of Religion 5.14 - 5.20 Freedom of Speech and of the Press 5.21 – 5.25 Ethnicity 5.26 - 5.31 Women and Children 5.32 - 5.47 C OTHER ISSUES Refugees, Freedom of Movement, Exit & Return 5.48 - 5.57 International Involvement 5.58 - 5.65 Regional Issues and Foreign Relations 5.66 - 5.71 5.72 - 5.73 Medical VI ANNEXES A CHRONOLOGY OF MAJOR EVENTS, 1899-2001 B PROMINENT PEOPLE C COMMON ABBREVIATIONS / POLITICAL GROUPS D BIBLIOGRAPHY I. SCOPE OF DOCUMENT 1.1 This assessment has been produced by the Country Information and Policy Unit, Immigration and Nationality Directorate of the Home Office, from information obtained from a variety of sources.
    [Show full text]
  • Downloaded License
    journal of international peacekeeping 22 (2018) 40-59 JOUP brill.com/joup Rwanda’s Forgotten Years Reconsidering the Role and Crimes of Akazu 1973–1993 Andrew Wallis University of Cambridge [email protected] Abstract The narrative on the 1994 genocide against the Tutsi in Rwanda has become remark- able in recent years for airbrushing the responsibility of those at its heart from the tragedy. The figure of President Juvenal Habyarimana, whose 21-year rule, along with the unofficial network based around his wife and family, the Akazu, has been largely marginalised. Yet to understand April 1994 requires a far longer-term understanding. Those responsible had grown their power, influence and ambition for decades inside every part of Rwandan society after seizing power in their coup of 1973; they had estab- lished personal and highly lucrative bonds with European and North American coun- tries, financial institutions and the Vatican, all of whom variously assisted with finan- cial, political, diplomatic and military support from 1973 into 1994. This chapter seeks to outline how Akazu built its powerbase, influence and ambition in the two decades before 1994 and the failure of its international backers to respond to repeated warning signs of a tragedy foretold. Keywords genocide – Akazu – Habyarimana – Parmehutu – Network Zero The official Independence Day celebrations that got underway on Sunday 1 July 1973 came as Rwanda teetered on the edge of an expected coup. Eleven years after independence the one party regime of President Grégoire Kayiban- da was imploding. Hit by economic and political stagnation, notably the dam- aging failure to share the trappings of power with those outside his central © Andrew Wallis, 2020 | doi:10.1163/18754112-0220104004 This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the CC BY 4.0Downloaded License.
    [Show full text]
  • Court of Remorse Inside the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
    Court of Remorse Critical Human Rights Series Editors Steve J. Stern Scott Straus Books in the series Critical Human Rights emphasize research that opens new ways to think about and understand human rights. The series values in particular empirically grounded and intellectually open research that eschews simplified accounts of human rights events and processes. In Court of Remorse, Thierry Cruvellier offers a nuanced and complex under- standing of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, a central post– Cold War human rights institution that helped to establish a now common pattern of creating justice mechanisms to account for past human rights atroc- ities. The atrocity in question is the Rwandan genocide of 1994 in which more than half a million civilians were killed. Cruvellier is one of the most knowl- edgeable outside observers of the court, having watched proceedings and interviewed key actors day after day for nearly a decade. In Court of Remorse, Cruvellier draws on these daily observations to render a subtle, eloquent, and intelligent account of the tribunal, and in so doing he helps us understand a critical human rights institution in new and profound ways. Court of Remorse Inside the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda Thierry Cruvellier Translated by Chari Voss The University of Wisconsin Press Publication of this volume has been made possible, in part, through support from the A F C L S at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. The University of Wisconsin Press 1930 Monroe Street, 3rd Floor Madison, Wisconsin 53711-2059 uwpress.wisc.edu 3 Henrietta Street London WCE 8LU, England eurospanbookstore.com Originally published as Le tribunal des vaincus: Un Nuremberg pour le Rwanda? Copyright © 2006 by Calmann-Lévy Translation copyright © 2010 by the Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System All rights reserved.
    [Show full text]
  • The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda and the Rwandan Genocide Courts
    African Studies Quarterly | Volume 1, Issue 1 | 1997 Judicial Responses to Genocide: The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda and the Rwandan Genocide Courts PAUL J. MAGNARELLA Abstract: Following Rwanda's 1994 appalling eruption into genocide, the UN Security Council, having created an international criminal tribunal for humanitarian law violators in the European States of the former Yugoslavia, decided it could do no less for African Rwanda. Because the Rwandan conflict was internal rather than international, the statute for its tribunal complements rather than replicates that of its Yugoslavian counterpart. The statute for the UN's International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda contains a number of legal innovations; as a result, it will contribute significantly to the development of the humanitarian law of internal armed conflict. In addition to analyzing these innovations and the creation of the Tribunal, this article briefly discusses the background to the genocide and Rwanda's own attempts at judicial justice. Background Following the assassination of Rwandan President Juvenal Habyarimana by unknown assailants on April 6, 1994, Rwanda burst into horrifying violence resulting in the murder of about 800,000 people (mostly Tutsi), the uprooting of about two million within Rwanda's borders, and the exodus of over two million (mostly Hutu) to the neighboring countries of Zaire, Burundi, Tanzania, Kenya and Uganda1. Soon after Habyarimana's death, extremist Hutu militias, the Presidential Guard, and the Hutu-dominated national army unleashed a systematic campaign of murder and genocide against hundreds of moderate and opposition Hutu and all Tutsi. Rwanda had been Africa's most densely populated country, with rural peasants constituting the bulk of its inhabitants2.
    [Show full text]
  • KAREMERA Et Al. JUDGEMENT and SENTENCE
    International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda Tribunal pénal international pour le Rwanda ORIGINAL: ENGLISH TRIAL CHAMBER III Before: Judge Dennis C.M. Byron, presiding Judge Gberdao Gustave Kam Judge Vagn Joensen Registrar: Adama Dieng Date: 2 February 2012 THE PROSECUTOR v. Édouard KAREMERA and Matthieu NGIRUMPATSE Case No. ICTR-98-44-T JUDGEMENT AND SENTENCE Office of the Prosecution: Defence Counsel for Édouard Karemera: Don Webster Dior Diagne Mbaye and Félix Sow Maria Wilson Takeh Sendze Defence Counsel for Matthieu Ngirumpatse Sunkarie Ballah-Conteh Chantal Hounkpatin and Frédéric Weyl Jean-Baptiste Nsanzimfura The Prosecutor v. Édouard Karemera et al., Case No. ICTR-98-44-T TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION........................................................................................ 1 1. The Accused ............................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Édouard Karemera ..................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Matthieu Ngirumpatse ............................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER II: PRELIMINARY ISSUES ............................................................................ 2 1. Introduction .............................................................................................................. 2 1.1 Temporal Jurisdiction ................................................................................................ 3 1.2
    [Show full text]
  • Table of Contents
    TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 1 II. THE RIGHT TO A FAIR TRIAL: OVERVIEW OF NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS 2 III. THE FIRST TRIALS IN RWANDA..................................................................... 4 IV. AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL’S CONCERNS ABOUT THE TRIALS .......... 6 a. Defence lawyers ........................................................................................ 7 b. Preparation of the case for the defence ................................................... 11 c. Composition of the courts - no guarantee of competence and independence .......................................................................................... 13 d. Conduct of the trials ................................................................................ 15 e. Right of appeal ........................................................................................ 18 V. THE DEATH PENALTY .................................................................................... 21 RWANDA Unfair trials: Justice denied I. INTRODUCTION The first trials in Rwanda of defendants accused of participation in genocide and other crimes against humanity opened in late December 1996. Trials have since taken place in January and February 1997 and scores more have been announced. The start of the trials represents a significant step towards justice in Rwanda and towards ending the culture of impunity which has allowed massive human rights violations to continue
    [Show full text]
  • Rwanda Assessment
    Rwanda, Country Information http://194.203.40.90/ppage.asp?section=191&title=Rwanda%2C%20Country%20Information RWANDA ASSESSMENT October 2001 Country Information and Policy Unit The Country Information and Policy Unit conducted a fact-finding mission to Rwanda between 5-27 March 2002. The purpose of the mission was to verify and update information contained in the October 2001 assessment and to collect additional information to assist in the determination of asylum applications from Rwandan nationals in the United Kingdom. The report of the fact-finding mission, which will also reflect other material that has been available in the meanwhile, will be published on this site as soon as it is finalised. A comprehensive country assessment incorporating this material will be produced in the normal way in October 2002. I SCOPE OF DOCUMENT II GEOGRAPHY III HISTORY IV INSTRUMENTS OF THE STATE V HUMAN RIGHTS ANNEX A: CHRONOLOGY OF MAJOR EVENTS 1899-2001 ANNEX B: PROMINENT PEOPLE ANNEX C: COMMON ABBREVIATIONS/POLITICAL GROUPS BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. SCOPE OF DOCUMENT 1.1 This assessment has been produced by the Country Information and Policy Unit, Immigration and Nationality Directorate of the Home Office, from information obtained from a variety of sources. 1.2 The assessment has been prepared for background purposes for those involved in the asylum determination process. The information it contains is not exhaustive, nor is it intended to catalogue all human rights violations. It concentrates on the issues most commonly raised in asylum claims made in the United Kingdom. 1.3 The assessment is sourced throughout. It is intended to be used by caseworkers as a signpost to the source material, which has been made available to them.
    [Show full text]
  • Thinking Beyond Ethnic Hatred: an Examination of the State's
    Thinking Beyond Ethnic Hatred: An Examination of the State’s Mobilizations during the Rwandan Genocide of 1994 Yumeng Zhang Faculty Advisor: Irene Silverblatt Cultural Anthropology April 2016 This project was submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the Graduate Liberal Studies Program in the Graduate School of Duke University. Copyright by Yumeng Zhang 2016 Abstract The purpose of this paper is to reject the assumption that the killing of Tutsis during the Rwandan genocide of 1994 was based solely on ethnicity. The Rwandan genocide was one of the more famous disasters of the 20th century, given that about 800,000 Tutsis lost their lives during the genocide. How were Rwandan civilians mobilized to kill their families and friends? How did the civilian participation affect Rwanda’s postgenocide reconciliation process? In this paper, I first examine the exaggeration of the Hutu-Tutsi differences since the colonial period. Then, I explore how during President Habyarimana’s rule the exaggeration of the Hutu-Tutsi differences at first failed to bring about ethnic tensions, but how the conflicts during this time were later purposely manipulated into an ethnic war. By analyzing how the Rwandan political elites stimulated Hutu hatred of Tutsis through different kinds of mass media, I demonstrate that ethnic resentment was only a pretext for killing: Rwandan political elites constructed ethnic hatred in order to consolidate their own power. Additionally, I examine how the Hutu-Tutsi conflict was inflamed by the failure of an indifferent United Nations to act, with the French government even acting as an accomplice of the genocidal regime.
    [Show full text]
  • Rwanda's Forgotten Years
    journal of international peacekeeping 22 (2018) 40-59 JOUP brill.com/joup Rwanda’s Forgotten Years Reconsidering the Role and Crimes of Akazu 1973–1993 Andrew Wallis University of Cambridge [email protected] Abstract The narrative on the 1994 genocide against the Tutsi in Rwanda has become remark- able in recent years for airbrushing the responsibility of those at its heart from the tragedy. The figure of President Juvenal Habyarimana, whose 21-year rule, along with the unofficial network based around his wife and family, the Akazu, has been largely marginalised. Yet to understand April 1994 requires a far longer-term understanding. Those responsible had grown their power, influence and ambition for decades inside every part of Rwandan society after seizing power in their coup of 1973; they had estab- lished personal and highly lucrative bonds with European and North American coun- tries, financial institutions and the Vatican, all of whom variously assisted with finan- cial, political, diplomatic and military support from 1973 into 1994. This chapter seeks to outline how Akazu built its powerbase, influence and ambition in the two decades before 1994 and the failure of its international backers to respond to repeated warning signs of a tragedy foretold. Keywords genocide – Akazu – Habyarimana – Parmehutu – Network Zero The official Independence Day celebrations that got underway on Sunday 1 July 1973 came as Rwanda teetered on the edge of an expected coup. Eleven years after independence the one party regime of President Grégoire Kayiban- da was imploding. Hit by economic and political stagnation, notably the dam- aging failure to share the trappings of power with those outside his central © Andrew Wallis, 2020 | doi:10.1163/18754112-0220104004 This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the CC BY 4.0Downloaded License.
    [Show full text]