Archeologia E Storia Delle Arti Xviii Ciclo

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Archeologia E Storia Delle Arti Xviii Ciclo Progetto di ricerca di Giuseppe Schiavariello UNIVERSITÀ DELLA CALABRIA SCUOLA DOTTORALE INTERNAZIONALE DI STUDI UMANISTICI INDIRIZZO: ARCHEOLOGIA E STORIA DELLE ARTI XVIII CICLO Candidato: GIUSEPPE SCHIAVARIELLO Progetto di ricerca: La comunità cristiana di Acri (Israele) dall’età tardoantica alla fine del secondo periodo crociato: le fonti scritte e la documentazione archeologica. Sintesi della storia insediativa della città dalla preistoria fino al XIII secolo d.C. La città di Acri (anche nota in italiano come Accon o San Giovanni d’Acri, Akko in ebraico moderno, Akka in arabo) si trova in Galilea, nel Distretto amministrativo Nord dello Stato di Israele, posta su un promontorio che chiude sul versante settentrionale la baia di Haifa. Sin dall’antichità è interessata da una vivace frequentazione antropica come testimoniano le evidenze archeologiche riferibili al IV millennio a.C. presenti nella località di Tall al-Fukhkhar (‘Collina dei vasi di argilla’) o Tel Akko, che costituisce il più antico insediamento. Ky, così invece è chiamata dagli Egiziani, è menzionata anche in un’iscrizione sul Tempio di Karnak in Egitto in cui sono ricordate le conquiste di Tutmosis III nell’anno 1479 a.C. In seguito è anche conquistata da Ramsete II e Seti I. Ricordata nell’Antico Testamento (Gdc 1,31; Mic 1,10), dopo il passaggio dei Persiani e di Alessandro Magno, la città è conquistata nel III secolo a.C. dai Tolomei. In particolare, Tolomeo II Filadelfo la rinomina Ptolemais. Agli inizi del II secolo a.C. è annesa al territorio dei Seleucidi. Sembra che in questo periodo la città sia detta Antiochia. Più tardi, verosimilmente nel 47 d.C., l’imperatore Claudio, inviati in questa zona veterani romani, fonda la Colonia Claudia Felix Ptolomais. Il centro antico continua ad essere chiamato in questo modo per tutta l’età romana e bizantina, come testimonia il racconto biblico in cui è ricordato il passaggio di San Paolo che, in viaggio da Tiro a Gerusalemme, passa da Tolemaide per 1/10 Progetto di ricerca di Giuseppe Schiavariello salutare i ‘fratelli’ (At 21,7). Le fonti antiche ricordano, sino al VI secolo d.C., la presenza di una sede vescovile, suffraganea della diocesi della vicina Tiro. Con la conquista musulmana del 638 d.C. diventa un’importante base navale, ma anche un porto interessato da ricchi traffici commerciali. Dopo un breve dominio bizantino, la città è conquistata dagli Arabi che la controllano sino al 26 maggio 1104 quando, grazie alla collaborazione delle armate pisane e genovesi, re Baldovino I riesce a riconquistarla. Da quel momento Acri è considerata uno dei baluardi del regno cristiano in Terra Santa; diviene il luogo in cui si accolgono i pellegrini e i guerrieri, ma anche un porto centrale nel commercio con l’Occidente, come dimostrano chiaramente la presenza in città dei quartieri dei Franchi, dei Veneziani, dei Genovesi e dei Pisani. La battaglia di Hattin (4 luglio 1187), terminata con la vittoria delle truppe di Salah al-Din al-Ayyubi (il sultano Saladino), segna la riconquista della città da parte dei Musulmani, che governano ora su un vasto territorio comprendente anche questo centro. Si chiude così il primo periodo crociato di Acri. Qualche anno dopo, il 12 luglio 1191, le truppe crociate conquistano nuovamente la città che, cambiato il nome in San Giovanni d’Acri, diviene la capitale di un regno senza più territorio: sono ospitati qui il re di Gerusalemme e Cipro, le corti dei più importanti signori di Palestina, i principali ordini cavallereschi presenti in Terra Santa. In questo periodo è anche ricordato il passaggio da Acri di importanti personaggi del tempo come Federico II di Hohenstaufen, Luigi IX re di Francia e, come ricorda la tradizione, San Francesco (circa 1219-1220 d.C.). Qui, inoltre, risiede anche il Ministro della Provincia Oltremarina dell’Ordine dei Francescani e il Custode di Terra Santa, assieme ad una sessantina di frati. Il 28 maggio 1291, dopo quaranta giorni di assedio, è conquistata dagli eserciti dei Musulmani guidati dal sultano Malek al-Ashraf. Si conclude così il secondo periodo crociato di Acri (1191-1291), uno dei periodi più fiorenti della storia della città. Breve storia degli studi e delle ricerche recenti La complessa storia di Acri, la posizione strategica della città che ha contribuito a renderla costantemente oggetto di attenzione e di conquista da parte di molti popoli antichi, il suo coinvolgimento nelle Crociate hanno contribuito, senza alcun dubbio, a creare un interesse tale da spingere non pochi studiosi a dedicare la propria attenzione allo studio della città dall’antichità al periodo contemporaneo. Inoltre, verso questi studi hanno anche spinto le numerose testimonianze 2/10 Progetto di ricerca di Giuseppe Schiavariello lasciate dai pellegrini nei loro diari di viaggio in Terra Santa (resoconti, diari, rappresenatazioni grafiche della città e di alcune sue zone). Non essendo questa la sede più adatta per illustrare analiticamente le ricerche e gli studi condotti sulla città e sulla sua storia, ci si può limitare a ricordarne solo i più recenti. Sin dal 1960 The University of Haifa, in collaborazione con The Israel Underwater Archaeological Society, conduce ricerche nell’area portuale della città, interessandosi anche allo studio dei traffici commerciali in cui la città era inserita nelle diverse epoche. Un’altra équipe della stessa Università ha condotto tra il 1973 e il 1989 ricerche a Tell Akko, luogo del primitivo stanziamento. Più recentemente, un vasto progetto finanziato e coordinato da The United States Department of State ha coinvolto The Universiy of Haifa e The Palestinian Association for Cultural Exchange nello studio delle evidenze archeologiche, nella realizzazione di campagne di scavo, nonché nelle attività di restauro di alcuni monumenti della città antica. Non sono pochi i centri di ricerca israeliani e stranieri che si sono interessati allo studio di Acri, tra questi si possono ricordare The University of Tel Aviv, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Pennsylvania State University, The University of Rhode Island. Ancora, sono attivi progetti condotti da Istituti universitari italiani come l’Università degli Studi di Genova, impegnata in attività di scavo archeologico, e un team di specialisti delle Università di Bari, Pisa, Roma ‘Tor Vergata’ e Reggio Calabria, rivolti allo studio delle evidenze architettoniche presenti. Le attività di ricerca storica e archeologica qui realizzate vedono anche la costante partecipazione del Ministro del Turismo Israeliano, della Municipalità di Acco e dell’Israel Antiquities Authority. Segno più importante di questo interessamento delle Istituzioni è stata la creazione, nel 1967, della compagnia governativa Old Acre Development Company, sorta con lo scopo di contribuire allo sviluppo della città vecchia e di trasformarla in città internazionale. Bisogna anche menzionare il prestigioso riconoscimento ottenuto dalla Città Vecchia di Acri che, anche grazie ad una forte campagna di valorizzazione, nel 2001 è stata iscritta dall’UNESCO nella lista dei siti culturali di interesse mondiale. Argomento che, fino ad oggi, ha riscontrato un minore interesse da parte degli esperti è lo studio degli edifici di Acri di proprietà della Custodia di Terra Santa (area del Caravanserraglio nel quartiere Khan el-Franji e Chiesa di San Giovanni Battista). Molto, in questo campo, si deve invece all’attività di padre Quirico Calella o.f.m., superiore del locale Convento francescano, che dal 1995 è impegnato in indagini archeologiche, operazioni di restauro e valorizzazione dei luoghi cristiani. 3/10 Progetto di ricerca di Giuseppe Schiavariello Obiettivi della ricerca Il presente progetto di ricerca si pone in continuità con i molteplici lavori che hanno indagato la presenza e lo sviluppo della comunità cristiana in Terra Santa e a completamento degli studi inerenti la storia della città di Acri in Israele. Infatti, il progetto si concentra sulla ricostruzione diacronica della presenza cristiana ad Acri tra l’età tardoantica e il 1291 d.C., anno in cui convenzionalmente si conclude il secondo periodo crociato di questa città. I numerosi e importanti eventi tramandati dalla storia evenemenziale che si sono svolti ad Acri, le cospicue testimonianze lasciate dai cavalieri e dai pellegrini di ogni tempo che hanno visitato questa città e lasciato memoria dei luoghi attraverso resoconti di viaggi, disegni o planimetrie, contribuiscono ad attestare la presenza di una vivace comunità cristiana. Inoltre, molto numerosi erano anche gli edifici sacri (chiese, conventi, monasteri) di cui i testi antichi parlano (sembra ci fossero quasi quaranta chiese ad Acri in età crociata), presentando frequentemente anche le loro raffigurazioni. In molti casi questi luoghi sacri non sono stati ancora identificati, in altri sono stati riconosciuti per mezzo di campagne di scavo archeologico, ma non studiati in maniera rigorosa, specialmente perché visti, in Israele, come testimonianze ‘scomode’ di una religione diversa da quella ‘di stato’. Particolarmente degno di considerazione è il caso della settecentesca Chiesa parrocchiale di San Giovanni Battista, costruita dai Francescani per i Cristiani di rito latino e, ancora oggi, di proprietà della Custodia di Terra Santa. Durante i lavori di restauro dell’edificio, iniziati nell’anno 2000 per volontà di Padre Quirico Calella o.f.m., sono stati rinvenuti ambienti sotterranei a campate con vele poggianti su semipilastri addossati alle pareti di chiara derivazione medievale. Inoltre, nei sondaggi stratigrafici
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