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Port Said University Faculty of Engineering Department of Architectural Engineering & Urban Planning The USE OF COMPUTER SIMULATED VISUALIZATION TECHNIQUES TO EVALUATE RIVERFRONT'S LANDSCAPE An Approach to Public Participation in river Nile Banks' Regeneration Thesis Submitted By Ahmed Mohamed Saleh Khadr Master Degree of the Landscape and Urban design 2001 Assistant Lecturer-Architecture Department-Ismailia Faculty of Engineering-Suez Canal University IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR THE DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEGREE IN ARCHITECTURE Port Said, Egypt July, 2010 Port Said University Faculty of Engineering Department of Architectural Engineering & Urban Planning The USE OF COMPUTER SIMULATED VISUALIZATION TECHNIQUES TO EVALUATE RIVERFRONT'S LANDSCAPE An Approach to Public Participation in river Nile Banks' Regeneration Thesis Submitted By Ahmed Mohamed Saleh Khadr IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR THE DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEGREE IN ARCHITECTURE Supervised by Prof. Dr. MOSTFA Prof. Dr. ROWAIDA MOHAMED ABDEL HAFEEZ REDA KAMEL Professor of Architecture & Urban Professor of Architecture Planning Faculty of Engineering Faculty of Engineering Cairo University Port Said University Prof. Dr. ESAM BADRAN Professor of Urban Planning Faculty of Engineering Suez Canal University Port Said, Egypt 2010 Port Said University Faculty of Engineering Department of Architectural Engineering & Urban Planning The USE OF COMPUTER SIMULATED VISUALIZATION TECHNIQUES TO EVALUATE RIVERFRONT'S LANDSCAPE An Approach to Public Participation in river Nile Banks' Regeneration Thesis Submitted By Ahmed Mohamed Saleh Khadr IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR THE DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEGREE IN ARCHITECTURE Approved by the Examining Committee: Prof. Dr. Hesham Sameh Hussain Sameh Professor of Architecture, Architecture Department Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University (Member) Prof. Dr. Ahmed Reda Abdin Professor of Architecture, Architecture Department Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University (Member) Prof. Dr. Mustafa Mohamed Abdel-Hafeez Professor and Head of Architecture and Urban Planning Department Faculty of Engineering, Port Said, Port Said University (Advisor & Member) Prof. Dr. Essam Badran Professor and Vice Dean, Architecture and Urban Planning Department Faculty of Engineering, Ismailia, Suez Canal University (Advisor & Member) Port Said, Egypt 2010 Acknowledgement My most sincere thanks and gratitude to Allah Almighty, first and foremost. Then I would like to thank my advisory committee for their contribution to my research and their willingness to review my dissertation. To my advisor Dr. Mustafa Abd ElHafeez, head of the Architectural and urban planning department in Port Said at Suez Canal University, my deepest gratitude for your continuous guidance, support, especially in the final steps to form the thesis. Special thanks to Dr. Rowaida, Prof of housing in the faculty of Engineering – Cairo University, for her support and comments that always kept me on the right path since I was a student in Cairo University, with her continuous guidance I became who I am. I gratefully acknowledge the support of Dr. Essam Badran, professor of urban design and vice dean in faculty of engineering Ismailia, his remarks were always very helpful especially in the thesis revision. Special and grateful acknowledge to, Dr. Ahmed Reda Abdin, professor of architecture in faculty of Engineering – Cairo University, your valuable advises, also Special thanks to Dr. Hesham Sameh, professor of architecture in faculty of Engineering – Cairo University, for his time. Most of all, I thank my family for their love and support. My little daughter, Rawan, and my wife, she made it possible for me to find time to write. I am also thankful to my parents for their encouragement to finish what I started. To all those without whom this thesis might not have been written, and to all my teachers and professors, from past and present, in great appreciation for their inspiration and passion for knowledge To my parents, wife and precious girl . Rawan TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents Table of contents A1 List of figures B1 List of tables C1 Abstract Introduction 0.1. Introduction 1 0.1.1. Where is the world now? And where we are? 1 0.1.2. A New Vision for Urban Riverfronts 1 0.1.3. A New Vision for public participation in environmental issues 1 0.1.4. A New Vision for using Information Technology 1 0.1.5. Emerging new visualization tools in participatory landscape design 1 0.1.6. Focus on the situation of the Nile riverfront in Egypt 1 0.2. Research Problem 1 0.3. Aim of the work 1 0.4. Research Objectives 1 0.5. Research questions 1 0.6. Research Hypothesis 1 0.7. Argued assumptions 1 0.8. Research limitations 1 0.9. Thesis experiment expected evidence 1 0.10. Research methodology 1 PART ONE: Riverfronts, Public Participation and 1 Visualization in Relations, Towards a Successful Regeneration of Riverfront's Landscape CHAPTER 1: Riverfront's Regeneration- Towards Public Accessibility of Riverfronts 1.1. Introduction- Cities return back to their riverfronts 3 1.2. River, environment and people, in relations 4 1.2.1. River in the natural environment 4 1.2.2. River 5 The use of computer simulated visualization to evaluate riverfront's landscape A-1 Table of Contents 1.2.2.1. Youthful River 5 1.2.2.2. Mature river 5 1.2.2.3. Old River 5 1.2.2.4. Rejuvenated River 6 1.2.3. Urban river alternatives 6 1.2.4. The role of river in the built environment 8 1.2.5. River landscape or Riverscape 8 1.2.5.1. Natural river landscape 8 1.2.5.2. Man-made river landscape 8 1.2.6. People & river, in relations 9 1.2.7. Physical contact between people and river 9 1.3. Riverfronts in urban environment 10 1.3.1. Riverfront definition 10 1.3.2. Role of Riverfronts in cities 11 1.3.3. People attraction to the riverfronts 13 1.3.4. Factors of people-riverfront disconnect 13 1.3.5. Social experience of riverfront space 13 1.3.6. Elements of riverfront's view 14 1.3.6.1. The background 14 1.3.6.2. The opposite bank 14 1.3.6.3. Riverbed 14 1.3.6.4. River edge 14 1.3.6.5. The near bank 14 1.3.7. Types of riverfronts 15 1.4. Riverfront as a strategic urban resource 16 1.4.1. Urban riverfronts transformations 16 1.4.2. Concepts of Urban riverfronts transformations 17 1.4.3. Architectural Icons and Urban riverfronts transformations 17 1.5. Regeneration process of urban riverfronts 18 1.5.1. Why is riverfronts regeneration? 20 1.5.2. Key factors in urban riverfronts regeneration 20 The use of computer simulated visualization to evaluate riverfront's landscape A-2 Table of Contents 1.5.2.1 Strategic value of riverfront 20 1.5.2.2. Location factor of the riverfront 20 1.5.2.3. A rich heritage of historical buildings 20 1.5.2.4. Direct contact with water 20 1.5.2.5. The evocative and symbolic value of riverfront areas 21 1.5.3. Strategies of urban Riverfront regeneration … 21 1.5.4. Dimensions of Urban riverfront Regeneration 22 1.5.5. Different typologies of riverfronts regeneration 22 1.5.6. Principles of Urban riverfront regeneration 24 1.5.7. New vision of riverfront regeneration 25 1.6. Riverfront regeneration for riverfront public access 26 1.6.1. Riverfront public access 27 1.6.2. Types of public access to riverfront 28 1.6.2.1 Riverfront Physical access 28 1.6.2.2. Riverfront visual Access 29 1.6.3. Riverfront public access objectives 29 1.6.4. Uses prevent the riverfront' public access 30 1.6.5. Riverfront's public access demands 30 1.6.6. Key elements of Riverfront Public access 31 1.6.6.1. Meet Basic Human Needs 31 1.6.6.2. Provide Recreational Opportunities 31 1.6.6.3. Develop Paths and Promenades 31 1.6.7. Involving the Public in riverfront regeneration 32 1.7. Summary & conclusions 32 CHAPTER 2: Assessment of Public's Interactions with Riverfronts' Landscape 2.1. Introduction 34 2.2. People's attraction to riverfront's landscape 35 2.2.1. Public perception of riverfront landscape 35 2.2.2. Categories of public needs in riverfront's landscape 35 2.2.2.1. Nature needs 35 The use of computer simulated visualization to evaluate riverfront's landscape A-3 Table of Contents 2.2.2.2. Public-interaction needs 36 2.2.3. The ways public can value riverfront' landscape 36 2.3. Perception as interaction between people & landscape 36 2.3.1. Landscape perception 37 2.3.2. How do people perceive landscape objects? 38 2.3.3. Laws of landscape scene perception 39 2.3.4. Aesthetic responses towards landscape 40 2.3.5. Aesthetic factors in riverfronts' Landscape 41 2.4. Public’s preference for riverfront's landscape 42 2.4.1. Variation in public's preferences 42 2.4.2. Experts' preference versus public's preference 43 2.4.3. Preferences as a mean to evaluate riverfront's landscape 44 2.4.4. Behavioral Psychology and riverfront's landscape 45 2.5. Assessment of public's response towards riverfront's 46 landscape 2.5.1. Public users' response to riverfront's landscape 46 2.5.1.1. Physical Response 47 2.5.1.1.a. Actions done in the riverfronts' landscape 47 2.5.1.1.b. Actions done to riverfronts' landscape 48 2.5.1.2. Emotional response 48 2.5.2. Measuring people's responses to riverfront's landscape 49 2.5.3. Assessing people responses to riverfront's landscape 50 2.5.4. Testing public's response to riverfront's landscape 51 2.5.4.1Observation 51 2.5.4.1.a.