Duneira Garden and Grounds

Conservation Management Plan and Landscape Master Plan

prepared for the S.R. Stoneman Foundation

Lee Andrews & Associates Heritage Consulting in conjunction with the National Trust of Australia (Victoria)

March 2006

LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS ...... 4 LIST OF PLANS...... 5 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... 6 1.0 INTRODUCTION...... 8 1.1 Background and scope...... 8 1.2 Method...... 9 2.0 CHRONOLOGY: HISTORY OF DUNEIRA ...... 10 2.1 SEQUENTIAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE GARDEN AND GROUNDS ...... 16 EXISTING CONDITIONS PLAN ...... 20 3.0 PHYSICAL SURVEY AND ANALYSIS ...... 22 3.1 Introduction ...... 22 3.2 Site boundaries and overall layout...... 23 3.3 Fences and gates...... 23 3.4 Roads, paths and steps...... 25 3.5 Rock walling...... 26 3.6 Lawns ...... 27 3.7 Garden beds and plantings...... 29 3.8 Trees ...... 35 3.9 Special garden zones ...... 51 3.10 Garden buildings ...... 55 3.11 Garden furniture and ornamentation...... 63 3.12 Irrigation system...... 65 3.13 Livestock ...... 66 3.14 Lost elements...... 67 3.15 Summary of elements and their rankings of cultural significance...... 68 5.0 ASSESSMENT OF CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE...... 74 5.1 Historic value...... 74 5.2 Aesthetic value ...... 77 5.3 Scientific value ...... 80 6.0 DEVELOPING THE CONSERVATION POLICY...... 86 6.1 Obligations arising from cultural significance ...... 86 6.2 Client, owner and user requirements, aspirations and resources ...... 86 6.3 Other requirements and concerns ...... 87 6.4 Condition of fabric ...... 87 6.5 Uses ...... 88 6.6 Comparative information...... 88 6.7 Unavailable information...... 88 7.0 CONSERVATION POLICY...... 89 7.1 Introduction ...... 89 7.2 Conservation of culturally significant fabric ...... 89 7.3 Use...... 90 7.4 Interpretation ...... 90 7.5 Management ...... 90 7.6 New developments ...... 91 7.7 Adoption and review ...... 91 8.0 CONSERVATION GUIDELINES...... 92 8.1 Introduction ...... 92 8.2 Conservation of culturally significant fabric ...... 93 8.3 Use...... 97 8.4 Interpretation ...... 97 8.5 Management ...... 98 8.6 Future developments ...... 99 8.7 Adoption and review ...... 99

Lee Andrews & Associates Heritage Consulting 2006 2 9.0 CONSERVATION ACTIONS ...... 100 9.1 Introduction ...... 100 9.2 Site boundaries and overall layout...... 100 9.3 Fences and gates...... 101 9.4 Roads, paths and steps...... 101 9.5 Rock walling...... 101 9.6 Lawns ...... 102 9.7 Garden beds and plantings...... 102 9.8 Trees ...... 102 9.9 Special garden zones ...... 103 9.10 Garden buildings and structures ...... 104 9.11 Garden furniture and ornamentation...... 106 9.12 Irrigation system...... 106 9.13 Livestock ...... 107 9. 14 Lost elements...... 107 10.0 LANDSCAPE MASTER PLAN ...... 108 11.0 REFERENCES ...... 109 12.0 APPENDICES...... 113 EXISTING TREE LOCATIONS PLAN...... 114 12.1 Duneira Tree Report ...... 115 12.2 Historic photographs ...... 148 12.3 Historic plans...... 196 12.4 Survey of the garden as of 30 June 1979...... 199 12.5 Photographic record of Duneira garden and grounds in 2005...... 200

Lee Andrews & Associates Heritage Consulting 2006 3 LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS Photograph 1: c.1890. Reid family members looking south-east to Duneira main residence149 Photograph 2: c. 1890. Reid family in paddock north-west of main residence at Duneira ... 150 Photograph 3: date unknown. James Smith Reid ...... 151 Photograph 4: c. 1890. Duneira main residence from driveway...... 152 Photograph 5: c. 1890. Eastern elevation of main residence...... 153 Photograph 6: c. 1890. Double gates to northern paddocks. Main driveway can be seen to divide and veer left to stables, and two branches to right lead to western side of main residence (marked by bollards) and to the exit road bounded today by the Sycamore Row...... 154 Photograph 7: C. 1890. James Smith Reid with wife Martha and youngest child. Exact location unknown, but likely to be to the west of the Elm Avenue, and south of the Secret Garden ...... 155 Photograph 8: c. 1890. J.S. Reid with three of his children. Location thought to be south of Secret Garden...... 156 Photograph 9: c. 1895-1900. Western elevation of the main residence showing clipped conifers and young deciduous tree likely to be the extant Cut-leafed Walnut ...... 157 Photograph 10; c. 1900 Main residence as seen from the divergence of the entry drive ...... 158 Photograph 11: c. 1900. Western elevation of main residence, showing clipped trees and low hedging...... 159 Photograph 12: c. 1900. Entry drive looking toward the main residence through the laurel ‘arch’ (compare with Photograph 3)...... 160 Photograph 13: c. 1900. Entry drive where it loops in front of the main residence. View towards the south-east, showing dense conifer plantings and clipped hedge...... 161 Photograph 14: c. 1900. The tennis court, looking south-east from the croquet lawn. The Weeping Elm, sheltering a number of guests, can be seen in the middle-right of photograph...... 162 Photograph 15: c. 1920. Eastern elevation of the main residence, showing expansive lawn, the grassed bank, and Chamaecyparis and holly...... 163 Photograph 16: c. 1920. Eastern elevation of the main residence, showing expansive lawn, flower beds, the extant Japanese maple and holly...... 164 Photograph 17: c. 1910-20. The Secret Garden, looking to the west. Note the Glasshouse roof in the background...... 165 Photograph 18: c. 1910-20. Secret Garden Glasshouse screened by hedging...... 166 Photograph 19: c. 1910-20. Secret Garden looking east. Note the absence of lawn...... 167 Photograph 20: c. 1910-20. The Secret Garden looking east. Features shown here are weeping birch, low hedging and massed planting of tulips...... 168 Photograph 21: c. 1910-20. The Secret Garden looking north west. The weeping cherry can be seen in the middle-right of photograph...... 169 Photograph 22: c. 1910-20. Front of the main residence looking toward the east along the drive. Note the standard roses to the right, and large Japanese maples either side of front steps...... 170 Photograph 23: c. 1910-20. The same view of the front steps...... 171 Photograph 24: c. 1910-20. Drive from the front of main residence, looking east...... 172 Photograph 25: c. 1910-20. Detail of planting in rock terrace wall in Secret Garden...... 173 Photograph 26: c. 1910-20. Weeping elm as viewed from eastern side of main residence... 174 Photograph 27: c. 1910-20. Weeping elm, looking south-west towards the main residence. 175 Photograph 28: c. 1910-20. The Oak Avenue looking towards the north...... 176 Photograph 29: c. 1910-20. The construction known as the Berry House...... 177 Photograph 30: c. 1910-20. The Berry House in snow...... 178 Photograph 31: c. 1910-20. Eastern side of the Elm Avenue towards the main entry. Note the clipped ivy ‘hedge’ on the extreme right of the photograph...... 179

Lee Andrews & Associates Heritage Consulting 2006 4 Photograph 32: c. 1910-30. The Elm Avenue, looking towards the south- west. This and Photograph 31 form part of a sweeping, panoramic view across the southern part of the property...... 180 Photograph 33: c. 1910-20. Northern end of the Elm Avenue looking south towards the main entry...... 181 Photograph 34: Looking north-east from the junction of the Loop Drive and the Elm Avenue...... 182 Photograph 35: c. 1910-20.The Loop Drive looking toward the east, showing massed rhododendron plantings...... 183 Photograph 36: c. 1923. Looking south-east toward the Milking Shed Complex and the Stables Complex...... 184 Photograph 37: c. 1920. Looking towards the tennis court. Note the concrete retaining wall and steps, and details of the tennis court fencing and gate...... 185 Photograph 38: c. 1910-20. The Secret Garden looking west. These standard rose bushes are thought to be planted in the area of the Secret Garden directly to the west of the Glasshouse. Note the low hedging and rock retaining wall...... 186 Photograph 39: c. 1925. View across lawns of Duneira toward the south-west...... 187 Photograph 40: c. 1910-20. The service drive lined with a row or avenue of sycamores. What appears to be an old pine is in the foreground...... 188 Photograph 41: c.1910-20. The service drive with sycamore row or avenue looking towards the east...... 189 Photograph 42: c.1923. Front of main residence looking across central terrace lawn...... 190 Photograph 43: c.1923. Front elevation of main residence looking across central terrace lawn. Note grassy walkway on slope in mid-left of photograph (see also Photograph 41). ... 191 Photograph 44: c. 1923. Similar photograph clearly showing grassy gap leading from front steps to central terrace lawn...... 192 Photograph 45: c. 1941. Northern end of stables complex showing grills, external staircase, garden bed and steep retaining bank...... 193 Photograph 46: c.1941. Looking west from servants’ wing of main residence through to stables complex...... 194 Photograph 47: December 1960. Aerial photograph of Duneira...... 195 LIST OF PLANS Figure 1: Locality plan of Duneira...... 197 Figure 2: Plan showing purchased allotments of Duneira...... 198

Lee Andrews & Associates Heritage Consulting 2006 5 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Duneira is an integral part of the Mount Macedon collection of hill-stations developed in the 1870s. This group of properties was assessed in a landmark project in 1978 as being of national cultural significance. Duneira was considered at that time the collection’s ‘jewel in the crown’ for its fine residence and the intactness and great beauty of its unusual grounds. Duneira’s significance has further increased since the loss, both total and partial, of a number of other properties in this collection in the devastating 1983 bush fires.

This study, the first and only major comprehensive examination of Duneira’s grounds, has revealed the sequence of the property’s development, from its initial laying out and planting by Suetonius Henry Officer in 1872, reaching its pinnacle of development under the ownership of James Smith Reid and family from 1890 to 1940, and its careful and largely sympathetic management under its four subsequent owners – Betty Alcock / Wickens, Keith Allen, Christine and Laurie Matheson and Stuart Stoneman.The property has retained the majority of its landscape features intact and in good condition.

Through the analysis and assessment of the grounds it has been possible to identify ways in which the property as a whole might be developed and managed in the future to protect those qualities which make it culturally significant to Australia. In summary these are the • retention and maintenance of Duneira’s infrastructure - roads, paths, steps, rock walls, fences, gates, and irrigation and drainage systems • repair of historic garden buildings • restoration of important garden zones • protection and enhancement of its trees and plants

In order to achieve these goals it will be necessary to carry out some new works to protect the important qualities of the property, including its various uses, and also adapt the property to some new uses.

New works include • re-creation of a major tourist attraction by authentic restoration and replanting of the Secret Garden as it was at its peak from c.1912 to1930; • re-instatement of the croquet lawn and restoration of the tennis court; • restoration of the substantial kitchen garden zone, with its vegetable garden, in the 1960s the largest on the mount; • development of a comprehensive plant management programme which includes ¾ a Tree Replacement and Propagation Programme ¾ a long term garden development plan ¾ an annual maintenance schedule ¾ development of a specialised new tree collection ¾ initiation of computer-based documentation and appropriate heritage training for garden staff

These new works will not only protect and / or restore the existing historic fabric of the garden and grounds (including hard and soft landscaping and special garden areas), but also improve Duneira’s ability to continue to carry out the many cultural, community and public activities which have become part of its tradition since the 1970s. These include meetings, conferences and dinners, art and similar exhibitions, weddings and special events, book launches and musical recitals, agistment of domestic stock in paddocks, bus tours and ‘open garden’ activities, including continued participation in Victoria’s Open Garden Scheme. .

Lee Andrews & Associates Heritage Consulting 2006 6 In addition, a number of new uses have been identified which do not threaten, and may enhance, the cultural significance of the place. These include • use of the property for (fully catered live-in) conferences • tennis and croquet sporting events • accommodation based activities such as bed and breakfast and weekend holiday accommodation • tourist uses with café, self-guided and garden tours • activities in association with the National Trust of Australia (Victoria)

Other new uses for the grounds could include • agistment of horses, and other domestic stock in the paddocks • community vegetable garden, with possible sale of produce to local or regional restaurants • use of the area now planted with chestnuts (to be removed) for an orchard of heritage fruit varieties

Also identified in this report is the urgent need for a Garden Buildings Condition and Maintenance Report for the stables, milking shed and gate lodge.

A full landscape design and planting plan is essential to guide the authentic restoration of the Secret Garden.

Detailed implementation plans which include suggested plantings and hard landscaping treatments should be drawn up for each garden area prior to any major work being undertaken in them.

Lee Andrews & Associates Heritage Consulting 2006 7 1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background and scope

STUDY BRIEF This study was commissioned by the S.R. Stoneman Foundation in December 2004. The study consists of a Conservation Management Plan and Landscape Master Plan which provide clear and justifiable direction for the future management of the historic garden and grounds of Duneira in Mount Macedon.

The Conservation Management Plan consists of a Conservation Analysis and Conservation Policy.

The Conservation Analysis comprises • a documented historical summary of the site from its inception to the present • a physical survey of the study area, including major vegetation and built landscape features • an assessment of the cultural significance of all landscape elements within the site, and of the site as a whole, culminating in a statement of significance.

The Conservation Policy is based on the findings of the Conservation Analysis, and takes into consideration obligations arising from the determination of the site’s cultural significance, as well as a range of other factors. These include the present physical condition of the site, the needs and desires of the managing body and/or owners of the site, community needs, heritage and planning controls over the site, and use options and their implications. After consideration of all these factors, a Conservation Policy is formulated to guide the future of the site.

In order to apply the Conservation Policy to Duneira, a set of general Conservation Guidelines and specific Conservation Actions are drawn up. The Landscape Master Plan is then created to indicate proposed works to the site, based on these guidelines and actions.

The production of the Conservation Management Plan and Landscape Master Plan for Duneira has been carried out with the involvement of the Victorian branch of the National Trust of Australia.

STUDY AREA The study encompasses all grounds within the boundary of Duneira. While it includes garden buildings and structures, it does not address the Gate Lodge or main residence in any detail as this was beyond the scope of the brief

CONSULTANT TEAM This Conservation Management Plan and Landscape Master Plan has been prepared by Lee Andrews and Associates Heritage Consulting. The overall project has been co-ordinated and overseen by Philip Tulk, Gardens Manager for the National Trust of Australia (Victoria).

The consultant team is headed by heritage horticulturist Lee Andrews, acting as principal consultant. The history of Duneira has been prepared by Helen Doyle, professional historian specializing in public history, with the comparative analysis and input into assessment of cultural significance undertaken by Richard Aitken, architect, historian and author of the original National Trust classification of Duneira. Experienced regional arborist John Beetham has surveyed and inspected the major trees on the site.

Lee Andrews & Associates Heritage Consulting 2006 8 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The consultants would like to thank the following for their assistance in the preparation of this report:

Members of Board of Trustees of the S.R. Stoneman Foundation; Garden staff at Duneira, Peter and Luke White; Duneira’s resident caretakers Andrew and Wendy Billington; Stephen Ryan, proprietor of Dicksonia Rare Plant Nursery, Mount Macedon; Staff at the Pictures Collection and Map Collection, State Library of Victoria; Staff of the University of Melbourne Bailleiu Library - Special Collections; Staff of the University of Melbourne Architecture Library.

1.2 Method

The study has been prepared according to the principles of the internationally acknowledged Charter for the Conservation of Places of Cultural Significance (Burra Charter) and its Guidelines. The Burra Charter, prepared by the Australian Chapter of the International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS), assists owners and management agencies to conserve and appropriately manage and maintain sites of cultural significance.

The study draws upon historical research previously undertaken by others as well as new historical research. This includes examination of archival material, photographs and plans/maps of Duneira and the Mount Macedon area. The J.S. Reid file, held by the University of Melbourne Archives, has been examined and forms a major new source of material regarding the history of Duneira.

Lee Andrews & Associates Heritage Consulting 2006 9

2.0 CHRONOLOGY: HISTORY OF DUNEIRA

1824: Mount Macedon first given a European name- ‘Mount Wentworth’- by Hume [Stephen Mooney, Naming Mount Alexander, in the Victorian Historical Journal, Volume 62 (Nos 3&4), 1992, p.133]

1836: Mount Macedon scaled and named by Major Sir Thomas Mitchell: ‘I gave it the name of Mount Macedon with reference to that of Port Phillip’. [Editor’s Notes, Victorian Historical Journal, Volume 36, 1965, pp. 3&4 and quoted in Notes and Queries, Victorian Historical Journal, Volume 5, 1916, p.48]

1839: Mitchell wrote ‘Geboor is the native name of this hill … and is a much better one [than Mount Macedon], having fewer letters and being aboriginal.’ [Mitchell, T.L., Three expeditions into the interior of eastern Australia, Volume 2, 1839, in Stephen Mooney, Naming Mount Alexander, in the Victorian Historical Journal, Volume 62 (Nos 3&4), 1992, p.133]

1850s: Mount Macedon area a favourite holiday resort of prosperous goldminers from Castlemaine diggings [Editor’s Notes, Victorian Historical Journal, Volume 36, 1965, pp. 3&4]

1850s and 1860s: Mount Macedon area denuded of trees to provide timber for construction associated with gold mining in Castlemaine, Bendigo areas [Nigel Lewis Richard Aitken, Alton Garden Conservation Plan, 1998]

1854: Dodgshon and Christian Timber Mills operating on the slopes of Mount Macedon [Nigel Lewis Richard Aitken, Alton Garden Conservation Plan, 1998]

1858: A school opened at Mount Macedon to meet the needs of a growing population [Nigel Lewis Richard Aitken, Alton Garden Conservation Plan, 1998]

1861: Macedon (originally called Middle Gully) proclaimed a town [Nigel Lewis Richard Aitken, Alton Garden Conservation Plan, 1998]

1865: Amending Land Act allowed ten acres to be selected within a ten mile radius of a goldfield to encourage miners and small scale farmers to take up land [Nigel Lewis Richard Aitken, Alton Garden Conservation Plan, 1998]

1868: Conditions of the Amending Land Act 1865 extended the area which could be selected to 160 acres and the distance to a 30 mile radius [Nigel Lewis Richard Aitken, Alton Garden Conservation Plan, 1998]

1872: Development of the State Forest Nursery at Mount Macedon was commenced [Nigel Lewis Richard Aitken, Alton Garden Conservation Plan, 1998]

1872: Suetonius Officer purchased the land comprising Crown allotments 4, 5, 10, 11 Section 6, Parish of Macedon, County of Bourke, in May [Siversen, John. ‘Duneira’, history essay, Faculty of Architecture, Building and Planning, University of Melbourne, September 1968]

Lee Andrews & Associates Heritage Consulting 2006 10 1874: The first improvements listed on the site were stables. At this time Robert Officer was listed as the site’s rateable owner [Siversen, John. ‘Duneira’, history essay, Faculty of Architecture, Building and Planning, University of Melbourne, September 1968]

1875-76: Officer thought to have commissioned architect Levi Powell to design the first stage of Duneira to be erected as a summer house. The house was reputedly not occupied regularly until c1881 when Suetonius moved to Toorak. However it appears that he and his family were in residence at Duneira by 1877 [‘Macedon Ranges Cultural Heritage and Landscape Study’, Part 4, vol. 4, June 1994]

1875: Officer family in residence at Duneira, using the property as a summer retreat. Their main residence was their property on the Murray River – Murray Downs [Letter from Merilyn Ramsay to Stuart Stoneman, 29 September 1995, in National Trust of Australia (Vic.) File G13102, ‘Duneira’]

1876: Officer was rated for 35 acres, ‘land, villa and offices’ [Siversen, John. ‘Duneira’, history essay, Faculty of Architecture, Building and Planning, University of Melbourne, September 1968]

Taylor and Sangster establish a branch of their successful Melbourne nursery at Mount Macedon [H.B. Hutton, Two nurseries in the Mount Macedon area – John Smith and sons and Taylor and Sangster, in Journal of the Australian Garden History Society, Winter 1981, No. 2]

1877: Officer purchased a further adjoining allotment to the north, in May [National Trust of Australia (Vic.). Classification report, prepared by Richard Aitken, 1990]. The Officers’ daughter Jessie was born at Duneira [Letter from Merilyn Ramsay to Stuart Stoneman, 29 September 1995, in National Trust of Australia (Vic.) File G13102, ‘Duneira’]

1878: Officer read a paper on his acclimatisation work with ostriches on his property Murray Downs to the Zoological and Acclimatisation Society of Victoria [Notes from Merilyn Ramsay, 12 January 1995, in National Trust of Australia (Vic.) File G13102, ‘Duneira’, and Le Souef, J. Cecil, Acclimatisation in Victoria, Victorian Historical Journal, Vol. 36, 1965]

1881: Officer family took up residency in Toorak, Melbourne [Australian Representative Men, 2nd edition, 1887]

1883: Officer died in his Toorak home on 26–7-1883 aged 53 years [Hone, J. Ann, Officer, Charles Myles (1827–1904) and Suetonius Henry (1830–1883), in Pike, D. (ed.), Australian Dictionary of Biography, vol. 5]

1885: Rates for the property increased from 135 to 180 pounds [Rate Book 1885 (209) cited in Macedon Ranges Cultural Heritage and Landscape Study, Duneira Part 4, vol. 4, June 1994, p. 574]. This increase suggests improvements / additions to the property carried out around this time

1889: Property occupied by an Edward Dyer (possibly the same one as listed as a fruiterer in Burwood Road, Hawthorn [Macedon Ranges Cultural Heritage and Landscape Study, Part 4, vol. 4, June 1994] c.1889: ‘Just prior to the sale to the speculator James Smith Reid in 1890, and during the occupation of Edward Dyer, major alterations were made to the house complex [Macedon Ranges Cultural Heritage and Landscape Study, Part 4, vol. 4, June 1994, p. 574]

Lee Andrews & Associates Heritage Consulting 2006 11 1890: 29 November Duneira was purchased by James Smith Reid, a mining speculator with business interests in Queensland [Siversen, John. ‘Duneira’, history essay, Faculty of Architecture, Building and Planning, University of Melbourne, September 1968]

1891: Rate books for the area indicate that the property comprised ‘villa and 35 acres’, but no cottage or gate house. Duneira was used by the Reids as a summer retreat, their regular domicile being ‘Rostrevor’ in Magill, South Australia [Siversen, John. ‘Duneira’, history essay, Faculty of Architecture, Building and Planning, University of Melbourne, September 1968] c. 1893: Gate Lodge thought to have been built by Reid [Macedon Ranges Cultural Heritage and Landscape Study, Part 4, vol. 4, June 1994, p. 574]

1890s: Article by ‘Wanderer’ gave first known description of Duneira’s grounds, commenting on improvements by Reid and detailing features such as the elm avenue, gate house, broad lawns, rockeries etc. [article reproduced in Watts, Peter and Barrett, Margaret, Historic Gardens of Victoria. Oxford University Press, Melbourne, 1983]

1903: ‘Wanderer’ again reports expansively on Duneira’s grounds, drawing on descriptions from the earlier article. Additional material is included in this report about Duneira’s copious supply of water, responsible for the verdant lawns [Gisborne Gazette, 23 January 1903]

1909: Article ‘A drive through Upper Macedon’ including 10 photographs of properties in the area, featuring ‘Mr J.S. Reid’s House, Duneira’ [Australasian, 25 December 1909, p. 1630]

1912: Reid family moved from their South Australian property to permanently reside at Duneira [The Advertiser (Adelaide), Tuesday November 12, 1912] c.1914-17: Various alterations/renovations were made to the main residence. These included ‘woodwork in the billiard room’, painting the back verandah and the rooms in the servants’ quarters, and building a retaining wall behind this area [from various family letters– references 1/8/2, 1/6/2, 1/6/4, J.S. Reid Papers, University of Melbourne Archives]

1915 – 20: Letters and photographs detail development of the garden [J.S. Reid Papers, University of Melbourne Archives]

1915: Reginald Parnell, first known gardener/caretaker employed at Duneira, residing in the Gate Lodge [Siversen, John. ‘Duneira’, history essay, Faculty of Architecture, Building and Planning, University of Melbourne, September 1968] c. 1920: Gate Lodge enlarged to accommodate Parnell’s growing family of wife and five children [Siversen, John. ‘Duneira’, history essay, Faculty of Architecture, Building and Planning, University of Melbourne, September 1968]

1921: Suetonius Officer’s son Edward, died at Moonooloo, Macedon, aged 49 years [Notes from Merilyn Ramsay, 12 January 1995, in National Trust of Australia (Vic.) File G13102, ‘Duneira’]

1922: Death of J.S. Reid at Duneira, leaving the income of his estate to his wife [J.S. Reid Papers, University of Melbourne Archives]. ‘He married Miss Ward, sister of Mr. J.V.S. Ward, architect of this city, and leaves a widow, four daughters ad a son’ [Argus, 17 January 1922, p. 6]

Lee Andrews & Associates Heritage Consulting 2006 12 1923: Articles and accompanying photographs of Duneira appeared in The Home, 1 March 1923, and The Leader, 1 December 1923 [1928?]

1925: Illustrations of Elm Avenue and weeping elm in Garden Lover, 1 September 1925, [pp. 173 and 178]

Duneira described as ‘little Eden’ and detailed description of the garden provided by a touring group of horticulturists [Gisborne Gazette, 20 November 1925, cited in Macedon Ranges Cultural Heritage and Landscape Study’, Part 4, vol. 4, June 1994, p.575]

1927: Article in the Leader, 26 November 1927 reported at length a visit to Duneira by over sixty members of the Seedsmen and Nurserymen’s Association of Victoria, noting that ‘Every spring the members of this association pay a visit to many of the choicest gardens [at Macedon]’. Detailed mention was made of the alpine plants and rhododendrons. The article included photos (p. 31), including (1) ‘Elm Avenue at “Duneira”, the Home of Mrs J.S. Reid’ and (4) ‘Mrs and Miss Reid chat to One of the Visitors’ [extract held in J.S. Reid Papers, University of Melbourne Archives]

A variation of the report in the Gisborne Gazette, 18 November 1927, noted ‘The rock garden dotted with a remarkable collection of alpines, several linden trees and pendulous birches were considered to be a feature unparalleled elsewhere in the State’ [cited in Macedon Ranges Cultural Heritage and Landscape Study’, Part 4, vol. 4, June 1994, p. 575]

1928: Article commented on ‘The famous elm drive … home of Miss J.S. Reid. Over 90 trees … possibly one of the finest in the world’ [Woman’s World, 1 April 1928, ‘Mountain homes of Macedon’, p. 221] mid 1930s: The Mount Macedon Horticultural Society arranged visits to notable local gardens, including Duneira; a charge of 2d made. [Moulds, Frank and Burns, Margaret, Grand Gardens of Mount Macedon, 1999 p. 142]

1940: Duneira put up for sale. Sale by auction under instructions from the Trustees in the Estate of the late J.S. Reid. [Auction notices: Saturday 7 December 1940 and Monday 9 December 1940, held in Duneira property file, Gisborne and Mount Macedon Historical Society]

1941: Alfred Edmund Alcock, medical practitioner and his wife Betty Alcock (nee Nicholas) acquired Duneira as a wedding gift from Betty’s father, George Nicholas. Nicholas had owned the neighbouring property Alton since 1927 [Nigel Lewis Richard Aitken Pty Ltd, Alton Garden Conservation Plan, 1998]. Alterations to both residence and garden were undertaken, especially the removal of the verandah and modernisation of the main house [Siversen, John. ‘Duneira’, history essay, Faculty of Architecture, Building and Planning, University of Melbourne, September 1968]

1946: Visits to the Macedon gardens, including Duneira, arranged by the Mount Macedon Horticultural Society suspended during the war but resumed after 1946 [Moulds, Frank and Burns, Margaret, Grand Gardens of Mount Macedon. 1999, p. 142]

1956: Parnell retired as gardener/caretaker after 40 years [Interview with Hamish McVinney (McVinnie?) by Margaret Woolmer, 17 July 1977 in National Trust of Australia (Vic.). File G13102, ‘Duneira’]

Lee Andrews & Associates Heritage Consulting 2006 13 1957: Hamish McVinney employed as gardener/caretaker [Stephen Ryan, pers. comm. 24 March, 2005]

1958: The Country Roads Board realigned the road alongside Duneira in July 1958, which effectively meant the loss of some of the property in compulsory acquisition [Siversen, John. ‘Duneira’, history essay, Faculty of Architecture, Building and Planning, University of Melbourne, September 1968; Milburne, Jean. Mount Macedon: Its history and grandeur 1836-1978, p. 119]

1964: Betty Ellen Wickens (formerly Alcock) became sole owner of Duneira on 11 May, presumably after her husband’s death [Siversen, John. ‘Duneira’, history essay, Faculty of Architecture, Building and Planning, University of Melbourne, September 1968] ‘Mrs Alcock continued to live at Duneira after her marriage to Mr Stuart Wickens and it is largely due to her that the gardens have been tended and maintained in such a excellent manner.’ [Weekly Times, 1 March 1978, p. 46]

1968: Architecture student John Siversen researched the history and architecture of Duneira for an assignment for the Faculty of Architecture at the University of Melbourne

1976: ‘On 19 July Duneira was purchased by Aten Proprietory Limited.’ [notes from historical file held at Duneira] Mr K. Allen and Mr R Lowe purchased the property and they are adding to and making the garden more beautiful.’ [typed note c. 1976 in National Trust of Australia (Vic.). File G13102, ‘Duneira’]

1970s: Duneira was opened for group visits, day outings, conferences, seminars, business meetings and weddings. Keith Allen, antique dealer of Brighton, opened Duneira for some commercial uses, such as ‘luncheon parties’, ‘afternoon teas’, ‘special dinners’, ‘holidays’ and stays for overseas guests. [letter from Peter Watts to Keith Allen, 21 November 1978, held in National Trust of Australia (Vic.). File G13102, ‘Duneira’]

Allen carried out a number of changes to the main residence and grounds, in some cases reversing alterations made by the Alcock family in the 1940s [Stephen Ryan, pers com, 24 March 2005]

1978: The National Trust classified several gardens at Mount Macedon, including Duneira, as culturally significant. [Trust News, March 1978]

1981: ‘Mr and Mrs Laurie Matheson purchased it [Duneira] in 1981, just prior to Matheson’s involvement in the Ivanhov Coombe affair, which caused some controversy in Australia …’ [Macedon Ranges Cultural Heritage and Landscape Study, 1994, Part 4, vol. 4, p. 576]

‘Dam for Duneira’, news item, Regional News, 22 December 1981: ‘Permission for a 2.4 megalitre dam to be built at Duneira, Mount Macedon, was granted by Gisborne Council recently’ [National Trust of Australia (Vic.). File G13102, ‘Duneira’]

1982: Permit for water supply to Duneira from the Willimigongon Creek was suspended [letter, National Trust to State Rivers and Water Supply Commission of Victoria, 16.2.1982– lengthy correspondence on this matter ensues and is held in [National Trust of Australia (Vic.). File G13102, ‘Duneira’]

Planning permit for construction of a dam, CA 14, section 6, Mount Macedon Rd, Mt Macedon [National Trust of Australia (Vic.). File G13102, ‘Duneira’]

Lee Andrews & Associates Heritage Consulting 2006 14 1983: Mount Macedon area devastated by bushfires on ‘Ash Wednesday’ (16 February), resulting in the loss of some trees at Duneira [‘Budding designs’, Country Style, June-July 1992] ‘Parts of the garden were damaged in the fire of 1st February 1983 which preceded the Ash Wednesday disaster on 16th February. These have now been completely restored.’ [Moulds, Frank and Burns, Margaret, Grand Gardens of Mount Macedon, 1999] The Ash Wednesday bushfires burnt out part of the boundary line of trees on the far side of Duneira. A large Myrtle Beech was also lost from fire [Stephen Ryan, pers comm., 24 March 2005]

1980s: Lupins and Nerines were grown in the ‘picking garden’ (south-western portion of the Secret Garden). The rock wall and beds here were the work of John Patrick in the c.1980s, during the Mathesons’ period of ownership [Stephen Ryan, pers com, 24 March 2005]

1992: ‘Resident caretakers Stan and Betty Frost have the responsibility for ensuring the garden always looks its best from season to season.’ [‘Gardening’s labor of love’, Home Beautiful, October 1992]

1992: Duneira was put up for sale and subsequently purchased by Stuart Stoneman, a leader in the development of supermarkets in Victoria. ‘Mr Stoneman is a descendant of the Rusdens, a very old and respected pioneering family and his great great grandfather was the Rev. G. K. Rusden, the first Anglican rector of Maitland, while his son, G.W. Rusden, was noted as a tireless fighter in the early days of national education. An interesting family member in the nineteenth century was Rose Scott, who was a central figure in the history of feminist thought and reform in Australia.’ [Moulds, Frank and Burns, Margaret, Grand Gardens of Mount Macedon. 1999, p. 21]

Duneira continued, under Stuart Stoneman’s ownership, to serve as a venue for various activities, including meetings, dinners, weddings, and similar functions, and ‘open garden’ related activities. Statuary and sculptures were added to the garden. Many trees featuring colour and blossom purchased and planted in the garden. Lowland cattle were brought in to the paddocks, and later, llamas [Peter White, pers. comm., 18 May, 2005]

‘The recent addition of llamas to the rear farming area has made an interesting extension to the primary production activities of chestnut growing.’ [Moulds, Frank and Burns, Margaret, Grand Gardens of Mount Macedon, 1999, pp. 21-22]

2002: Stuart Stoneman died, leaving provision for Duneira to a be managed by the Board of Trustees of the S.R. Stoneman Foundation

2004: Board of Trustees commissioned the National Trust to conduct a conservation management plan and landscape master plan for the grounds of Duneira

Lee Andrews & Associates Heritage Consulting 2006 15 2.1 SEQUENTIAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE GARDEN AND GROUNDS

The following provides an overview of the development of the property by Duneira’s various owners. It has been largely informed by the newly discovered documentary and photographic evidence from the earliest days of the Reid ownership to its conclusion. This has formed a major new source of information, especially regarding the garden.

Landscape elements in bold are examined in greater detail in 3.0 Physical Survey and analysis, and references on which this overview is based are detailed in that section.

OFFICER PERIOD OF OWNERSHIP (1872 – 1890) The property was selected and purchased by Suetonius Henry Officer, pioneering pastoralist of the Riverina in 1872. Earthworks would have been necessary to create a large terrace half way up the property, this being the site of the various future buildings. The southern and northern edges of this expansive terrace were sloped towards the north and planted to form a grassy slope. The first of the buildings constructed was the stables around 1874, with the main residence and its (then detached) servants’ quarters following in 1875-76. By this time the main drive would have been laid out, and gates installed at the entrance to the property which lead off an unmade bush track, later known as Officer Lane. Trees were planted according to the conditions of land purchase, and in the spirit of scientific enquiry common amongst similar contemporary wealthy owners in Mount Macedon. Species included a large collection of conifers, and deciduous European trees such as linden, beech and birch. The Elm Avenue was planted during this time, as was the Oak Avenue, and row of sycamores along the service drive. A number of cordylines featured in the grounds. Hedging was used to delineate garden areas.

The Officer family spent summers at Duneira from 1877, and the milking and hay sheds, croquet lawn and tennis court are likely to have been constructed from this time, and a kitchen garden area formed. In this year the northernmost allotment was added to the property, possibly to secure a regular supply of water from the natural spring located in this area. With Officer’s expertise and interest in irrigation schemes, he is likely to have installed a water reticulation system around this time. By this time the lawns would have been planted (as rough grass), and garden beds around the house created and planted with a range of plants, including camellias and rhododendrons.

Officer died in 1883, but the property remained in the family, with his wife its owner until she sold it in 1890.

REID PERIOD OF OWNERSHIP (1890 – 1941)

The property was purchased by James Smith Reid, and was used by his family as a summer retreat. Shortly after its purchase, around 1893, the Gate Lodge was constructed near the main gates. The grounds around 1895 consisted of the expansive lawns, fine trees and rockeries filled with flowers.

In 1912, the Reids made Duneira their permanent residence, and from this time until James Reid’s death ten years later Duneira underwent substantial house renovations and garden development. The main residence was renovated, with repainting of the servants’ quarters, fitting of hydronic heating to the maids’ bedrooms, addition of a rear verandah on the main residence and the relocation of the ‘little houses’ (engine rooms etc), building of a retaining wall to the north of the servants’ quarters and formation of concrete retaining walls and

Lee Andrews & Associates Heritage Consulting 2006 16 steps. The property also had a ‘gas house’ thought to have supplied acetylene gas to the property for lighting.

Trees had grown tall, and Monterey Pines, Douglas Firs and Deodar Cedars dominated the skyline. A number of these large pines were removed during this time. Japanese maples were planted either side of the front steps, and the three clipped cypresses along the western side of the main residence near the main drive were removed and a walnut and blossom tree planted. Wrought iron poles clad with climbers were installed in the long front garden bed.

Other garden beds changed during the Reid period, with the formality evident in the early photographs giving way to a somewhat more relaxed planting style by the 1920s. The greatest development of this period was that of the ‘terrace’ or ‘rockery’, now known as the Secret Garden. Rock retaining walls were constructed on the slopes of the earthen terracing, south of the stables, and the area below these walls formed into long rectangular garden beds, separated by narrow linear paths, and filled with herbaceous perennials such as foxgloves, hollyhocks, penstemons and massed plantings of tulips. The whole was surrounded by clipped holly hedges. Roses were also grown in this garden, and Reid took an active part in the ordering and planting out of this area, edging the rose beds with rock to prevent mulch being raked off the surface by the blackbirds. It was during this time that the glasshouse in this area was most likely constructed, heated by means of an external boiler and associated piping for the hot water so produced. The eastern section of the Secret Garden most certainly reached its peak during this period, with the western section and the surrounds of the glasshouse likely to have been less designed and planted. The tennis court was lawn in 1917.

Fruit and vegetable growing was also undertaken, with a long timber and chicken wire structure known in the 1960s as the Berry House was used for growing this type of produce. During the Reid’s ownership the complement of livestock increased, with cows, ducks, chickens and horses kept on the property. A caretaker/gardener was employed from 1915 and the staff also included a dairy maid. They married and resided in the Gate Lodge, which was extended in 1922 to accommodate their growing family.

Reid died at Duneira in 1922, but the property remained in the family, with his wife living on the property. The property was widely admired by visiting horticulturists during the 1920s, who considered it one of the best in the state. During these years Duneira was maintained by the caretaker/gardener who had remained on the property since 1915.

In 1940 the property was put up for auction, with photographs of the garden and grounds, taken in 1923, used for the promotional sale brochure at this time, suggesting that during the intervening time the property had changed very little.

NICHOLAS / ALCOCK / WICKENS PERIOD (1940 – 1976)

Duneira was given to Betty Nicholas and her husband Dr Alfred Alcock as a wedding gift by Betty’s father George Nicholas (owner of neighbouring Alton from 1927 to 1990). Although the property was only used as a retreat in the warmer months, immediate renovations of the main residence were carried out, and alterations made to the stables to update the conditions.

Changes to the garden and grounds included the removal of a number of large trees near the house and stables to let in more light, resurfacing the Elm Drive with bitumen, and extending the barn storage on the property. The vegetable garden was large and enormously productive during this period, cared for by resident caretaker / gardener Hamish McVinney (1957-1974). The number of farm animals on the property was reduced, with a single milking cow and some chickens remaining.

Lee Andrews & Associates Heritage Consulting 2006 17 The realignment of Mount Macedon Road in 1958 resulted in some loss of land, which was compulsorily acquired by the Country Roads Board. The western section of the Secret Garden may have been developed and a rose garden planted here. Lawns were created where previously rectangular garden beds had held a myriad of annuals, roses, weeping birches and massed tulips. Rhododendrons were planted, togther with three Nothofagus (southern beech) specimens in the terraced beds that once held flowering perennials. The rhododendron collection was added to with species and cultivars not represented in the garden brought in. These were planted in various positions in the grounds, including to the south of the holly hedge of the Secret Garden, and north along the drive between the stables and the milking shed complex, possibly after the removal of the large conifer/s there prior to the 1941 renovations. They were also planted along the Elm Drive, at first in a row east of the elms, and later on the western side of the drive and elms. They were also placed in lawn on the southeastern side of the loop drive, and possibly in the previously grassy slopes immediately south of the tennis court. Additional fastigiate trees – Irish Yews and a Chaemarcyparis – were planted in the Secret Garden. Similar upright conifers were planted either side of the western gate to the tennis court. Play equipment in the form of a metal slide and swing was added, located on the croquet lawn.

The eastern boundary of the Secret Garden, parallel with the main drive, was screened by a tea tree fence complete with gate. Other gate ways into the Secret Garden had similar gates.

ALLEN PERIOD (1976 –1981)

Keith Allen and R. Lowe purchased Duneira and were the first owners to make it their permanent residence since the Reids. During this period the property was visited and assessed for its cultural significance by Peter Watts. The Allen period saw the reconstruction of the main residence’s verandah, and construction of a set of brick steps to formalise the grassy opening which had been in place since the later Reid period, and which allowed access from the house to the Central Terrace Lawn These steps were later removed on the advice of the National Trust. Statues and ornamentation was placed in the grounds for the first time, and under Allen additional tree planting was undertaken and a fountain constructed on the former croquet lawn. The wrought iron poles and swags in the long front bed were replaced with treated pine poles, and the bitumen surfacing on the drive was removed and returned to gravel.

Allen recorded the position of garden beds and plants within them in 1979, revealing a wide range of plants in garden beds at that time. The Secret Garden glasshouse area was at this time known as the Old House Garden and flowers for picking were planted here. Additional trees were carefully chosen and placed, informed by local horticultural expert Stephen Ryan. The area directly north of the stables complex, now planted with fruit trees, was a holding area for plant pots and Chinese gooseberries.

MATHESON PERIOD (1981 – 1992)

Christine and Laurie Matheson purchased Duneira, and changes to the garden and grounds included the Old House Garden next to the Secret Garden Glasshouse being re-designed by landscape architect John Patrick. Its natural slope was terraced using rock retaining walls in a similar style to in other parts of the Secret Garden. Choice roses were planted in this area, and box hedging introduced into part of the Secret Garden.

Lee Andrews & Associates Heritage Consulting 2006 18 In the grounds a dam was constructed and some nursery buildings added to the kitchen garden zone. Ash Wednesday fires in 1983 resulted in some loss of trees, notably an old myrtle beech, and in the north paddocks large old blackwoods were destroyed, and trees along the boundary line also lost.

STONEMAN PERIOD (1992 – 2002)

Stuart Stoneman purchased the property in 1992. In addition to statuary which he added to the garden, he also was keen to supplement colour in the garden, and to this end he ordered the purchase of many trees chosen specifically for their blossom or foliage colour. As a result, many Japanese maples and flowering cherry trees were purchased and planted in the lawns, apparently quite randomly. Stoneman was also keen to make the garden productive and so planted groves of chestnuts and added a herd of lowland cattle to the property. A private section of the holly hedge south of the Secret Garden, previously containing a seat, became the site of the Stoneman family memorial headstone.

A number of substantial timber pergolas were erected, as was additional wire fencing to contain his beloved dogs. The interior of part of the stables was altered to create a mezzanine floor, and renovations carried out to provide a self-contained studio.

STONEMAN FOUNDATION PERIOD (2002- PRESENT)

After Stoneman’s death, the S.R. Stoneman Foundation, which he established to provide for the upkeep of Duneira and his other interests after his death, became the owner of the property. Works during this period have included substantial renovations to the main residence, while the garden has continued to be maintained, pending the completion of the recently commissioned Conservation Management Plan and Landscape Master Plan to guide its conservation and future development.

Lee Andrews & Associates Heritage Consulting 2006 19 EXISTING CONDITIONS PLAN

Lee Andrews & Associates Heritage Consulting 2006 20

Lee Andrews & Associates Heritage Consulting 2006 21 3.0 PHYSICAL SURVEY AND ANALYSIS

3.1 Introduction

The physical survey and analysis of the garden and grounds has been informed by on-site visits, a comprehensive tree survey undertaken by experienced regional arborist John Beetham and information generously provided by Stephen Ryan, who has been familiar with the property since 1960, and who advised Keith Allen in the 1970s in horticultural matters. Information has also been kindly provided by long-time gardener and assistant to Stuart Stoneman, Peter White.

Plant names Throughout the report botanical names have been italicised and common names capitalised. Spelling or nomenclature of plant names, when used in direct quotes from other sources, have been reproduced as found. However, corrected spelling or nomenclature has been inserted in square brackets after the original name (where known) to assist the reader’s understanding.

Nomenclature for the plants is based on the following references: Plants listed in nursery catalogues in Victoria 1855―1889 by Margaret Brookes and Richard Barley, for the Ornamental Plant Collections Association Inc., 1992 Horticultural flora of south-eastern Australia Volume 1: Ferns, conifers and their allies, by Roger Spencer, University of New South Wales Press Ltd., Sydney, 1995 The Royal Horticultural Society A―Z Encyclopaedia of Garden Plants, Christopher Bricknell (editor-in-chief), Covent Garden Books, London, 1999

RANKING OF CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE The following categories have been used to rank individual items or components of the garden and grounds: primary cultural significance contributory cultural significance no appreciable cultural significance intrusive alteration or loss which has jeopardised cultural significance

Primary significance means that the landscape component or element in question contributes in a fundamental way to the understanding of the overall significance of Duneira. It may also be of individual significance in its own right, and should be essentially intact.

Contributory significance is assigned to a landscape component which is of a secondary nature in understanding the overall significance of Duneira. It may also mean that the component has been altered so that contributes in only a diminished way to the overall significance of the Duneira property. Such components are usually not significant in their own right.

No appreciable significance means that the landscape component element does not contribute in any way to the overall significance of Duneira. It will also not have any significance in its own right.

Intrusive applies to components which downgrade the cultural significance of a component area or of the site as a whole. This intrusive impact is clearly distinguished from the previous category which denotes a more neutral category (neither intrusive nor culturally significant).

Lee Andrews & Associates Heritage Consulting 2006 22

Alteration or loss which jeopardises cultural significance is used to rank components which have undergone either major change or removal from Duneira, and this action has jeopardised the cultural significance of the property. Such components have a similar effect to items which are intrusive, however the distinction between the two categories is that items ranked as ‘Intrusive’ are still extant, whilst items in the ‘Jeopardised’ category are no longer present (in any appreciable form), and it is their loss which has jeopardised cultural significance.

The rankings are based on the analysis contained in this report and are the opinion of the authors.

3.2 Site boundaries and overall layout

Description and condition Duneira is bounded by Mount Macedon Road along its east boundary, Officer Lane along its southern boundary, and state forest to its west and north. The property, which lies along a north/south axis, features the main residence, ornamental gardens and farm/garden buildings in the centre of the acreage, with gate house and park-like landscape toward the south, and utilitarian zone, including produce area and fenced paddocks, to the north of the house (see Existing Conditions Plan).

Analysis The land for Duneira was selected in the early 1870s by Suetonius Officer, four allotments being subsequently purchased in May 1872 and a fifth allotment to the north purchased in 1877 [see Figure 2 in 12.3 Historic Plans]. The property boundaries today are as selected and purchased at that time, with the exception of some excision of land by the Country Roads Board in 1958. Stables, still in existence, were constructed in 1874, followed by the main residence and servants’ quarters in 1875-76. The gate house or lodge was constructed in the early 1890s, with its position being determined by the southern, main entrance to the property.

The southern half of the property was developed as ornamental park-like gardens, while the northern section contained paddocks and vegetable garden, chicken coops and milking shed. The Secret Garden was in existence from the early 1900s, when it was referred to as ‘the terrace’ and photographed in great detail by the then owners, the Reids (see Photograph 47 in 12.2 Historic Photographs for overall layout).

The property has remained intact since this time, and the layout has changed very little.

Ranking of cultural significance

Primary significance: Site boundaries and overall layout

3.3 Fences and gates

Description and condition Fencing throughout the property is utilitarian and rural. The majority of fencing consists of metal or timber posts, strand wire and chicken wire. The addition of chicken wire was initiated in Stuart Stoneman’s time to restrict access to these areas by his dogs. Some timber post and rail fences remain, and appear in photographs of the property in 1977 [contained in National Trust of Australia (Vic.). File G13102, ‘Duneira’] The existing chicken wire fencing is unobtrusive but in many cases is no longer necessary.

Lee Andrews & Associates Heritage Consulting 2006 23

Gates fall into three categories: utilitarian, garden ornamental and formal entry. Utilitarian gates are mainly found in the farmland section of the property and provide access to fenced stock paddocks. These gates are constructed of galvanised metal and are both double and single in size. Similar gates are also found on either side of the tennis court. They all appear to be in good condition.

Garden ornamental gates are found in the ‘decorative’ sections of the property; the Secret Garden (timber framed and tea-tree saplings clad) and metal framed and treated pine Victorian-style pickets clad (eastern terrace lawn). The gates in the Secret Garden are in fairly poor condition, with one having already been removed. During the 1960s the Secret Garden was enclosed parallel to the entry drive with fencing of tea-tree and the entrance gained via a gate in this fence. At this time, the fencing was crumbling [Stephen Ryan, pers. comm., 24 March 2005]. An ornamental wire gate, apparently original, is found near the potting structure in the Kitchen Garden Zone. It may have been moved here from elsewhere on the property.

Formal entry gates are found at the entry to the Elm Avenue off Officer Lane, and at the exit point of this driveway, at the termination of the service road to the north of the house. The entry gates consist of a central pair of vehicular gates, flanked on either side by single width pedestrian gates. The gates are of timber construction and are clad with a double palisade of timber pickets. The vehicular gates are currently remotely operated, while the pedestrian gates are kept locked. All appear in good condition. The exit gates consist of an ornate pair of vehicular gates constructed of elaborately wrought iron and hung on unfaced red brick pillars. These gates are currently kept locked as this exit is no longer used, and appear in very good condition.

Analysis Fencing and gates are entirely appropriate for their locations and reflect the hierarchy of the spaces in which they are situated. Fencing is utilitarian and rural and appears in good condition. The presence of the chicken wire is mostly fairly unobtrusive. Gates are stylistically consistent with their locations, with the rustic timber and tea-tree gates found in the Secret Garden very typical of garden gates of the 1940s and 1950s, while the formal entry gates at the beginning of the Elm Avenue exhibit a simple, but imposing elegance befitting the entry to a fine rural retreat. The formal exit gates, however, seem somewhat too grand and elaborate, both in style and materials, for their location. It is likely that they and their brick supports are a much later addition, with the original gates being similar in design and materials to the entry gates. While attractive, these gates are out of character with the restraint of the rest of the property.

New photographic evidence shows that a pair of gates similar, or identical, to those at the entry to the Elm Avenue was located between the end of the Elm Avenue and the beginning of the Oak Avenue around 1890. These would have been placed to separate, physically and visually, the ornamental garden from the productive rural section.

Ranking of cultural significance Primary significance: Hierarchy of gate styles Fabric and position of formal entry gates Position of exit gates

Contributory significance: Ornamental wire gate in Kitchen Garden Zone No appreciable cultural significance: Other ornamental garden gates

Lee Andrews & Associates Heritage Consulting 2006 24

Alteration or loss which has jeopardised cultural significance: Double timber gates to northern section of property

3.4 Roads, paths and steps

Description and condition Access to the property is gained via a gravel-surfaced driveway which enters the property at its southern boundary and leads to the main residence. Here it divides into three. To the left the road leads to the stables and a gravel carpark; to the right it loops past the original entry to the main residence and skirts the central terrace lawn to meet up with the entry drive, forming a carriage loop; to the north it continues through the property to its northern-most extremity. A service drive, now disused, runs behind the house to terminate at a set of double wrought iron gates. Another short spur runs to the kitchen garden zone, and another beyond the stables.

The road system is generally surfaced with light coloured gravel. All main driveways are lined with trees, with the result that three avenues (elm, oak and sycamore) have been formed.

The main entry road and return loop is edged with substantial brick-lined spoon drains along its length. These appear largely intact, with the exception of the loop section where some of the drainage appears to have been obscured by layers of soil and leaf litter over a long period.

Due to the gently sloping nature of the property, Duneira contains only a small number of steps. The slope of the land on which the Secret Garden is situated has necessitated sets of shallow steps constructed of stone slabs to deal with the fall of the land. These appear to be quite old and photographic evidence suggests that most date back to the early 1900s.

A set of stone steps and a stone-lined ramp can be found near the old vegetable garden.

A further set of concrete steps leads from the immediate surrounds of the house to the eastern terrace lawn (see Photograph 37 in 12.2 Historic Photographs).

A steep and narrow set of concrete steps flanked by a handrail leads from the top of the drive down to the lawn of the central terrace.

Analysis The road system appears to be original in its positioning. A framed plan of the property dated 1941 shows the existing road position and proposed minor alterations which appear not to have been implemented (held at Duneira). Early photographs (c.1890s) show gravelled road surfacing edged by ceramic and brick-lined spoon drains (see Photographs 4 and 11 in 12.2 Historic Photographs). A bitumen surface was added to the road shortly after 1941 by the Alcocks, this being later removed and the gravel re-instated by Keith Allen in the 1970s [Stephen Ryan, pers. comm. 24 March, 2005]. The service road running behind the main residence to exit onto Mount Macedon Road is also an original or early element, as evidenced by labelled photographs by the Reids (see Photographs 40 and 41 in 12.2 Historic Photographs). It retains a drainage trench along its lower edge. Excavation of this drainage trench may reveal a brick spoon drain.

There are very few paths at Duneira, possibly due to light foot traffic. However, early photographs of the east lawn area show a double track path (see Photograph 31 in 12.2 Historic Photographs), and references in the literature check refer to ‘winding paths’. These are no longer in evidence. The Secret Garden contains the only paths of any note on the property. These are surfaced with fine gravel toppings and edged with small field stones

Lee Andrews & Associates Heritage Consulting 2006 25 likely to have been found on the property. Photographs of this area c. 1915 show gravel topping and stone edging (see Photographs 17 and 19 in 12.2 Historic Photographs, and 3.8 Garden beds and planting).

The rock steps and ramp near the old vegetable garden are a fairly recent addition, dating from within the past 20 years [Stephen Ryan, pers. comm., 24 March, 2005].

Surprisingly, the concrete steps leading from the courtyard of the main residence to the fountain and tennis court were in place in 1925, as seen in a photograph taken at that time (see Photograph 37 in 12.2 Historic Photographs).

The concrete steps and handrail leading to the central terrace lawn are thought to date back to the Allen or Matheson period.

Ranking of cultural significance

Primary significance: Position of main road system Brick-lined (and trenched) spoon drains Path system in original (i.e. not 1980s) section of Secret Garden Stone steps in Secret Garden Concrete steps to east terrace lawn Gravel surfacing on drive Field stone edging to paths

No appreciable cultural significance: Rock steps and ramp near old vegetable garden

Intrusive: Concrete steps and handrail to central terrace lawn

3.5 Rock walling

Description and condition The Secret Garden contains a substantial amount of rock work in the form of retaining walls. The sloping ground has been transformed by these walls to create relatively level areas. Rock from the property has been used in this construction. The northern-most walls in this area were overgrown with ivy until it was recently removed by garden staff [Peter White, pers. comm. 18 May 2005]. Rock work in the lower (south-western) section of the Secret Garden which appears contemporaneous with the rest of the Secret Garden is however a 1980s addition, with the exception of the rock steps which lead into it, and the northern section of walling [Stephen Ryan, pers. comm. 24 March 2005].

Rock terracing is also evident in various places throughout the property. Slopes found in the east terrace lawn have been converted to informal rockeries, and the steep slope to the north of the former servants' quarters has been similarly designed using rock to form shallow terraces in which plants are grown.

Rock work in the form of a substantial retaining wall is also evident along the upper (northern) edge of the old vegetable garden.

Lee Andrews & Associates Heritage Consulting 2006 26

A rock wall can also be found running north-south along the eastern boundary of the property. The wall begins as a retaining wall at the junction of the old service road and Mount Macedon Road to the north of the main residence, and continues north for some considerable distance. The wall currently lies outside the wire fence which was installed in the 1990s by Stuart Stoneman to contain his dogs.

In addition, the Milking Shed Complex sits on a 700cm high rock platform which dates back to the nineteenth century.

All rock work appears to be in fairly sound condition. The boundary wall is in generally good condition, however some small sections need repair, and some minor repairs appear necessary to the platform of the Milking Shed Complex.

Analysis It is not clear when the rock retaining walls in the Secret Garden were constructed, however they are clearly visible in photographs from around 1915. The terraces created by these walls contained a mass of annuals and perennials. Primroses can still be found today growing between the rocks in the vertical walls (see Photograph 25 in 12.2 Historic Photographs)

The 1980s transformation of the sloping garden area into a level terrace was similarly created by the use of rock retaining walls. These are largely hidden by the holly hedge on the southern edge of this area.

The rock wall along the eastern property boundary appears to date back to the Officer period.

Except for the Secret Garden, rock work does not appear to have ever been a major feature of the Duneira garden or grounds. Parts of the property have quantities of rock close to or on the surface of the ground, and this is particularly evident north of the main residence, and may help explain the reason for the siting of the house. It is likely that had the property been steeper, Duneira would have exhibited a built (and also planted) landscape similar to those of so many of the other Mount Macedon properties, with extensive rock work and terracing. While the rock walling present is aesthetically attractive, its isolated occurrence on the property also helps to maintain Duneira’s special quality among otherwise historically similar Mount Macedon properties.

Ranking of cultural significance Primary significance: Rock walling in original section of Secret Garden Rock walling north of the old vegetable garden Rock walling along property’s eastern boundary

No significance: Rock walling in (lower) 1980s section of Secret Garden

3.6 Lawns

Lee Andrews & Associates Heritage Consulting 2006 27 Description and condition Duneira contains four major lawn areas. These are the East Lawn, the West Lawn, The East Terrace Lawn and the Central Terrace Lawn. The Elm Avenue bisects the grounds, thus creating the East and West Lawns. The Eastern Terrace Lawn contains the tennis court and fountain, while the Central Terrace Lawn acts as a forecourt to the front of the main residence.

The lawns are edged with mature trees and shrubs. The East and West Lawns are gently sloping / undulating while the Central Terrace Lawn is level and the East Terrace Lawn is stepped. The lawns appear to be in good condition.

Analysis The lawns have been a feature of Duneira since the 1890s and while probably laid out by Officer in the 1870s, seem to have been improved by Reid. ‘Wanderer,’ writing in the Gisborne Gazette in the 1890s and later in 1903 made considerable mention of Duneira’s lawns:

After passing the lodge at the main entrance, a broad serpentine drive leads up to the house, and from there the grounds are laid out in broad sloping lawns, surmounted with choice borders and fringed with trees, which, however, do not interfere to any extent with the view. There is, of course, no lack of flowers, which grow luxuriantly on the Mount, but the great feature of “Duneira” is the lawns, those open green expanses which delight the eye at all times of the year. The secret of this perennial verdure is to be found in the copious water supply with which Macedon is blessed … The water supply is practically inexhaustible, for with all the irrigation which goes on daily, there is a considerable overflow from the spring. The land is exceedingly … [illeg.] and this, with the system of irrigation, produces some unusual results. For instance, there are a number of large pines (pinus insignis) and the lawns extend right up to their bases. The ordinary experience goes to show that grass will not grow within yards of these trees, which on that account are being gradually banished out of gardens.’

Gisborne Gazette, 23 January 1903

The East and West Lawns are of central importance to the aesthetic quality of the property, being the major landscaping feature through which the main entry drive (Elm Avenue) runs.

The relatively gentle gradient of the property allowed (indeed invited) development of large expanses of lawn in a way not possible on the majority of other Mount Macedon properties which were being developed at the same time. Thus Duneira is very unusual among the collection of Mount Macedon hill stations to which it belongs. The restrained planting of trees in the East and West lawns, where planting has been largely concentrated around the perimeters, has created a restful park-like landscape. Subsequent owners have displayed sensitivity to the original design intent of the garden and particularly the lawns, and used restraint in planting in the lawns. Some garden beds for bulbs and rhododendrons were created in the East and West Lawns, however these have not detracted from the overall pastoral quality of the landscape.

The East and Central Terrace Lawns have been created on the levelled earthen podiums formed in the early 1870s and date from this time (see Photographs 15 and 16 in 12.2 Historic Photographs). The northern section of the East Terrace Lawn contained a croquet and tennis court in the late 1800s, with the croquet lawn being obscured by the construction of the fountain in the late 1970s.

The importance of the lawns to the property is reflected in the equipment necessary to maintain them, as the inventory of assets, compiled as part of the estate of J.S. Reid on his

Lee Andrews & Associates Heritage Consulting 2006 28 death in 1922, shows. These included a ‘Garden Roller, Horse Mower, Hay Rake, 3 Mowers, [and] Grass Machine’ [‘Inventory of Assets’, 1922, VPRS 28/P/0003, Unit 1235, file 183/532].

Ranking of cultural significance Primary significance: Tradition of open lawns fringed with trees and shrubs

Alteration or loss which has jeopardised cultural significance: Loss of croquet lawn

3.7 Garden beds and plantings

Description and condition

Position of beds Major garden beds at Duneira are found • around the main residence • forming the northern boundary of the Central Terrace Lawn • within the Secret Garden • around the Stables Complex

Additional beds flank the lower (southern) parts of the Oak Avenue. There are also a small number of beds in the East Lawn containing shrubs and bulbs, and large beds containing massed rhododendrons. Simple beds surround many of the structures in the kitchen garden zone. The outline of a large rock-edged rectangular bed, currently the site of a potting structure, can also be discerned in the Kitchen Garden Zone (see 3.9).

Planting in beds Plant material in these beds varies, but consists of a surprisingly simple palette of plants. This includes recurring plant species include hydrangeas, azaleas (including mollis) rhododendrons, Japanese windflowers, camellias (sasanqua and japonica), aquilegia, nerines, hellebores, violets, alpine strawberries, geraniums, forget-me-nots, primroses and ferns.

Other plants observed in the beds include roses, tree peonies, honeysuckle (hedged), hollyhocks, foxgloves, astilbe, dwarf cyclamen, narcissus, gladioli, lychnis coronarius, michelia, lupins and mahonia.

Anecdotal evidence from gardening staff and others associated with the property indicates that a large number of bulbs and some alpine plants such as gentian are also to be found in some of the beds.

Large groups of mature rhododendrons are evident in beds abutting lawn areas. Many of these have attained tree-like size.

Generally, the plants observed appear to be in good condition.

Edging All garden beds, with the exception of parts of the 1980s section of the Secret Garden (which have reproduction terracotta tile edging), have field stone or spaded edging.

Lee Andrews & Associates Heritage Consulting 2006 29

Analysis

1872-1979 Reports of Mount Macedon gardens in the late nineteenth century effused about the luxuriousness of flower growth and choice found in these gardens. The climatic conditions and deep rich soils ensured success with a vast range of plants, from exotic conifers to fuchsias and rare bulbs. The local branch of the Melbourne nursery of Taylor and Sangster stocked all such plants, and with (often) resident garden staff, the labour-intensiveness of such planting schemes was irrelevant to the wealthy property owners on the mount.

Local journalist ‘Wanderer,’ writing in the Gisborne Gazette in the mid 1890s, described Duneira in the following way:

the grounds are laid out in broad sloping lawns, surmounted with choice borders and fringed with trees…there is, of course, no lack of flowers, which grow luxuriantly on the Mount … it is only a few years since Mr Reid purchased the property and though it is one of the best, if actually the best site on the Mount, it was then little better than wilderness. Mr Reid has spared neither trouble nor expense, and the result is that quite a transformation has been affected.

Gisborne Gazette

Photographs from the Reid collection held in the University of Melbourne Archives, dating from around the Rieds’ purchase of the property in 1890 to at least the 1920s, illustrate the floriferous nature of Duneira’s garden beds. The earliest of these photographs show considerable detail for a number of beds. Beds in lawn had spaded edges, while those adjacent to the main house were neatly edged with low clipped hedging (see Photograph 4, 5, 9, 13 and 23 in 12.2 Historic Photographs). Some plantings in the beds can be identified from the photographs and include specimens of Camellia japonica, petunias, azaleas, and rhododendrons. Mulching is not evident in these photographs, suggesting, consistent with horticultural practice of the time, that it was not carried out. In addition, water shortages were not known at Duneira where, even from the early days of the property, piped water was available throughout the garden (see 3.12 Irrigation).

Letters, especially from James Reid to his daughters, dating from 1914 to 1921 (just prior to his death) indicate very clearly his personal interest and involvement in the plant choices in the garden. These letters also reveal his involvement with a significant amount of physical labour to form, plant out and edge these beds, assisted by his gardener/caretaker Parnell. This involvement may have escalated after the Rieds made Duneira their permanent home from the end of 1912. Judging by his letters, Reid’s horticultural interest appears to have been with flowering plants - perennials, annuals and bulbs, rather than trees. It may also reflect the fact that the tree collection throughout the grounds was well established and did not require any additions. Roses, dahlias, tulips, and a variety of annuals are frequently mentioned in his letters (see also 3.9 Special garden zones).

Reid’s letters, held in the J.S. Reid Papers in the University of Melbourne Archives also reveal that he ordered many plants from overseas including a collection of 170 Gladioli, featuring several new cultivars in the ‘new’ colours of blue, yellow and white, received from America and standard roses [letter from J.S. Reid to daughter 15 June 1917, reference 1/5/52]. Sweetpea, primula and snapdragon seeds were ordered from the Edinburgh supplier ‘Dobbies’ [letter from Julia Reid in U.K. to father J.S. Reid 7 September 1920, reference 1/4/6], while polyanthus roses, especially one highly recommended called ‘Jessie’ were noted [J.S.Reid to

Lee Andrews & Associates Heritage Consulting 2006 30 daughter 18 February 1915 reference 1/5/42]. Dahlias were also favourites in the garden [letter from J.S. Reid to daughter 29 March 1917 reference 1/5/43].

At the time of his death, Reid owed money for plants to ‘F.H. Brunning Ltd, Melb., Seeds … 9 sh. 6 p, Suttons, Melb., Seeds …4 shillings, and Ant-Kvorgen & Son, Holland, Bulbs … £7. 0 sh. 7p [J.S. Reid Papers, Melbourne University Archives].

Roses One particular rose mentioned at some length by Reid was the ‘Orleans Rose’.

This morning I started to assist Parnell with the [not clear]… of the annuals. I like to cut them out of the boxes myself, as he is not as careful as he should be. But we had to give up before 12 [because of rain]… John and Lady Grice motored up on Saturday and stayed till Tuesday. They greatly admired everything, especially the tulips and Globe Flower border in front of the house which just now is a perfect mass of flowers, with the Orleans Rose behind hurrying on to catch up – This year this pretty [showy?] hedge will afford excellent shelter and in itself promises to be ‘a picture.

Letter from J.S. Reid to daughter, 4 November 1920. Reference 1/5/68

… and instead been planting standard and other roses. The Orleans Rose I put in last year in a border near the lawn has done splendidly and are [sic] still carrying flowers – fancy in July!

Letter from J.S. Reid to daughter, no date, but c. 1920. Reference 1/5/73

The Orleans Rose is of particular interest as it appears, until very recently, to have been growing along the back of the garden bed near between the Elm Avenue and the Stables Complex carpark. A brightly coloured double magenta pink rambling/hedging rose is remembered growing here until recently [Stephen Ryan, pers. comm., 13 July 2005]. The Orleans Rose, recommended for hedging, fills this description. This variety of polyanthus rose was released in 1909 and is still available today.

Roses were also grown in a large bed thought to have been in the Secret Garden, as evident in photographs which appear to be of this area (see Photograph 38 in 12.2 Historic Photographs), perhaps to provide cut flowers for the house, or as a trial.

Photographs also show what appear to be climbing roses trained on poles in the long garden bed running between the drive and the Central Terrace Lawn. While no mention has been found of such structures in Reid’s letters, iron poles and chain swags were reportedly removed from this garden bed in the 1970s by Keith Allen and replaced with treated pine poles, themselves since removed [Stephen Ryan, pers. comm., 13 July 2005].

Roses were also added to the Secret Garden by Betty Alcock/Wickens [Interview with Hamish McVinney (McVinnie?) by Margaret Woolmer, 17 July 1977 in National Trust of Australia (Vic.). File G13102, ‘Duneira’] and in the 1980s by Christine Matheson.

Bulbs and alpine plants Reid was very interested in tulips and other bulbs, and appears to have created, or at very least, extensively developed the area which would became known as the Secret Garden, filling its beds with flowing plants. Tulips appear to have been a particular love, judging by the numbers he planted out and the copious photographs taken of them.

Lee Andrews & Associates Heritage Consulting 2006 31 … glorious Spring, of whose advent there are already signs, as for instance in the bloom of the primrose, and the appearance above ground of the snowdrop, the daffodil, the tulip, and such little heralds. Regarding the last named, we should have a fine show this year, from the 1800 bulbs planted out – I have interspersed them with forget-me-nots. Since I returned I have done a little pruning, but my chief job was to [‘pat off’?] a collection of 170 gladioli received from America. They came to [‘hand’?] whilst we were away, and as they include several new colours – blues, yellows, whites etc- and I feared they might not keep till planting-out time, I adopted the method of saving them – I mean to leave them in their pots until the frosts are past and they are well rooted.

Letter from J.S. Reid to daughter no date Reference 1/5/52, in J.S. Reid Papers, University of Melbourne Archives

Dahlias also featured at Duneira during the early twentieth century. Early frosts were a threat to their fine blooms, and in one of his letters Reid recounted how he dealt with waking one morning to find they were covered by an unexpected, heavy frost:

… I lost no time in turning the sprinklers on for them and I think this saved them for they show no injury. They are very fine and we would have been sorry to lose them.

Letter from J.S. Reid to his daughter (May) 29 March 1917 Reference 1/5/43, J.S. Reid Papers, University of Melbourne Archives

The sprinkler action seems to have worked as he later wrote:

My single dahlias are just about finished. We have had them now for about three months-great dishes of them everywhere, of the most lovely colours, and they have been very much admired. Letter from J.S. Reid to daughter, 12 May 1917 Reference 1/5/44, J.S. Reid Papers, University of Melbourne Archives

A visit to Duneira in 1927 by the Victorian Nurserymens & Seedsmens Association noted, among many features of the garden, ‘ the rock garden dotted with a remarkable collection of alpines …’ [Gisborne Gazette, 18 November 1927, cited in Macedon Ranges Cultural Heritage and Landscape Study’, Part 4, vol. 4, June 1994, p. 575].

Annuals and perennials These plants featured strongly in the garden beds;

Yesterday the weather was delightful and I spent the whole day with Parnell getting out as many of the annuals as possible. It is showery today and this should do them good. … the new bed will look very gay …

Letter from J.S. Reid to daughter, 23 October, 1917 Reference 1/5/49, J.S. Reid Papers, University of Melbourne Archives

… we are already very well stocked in antirrhinums, delphiniums, campanulas, penstemons, foxgloves, hollyhocks and half a dozen others …

Lee Andrews & Associates Heritage Consulting 2006 32

Letter from J.S. Reid to daughter, 15 June, 1917 Reference 1/5/45, J.S. Reid Papers, University of Melbourne Archives

Plants were also brought to Australia for Duneira’s garden from the United Kingdom by Claire Grice. They included specimens of clematis, which Reid’s daughter Julia said were the finest she had ever seen, and she was sure her father would be pleased with them [Letter from Julia Reid to father, 7 September, 1920 reference 1/4/6, J.S. Reid Papers, University of Melbourne Archives].

Rhododendrons

Rhododendrons were planted at Duneira from its early days and became a feature of many gardens on the mount. The oldest of the rhododendrons on the property are likely to date from the late nineteenth century when these plants were at the height of their popularity. Photographs of Duneira show specimens in garden beds around 1890, at the time Reid bought the property from Mrs Officer (see Photographs 4 and 5 in 12.2 Historic Photographs).

Although rhododendrons had been introduced into British gardens as early as the seventeenth century, it was not until the nineteenth century that they began to make an impact, especially spurred on by Joseph Hooker’s introduction of Himalayan species in 1849. The first rhododendron to be recorded in Australia was Rhododendron ponticum in 1836, in the garden of Elizabeth Bay House, NSW. (The first azaleas were also introduced into Australia in that year.) In 1850, Melbourne nurseryman J.J. Rule showed R. ponticum at the Victorian Horticultural Society’s annual show. After 1872 rhododendrons featured permanently in the Society’s shows, and with the development of cool climate hill station gardens around this time, interest in the genus escalated. Rhododendrons became one of Mount Macedon nurserymen Taylor and Sangster’s specialties, and in 1887, their catalogue listed 120 varieties of rhododendron [H.B. Hutton, Two nurseries in the Mount Macedon area – John Smith and sons and Taylor and Sangster, in Journal of the Australian Garden History Society, Winter 1981, No. 2 and Hutton, B., Rhododendrons, in Aitken, R. and Looker, M. (eds), The Oxford companion to Australian gardens, Oxford University Press, South Melbourne, 2002].

Duneira’s scented rhododendrons were fleetingly mentioned in the Reid letters in 1917, but interestingly Reid himself hardly referred to the rhododendron collection on his property, nor does he appear to have added to it. Many others, however, were very impressed with the collection. In 1923, The Home magazine recorded Duneira’s elm drive, at the end of which was seen a holly hedge ‘banked by masses of rhododendrons’ [1 March, in J. S. Reid Collection, reference 3/2/16]. A touring group of horticulturists described the property in 1925: ‘… Everywhere soft tinted rhododendrons and azaleas bloomed in the sunshine …’ [Garden Lover, 1 September 1925]. Two years later, the Victorian Nurserymens & Seedsmens Association noted that Duneira was “… where probably the finest display of rhododendrons is to be seen …’ [Gisborne Gazette, 20 November 1925 and 18 November 1927, cited in Macedon Ranges Cultural Heritage and Landscape Study’, Part 4, vol. 4, June 1994, p. 575] A lengthy article appeared in the Leader in 1927 which described the beauty and charm of many of the ‘old and well-known varieties’ of rhododendron at Duneira. Two of those named in the article are listed in the 1979 garden survey – R. fatuosum ‘Flore Pleno’ and R. broughtonii [26 November].

The tradition of planting massed rhododendrons continued with Betty Alcock / Wickens. The garden beds formed by the rock walling in the Secret Garden contained small rhododendrons and a row of young Nothofagus in the 1960s, and sometime in the mid to late 1960s she visited Boulter’s Nursery in the Dandenongs and filled a truck with rhododendron specimens

Lee Andrews & Associates Heritage Consulting 2006 33 which weren’t represented in the Duneira garden [Stephen Ryan, pers. comm., 13 July 2005]. Many of these were planted amongst trees to the southeast of the Central Terrace Lawn and Loop Drive (see Existing Tree Locations Plan)

Many of the rhododendrons have today achieved tree-like stature, resulting in garden management which ranges from size reduction by severe rejuvenative pruning, to removal of lower branches to reveal massed trunks (as found in the bed immediately south of the Secret Garden).

1970s - 2005 In 1979, Keith Allen drew up a detailed plan and list of all plants in the ornamental section of the garden as at 30 June that year. Plants, including rhododendrons, are listed, and their positions indicated on a plan. This document is reproduced in full in the Appendices. It is not clear, however, the ages of these plants, so it is not possible to ascertain which were recently planted. However, analysis of this valuable document has lead to the following conclusions: • Beds surrounding the carpark contained a variety of perennials such as dahlias, hollyhocks, peony roses, poppies, candytuft, dianthus and iris; • Seventeen varieties of fuchsia were planted in the beds adjoining the main residence; • The pond (with fountain) was planted with four different species of water lilies, eight plants in total; • Lilacs, bordered by yellow Japanese irises, were planted in an irregularly curved bed in the east lawn; • To the north-west of the car park, beyond the laurel hedge of the orchard (then a lawn and service area) were planted forty nine different specimens of rhododendron, interspersed with enkianthus, maple, Crinodendron hookerianum (Lantern Tree) and oak-leaved hydrangea; • The Secret Garden to the south-east of the Mt Fuji Cherry had a collection of choice bulbs, such as fritillaria, crocus and erythronium. The garden ‘room’ in which the glasshouse in located was recorded as the ‘old house garden’ and ‘house garden’ and contained no internal beds, paths or rockwork other than the path running north/south to provide access to the glasshouse (see 1979 plan in Appendices). At the time, this area is recorded as containing ‘Various types of bulbs, perennials etc for picking. At a future date it is proposed that this section be turned into lawn―with ornamental trees’

Christine Matheson, owner of Duneira between 1980-1992, was a keen gardener and commissioned the extension of the ‘old house garden’ within the Secret Garden. A plan was drawn up by John Patrick, involving rock retaining walls to allow flat terraces to be created on this sloping piece of ground. A geometric design of beds and paths were added, and a number of choice plants added. [Stephen Ryan, pers. comm., 24 March 2005]. No further detail is known of this planting. Currently the area contains roses and lupins.

A number of garden beds shown in the 1979 survey are no longer in existence, these areas having been returned to lawn.

The rhododendron collection has been augmented over the years and its abundance and mixed age significantly contributes to Duneira’s park-like quality. The existence of a detailed list of rhododendron cultivars and their positions in the garden adds considerably to the collection’s potential importance. Further identification should be undertaken to establish a current list of rhododendrons and to ascertain if these form a collection which is eligible to be included on the Ornamental Plant Conservation Association of Australia (OPCAA) register.

Since the 1979 survey the following changes have occurred:

Lee Andrews & Associates Heritage Consulting 2006 34 • Many of the perennial plants have been removed or lost over the past 26 years. The hardier plants have remained. The plants represented in 2005 are a more limited collection.

• Additional garden beds created in the 1970s have been removed and returned to lawn, thus more closely approximating the early layout.

Aesthetic quality The informal quality of planting within these beds further adds to Duneira’s atmosphere. This is reinforced by a lack of rigid formality, even within the geometry of the Secret Garden. The conjunction of formal elements such as hedging with the informality of natural rock edging and moderately asymmetrical layout imbue this area with an uncontrived feel. In this sense, the 1980s development of the Glasshouse section of the Secret Garden is at odds with the rest of the Secret Garden. The choice of imposing a rigid bed pattern in this area, for forty years a ‘picking ‘ and utility area, is out of place, as is the Victorian-era tile edging. Box hedging in the Secret Garden was also a later addition by Christine Matheson [Stephen Ryan, pers. comm., 24 March 2005]. However, this is not out of place as low hedging was a strong feature of the Secret Garden in the early 1900s when the Reid’s developed it.

Garden beds adjacent to the house and fronting the central terrace lawn are similarly relaxed in style. Prior to Keith Allen’s period of ownership, this latter bed contained wrought iron poles and chain swags on which roses were trained, which he subsequently removed and replaced with treated pine [Stephen Ryan, pers. comm., 24 March 2005]. These timber poles are visible in photographs of the area taken by Keith Allen in 1977, and archived in the National Trust classification file, while the wrought iron poles are just visible in photographs dating from the Reid period.

Ranking of cultural significance:

Primary significance: Tradition of planting into garden beds for display. Tradition of collections of rhododendrons, roses, bulbs and perennials Informal quality of planting scheme

Contributory significance: Collection of rhododendron hybrids (may be primary – pending further analysis by rhododendron expert)

3.8 Trees

Description and condition A survey conducted in March to July 2005 was undertaken as part of this study to provide an overview of the horticultural diversity, condition and significance of the trees at Duneira. The survey was carried out by John Beetham and in excess of four hundred and fifty trees in the grounds of Duneira were examined. For each tree, the survey records a reference number, botanical family, dimensions, estimated age, country of origin and preliminary management recommendations. These are listed in full in the Appendices, with an accompanying Existing Tree Locations Plan showing each tree's approximate location on the site.

Duneira possesses a large collection of trees of varying age. These include conifers (pines, cypresses, firs) which are largely evergreen, deciduous, mainly broad-leaved trees including

Lee Andrews & Associates Heritage Consulting 2006 35 chestnuts, ash, lindens, tulip trees and silver birches, and Australian trees, some of which are indigenous to the Mount Macedon area (blackwoods, eucalypts and myrtle beech). Also a strong landscape feature of the property is the avenues, made up of elms, sycamores and oaks, and the hedges of rhododendron, holly and Portuguese laurel. Many of the trees are fine or rare examples, and most are in good health, attesting to the good growing conditions found on the property (see Condition of trees below).

A collection of trees chosen and located by Stuart Stoneman also forms a separate collection. It is largely comprised of Japanese maples and blossom trees.

Estimated dates of planting This has been based on the height and canopy spread of the tree (taking into account its natural growth rate), photographic and documentary and anecdotal evidence, in particular Stephen Ryan’s generously provided information on trees planted in the 1970s and 1980s. It must be noted that the ages are estimates only and as such may be subject to revision if new evidence comes to light in the future.

A summary of the findings of the tree survey is as follows:

Conifers The majority of the conifer collection is estimated to date back to the earliest days of the property, when it was owned by Suetonius Officer. This is indicated in the following table by the letter O in the ‘planting period’ column. Many of these trees, especially the older ones, are found around the perimeter of the property

Ref Botanic name Common name Height X Age Planting Canopy range period Spread 002 Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas Fir 13 x 7 4 003 Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas Fir 11 x 7 4 004 Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas Fir 11 x 7 4 005 Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas Fir 13 x 7 4 006 Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas Fir 25 x 14 8 O 008 Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas Fir 30 x 14 8 O

009 Larix decidua European Larch 20 x 13 6 013 Larix decidua European Larch 20 x 13 6 014 Chamaecyparis lawsoniana Golden Lawson 12 x 8 8 O ‘Lutea’ Cypress 016 Abies nordmanniana Caucasian Fir 40 x 12 8 O 017 Metasequoia glyptostroboides Dawn Redwood 13 x 8 4 018 Picea abies Norway Spruce 40 x 12 8 O 019 Tsuga canadensis Eastern Hemlock 14 x 12 8 O 024 Abies grandis Giant Fir 40 x 10 8 O 025 Metasequoia glyptostroboides Dawn Redwood 13 x 8 4 041 Pinus radiata Monterey Pine 35 x 18 8 O 043 Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas Fir 35 x 20 8 O 044 Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas Fir 35 x 20 8 O 046 Abies procera Noble Fir 40 x 15 8 O 050 Abies nordmanniana Caucasian Fir 40 x 17 8 O 053 Picea abies Norway Spruce 28 x 17 8 O 080 Chamaecyparis lawsoniana Golden Lawson 17 x 14 8 O ‘Lutea’ Cypress 082 Picea sitchensis Sitka Spruce 32 x 20 8 O 087 Juniperus cv. 7.5 x 4.5 6 088 Juniperus cv. 7.5 x 4.5 6 091 Abies nordmanniana Caucasian Fir 36 x 12 8 O

Lee Andrews & Associates Heritage Consulting 2006 36 101 Abies nordmanniana Caucasian Fir 32 x 13 8 O 108 Cedrus deodara Deodar 24 x 16 8 O 109 Cedrus deodara ‘Aurea’ Golden Deodar 24 x 17 8 O 119 Cupressus sempervirens Swane’s Golden 4.5 x 0.8 5 ‘Swane’s Golden’ Pencil Pine 120 Thuja occidentalis ‘Smaragd’ 5 x 1.8 5 128 Taxus baccata ‘Fastigiata Aurea’ Golden Upright 6 x 1.8 5 Common Yew 130 Picea glauca ‘Albertiana 3 x 1.8 5 Conica’ 133 Taxus baccata ‘Fastigiata Aurea’ Golden Upright 6 x 4 5 Common Yew 134 Juniperus scopulorum 2.5 x 1.5 2 ‘Skyrocket’ 151 Taxus baccata ‘Fastigata Aurea’ Upright Golden 5 x 1.6 5 Common Yew 152 Taxus baccata ‘Fastigata Aurea’ Upright Golden 5 x 1.6 5 Common Yew 162 Picea pungens ‘Koster’ Koster Blue Spruce 9 x 6 3 167 Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas Fir ? 168 Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas Fir ? 169 Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas Fir ? 170 Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas Fir ? 173 Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas Fir 33 x 10 8 O 174 Picea sitchensis Sitka Spruce 35 x 16 8 O 175 Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas Fir 8 O 176 Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas Fir 8 O 177 Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas Fir 8 O 178 Cedrus deodara Deodar 35 x 18 8 O 179 Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas Fir 40 x 18 8 O 180 Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas Fir 8 O 181 Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas Fir 8 O 182 Cupressus macrocarpa Monterey Cypress 18 x 18 8 O 185 Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas Fir 8 O 186 Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas Fir 8 O 187 Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas Fir 8 O 188 Cupressus macrocarpa Golden Monterey 23 x 21 8 O ‘Horizontalis Aurea’ Cypress 189 Abies nordmanniana Caucasian Fir 27 x 9 8 O 190 Cedrus deodara Deodar 8 O 191 Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas Fir 8 O 192 Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas Fir 8 O 193 Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas Fir 8 O 194 Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas Fir 8 O 196 Abies nordmanniana Caucasian Fir 36 x 14 8 O 197 Chamaecyparis lawsoniana Golden Lawson 14 x 6 8 O ‘Lutea’ Cypress 212 Picea abies Norway Spruce 25 x 13 6 214 Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas Fir 8 O 216 Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas Fir 8 O 217 Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas Fir 8 O 218 Sequiodendron giganteum Giant Redwood 40 x 13 8 O 220 Cedrus deodara Deodar Check 8 O 221 Cedrus deodara Deodar Check 8 O 222 Cupressus macrocarpa Golden Monterey 24 x 20 8 O ‘Horizontalis Aurea’ Cypress 224 Cedrus deodara Deodar Check 8 O 226 Chamaecyparis lawsoniana Lawson Cypress 21 x 14 8 O 227 Cedrus deodara Deodar Check 8 O 228 Cupressus macrocarpa Golden Monterey 8 O ‘Horizontalis Aurea’ Cypress 229 Abies nordmanniana Caucasian Fir 32 x 12 8 O

Lee Andrews & Associates Heritage Consulting 2006 37 230 Cedrus deodara Deodar Check 8 O 231 Cedrus deodara Deodar Check 8 O 232 Chamaecyparis lawsoniana Lawson Cypress 23 x 13 8 O ‘Pembury Blue’ 234 Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas Fir 40 x 22 8 O 241 Cedrus deodara Deodar Check 8 O 246 Cryptomeria japonica ‘Elegans’ Japanese Cedar 24 x 7 8 O 248 Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas Fir 8 O 249 Chamaecyparis lawsoniana Lawson Cypress 23 x 13 8 O ‘Pembury Blue’ 252 Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas Fir 8 O 253 Sequiodendron giganteum Giant Redwood 40 x 11 8 O 255 Abies nordmanniana Caucasian Fir 34 x 12 8 O 256 Cryptomeria japonica ‘Elegans’ Japanese Cedar 20 x 7 8 O 258 Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas Fir 7 259 Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas Fir 50 x 10 8 O 260 Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas Fir 7 261 Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas Fir 7 262 Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas Fir 45 x 12 8 O 264 Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas Fir 8 O 266 Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas Fir 48 x 15 8 O 270 Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas Fir 8 O 271 Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas Fir 7 272 Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas Fir 8 O 273 Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas Fir 7 274 Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas Fir 7 279 Cedrus deodara Deodar 11 x 5 3 280 Cedrus deodara Deodar 13 x 6 3 281 Cupressus macrocarpa Golden Monterey 8 O ‘Horizontalis Aurea’ Cypress 285 Cedrus deodara Deodar 8 O 286 Cupressus glabra Smooth Arizona 19 x 13 5 Cypress 287 Cedrus brevifolia Cyprus Cedar 3.5 x 1.5 2 289 Cedrus atlantica f. glauca Blue Atlas Cedar 25 x 15 8 O 290 Picea abies Norway Spruce 28 x 12 8 O 291 Sequiodendron giganteum Giant Redwood 35 x 10 8 O 328 Chamaecyparis lawsoniana Golden Lawson 12 x 6 8 O ‘Lutea’ Cypress 329 Abies nordmanniana Caucasian Fir 50 x 12 8 O 331 Picea abies Norway Spruce 40 x 10 8 O 332 Picea abies (Form) Norway 40 x 14 8 O 334 Abies nordmanniana Caucasian Fir 37 x 16 8 O

Deciduous trees (largely broad-leaved)

Duneira also contains a very large collection of deciduous trees, and although many of these also are estimated to date from the time of Suetonius Officer, the ages are more evenly and widely spread over this group. This collection also contains trees which make up the various avenues throughout the property. The Oak Avenue is comprised of trees from No.292 to 318 and the Elm Avenue is comprised of trees from No. 341 to 425.

Ref Botanic name Common name Height X Age Planting Canopy ran period Spread ge 066 Acer palmatum cv. Japanese Maple 8 x 7 5 007 Quercus sp. Oak 10 x 8 4 009 Larix decidua European Larch 20 x 13 6

Lee Andrews & Associates Heritage Consulting 2006 38 010 Quercus sp. Oak 10 x 8 4 011 Tilia X europaea Common Linden 16 x 16 6 012 Quercus coccinea Scarlet Oak 25 x 18 7 013 Larix decidua European Larch 20 x 13 6 015 Tilia X europaea Common Linden 30 x 18 8 O 017 Metasequoia Dawn Redwood 13 x 8 4 glyptostroboides 020 Betula pendula Silver Birch 22 x 1 5 8 O 025 Metasequoia Dawn Redwood 13 x 8 4 glyptostroboides 026 Fagus sylvatica (Purple Copper Beech 18 x 18 8 O Group) 027 Quercus canariensis Algerian Oak 22 x 19 8 O (Hybrid) 029 Ailanthus altissima Tree of Heaven 17 x 9 8 O 030 Fraxinus angustifolia Narrow-leaved Ash 15 x 9 6 031 Acer pseudoplatanus Purple-leaved Sycamore 15 x 18 6 ‘Atropurpurem’ 032 Fagus sylvatica Common Beech 23 x 19 8 O 033 Quercus robur Upright English Oak 18 x 7 6 ‘Fastigiata’ 034 Aesculus X carnea Red Horse Chestnut 9 x 9 5 035 Betula pendula Weeping Silver Birch 4.5 x 5 3 ‘Youngii’ 036 Acer pseudoplatanus Variegated Sycamore 25 x 16 8 O ‘Leopoldii’ 037 Ailanthus altissima Tree of Heaven 17 x 9 8 O 038 Castanea sativa Spanish Chestnut 15 x 10 7 039 Castanea sativa Spanish Chestnut 25 x 15 7 040 Fraxinus ornus Manna or Flowering Ash 23 x 14 8 O 042 Laburnum X watereri Voss’s Laburnum 6 x 5 4 ‘Vossii’ 047 Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm 30 x 20 8 O 051 Prunus sp. Cherry N/A 5 052 Acer saccharinum Cut-leaf Silver Maple 23 x 12 6 “Wieri’ 054 Betula pendula Silver Birch 20 x 12 8 O 055 Liriodendron tulipifera Tulip Tree 18 x 13 6 056 Magnolia X Saucer-Cup Magnolia 8.5 x 7 5 soulangeana 057 Acer palmatum cv. Japanese Maple 9 x 7 5 058 Acer palmatum cv. Japanese Maple 9 x 7 5 059 Acer palmatum cv. Japanese Maple 7 x 6.5 5 060 Betula pendula Silver Birch 22 x 12 8 O 061 Magnolia X Saucer-Cup Magnolia 7 x 5 5 soulangeana 062 Acer platanoides Norway Maple 13 x 9 5 064 Liriodendron tulipifera Tulip Tree 23 x 15 8 O 065 Acer platanoides Norway Maple Check 5 067 Magnolia X Saucer-Cup Magnolia 16 x 8 6 soulangeana 068 Populus sp. Poplar 12 x 3 5 069 Tilia X europaea Common Linden 22 x 17 8 O 070 Acer platanoides Norway Maple 15 x 9 5 071 Juglans regia Cut-leaved Walnut 8 x 7 4 ‘Laciniata’ 072 Fraxinus excelsior Golden Ash 18 x 13 6 ‘Jaspidea’ 073 Liriodendron tulipifera Tulip Tree 40 x 25 8 O 074 Acer palmatum ‘Sango Coral Bark Maple 3 x 1.8 2 Kaku’ 075 Acer palmatum cv. Japanese Maple 5 x 6.5 3

Lee Andrews & Associates Heritage Consulting 2006 39 076 Acer japonicum Fernleaf Maple 7 x 8 6 ‘Aconitifolium’ 077 Acer japonicum Fernleaf Maple 7 x 8 6 ‘Aconitifolium’ 078 Acer palmatum cv. Japanese Maple 8 x 9 6 079 Acer palmatum cv. Japanese Maple 6.5 x 6.5 6 083 Acer palmatum Cut-leaf Japanese Maple 1.2 x 3 4 ‘Dissectum’ 084 Acer palmatum Cut-leaf Japanese Maple 2 x 2.5 4 ‘Dissectum’ 085 Acer palmatum Cut-leaf Japanese Maple 1.5 x 2 4 ‘Dissectum’ 086 Ulmus glabra ‘Pendula’ Weeping Scotch Elm 5 x 14 8 O 092 Philadelphus sp. Mock Orange 6 x 6 4 094 Aesculus Common Horse Chestnut 9 x 4 4 hippocastanum 095 Populus sp. Poplar 14 x 7 4 096 Syringa sp. Lilac 5 x 5 4 097 Populus sp. Poplar 16 x 6 4 098 Cornus florida cv. Flowering Dogwood 7 x 9 4 099 Acer palmatum cv. Japanese Maple 4 x 7 4 100 Acer palmatum cv. Japanese Maple 6.5 x 6.5 6 102 Acer pseudoplatanus Purple-leaved Sycamore 23 x 12 8 O ‘Atropurpurem’ 103 Fraxinus excelsior Golden Ash 16 x 8.5 5 ‘Jaspidea’ 104 Aesculus Common Horse Chestnut 22 x 18 8 O hippocastanum 105 Tilia X europaea Common Linden 38 x 22 8 O 106 Acer pseudoplatanus Purple-leaved Sycamore 23 x 14 to 25 8 O ‘Atropurpurem’ x 18 107 Acer pseudoplatanus Sycamore 25 x 16 8 O 110 Liquidambar Liquidamber 15 x 10 5 styraciflua 113 Fraxinus angustifolia Narrow-leaved Ash 24 x 20 8 O 114 Acer pseudoplatanus Purple-leaved Sycamore 26 x 18 8 O ‘Atropurpurem’ 115 Tilia X europaea Common Linden 28 x 17 8 O 116 Acer palmatum cv. Japanese Maple 5 x 7 5 117 Acer japonicum Fernleaf Maple 5 x 6 5 ‘Aconitifolium’ 118 Acer palmatum cv. Japanese Maple 7 x 8 5 121 Pyrus cv. Pear 5 x 4.5 5 122 Malus cv. Apple 4 x 5 5 126 Quercus sp. Oak 6 x 5 3 127 Acer griseum Paperbark Maple 4.5 x 4.5 3 131 Juglans regia Cut-leaved Walnut 10 x 10 8 O ‘Laciniata’ 132 Prunus cv. 10 x 12 8 O 135 Prunus ‘Okame’ 3.5 x 3 2 136 Enkianthus perulatus Japanese Bellflower 3.5 x 4.5 4 137 Fraxinus excelsior Golden Ash 15 x 13 6 ‘Jaspidea’ 147 Fraxinus excelsior Weeping Ash 3 ‘Pendula’

150 Prunus serrulata cv. Weeping Japanese Flowering Cherry 6 x 14 8 O 159 Magnolia cv. Magnolia 160 Tilia X europaea Common Linden 35 x 20 8 O 163 Betula pendula Silver Birch 6 183 Fagus sylvatica Common Beech 8 O 184 Tilia X europaea Common Linden 20 x 13 8 O

Lee Andrews & Associates Heritage Consulting 2006 40 195 Betula pendula Silver Birch 20 x 12 8 O 198 Castanea sativa Spanish Chesnut 24 x 24 8 O 199 Quercus robur English Oak 22 x 20 8 O 200 Juglans nigra Common Walnut 17 x 12 8 O 201 Fagus sylvatica Common Beech 28 x 25 8 O 202 Tilia X europaea Common Linden 16 x 14 8 O 205 Laburnum X watereri Voss’s Laburnum 10 x 10 6 O ‘Vossii’ 206 Sorbus aucuparia Rowan 15 x 7 6 207 Acer monspessulanum Montpelier Maple 12 x 10 6 208 Betula pendula Silver Birch 23 x 16 8 O 209 Malus cv. Apple 6 210 Betula pendula Silver Birch 8 O 211 Fagus sylvatica (Purple Copper Beech Check 3 Group) 215 Tilia X europaea Common Linden 23 x 14 8 O 219 Betula pendula Silver Birch 8 O 223 Betula pendula Cut-leaf Silver Birchj 20 x 8 6 ‘Dalecarlica’ 225 Tilia X europaea Common Linden 25 x 18 8 O 233 Fraxinus excelsior Common Ash 28 x 24 8 O 235 Acer pseudoplatanus Sycamore 8 O 236 Tilia X europaea Common Linden 4 238 Tilia X europaea Common Linden 25 x 16 8 O 239 Betula pendula Silver Birch 23 x 13 8 O 242 Acer pseudoplatanus Sycamore 8 O 243 Betula pendula Silver Birch 8 O 245 Tilia X europaea Common Linden 27 x 17 8 O 250 Acer pseudoplatanus Sycamore 8 O 251 Betula pendula Silver Birch 8 O 252 Betula pendula Silver Birch 8 O 267 Betula pendula Silver Birch 28 x 16 8 O 275 Tilia X europaea Common Linden 24 x 17 8 O 276 Tilia X europaea Common Linden 26 x 20 8 O 278 Betula pendula Silver Birch 10 x 4 3 282 Liriodendron tulipifera Tulip Tree 28 x 22 8 O 284 Liriodendron tulipifera Tulip Tree Check 3 288 Tilia X europaea Common Linden 24 x 18 8 O 292 Quercus robur English Oak 8 O 293 Quercus robur English Oak 8 O 294 Quercus robur English Oak 8 O 295 Quercus robur English Oak 8 O 296 Quercus robur English Oak 8 O 297 Quercus robur English Oak 8 O 298 Quercus robur English Oak 8 O 299 Quercus robur English Oak 8 O 300 Quercus robur English Oak 8 O 301 Quercus robur English Oak 8 O 302 Quercus robur English Oak 8 O 303 Quercus robur English Oak 8 O 304 Quercus robur English Oak 8 O 305 Quercus robur English Oak 8 O 306 Quercus robur English Oak 8 O 307 Quercus robur English Oak 8 O 308 Quercus robur English Oak 8 O 309 Quercus robur English Oak 8 O 310 Quercus robur English Oak 8 O 311 Quercus robur English Oak 8 O 312 Quercus robur English Oak 8 O 313 Quercus robur English Oak 8 O 314 Quercus robur English Oak 8 O

Lee Andrews & Associates Heritage Consulting 2006 41 315 Quercus robur English Oak 8 O 316 Quercus robur English Oak 8 O 317 Quercus robur English Oak 8 O 318 Quercus robur English Oak 8 O 319 Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm 30 x 18 8 O 320 Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm 30 x 18 8 O 321 Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm 30 x 18 8 O 322 Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm 30 x 18 8 O 323 Acer palmatum cv. Japanese Maple 5 325 Acer sp. Maple 4 x 4 2 326 Betula pendula Silver Birch 22 x 12 8 O 330 Fraxinus excelsior Golden Ash 20 x 22 6 ‘Jaspidea’ 333 Quercus robur English Oak 26 x 22 8 O 335 Prunus X blireana Cherry Plum 12 x 10 5 336 Cornus florida cv. Flowering Dogwood 10 x 9 5 337 Cornus florida cv. Flowering Dogwood 5 338 Cornus florida cv. Flowering Dogwood 5 339 Betula pendula Silver Birch 13 x 10 5 340 Cornus florida cv. Flowering Dogwood 5 341 Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm ? 342 Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm ? 343 Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm ? 344 Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm ? 345 Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm ? 346 Ulmus sp. 347 Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm ? 348 Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm ? 349 Ulmus glabra Scotch Elm ? 350 Ulmus glabra Scotch Elm ? 351 Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm ? 352 Ulmus glabra Scotch Elm ? 352 Ulmus glabra Scotch Elm ? 353 Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm ? 354 Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm ? 355 Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm ? 356 Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm ? 357 Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm ? 358 Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm ? 359 Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm ? 360 Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm ? 361 Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm ? 362 Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm ? 363 Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm ? 364 Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm ? 365 Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm ? 366 Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm ? 367 Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm ? 368 Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm ? 369 Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm ? 370 Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm ? 371 Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm ? 372 Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm ? 373 Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm ? 374 Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm ? 375 Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm ? 376 Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm ? 377 Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm ? 378 Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm ? 379 Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm ? 380 Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm ?

Lee Andrews & Associates Heritage Consulting 2006 42 381 Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm ? 382 Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm 8 O 383 Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm ? 384 Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm ? 385 Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm ? 386 Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm ? 387 Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm ? 388 Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm ? 389 Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm ? 390 Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm ? 391 Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm ? 392 Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm ? 393 Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm ? 394 Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm ? 395 Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm ? 396 Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm ? 397 Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm ? 398 Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm ? 399 Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm ? 400 Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm ? 401 Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm ? 402 Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm ? 403 Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm ? 404 Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm ? 405 Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm ? 406 Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm ? 407 Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm ? 408 Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm ? 409 Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm ? 410 Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm ? 411 Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm ? 412 Ulmus glabra Scotch Elm ? 413 Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm ? 414 Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm ? 415 Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm ? 416 Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm ? 417 Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm ? 418 Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm ? 419 Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm ? 420 Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm ? 421 Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm ? 422 Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm ? 423 Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm ? 424 Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm ? 425 Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm ? 426 Quercus dentata Daimyo Oak 8 x 4.5 4 427 Crataegus sp. Hawthorn Check 4

Indigenous Trees (native to Australia, N.S.W. Tasmania, New Zealand)

048 Nothofagus moorei Antarctic Beech 22 x 13 8 O 164 Acacia melanoxylon Blackwood E 165 Acacia melanoxylon Blackwood E

Lee Andrews & Associates Heritage Consulting 2006 43 171 Acacia melanoxylon Blackwood E 172 Acacia melanoxylon Blackwood E 213 Acacia melanoxylon Blackwood 22 x 20 E 237 Acacia melanoxylon Blackwood E 240 Acacia melanoxylon Blackwood E 257 Acacia melanoxylon Blackwood 35 x 13 E 263 Acacia melanoxylon Blackwood E 265 Acacia melanoxylon Blackwood E 268 Acacia melanoxylon Blackwood E 269 Acacia melanoxylon Blackwood E 277 Eucalyptus obliqua Messmate Stringybark 28 x 25 8 154 Nothofagus cunninghamii Myrtle Beech Check 8 O 155 Nothofagus cunninghamii Myrtle Beech 26 x 13 8 O 327 Nothofagus cunninghamii Myrtle Beech 9 x 6.5 2 124 Cordyline banksii Cabbage Tree 5 x 7 5 125 Cordyline australis Cabbage Tree 8 x 4.5 5 129 Cordyline australis Cabbage Tree 8.5 x 8 5 156 Nothofagus fusca Red Beech 27 x 17 8 O

While trees were plotted and assessed individually, the survey also examined a number of groups of trees. These are the hedges, avenues, groves, and orchards, as well as the collection of rhododendrons.

Hedges Hedges consist largely of holly and Portuguese laurel. Rhododendrons also form tall hedges in some parts of the property, as on the eastern side of the orchard abutting the access road.

Groves and orchards The chestnut groves north of the main residence are reputedly in poor condition, having been ringbarked in the past by cattle introduced onto the property by Stuart Stoneman in the 1990s. These have not been assessed in this tree survey. The small numbers of apple and pear trees also found in the upper paddocks have similarly not been assessed.

Rhododendron collection Many of the rhododendrons on the property are tree-like in size and habit. These have been addressed in some detail in 3.8 Garden beds and plantings.

Condition of trees Only 11 of the 425 mature trees surveyed have been recommended for removal. The survey found that the majority of the trees required little or no work. Some trees require removal of dead wood and general shaping.

A number of the trees in the Stuart Stoneman collection have been recommended for transplanting to more appropriate areas.

Analysis

Duneira, like many other neighbouring properties, is notable for its fine collection of trees, which includes a wide range of conifers and broad-leafed deciduous trees. This is not surprising when the early history of Mount Macedon is examined. Extensive logging of the area’s native hardwood forests during and after the 1850s gold rush had led the government to

Lee Andrews & Associates Heritage Consulting 2006 44 impose tree planting conditions on land sales, whereby purchasers were required to plant a specified number of ‘timber trees’ on their allotments.

The earliest photographs found to date of Duneira (c.1890) tell a great deal about the property and the neighbouring land. The latter appears totally denuded of trees (see Photograph 5 in 12.2 Historic Photographs), while Duneira itself has many young trees evident. These appear to be almost exclusively conifers (see Photograph 1 and 2 in 12.2 Historic Photographs). ‘Wanderer’s’ writings in the 1890s mention pines at Duneira, and in the Reids’ letters ‘old pines’ are referred to. Photographs from the Reids also show many instances of conifers, substantial in size, throughout the property, and interestingly, close to the house. Conifers can be seen to the north of the main residence. A row of mature pines (probably Pinus radiata) is seen on a photograph from c. 1891 as is a large Monterey Cypress (Cupressus macrocarpa) (Photographs 7 and 8). Interestingly, young trees of this species are shown in later photographs from the Reids (for example Photograph 32), a few of this species, now over mature, still exist on the property, and a very large stump of a what appears to be a Monterey Cypress is evident on the east side of the grounds [also verified by garden staff].

It seems likely that Officer, having an interest in acclimatisation, would have also added trees from his travels, and some may have come from his garden on his property ‘Murray Downs’:

In the late 1860s Officer and his wife Mary embarked on a world tour. ‘From their Mediterranean travels they sent back to Murray Downs date palms from Egypt, vines from Italy, cedars from Lebanon and orange trees from the famous orange groves of Asia Minor. They also sent Indian melia trees, South American peppercorns, and highly perfumed roses from famous rose gardens in France. Many of these plants still grow in the gardens [at Murray Downs], including the grape vine, now very large, which they are said to have brought back from Spain.

Certainly, photographs of Duneira when the Reids had only recently purchased the property show a number of trees which, being then of reasonable size, must have been planted by the Officers. Included in this list are not only the timber trees already mentioned, but also the specimen trees such as Cupressus lawsoniana ‘Aurea’, the holly in the East Terrace Lawn (Photograph 15 and 16), Portuguese laurels and holly either side of the Elm Avenue near the main residence (Photograph 4), and conifers near the Stables carpark (Photograph 10). These early photographs also show huge stags of eucalypts, dead and burnt out in the top paddocks (Photograph 1 and 2). Cordylines and hedging plants also appear to have been well established when the Reids took possession of the property (Photographs 1, 4 and 5). Mature silver birches and a sizeable weeping elm near the tennis court are likely to have been planted by Officer. Later photographs of the Reids show young silver birches 6 to 8 feet high in the lawn area south east of the Loop Drive, suggesting that the early planting scheme was being continued by Reid.

The Elm, Oak and Sycamore Row are thought to date from the Officer period. “Wanderer’ mentions the Elm Avenue in his writings in mid 1890, and his lack of reference to the size of its trees suggests that it was not newly planted. Early Reid photographs do not clearly show the Oak Avenue, however it is likely to have been fairly young at this time. The Sycamore Row is depicted in Photograph 40 with mature trees of a reasonable size, also suggesting it was an Officer planting. It is possible that at one time this may have been an ‘avenue’, rather than a ‘row’ as is now the case. Early photographs also show Japanese maples near the house (Photograph 22), and some evidence of rhododendrons planted in the beds.

Although the Reids may not have planted many of the earliest trees, James Reid and his wife were certainly appreciative of them and enjoyed their garden fully. Numerous photographs

Lee Andrews & Associates Heritage Consulting 2006 45 show family members enjoying the grounds, and the trees were often mentioned in family letters. In 1914, Mrs Martha Reid, in a letter to her daughters Margery and ‘Sonsie’ wrote that the remainder of the pine tree behind the ‘gas house’ had been taken down. Also mentioned were the holly and strawberry trees’ (likely to refer to the old specimens of arbutus still growing in the grounds today), which, she noted, had berries like apples [18 May, 1917 reference 1/6/4, in J.S. Reid Papers, University of Melbourne Archives].

… a p.s. Margery is sending you a little holly by tomorrow’s express. The birds, as usual, have been attacking it relentlessly for 6 weeks, and nearly all the berries are gone, but they have not as yet the yellow [holly], and the tree is beautiful …

Letter from J.S. Reid to daughter, 25 June, 1917, Reference 1/5/46, J.S. Reid Papers, University of Melbourne Archives

A photograph of the western elevation of the main residence shows a young tree, approximately 3 metres high, thought to be a young Juglans regia ‘Laciniata’ (#131 Cut- leaved Walnut) still present today (Photograph 9). The Ulmus glabra ‘Pendula’ (Weeping Scotch Elm) near the tennis court was a feature of a number of photographs, and is mentioned in reports of visits to the property in the local press and garden magazines. Photographs of the Elm Avenue and weeping elm were reproduced in Garden Lover, 1 September 1925, pp. 173 and 178, and in 1927 an article in the Leader (26 November) included photographs titled ‘Elm Avenue at “Duneira”, the Home of Mrs J.S. Reid’ and ‘Mrs and Miss Reid chat to One of the Visitors’.

In 1925 Duneira was reported as ‘Mrs Martha Reid’s “little Eden” and was described by a touring group of horticulturists:

a trim green lawn with magnificent Japanese cypress which was voted the finest in Australia; nearby splendid weeping elm caught the eye; the maples, beech and the horse chestnuts supply fresh tints; majestic Oregon tower towards heaven …

Gisborne Gazette, 20 November 1925, cited in Macedon Ranges Cultural Heritage and Landscape Study’, Part 4, vol. 4, June 1994, p.575

Again, in 1927, the Victorian Nurserymens & Seedsmens Association noted of Duneira:

… where probably the finest display of rhododendrons is to be seen; these and a magnificent specimen of Cupressus lawsoniana ‘Aurea’ cause us to linger longer than the specified time The rock garden dotted with a remarkable collection of alpines, several linden trees and pendulous birches were considered to be a feature unparalleled elsewhere in the State.

Gisborne Gazette, 18 November 1927, cited in Macedon Ranges Cultural Heritage and Landscape Study’, Part 4, vol. 4, June 1994, p. 575

In 1928 Woman’s World [1 April] reporting on the ‘Mountain homes of Macedon’, described ‘The famous elm drive … home of Miss J.S. Reid … Over 90 trees … possibly one of the finest in the world’ [p. 221.

Lee Andrews & Associates Heritage Consulting 2006 46 Stoneman collection Many of Duneira’s most impressive specimens were planted by Officer and Reid and are of considerable size and age. However, sympathetic additional planting by later owners has complemented the collection and ensured a mixture of ages, important to the long-term viability of the collection and the beauty of the landscape. In the case of Stuart Stoneman’s contribution to the tree collection, his tree choices are compatible with the general character of the tree collection, with a strong focus on maples. His intention was to add foliage and blossom colour to the garden [Peter White, pers. comm., 18 May, 2005] and his choices amply reflect this imperative. However his apparently random placement of the trees has created some physical and aesthetic problems for the landscape and many will need to be re- planted in more appropriate locations.

Trees dating to the Stoneman period

D C A M / O G T COMMENTS BOTANIC NAME COMMON NAME E N E E

E C Abies concolor White Fir 2 T Near to 286 E C Abies nordmanniana Caucasian Fir 2 T Behind row of 106 D Acer griseum Paperbark Maple 2 T Down from 270 D Acer japonicum Full Moon Maple 2 T Near to 229 ‘Vitifolium’ D Acer japonicum Full Moon Maple 2 T Up near bank below residence ‘Vitifolium’ D Acer palmatum Cut-leaf Japanese Maple 2 T Near to 153 - 2 Specimens ‘Dissectum’ D Acer palmatum cv. Japanese Maple 2 T Near to 13 D Acer palmatum cv. Japanese Maple 2 T Near to 16 D Acer palmatum cv. Japanese Maple 2 T Up from 18 - 4 Specimens D Acer palmatum cv. Japanese Maple 2 T Near to 33 D Acer palmatum cv. Japanese Maple 2 T Near to 48 D Acer palmatum cv. Japanese Maple 2 T Down from 50 - 4 Specimens D Acer palmatum cv. Japanese Maple 2 T Up from 69 D Acer palmatum cv. Japanese Maple 2 T Near to 164 - 172 D Acer palmatum cv. Japanese Maple 2 T Near to 180 D Acer palmatum cv. Japanese Maple 2 T Near to 183 D Acer palmatum cv. Japanese Maple 2 T Near to 268 D Acer palmatum cv. Japanese Maple 2 T Near to 328 D Acer pennsylvanicum Striped Maple or 2 T Near to 6 Moosewood D Acer pentaphyllum Five-fingered Maple 2 T Down from 270 D Acer rubrum cv. Red or Canadian Maple 2 T Near to 8 - 3 Specimens D Acer rubrum cv. Red or Canadian Maple 2 T Near to 100 D Acer rubrum cv. Red or Canadian Maple 2 T Near to 119 D Acer rubrum cv. Red or Canadian Maple 2 T Near to 204 D Acer rubrum cv. Red or Canadian Maple 2 T Near to 212 D Acer rubrum cv. Red or Canadian Maple 2 T Near to 233 D Acer rubrum cv. Red or Canadian Maple 2 T Down from 21 D Acer sikkimense subsp. Sikkim Maple 2 T Near to 284 sikkimense D Acer tataricum subsp. Amur Maple 2 T Near to 164 - 172 ginnala ‘Flame’ D Aesculus hippocastanum Horse Chestnut 2 T Near to 2 E Bambusa oldhamii Giant Timber Bamboo 2 T Near to 19 E Camellia cvs Camellia 2 T From 2 - 73 & near 265 (Many specimens!) E C Cedrus atlantica ‘Glauca Weeping Blue Atlas Cedar 2 T Near to 61 Pendula’ E C Cephalotaxus Japanese Plum Yew 2 T Up from 160

Lee Andrews & Associates Heritage Consulting 2006 47 D C A M / O G T COMMENTS BOTANIC NAME COMMON NAME E N E E

harringtonia E C Cephalotaxus Japanese Plum Yew 2 T Near to 164 - 172 harringtonia E Citrus limon Lemon 2 T Near to 153 D Cornus cvs Dogwood 2 T Near to 265 D Cornus cvs Dogwood 2 T Near to 284 D Cotinus coggygria Smoke Tree 2 T Near to 174 D Davidia involucrate var. Pocket-handkerchief Tree 2 T Near to 28 vilmoriniana D Fagus sylvatica Tricolour Beech 2 Near to 7 - leave in situ ‘Purpurea Tricolor’ D Fagus sylvatica Tricolour Beech 2 Near to 270 - leave in situ ‘Purpurea Tricolor’ D Fagus sylvatica Tricolour Beech 2 T Near to 7 ‘Purpurea Tricolor’ D Hamamelis mollis cv. Witch Hazel 2 T Near to 125 E Hymenosporum flavum Native Frangipani 2 T Along from 53 D Juglans regia ‘Laciniata’ Cut-leaved Walnut 2 T Near to 48 E C Juniperus cv. Juniper 2 T Near to 119 - 3 Specimens D Laburnum X watereri Voss’s Laburnum 2 T Near to 164 - 172 ‘Vossii’ D C Larix sp. Larch 2 Near to 284 - leave in situ D Liquidambar styraciflua Liquidamber 2 T Near to 27 & 28 D Liquidambar styraciflua Liquidamber 2 T Down from 270 D Liriodendron tulipifera Variegated Tulip Tree 2 T Near to 4 ‘Aureomarginatum’ E Lophomyrtus bullata Ramarama 2 T Near to 164 - 172 D Malus cv. Apple 2 T Near to 27 & 28 - 2 Specimens D Malus cv. Apple 2 T Near to 37 D Malus cv. Apple 2 T Up from 50 D Malus cv. Apple 2 T Near to 68 D Malus cv. Apple 2 T Up from 69 D Malus cv. Apple 2 T Near to 164 - 172 D Malus cv. Apple 2 T Near to 183 D Malus ioensis ‘Plena’ Betchel’s Crab 2 T Near to 164 - 172 D Mespilus germanica Medlar 2 T Near to 17 D Mespilus germanica Medlar 2 T Near to 17 D Nyssa sylvatica Tupelo 2 T Near to 37 D Nyssa sylvatica Tupelo 2 T Near to 121 E C Picea abies Norway Spruce 2 T Behind row of 106 E C Picea abies Norway Spruce 2 T Near to 13 E C Picea orientalis Oriental Spruce 2 Near to 17 - leave in situ E C Picea orientalis Oriental Spruce 2 Near to 17 - leave in situ E C Picea pungens Golden Blue Spruce 2 T Near to 284 ‘Moerheim’ D Prunus ‘Okame’ 2 T Near to 204 D Prunus ‘Okame’ 2 T Down from 270 D Prunus cv. Cherry 2 T Down from 50 D Prunus cv. Cherry 2 T Near to 183 D Prunus cv. Cherry 2 T Near to 284 D Prunus cv. (Purple Lvs) Cherry 2 T Down from 21 - 3 Specimens D Prunus serrulata cv. Japanese Flowering Cherry 2 T Near to 27 & 28 - 6 Specimens D Prunus serrulata cv. Japanese Flowering Cherry 2 T Near to 37 D Prunus serrulata cv. Japanese Flowering Cherry 2 T Up from 55 D Prunus serrulata cv. Weeping Japanese 2 T Near to 209 - 2 Specimens Flowering Cherry E C Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas Fir 2 T Behind row of 106 - 2 Specimens

Lee Andrews & Associates Heritage Consulting 2006 48 D C A M / O G T COMMENTS BOTANIC NAME COMMON NAME E N E E

D Pyrus ussuriensis Manchurian Pear 2 T Near to 209 - 2 Specimens D Quercus sp. Oak 2 T Near to 33 E Rhododendron cv Rhododendron 2 T Near to 180 E Rhododendron cv Rhododendron 2 T Near to 183 E Rhododendron cv. Rhododendron 2 T Near to 164 - 172 E C Sequoia sempervirens Coast Redwood 2 Near to 6 - leave in situ E C Sequoia sempervirens Coast Redwood 2 Near to 286 - leave in situ E C Sequoidendron Weeping Giant Redwood 2 T Near to 284 giganteum ‘Pendulum’ E C Taxus baccata Upright Common Yew 2 T Near to 183 E C Taxus baccata Upright Common Yew 2 T Near to 164 - 172 ‘Fastigiata’ D Toona sinensis Chinese Cedar 2 T Down from 270 D Ulmus glabra Golden Scotch Elm 2 T Near to 68 ‘Lutescens’

Culturally significant trees Trees appear to have been the focus of plant choice throughout Duneira’s history, with the emphasis placed on tree collections rather than detail planting. In this way, Duneira, together with neighbouring Alton, is unusual in Mount Macedon and when compared to most other hill station gardens in Australia.

Duneira includes a number of important trees which are either rare in cultivation or outstanding specimens. The following are trees which are already listed on the National Trust’s Register of Significant Trees: • Ilex kingiana (Himalayan Holly) • Ulmus x hollandica (Dutch Elm) - 91 specimens forming an avenue along the main entrance drive • Abies procera (Noble Fir) • Prunus serrulata ‘Shirotae’ (Japanese Flowering Cherry)

These trees are listed below, together with an additional number of trees identified in the recent tree survey as culturally significant and eligible for future registration as such. They are listed alphabetically.

024 E C Abies grandis Giant Fir 40 x 10 8 O 329 E C Abies nordmanniana Caucasian Fir 50 x 12 8 O 046 E C Abies procera Noble Fir 40 x 15 8 O 213 E Acacia melanoxylon Blackwood 22 x 20 E Unusual Specimen - bizarre branching 207 D Acer monspessulanum Montpelier Maple 12 x 10 6 rare in cultivation 106 D Acer pseudoplatanus Purple-leaved 23 x 14 8 O Row of trees ‘Atropurpurem’ Sycamore to 25 x 18 036 D Acer pseudoplatanus Variegated 25 x 16 8 O ‘Leopoldii’ Sycamore 104 D Aesculus hippocastanum Common Horse 22 x 18 8 O Fine Specimen Chestnut 267 D Betula pendula Silver Birch 28 x 16 8 O Fine specimen 178 E C Cedrus deodara Deodar 35 x 18 8 O 109 E C Cedrus deodara ‘Aurea’ Golden Deodar 24 x 17 8 O Unusual Multi- trunked Specimen

Lee Andrews & Associates Heritage Consulting 2006 49 226 E C Chamaecyparis Lawson Cypress 21 x 14 8 O multi-trunked lawsoniana 080 E C Chamaecyparis Golden Lawson 17 x 14 8 O lawsoniana ‘Lutea’ Cypress 146 E Clethra arborea Lily-of-the-Valley 16 x 12 8 O particularly tall Tree specimen 124 E Cordyline banksii Cabbage Tree 5 x 7 5 rare in cultivation 201 D Fagus sylvatica Common Beech 28 x 25 8 O 233 D Fraxinus excelsior Common Ash 28 x 24 8 O 204 E Ilex aquifolium Perry’s Silver 4 x 5 8 O extremely rare in ‘Argentea Marginata Weeping Holly cultivation Pendula’ 045 E Ilex kingiana Himalayan Holly 13 x 10 8 O extremely rare in cultivation 131 D Juglans regia ‘Laciniata’ Cut-leaved Walnut 10 x 10 8 O Extremely Rare in Cultivation 073 D Liriodendron tulipifera Tulip Tree 40 x 25 8 O Massive size 022 E Luma apiculata Chilean Myrtle 4 x 8 6 (Synonym: Myrtus luma) 155 E Nothofagus Myrtle Beech 26 x 13 8 O slightly larger cunninghamii specimen than above. 156 E Nothofagus fusca Red Beech 27 x 17 8 O 048 E Nothofagus moorei Antarctic Beech 22 x 13 8 O extremely rare in cultivation 018 E C Picea abies Norway Spruce 40 x 12 8 O Significant Tree 332 E C Picea abies (Form) Norway 40 x 14 8 O Extremely rare form - pendulous branchlets 174 E C Picea sitchensis Sitka Spruce 35 x 16 8 O 140 E Prunus lusitanica Portugal Laurel 16 x 15 8 O unusually large specimen 150 D Prunus serrulata cv. Weeping Japanese 6 x 14 8 O check ID at Flowering Cherry flowering 262 E C Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas Fir 45 x 12 8 O 266 E C Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas Fir 48 x 15 8 O 259 E C Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas Fir 50 x 10 8 O perhaps the tallest in the garden! 333 D Quercus robur English Oak 26 x 22 8 O 143 E Rhododendron cvs Rhododendron 10 x 12 8 O Copse 218 E C Sequiodendron Giant Redwood 40 x 13 8 O giganteum 160 D Tilia X europaea Common Linden 35 x 20 8 O fine specimen 105 D Tilia X europaea Common Linden 38 x 22 8 O Magnificent Specimen 019 E C Tsuga sieboldii Hemlock 14 x 12 8 O Extremely rare in cultivation 086 D Ulmus glabra ‘Pendula’ Weeping Scotch Elm 5 x 14 8 O Unusual Specimen

Ranking of cultural significance

Primary significance: Elm and Oak Avenue and Sycamore Row Trees as listed as culturally significant (in above table) Hedges Overall landscape character provided by the tree collection

Contributory significance: Trees in the Stoneman tree collection

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Intrusive: Position of some of the Stoneman trees as shown in the survey

3.9 Special garden zones

SECRET GARDEN

Description and condition This garden is located to the west of the Elm Avenue, south of the Stables Complex. It contains terracing, rock retaining walls, beds and lawn, and is surrounded on three sides by clipped holly hedging. Internal division of the garden into a number of rooms is also formed by holly hedging. The Secret Garden contains a number of narrow paths edged with field stones and topped with finely crushed stone, overgrown in parts by moss.

Planting features banks of mature rhododendrons, roses, low box hedging, specimen trees, including a weeping cherry, three mature Nothofagus and a pair of fastigiate yews (see 3.8 Trees). The beds also contain a number of bulbs and perennials.

The condition of the hard and soft landscaping appears reasonable, although the hard landscaping has only been visually inspected. Plants in the Secret Garden have been stressed by the prolonged drought and supplementary irrigation has been necessary for the weeping cherry, which has suffered considerably. Its suspected decline appears to have been arrested since the irrigation was applied.

A glasshouse is located in the southern section of the Secret Garden (see 3. 10 Glasshouse).

Analysis Although it was thought that Betty Alcock/Wickens created the Secret Garden in the 1940s or later, research has proven that it was in existence in at least the early 1900s. Photographs in the Reid Collection held in the Melbourne University Archives which date back to this period feature this garden, variously called (in the Reid letters and on the back of the photographs themselves) ‘the terrace’, ‘the terrace garden’, and ‘the rockery’. During the time covered by Reid’s letters (1914 to 1921), Reid’s work in this garden shows that it was well established, with works consisting of planting out, and lining the rose section (which he referred to as the ‘Rose Garden’) with rocks.

We have had some nice days lately, and I have made the most of these in the garden. Yesterday I got in a great day’s work, lining the Rose Garden with lines of stones, so that I can now mulch … without fear of the black-birds. This will I hope produce better results … they are budding nicely …

Letter from J.S. Reid to daughters, 20 August, 1918 Reference 1/5/53, in J.S. Reid Papers, University of Melbourne Archives

Photographs of this area detail well-established hedging, paths, broad garden beds, rock retaining walls, beds filled with a myriad of flowering plants, weeping birches, what appears to be the weeping cherry and a dedicated area filled with standard roses. No lawn is evident in the photographs, today’s lawn areas being, at that time, garden beds (see Photographs 17 and 19 in 12.2 Historic Photographs)

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During this period, the Secret Garden also contained beds filled with Gentiana acaulis (Trumpet Gentian), first introduced into Victorian nurseries in 1860. Roses, and later azaleas, edged beds in the western part of the Secret Garden (replaced with box hedging by Christine Matheson in the 1980s), while lilacs (now reverted to their privet rootstock) lined its western border. A metal garden arch, on which a climbing rose was trained, was located at the entrance to this section [Stephen Ryan, pers. comm., 13 July 2005].

It appears that during the latter part of the Reids’ ownership of the property, and many years after James Reid’s death, this area may have become somewhat overgrown, and this may have led to it being thought of as a horse paddock, by gardener Hamish McVinney. It may also be the case that the western section of the Secret Garden was not planted out to the same degree as the eastern section, and so Betty may have used this part as a horse paddock, later ‘creating’ the intricate layout to match the eastern older section clearly seen in early photographs. It is known that she planted young Nothofagus and rhododendrons in the upper bed in the 1960s, and the Weekly Times [1 March 1978, p. 46] reported over 100 different rose bushes and other flowers were extant in the Secret Garden.

The south-western section (i.e. adjacent to the Glasshouse) was designed by John Patrick in the 1980s, transforming an informal ‘picking garden’ into a formal garden room. The use of reproduction Victorian-era edging tiles and rather stiff formal layout are at odds with the long traditional use of the area for planting out, hardening off and other horticultural activities associated with the glasshouse.

What is now clear is that the Secret Garden was indeed a feature of the property from the early 1900s, and was largely the product of James Reid’s vision and labour. It was clearly as highly regarded as the park-like quality and tree collection of the Duneira grounds.

Over sixty members of the Seedsmen and Nurserymen’s Association of Victoria visited the Macedon gardens at the invitation of president W.H. Warner …Every spring the members of this association pay a visit to many of the choicest gardens [at Macedon] … [this included a] visit to Duneira, the home of Mrs J.S. Reid, where a welcome always awaits anyone interested in plant life. A magnificent elm avenue leads from the entrance gates to the house, and through the tops of the trees are vistas of well-kept lawns, with specimen trees, through the tops of which the sun lights up beds of Rhododendrons, pansies, violas, and other bedding plants. Winding paths are bordered with Rhododendrons, and the sloping hill sides are terraced with rock gardens planted with alpine plants. The beautiful blue aconite and anchusa, the blue and purple aubretia, the golden alyssum, and the white arabis all intermingle to give the rocks the appearance of being painted in various colors [sic]. Although on this occasion the Gentian had finished flowering, its place was amply filled by the beautiful deep blue of the Lithospermum prostratum, which trailed over the rock edgings …

Leader, 26 November 1927 and

… The rock garden dotted with a remarkable collection of alpines, several linden trees and pendulous birches were considered to be a feature unparalleled elsewhere in the State …

Report of same visit, in Gisborne Gazette, 18 November 1927, cited in Macedon Ranges Cultural Heritage and Landscape Study’, Part 4, vol. 4, June 1994, p. 575

Ranking of cultural significance

Lee Andrews & Associates Heritage Consulting 2006 52

Primary significance: Secret Garden hard landscaping Secret Garden overall layout Plants, including trees, as listed in 3.8 Garden beds and plantings, and 3.9 Trees

Secret Garden Glasshouse (see 3.10 Garden buildings)

Contributory significance: Layout and planting in the western section of the Secret Garden

Intrusive: South-western garden design by John Patrick in the 1980s

EASTERN TERRACE ZONE

Description and condition This area contains a tennis court, fountain, lawn and specimen trees and is located to the east of the main residence. The fountain, lawn and specimen trees are examined in 3. 11 Garden furniture, 3.8 Trees and 3.6 Lawns.

The tennis court is enclosed with cyclone fencing, and is entered by a gate in its western side. The tennis court is no longer in use, however it appears to have retained its green rubberised surfacing (overgrown with mosses and lichen), and at its southern end is a large structure, possibly a score board (or practice wall) faced with timber veneer which has been painted in the past. At the opposite (northern) end of the court, the fence tops a retaining wall of treated pine sleepers. A second gate leads from the tennis court into an overgrown area of garden between the court and the road.

Analysis In common with the fashion for private tennis courts and their common construction in the large gardens of Mount Macedon, Duneira’s court can be traced back to at least the early 1900s. It appears in a number of photographs dated to this period, and was the scene of large tennis parties (see Photograph 14 in 12.2 Historic Photographs). As late at 1968 it retained the turned timber details on top of (by 1968) tubular steel framing poles. Its two arched entrances, evident in these early photographs, were still intact in photographs taken in 1968, and reproduced in Siversen’s Duneira essay.

The tennis court had a lawn surface which, in June 1917, had been recently renewed:

… The new grass in the lawn court looks very well, it is close and a beautiful colour …

Letter from J.S. Reid to daughter, 15 June 1917, Reference 1/5/45, in J.S. Reid Papers, University of Melbourne Archives

The surface was replaced with an artificial one at some stage. Photographs indicate that the area was, in the Reids’ time, situated next to a flat, open lawn which was used for croquet. To the south of the tennis court photographs show a mature silver birch, and along the eastern boundary adjacent to the main road was a line of conifers. The area between the tennis court and these conifers was relatively open. This was still the case well into the 1960s and 1970s (Stephen Ryan pers. comm., 24 March, 2005].

Lee Andrews & Associates Heritage Consulting 2006 53

The retaining wall at the court’s northern end was added in the recent past, as in the 1960s and 70s this area consisted of sloping lawn running down to the edge of the court [Stephen Ryan, pers. comm., 24 March 2005]. Indeed photographs reproduced in Siversen’s 1968 essay show this sloping lawn.

The provision of a tennis court in country estates was common in the late nineteenth century. Tennis had been brought to Victoria as early as the mid to late1870s by British visitors and returning residents. The first known tennis court in Australia was laid down by the Melbourne Cricket Club in 1878 at the Warehousemen’s Cricket Ground in South Melbourne. Popular with women as a ‘gentle’ game, it was one of the few sports open to women, the others being croquet and archery [Doyle, H. Organising recreation: a cultural sites network study, 1999, p.72]. Because it was open to both men and women, tennis became an important part of Melbourne social life from the 1880s up into the latter half of the twentieth century. Indeed, in Australia, tennis was first played on the private lawns of wealthy families who sought to capitalise on the social opportunities of tennis parties. The game was given the stamp of approval when a lawn court was installed at Government House by 1884.

Tennis required a large level area similar in size to today’s courts. Prior to World War Two, the playing surface was either lawn or asphalt [Heathcote, R. Tennis courts, in Aitken, R. and Looker, M. (eds), The Oxford companion to Australian gardens, Oxford University Press, South Melbourne, 2002]. Tennis gradually overtook the game of croquet in popularity. At Duneira, as was often the case, the croquet lawn was located adjacent and to the immediate west of the existing tennis court. This was obscured when the fountain was constructed on the lawn in the late 1970s. The croquet lawn is examined in 3.14 Lost elements.

Ranking of cultural significance Primary significance: Tradition of tennis court on the property Position of tennis court Juxtaposition of tennis and croquet courts (lawns)

Contributory significance Score/practice board

No appreciable significance: Fabric of tennis court (fencing, surfacing)

Alteration or loss which jeopardises cultural significance: Loss of croquet lawn

KITCHEN GARDEN ZONE

Description and condition The kitchen garden zone to the north of the main residence retains the rock-edged outline of its large vegetable garden, once the largest on the mount [Stephen Ryan, pers. comm., 24 March 2005]. Flanked by a large, fully enclosed berry house, this vegetable garden was fully productive in the 1950s and 60s. A collection of fruit trees, elevated water tank, and various propagating and garden buildings remain in this area, attesting to its long history as the location of the residence’s fresh produce garden

Lee Andrews & Associates Heritage Consulting 2006 54

Analysis It is not clear when the vegetable area was established, however James Reid referred to work in this area in various letters:

Amongst other changes I have put in new beds of gooseberries, raspberries and currants- red, black and white …

Letter from J.S. Reid to daughter, 15 June 1917, Reference 1/5/45, in J.S. Reid Papers, University of Melbourne Archives

Letters from ‘Sonsie’ Reid to her sister Margery in 1917 contain some details of the farm animals kept at Duneira at the time, including chickens, which were ‘getting huge’, young turkeys, ducks, and a cow which had recently had a calf [21 October, 1917 reference 1/8/4 and undated letter reference 1/8/3, in J.S. Reid Papers, University of Melbourne Archives].

Photographs of Duneira dating from the early part of the twentieth century show what has been identified as the ‘Berry House' by Stephen Ryan (see 3. 10 Berry House and Photographs 29 and 30 in 12.2 Historic Photographs).

During the 1960s, a huge rectangular vegetable garden, tended tirelessly by gardener/caretaker Hamish McVinney, dominated the area referred to in this report as the Kitchen Garden Zone. As the owners at this time used the property largely as a summer residence, McVinney had full use of all the produce grown in the vegetable garden and Berry House, using it to feed his family [Stephen Ryan, pers. comm., 24 March 2005]. The vegetable garden can clearly be seen in a 1960 aerial photograph of Duneira–Photograph 47– in 12.2 Historic Photographs.

During the 1980s Christine Matheson developed the area, having the extant timber potting structure and green house constructed.

Ranking of cultural significance Primary significance: Tradition of growing fresh produce in this location Current location of vegetable garden (as marked by rock edging) Location of Berry House

Of no appreciable cultural significance: Fabric of Berry House Assorted buildings on site

Intrusive: Potting shed structure on vegetable garden

3.10 Garden buildings [listed in order of construction]

(i) Stables (c. 1874)

Lee Andrews & Associates Heritage Consulting 2006 55

Description and condition This building is rectangular and divided into three spaces, although it is all under the same roof. Constructed of weatherboards with an iron roof and concave iron roofed verandah, the southernmost section has been internally altered during the Stoneman era to create a self- contained studio with mezzanine floor. Consequently the roofline, as seen from the rear (western elevation) of the building, has also been altered. The other two thirds of the building houses machinery and supplies necessary for the maintenance of the property, and provides covered storage for vehicles. The building complex is fronted by a gravelled car parking square, and the whole surrounded by shrubberies and treed garden beds. The structure appears sound and in reasonable condition.

Analysis The first improvements listed on the site were stables in 1874, when Robert Officer, Suetonius’s father, was rated as owning the site property [Macedon Ranges Cultural Heritage and Landscape Study, Part 4, vol. 4, June 1994, pp. 572-77]. The building appears in photographs dating back to c. 1890, although no detail can be made out. Considerable information about this structure is contained in the 1968 essay by architecture student John Siversen, who interviewed Betty Alcock/Wickens. She provided much information regarding the structure prior to its renovation after 1941. She also provided a number of photographs of the building at this time, and detailed the changes the she and her husband, as the new owners, subsequently made. The original (northern) section of the building is of stud frame construction, common today but apparently extremely unusual in 1874, when the technique was in its infancy [Siversen, John. ‘Duneira’, history essay, Faculty of Architecture, Building and Planning, University of Melbourne, September 1968]. The roof was reportedly hardwood shingles, and the original section of the building consisted of a coachman’s room (which formed the most southerly section), a carriage room with tall double doors, and a blacksmith’s shop at the northern end. All rooms faced towards the main residence (east). On the western side of the building were two stores. No verandah appears in either the 1941 or 1968 photographs reproduced in Siversen’s essay.

Prior to the c. 1941 renovation, Betty reported that the blacksmith’s shop had central double doors flanked on either side, not by windows, but by lattice grilles (see Photograph 45 in 12.2 Historic Photographs). The floor was rubble. The doors and grilles were replaced by sliding doors in the c. 1941 alteration to transform the place into a garage. The shingle roof was covered with corrugated iron and skylights placed over each room under the rear (west- facing) skillion roof. According to Siversen, the most southerly section of the building, which he refers to as the ‘laundry’, was added sometime prior to 1941, as it appears in pre- renovation photographs in his essay. However he does not elaborate on this point.

In 1941 the building is shown in photographs to have an external stairway (presumably to an existing loft mentioned in the essay) on the northern extremity of the building (see Photograph 45).

The Secret Garden to its south very effectively screens the complex from view. Shrubs and trees of considerable age near the building complex suggest early efforts to screen the site. Photographs from the 1890s show cordylines and other shrubs and trees flanking what is now the car parking area, originally a hard standing and turning area for coaches and wagons. Photographs around 1941 also show the same open area heavily screened by very large conifers, notably at its entrance from the Elm Avenue, and along the steep earthen bank to the north of the Stables (see Photograph 45).

Lee Andrews & Associates Heritage Consulting 2006 56 Other photographs from the 1920s also show large trees, some deciduous, between the southern end of the Stables and the holly hedging of the Secret Garden. It is likely that the very large conifers were removed as part of the garden alterations carried out by the Alcocks, who reportedly removed many of the conifers close to the main residence to let in more light [Siversen, John. ‘Duneira’, history essay, Faculty of Architecture, Building and Planning, University of Melbourne, September 1968].

Currently the Stables building provides a very useful centre for garden-related activities, as well as allowing storage close to the main residence.

Ranking of cultural significance

Primary significance: Position and external fabric of Stables Associated open parking area surrounded by screening vegetation

(ii) Gate Lodge (c. 1890)

Description and condition The gate lodge is a picturesque two bedroom timber cottage which sits near the entry gates, on the west side of the Elm Avenue. It has its own garden and garages, and is currently home to the Billingtons, who are the property’s caretakers. No internal inspection has been conducted, however the house appears to be in very good condition and well cared for.

Analysis The gate lodge is most likely to have been built by James Reid shortly after his purchase of the property in 1890. Just prior to this sale in 1890, during which time one Edward Dyer occupied the property, major alterations were made to the house complex and reputedly a caretaker’s lodge was placed at the gate. As Duneira was originally built as a holiday retreat by Officer, it would be consistent for a resident caretaker to be housed on the property. However, rate book details suggest that the improvements on the property first mention a cottage (in addition to a villa) in 1893 [Rate Book 1893 in Macedon Ranges Cultural Heritage and Landscape Study, Part 4, vol. 4, June 1994, p.574], and the gate lodge was included in ‘Wanderer’s’ description of Duneira in the mid 1890s.

The building originally consisted of a row of three rooms facing south, built from hand-made bricks from the Mount Macedon Brick Kiln, suggesting that it was constructed at the same time as the main residence [Siversen, John. ‘Duneira’, history essay, Faculty of Architecture, Building and Planning, University of Melbourne, September 1968]. Additions were made in the 1920s, presumably to better accommodate the caretaker Parnell, who had been employed in this position since 1915. Parnell apparently married the dairymaid and they subsequently had five children. The name of a local builder (Harrop) is reported to be written on a rafter in the later addition [Siversen, John. ‘Duneira’, history essay, Faculty of Architecture, Building and Planning, University of Melbourne, September 1968].

Ranking of cultural significance

Primary significance: Gate lodge fabric (1890s and 1920s) Tradition of gate lodge and caretaker for the property

Lee Andrews & Associates Heritage Consulting 2006 57

(iii) Milking Shed Complex (c. 1890s)

Description and condition The Milking Shed Complex is a group of three adjoining buildings.

The building as a whole is in quite poor condition, with the oldest section needing urgent conservation works. Before this is done however, the building should be the subject of a separate conservation study to guide its conservation. The complex is currently used as a barn for storage.

Analysis The first section – a weatherboard, hipped, corrugated iron-roofed building facing the access road (Oak Avenue), is the oldest building in the group. Like the Stables, it has been constructed using stud wall framing but using smaller timber sections. Exterior weatherboards clad three sides with the east being open. In 1968, Siversen described it in great detail. At this time, the whole inside was whitewashed, including the underside of its corrugated iron roof. The milking shed was divided into three stalls, and a feed shed (also called a hay shed) was entered by a door at its rear. Inspection of the Milking Shed today reveals very old (and possibly original) large section post and rail dividing ‘fences’ which terminate at a timber frame supporting three large timber feed boxes, presumably to hold hay for the cows while they were being milked. Two of the three feed boxes are reasonably intact. On the northern wall of the Milking Shed is a door leading to a very small room currently used for some storage. It is not clear what this room was originally used for. At present, the Milking Shed itself is used for storage and to provide a covered area for carpentry works.

The adjoining Hay Shed is an exact copy of the Milking Shed, but clad with vertically placed split boards. Siversen established that the Milking Shed was an earlier construction than the Hay Shed by examining roofing and wall construction details [Siversen, John. ‘Duneira’, history essay, Faculty of Architecture, Building and Planning, University of Melbourne, September 1968]. It too is used for storage at present. The two adjoining buildings are depicted in photographs dating back to 1923, and reproduced in the booklet for sale of the property in 1941 (see Photograph 36 in 12.2 Historic Photographs).

Some time after 1968 an additional section was added to the Milking and Hay Sheds. This large rectangular section, divided into a number of separate rooms, is constructed of corrugated iron walls and roof. One of the improvements made to the property by the Alcocks/Wickens was the addition of a barn for the storage of ‘machinery, lumber and hay’ [Siversen, John. ‘Duneira’, history essay, Faculty of Architecture, Building and Planning, University of Melbourne, September 1968]. Its construction, using corrugated iron, may be a result of the shortage of building materials during the war years of the 1940s, however it is puzzling why, if this building was on the site in 1968, that Siversen did not mention it in his quite thorough essay. It is currently used to store large sections of timber, large power garden equipment and firewood.

The entire complex sits on a substantial rock walled platform. All three buildings are in need of conservation works to stabilise their deterioration.

It is quite possible that the Milking Shed pre-dates the Gate Lodge. Information collated by one of Officer’s relatives in 1995 suggests that the Officers spent a considerable amount of time at Duneira, especially summer holidays, and may have had at least one cow for milk [Notes from Merilyn Ramsay, 12 January 1995, in National Trust of Australia (Vic.) File G13102, ‘Duneira’].

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Cows are known to have been kept at Duneira since the Reid ownership, and until the departure of the Alcock/Wickens family in 1976. The first known mention of the presence of cows at Duneira is in letters between the Reid family members in c. 1917. In a letter from ‘Sonsie’ Reid to her sister Margery, mention is made of the cow having given birth to a calf recently [no date, reference 1/8/3, in J.S Reid Papers, University of Melbourne Archives], and a dairy maid, who married the caretaker Parnell, was also reputedly employed around this time [Siversen, John. ‘Duneira’, history essay, Faculty of Architecture, Building and Planning, University of Melbourne, September 1968]. Probate details on the death of Reid in 1922 disclosed the inventory of assets included 4 milking cows, and a dairy which contained a milk separator [‘Inventory of Assets’, 1922 VPRS 28/P/0003, Uni 1235, file 183/532]

Gardener and caretaker (1957 – 1974) Hamish McVinney related that a Sammy Roberts milked the cows at Duneira [Interview with Hamish McVinney (McVinnie?) by Margaret Woolmer, 17 July 1977 in National Trust of Australia (Vic.). File G13102, ‘Duneira’].

Ranking of cultural significance Primary significance: Position and fabric of first two (easternmost) sections of building constructed of timber Position and fabric of timber fixtures (dividers, feed boxes) Rock walled platform

Contributory significance: Corrugated iron barn

(iv) Secret Garden Glasshouse (c. 1900-15)

Description and condition This building has a simple rectangular floor plan and is constructed using 11 inch cavity brick walls (reportedly the only instance of this construction method on the property [Siversen, John. ‘Duneira’, history essay, Faculty of Architecture, Building and Planning, University of Melbourne, September 1968] up to a height of about a metre. Above this are timber wall and roof frames supporting glass and acrylic-sheet panels. Structural timbers have chamfered edges. Its floor is brick paved, and timber slatted potting benches run along three of its four walls. The building is fitted with 4 inch diameter cast iron piping running along the walls under the potting benches. These are connected to a cast iron boiler which is housed in an external brick-lined cellar adjacent to the door of the glasshouse.

The glasshouse itself appears to be in good condition, despite the fact that it is missing some roof panels. Timber framing, potting benches and floor all appear quite sound. The building appears to still have its original four-panelled door, complete with original glazing and lock assembly with key.

The piping, although showing some evidence of rust, is still in place and appears in fair condition. The boiler, now exposed to the elements through the loss of its protective roof, shows considerable signs of rust and is missing some parts. However, it is still in its original position.

Analysis The glasshouse appears in photographs of the Secret Garden which date back to the early 1900s (see Photographs 17 and 18 in 12.2 Historic Photographs). These photographs

Lee Andrews & Associates Heritage Consulting 2006 59 confirm that the part of the Secret Garden in which it was located was utilitarian in nature, although still surrounded by hedging as it is today. This section of the Secret Garden was, up until its redesign in the 1980s, a sloping (i.e. unterraced) area which also functioned as a picking area. The area was referred to in the 1979 survey of the garden as ‘the old house garden’ and the ’house garden’. This survey describes the area as containing ‘various types of bulbs, perennials etc. for picking. At a future date it is proposed that this section be turned into a lawn-with ornamental trees’ (see 1979 survey in 12.4). Stephen Ryan, who played in the garden at Duneira from around 1960, cannot remember this glasshouse ever being in use [pers. comm., 24 March 2005].

However, new research has shown James Reid’s personal involvement and interest in the garden, and especially the Secret Garden. His horticultural knowledge, obvious throughout his letters, together with his recorded seed purchases, strongly suggest that he regularly used this glasshouse for raising plants, most of which would be later planted in and around the Secret Garden (at this time known as the ‘terrace garden ‘or ‘rockery’). The glasshouse is also very well constructed, and attention to details such as chamfering on framing timbers suggests a building of some importance to its owners.

It is also interesting to speculate on the boiler and associated piping which heated the glasshouse. While it should be possible to date the boiler’s construction, such a task lay outside the scope of this study. However a letter from Martha (Mrs Reid) to daughters Margery and ‘Sonsie’ on 18 May 1914 noted that renovations undertaken in the servants’ quarters at that time included the installation of new radiators in the maids’ bedrooms (which until now had no heating). On this day, Martha records, the radiators were turned on and they proved very successful [Reference 1/6/4, in J.S. Reid Papers, University of Melbourne Archives]. It is possible that the boiler for the glasshouse was also installed around this time, only a few years after the Reids moved permanently to Duneira.

Ranking of cultural significance Primary significance: Position and fabric of glasshouse and fixtures Position, fabric and fixtures of boiler

(v) Berry House

Description and condition This building is an airy construction which provides a safe location for the growing of berry crops. The building is constructed using metal framing, and walls and roof are clad with fine gauge mesh to exclude animals, particularly birds. The berry house is fitted with a watering system and currently contains many fruiting raspberry canes. Its condition appears quite sound.

Analysis Although this building appears to be a recent construction, a berry house has been located in the same or similar location for many decades [Stephen Ryan, pers. comm., 24 March 2005]. This is in keeping with the functioning of this area for food production (vegetables, fruit), and its location is entirely consistent with traditional placement of such utilitarian zones on homesteads and acreages.

Photographs from the early 1900s show the berry house in the time of the Reids’ ownership and residency. These show the construction consisted of a simple timber frame supporting

Lee Andrews & Associates Heritage Consulting 2006 60 walls and a roof of chicken wire (see Photographs 29 and 30 in 12.2 Historic Photographs). The area enclosed by the construction is surprisingly long and narrow. Stephen Ryan confirmed that this was consistent with the Berry House he remembered raiding with gardener Hamish McVinney’s son in the 1960s [Stephen Ryan, pers. comm., 24 March 2005].

James Reid recorded many of his gardening activities in his letters to family members. On 15 June 1917 he wrote to his daughter ‘… I have put in new beds of gooseberries, raspberries and currants – red, black and white …’ [Reference 1/5/45, in J.S. Reid Papers, University of Melbourne Archives]. The Berry House was also in constant use during the time of Hamish McVinney, who planted and harvested the vegetables and fruits from the kitchen garden site largely to feed himself and his family, as the Alcock/Wickens family did not reside on the property except for weekends and holidays [Stephen Ryan, pers. comm. 24 March, 2005].

Ranking of cultural significance

Primary significance: Tradition of fruit production Location of berry growing facility

No appreciable significance: Construction material of Berry House

(vi) Glasshouse, potting sheds and propagation structures (in Kitchen Garden Zone)

Description and condition The utilitarian area of the property to the north-east of the main residence contains a number of structures and buildings which have been used for plant propagation and associated activities. These consist of a long rectangular timber structure covered in shade cloth, two timber clad sheds, a glasshouse, a shade-cloth covered igloo, and berry house (see (iv) Berry House above). The shade structure is in poor condition, with sections about to collapse. Other structures are in reasonable to good condition. Water has recently been cut off to the glasshouse [Peter White, pers. comm., 18 May 2005].

Analysis These buildings are situated in an area which has traditionally been used for utilitarian purposes. During the 1950s and 60s, this area contained a very large, productive vegetable garden, tended, as was the remainder of the property by Scottish gardener Hamish McVinney, and later his son Hamish jnr. [Stephen Ryan and Peter White pers. comms. 24 March 2005]. The current buildings are relatively recent additions, although there has been a tradition of such activities in this area. The glasshouse and sheds occupy a position formerly (late 1960s to 1970s) the position of chicken coops [Stephen Ryan, pers. comm., 24 March, 2005]. These coops can be seen as one long structure in the 1968 aerial photograph of the property (see Photograph 47 in 12.2 Historic Photographs).

In 1992 this area was advertised as containing ‘a large professional nursery, with mist-system greenhouses, berry house, hothouses and potting sheds’ [Sale brochure by R.T.Edgar, Real Estate, from historical file held at Duneira].

Ranking of cultural significance Primary significance: Tradition of carrying out activities related to food and general plant production in this location

Lee Andrews & Associates Heritage Consulting 2006 61

No appreciable significance: Building fabric

(vii) Miscellaneous buildings

Description and condition A number of assorted small garden / farm buildings have been constructed on the property. These are functional and are associated with the everyday running of the property, be it garden, grounds, or dwellings. They house pumping equipment for water, store hay, elevate and store water, and provide a herding run for livestock. All appear in reasonable condition.

Analysis Such collections of miscellaneous buildings and constructions are entirely consistent with the property’s function as a rural farm. They add to the rusticity of the property and contrast strongly with the opulence of the main residence and the effortlessness of the park-like landscape.

Ranking of cultural significance Primary significance: Tradition of farm-related constructions and infrastructure

No appreciable significance: Fabric of farm-related constructions and infrastructure

(viii) Pergolas

Description and condition A number of pergolas are located around the property. These consist of uprights of treated pine poles and cross beams and rafters of either square, dressed treated pine or treated pine poles. These were added to the garden by Keith Allen and Stuart Stoneman during their respective residencies [Stephen Ryan, per. comm., 24 March, 2005].

A pergola forms the entry to the Secret Garden from the Elm Avenue, while another is found spanning the road between the Stables and the Secret Garden. Both these pergolas appear to be in poor condition.

A more substantial collection of pergolas is located to the west of the Stables where they form a framed view to the parkland beyond, at the entries to the orchard, and at the junction of the Elm Avenue and the service road. These appear to be in very sound condition.

Analysis The use of treated pine for construction of the pergolas results in the pergolas appearing incongruous in the landscape. This is especially true of the pergolas near the Secret Garden. An attempt has been made to soften the appearance of the pergolas using wisteria and other climbers, with limited success.

Ranking of cultural significance

No appreciable significance: Placement, building material and style of pergolas

Intrusive:

Lee Andrews & Associates Heritage Consulting 2006 62 Pergola at entrance to Secret Garden (adjacent to Elm Avenue)

3.11 Garden furniture and ornamentation

(i) Garden furniture

Description and condition Garden furniture at Duneira consists of simple timber benches and chairs, a park-style bench seat, and a collection of matched cast iron tables and chairs painted white. The latter is centred close to the house, in the kitchen courtyard, and on the eastern terrace. The teak benches are located on the verandah of the Stables complex, within the Secret Garden and in various locations in the park-like grounds. A single park-style bench seat was seen in the orchard. All seating appears to be fairly recent and in good condition, although the wrought iron settings are showing signs of rust through their painted finish.

Analysis The different styles of garden furniture reflect the differing zones and hierarchies of the property, with simple, solid timber seating being appropriate for the outer park areas, and ornate wrought iron being used for the inner house zone. None of the garden furniture appears to be original.

Ranking of cultural significance Primary significance: Hierarchy of styles of garden furniture

No appreciable significance: Fabric of garden furniture

(ii) Garden ornamentation

Description and condition Ornamentation in the garden consists of Statuary Urns Dovecote Memorials Birdbaths Fountain

Fountain The large concrete fountain, the base of which was poured in place, was installed on the former Croquet Lawn (see 3.14 Lost Elements) by Keith Allen between his purchase of the property in 1976 and June 30 1979, by which time a number of waterlilies had been placed in the fountain base (see 1979 Plant survey in 12.4). An opening in the laurel hedge along the service drive was made to allow access to the site [Stephen Ryan, pers. comm., 24 March, 2005].

Statuary Many statues adorn the garden. These are reported to have been made in Florence [Brochure ‘Duneira’ in National Trust of Australia (Vic.) File G13102, ‘Duneira’]. A clam-shaped water vessel is located at the base of a tree, and a pair of lions guards an opening in the ivy hedge

Lee Andrews & Associates Heritage Consulting 2006 63 along the Elm Avenue. Two bronze statues of Stoneman’s beloved dogs are situated on the lawn near the memorial to Tony Herd.

Urns Many concrete cast urns and pedestals are located in the garden. These are mostly found close to the main residence, and in areas where they will be readily appreciated. The urns are planted with azaleas.

Birdbaths Birdbaths are found throughout the garden.

Memorials Stuart Stoneman installed a number of memorials in the garden during his residency. These are a timber memorial to his employee and friend Tony Herd, who resided in the studio at Duneira and died at the age of forty in 1996.

In an enclosed pocket of the Secret Garden is a marble headstone commemorating Stoneman’s parents. His sister’s and his names and dates of birth and death were added after his death in 2002 [Peter White, pers. comm., 18 May 2005].

A plaque mounted on a rock can be found in the garden, in thanks for long commitment to Legacy. This has not been dated.

Dovecote A timber dovecote fitted on a tall timber pole is located in the eastern terrace lawn. No details are known about this structure.

Analysis Photographic evidence, especially of the Reid period (1890 – 1941) suggests that very little ornamentation existed in the grounds of the property, with only a clam-shaped water vessel (thought to be the one still extant in the garden) visible in one photograph (see Photograph 33 in 12.2. Historic Photographs). Between 1941 and the present day, a variety of garden ornamentation has been placed in the garden. This reached a peak with Keith Allen, but has also been a feature of the Matheson and Stoneman ownership periods.

Ranking of cultural significance

Primary/contributory significance: Clam-shaped water vessel

No appreciable significance: Collection of current statuary

Intrusive: Fountain

(iii) Swing and slide

Description and condition Between the fountain and tennis court, a metal slide and swing are located. These are consistent in style and material construction to such play equipment in the 1950s to 1970s. They appear to be in good, original condition.

Lee Andrews & Associates Heritage Consulting 2006 64 Analysis Very little is known about this equipment. Stephen Ryan remembers it being in this location from the early 1960s when his family moved to the area [pers. comm., 15 July 2005]. It is therefore most likely to have been put in place by Betty Alcock/Wickens, possibly for her son James. In the period in which it was commonly used, this style of equipment was usually found only in municipal parks and gardens, and not on private properties, attesting to the wealth of the property owners who were responsible for its installation at Duneira.

The play equipment, while an interesting example of the 1950s style of playground fixture, is not of any appreciable cultural significance.

Ranking of cultural significance

No appreciable significance: Playground equipment consisting of metal swing and slide.

3.12 Irrigation system

Description and condition Water for the property comes from a variety of sources. A spring at the northern end of the property has provided water since 1872. ‘The spring discharges underground into a large tank. Pipes run horizontally out a tunnel and down the top paddock to an open-topped, cylindrical tank, which is covered with a wire dome and partially sunk in the ground. This tank is kept at a constant level by a float valve to maintain a constant pressure down at the house. Also water is supplied for the gardens and cottage by a weir from the state forest. Trust water has now been connected to the cottage’ [‘Duneira’ booklet in National Trust of Australia (Vic.) File G13102, ‘Duneira’].

The top paddock consists of three large covered tanks partially set in the ground. In addition, a dam was constructed in 1982 after the Shire of Gisborne granted a permit for its construction on 13 January in that year. [Permit no. 3093 in National Trust of Australia (Vic.) File G13102, ‘Duneira’]. In the early 1980s, the gardens were watered exclusively by water diverted from the Willimogongong Creek by means of an annual permit. In the four months of the ‘watering season’, the owners of Duneira at the time (Mathesons) estimated that they would use at least 50,000 gallons of water a week. This was used on the garden beds and shrubs, but did not provide water for the trees. January 1982 the annual permit was suspended until further notice, presumably due to the drought at that time. This problem was exacerbated due to the gardens not having access to town water at this time [series of letters from Christine Matheson, owner, to State Waters and Rivers Supply Commission of Victoria in National Trust of Australia (Vic.). File G13102, ‘Duneira’].

Currently, an automated irrigation system serves the garden areas immediately adjacent to the house. Although a number of water fixtures and taps are evident throughout the grounds, most of these do not work. Water is transported to trees and shrubs via a ‘water boy’ [Peter White, pers. comm., 18 May 2005].

Analysis

In 1903 ‘Wanderer’ reported expansively on Duneira’s grounds, drawing on descriptions from an earlier article. Additional material included in the report discussed Duneira’s copious supply of water, responsible for the verdant lawns:

… “Duneira” certainly merits a few remarks, though beautiful residences and grounds are by no means are in that locality … the great feature of “Duneira” is the lawns, those open green

Lee Andrews & Associates Heritage Consulting 2006 65 expanses which delight the eye at all times of the year. The secret of this perennial verdure is to be found in the copious water supply with which Macedon is blessed. About 100 yards behind the house, and at a considerably higher elevation, a spring has been tapped by driving a tunnel about forty yards into the hill; from this the water is conducted into pipes for the use of the house. A cemented basin receives the overflow and the whole of the grounds … sufficient … [illeg.] distances there are permanent … [illeg.] with a tap for each. As these are turned on one after another, the effect is very pleasing. The water supply is practically inexhaustible, for with all the irrigation which goes on daily, there is a considerable overflow from the spring. The land is exceedingly … [illeg.] and this, with the system of irrigation, produces some unusual results. For instance, there are a number of large pines (pinus insignis) and the lawns extend right up to their bases. The ordinary experience goes to show that grass will not grow within yards of these trees, which on that account are being gradually banished out of gardens

Gisborne Gazette, 23 January 1903

Given Suetonius Officer’s inventiveness with irrigation systems on his property Murray Downs in the 1860s (see 5.1 Historic value) it is highly likely that he was responsible for the early irrigation system of sprinklers referred to a number of times in James Reid’s letters between 1914 and 1921 (see 3.7 Garden beds and plantings).

An investigation of the irrigation system may reveal construction methods of some scientific and historic interest.

Ranking of cultural significance

Primary cultural significance: Tradition of a reticulated irrigation system

3.13 Livestock

The farm paddocks of Duneira are currently stocked with a small selection of sheep, and a small herd of llamas. The llamas date from Stuart Stoneman’s residency. The animals are in fenced paddocks, with the llamas being contained in two groups either side of the access road in the chestnut groves, and in a paddock on the extreme north-eastern boundary of the property.

Analysis Farm animals played a part in the life of Duneira since its early days. Throughout much of its history, the property has variously been home to horses, a donkey, milking cows, chickens, ducks, turkeys, and most recently, cattle, sheep and llamas.

During the 1990s, Stuart Stoneman, on the advice of a friend, introduced lowland cattle to the chestnut groves. Unfortunately, the cattle were suffering from a vitamin/mineral deficiency and the herd eventually ring-barked the trees. After this, the cattle were removed and replaced with llamas [Peter White, pers. comm., 15 May, 2005].

‘The recent addition of llamas to the rear farming area has made an interesting extension to the primary production activities of chestnut growing’ [Moulds, Frank and Burns, Margaret, Grand Gardens of Mount Macedon. 1999, pp. 21-22].

Ranking of cultural significance Primary significance:

Lee Andrews & Associates Heritage Consulting 2006 66 Tradition of keeping farm animals on the property

No appreciable significance: Sheep Herd of llamas

3.14 Lost elements

3.14.1 CROQUET LAWN

Description and analysis Adjacent to the tennis court was a flat area of lawn where croquet was played. A photograph provided to John Siversen in 1968 by Betty Alcock/Wickens, originally from the Reids, shows croquet being played on this lawn. [It has not been possible to obtain permission to copy this photograph to date]. It appears that this lawn was maintained in an unadorned fashion until Keith Allen constructed the fountain here in the 1970s. At this time, the small sitting terrace and rockery to the north west of the fountain were also constructed where there had been a simple grassed slope as can still be seen between the fountain and the tennis court today.

Croquet, first played in Victoria in the 1860s, was a fashionable middle-class pastime in Victoria in the late nineteenth century. Croquet lawns were laid out in fashionable villas and holiday retreats. Interest in croquet continued throughout the twentieth century, with new croquet clubs forming in the 1940s and 50s. Croquet was by far strongest in Victoria, which had 6000 playing club members in 1954 [Doyle, H., Organising recreation: A cultural sites network study, 1999, p.61].

Ranking of cultural significance Alteration or loss which jeopardises cultural significance: Loss of croquet lawn

3.14.2 TEA-TREE FENCE AND GATES TO SECRET GARDEN

Description and analysis During the period of ownership by Betty Alcock/Wickens a number of gates were erected at the various entrances to the Secret Garden. Two of these gates remain intact, although in poor condition, today. There was also a tea tree fence which screened the eastern end of the garden from the Elm Drive. This ran parallel to the drive, and entry was afforded by a gate. Stephen Ryan remembers this very clearly [pers. comm., 24 March, 2005].

It is not clear whether there were any gates in the hedge, or what screened the garden from the Elm Drive during the Reids’ ownership of the property. The many photographs of the garden during this period do not show these details.

Ranking of cultural significance

Of no appreciable cultural significance Tea tree fence and gates to Secret Garden

3.14.3 WROUGHT IRON POLES AND SWAGS

Lee Andrews & Associates Heritage Consulting 2006 67 Description and analysis

In Reid period photographs it is possible to just make out slim poles supporting climbers of some sort, possibly roses, in the garden bed running between the drive and the central terrace lawn. Keith Allen is reported to have removed wrought iron poles and chain swags, which were festooned with roses, during the late 1970s, replacing them with treated pine poles placed in a vertical position [Stephen Ryan pers. comm., 24 March, 2005].

Ranking of cultural significance

Alteration or loss which jeopardises cultural significance: Wrought iron poles and swags

3.15 Summary of elements and their rankings of cultural significance

Primary cultural significance: Site boundaries and overall layout Hierarchy of gate styles Fabric and position of formal entry gates Position of exit gates Position of main road system Brick-lined (and trenched) spoon drains Path system in original (i.e. not 1980s) section of Secret Garden Stone steps in Secret Garden Concrete steps to east terrace lawn Gravel surfacing on drive Field stone edging to paths Rock walling in original section of Secret Garden Rock walling north of old vegetable garden Rock walling along property’s eastern boundary Tradition of open lawns fringed with trees and shrubs Tradition of planting into garden beds for display Tradition of collections of rhododendrons, roses, bulbs and perennials Informal quality of the planting scheme Elm and Oak Avenues and Sycamore Row Hedges Overall landscape character provided by the tree collection Individual trees as listed in the following table: 024 E C Abies grandis Giant Fir 40 x 10 8 O 329 E C Abies nordmanniana Caucasian Fir 50 x 12 8 O 046 E C Abies procera Noble Fir 40 x 15 8 O 213 E Acacia melanoxylon Blackwood 22 x 20 E Unusual Specimen - bizarre branching 207 D Acer monspessulanum Montpelier Maple 12 x 10 6 rare in cultivation 106 D Acer pseudoplatanus Purple-leaved 23 x 14 8 O Avenue of 10 trees ‘Atropurpurem’ Sycamore to 25 x 18 036 D Acer pseudoplatanus Variegated 25 x 16 8 O ‘Leopoldii’ Sycamore 104 D Aesculus hippocastanum Common Horse 22 x 18 8 O Fine Specimen Chestnut 267 D Betula pendula Silver Birch 28 x 16 8 O Fine specimen 178 E C Cedrus deodara Deodar 35 x 18 8 O

Lee Andrews & Associates Heritage Consulting 2006 68 109 E C Cedrus deodara ‘Aurea’ Golden Deodar 24 x 17 8 O Unusual Multi- trunked Specimen 226 E C Chamaecyparis Lawson Cypress 21 x 14 8 O multi-trunked lawsoniana 080 E C Chamaecyparis Golden Lawson 17 x 14 8 O lawsoniana ‘Lutea’ Cypress 146 E Clethra arborea Lily-of-the-Valley 16 x 12 8 O particularly tall Tree specimen 124 E Cordyline banksii Cabbage Tree 5 x 7 5 rare in cultivation 201 D Fagus sylvatica Common Beech 28 x 25 8 O 233 D Fraxinus excelsior Common Ash 28 x 24 8 O 204 E Ilex aquifolium Perry’s Silver 4 x 5 8 O extremely rare in ‘Argentea Marginata Weeping Holly cultivation Pendula’ 045 E Ilex kingiana Himalayan Holly 13 x 10 8 O extremely rare in cultivation 131 D Juglans regia ‘Laciniata’ Cut-leaved Walnut 10 x 10 8 O Extremely Rare in Cultivation 073 D Liriodendron tulipifera Tulip Tree 40 x 25 8 O Massive size 022 E Luma apiculata Chilean Myrtle 4 x 8 6 (Synonym: Myrtus luma) 155 E Nothofagus Myrtle Beech 26 x 13 8 O slightly larger cunninghamii specimen than above. 156 E Nothofagus fusca Red Beech 27 x 17 8 O 048 E Nothofagus moorei Antarctic Beech 22 x 13 8 O extremely rare in cultivation 018 E C Picea abies Norway Spruce 40 x 12 8 O Significant Tree 332 E C Picea abies (Form) Norway 40 x 14 8 O Extremely rare form - pendulous branchlets 174 E C Picea sitchensis Sitka Spruce 35 x 16 8 O 140 E Prunus lusitanica Portugal Laurel 16 x 15 8 O unusually large specimen 150 D Prunus serrulata cv. Weeping Japanese 6 x 14 8 O check ID at Flowering Cherry flowering 262 E C Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas Fir 45 x 12 8 O 266 E C Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas Fir 48 x 15 8 O 259 E C Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas Fir 50 x 10 8 O perhaps the tallest in the garden! 333 D Quercus robur English Oak 26 x 22 8 O 143 E Rhododendron cvs Rhododendron 10 x 12 8 O Copse 218 E C Sequiodendron Giant Redwood 40 x 13 8 O giganteum 160 D Tilia X europaea Common Linden 35 x 20 8 O fine specimen 105 D Tilia X europaea Common Linden 38 x 22 8 O Magnificent Specimen 019 E C Tsuga sieboldii Hemlock 14 x 12 8 O Extremely rare in cultivation 086 D Ulmus glabra ‘Pendula’ Weeping Scotch Elm 5 x 14 8 O Unusual Specimen

Secret Garden hard landscaping and overall layout Secret Garden Glasshouse Tradition of tennis court on property Position of tennis court Juxtaposition of tennis court and croquet court Position and external fabric of stables Open stables car park surrounded by screening vegetation Gate Lodge fabric Tradition of gate lodge and caretaker for property Position and fabric of two easternmost sections of Milking Shed Complex Position and fabric of timber fixtures (dividers, feed boxes etc) in Milking Shed Complex

Lee Andrews & Associates Heritage Consulting 2006 69 Position, fabric and fixtures (including pipes and boiler) of Secret Garden Glasshouse Tradition of fruit production Location of berry growing facility Tradition of carrying out potting, propagation and vegetable growing in the Kitchen Garden Zone Tradition of farm-related constructions and infrastructure Hierarchy of styles of garden furniture Clam-shaped water vessel Tradition of keeping farm animals on the property Tradition of reticulated irrigation system

Contributory cultural significance: Wire ornamental garden gate Collection of rhododendron hybrids (may be primary) Trees in the Stoneman collection (as detailed in 3.8 Trees) Layout and planting in the western section of Secret Garden Score/practice board Corrugated iron barn

No appreciable cultural significance: Rock steps and ramp near old vegetable garden Rock walling in lower (1980s) section of Secret Garden Layout and planting in 1980s section of Secret Garden Fabric of tennis court (fencing, surfacing) Construction material of Berry House Building fabric (potting sheds, green houses) in Kitchen Garden Zone Miscellaneous farm buildings Placement, building material and style of pergolas Fabric of garden furniture Collection of current statuary Playground equipment (metal swing and slide) Sheep Llamas Ornamental garden gates (other than wire ornamental gate)

Intrusive: Concrete steps and handrail to central terrace lawn Position of some of the Stoneman trees as noted in tree report Pergola at entrance to Secret Garden (adjacent to Elm Avenue) Fountain

Alteration or loss which has jeopardised cultural significance: Loss of double timber gates to northern section of property Loss of croquet lawn Loss of wrought iron poles and swags

Lee Andrews & Associates Heritage Consulting 2006 70 4.0 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

This section provides an assessment of the important attributes of Duneira in the context of other similar properties and comparable locations in Australia. Information is from Aitken, R. and Looker, M.(eds), The Oxford companion to Australian gardens, Oxford University Press, South Melbourne, 2002.

South-east Australia contains several major geographic groupings of cool-climate gardens, and due to their establishment from the nineteenth century onwards, many individual properties are now of considerable maturity and significance.

Mount Macedon contains one of Australia’s most significant collections of privately owned nineteenth-century gardens. These lie on the southern slopes of this volcanic mount, which rises above flat basalt plains sixty kilometres north of Melbourne. It is an area with steep terrain, a cool, damp climate, and deep soil. Mount Macedon was first surveyed in 1836 and pastoral settlement commenced nearby in the 1840s. The demand for timber for developing Melbourne and, after 1851, the gold fields of Bendigo and Castlemaine, meant that by 1870 the mountain was virtually cleared of forest. Concern over this destruction and the need to develop new timber industries led in 1872 to the establishment in Macedon of Australia’s first state forest nursery, consolidating Mount Macedon’s long connection with exotic and experimental horticulture.

From the 1870s, the newly wealthy of Melbourne established summer retreats in the cool valleys of Mount Macedon. Many of the properties were established by community leaders, who developed their gardens in the spirit of scientific enquiry typical of those times. Its fashionable status was confirmed when the governor took up residence in 1885. Some of the early nurseries such as Taylor and Sangster were responsible for early, exotic plant introductions and for laying out some of the most important gardens.

By the early twentieth-century Mount Macedon had a busy tourist season when it was considered healthy to escape the heat and pollution of a Melbourne summer. However the heavy toll of World War One followed by the Depression saw a decline in the popularity and affordability of large country estates and many properties became guest houses in this elevated resort. Mount Macedon’s collection of largely private gardens is now widely recognised and highly valued. Although some gardens were lost and much of the surrounding landscape was devastated by the 1983 bushfires, the surviving gardens remain a pre-eminent collection of nineteenth-century Australian landscapes and contain an important range of mature and rare plants.

The Southern Highlands (NSW), described by Governor Lachlan Macquarie in 1820 as a ‘fine, extensive pleasure ground’, forms part of the Woronora sandstone plateau, south-west of Sydney. Mount Gibraltar (‘The Gib’) and Mount Gingenbullen are major landmarks as is the lush Kangaroo Valley on the south-eastern escarpment. Bowral, Mittagong, and Moss Vale became permanent settlements. The district’s popularity and social prestige increased with the coming of the railway to Moss Vale in the late 1860s and the leasing of Throsby Park as a summer retreat for the governor (1865–72). A permanent summer vice-regal residence, Hillview at Sutton Forest, was acquired in 1882. Wealthy city dwellers, such as the retailing Hordern family, built grand country estates as retreats for the summer months.

A new impetus by industrialists for building country retreats came in the 1930s, after the Depression. Exotic deciduous and evergreen trees, and flowering shrubs including rhododendrons, flourished in the cool climate, giving the area its distinctive character. Many post-war gardens continued the tradition of exotic plantings. Tourism, particularly garden

Lee Andrews & Associates Heritage Consulting 2006 71 visiting in spring and autumn, is now a major activity and the garden image of the Southern Highlands is reinforced by the annual Tulip Time festival, held for more than forty years. In the past decade, many new gardens have been created amid the area’s mature stands of pines, cypresses, and massed deciduous trees. The intriguing drives to hidden villages and homesteads, and mixture of grand estates and cottage gardens make the Southern Highlands one of Australia’s premier gardening districts.

The Blue Mountains (NSW), west of Sydney, a dramatic landscape reaching an altitude of over 1000 metres, comprises windswept heaths, sandstone cliffs, waterfalls, and deep, forested gorges. With the completion of the railway in 1869, the area became fashionable for many of Sydney’s prominent citizens to build their summer retreats. Sir Henry Parkes built his estate at Faulconbridge in the mid-1870s and his garden provided a model. Importantly, Parkes extended the garden’s perceived boundaries by creating a network of tracks with stone steps and rustic bridges that meandered among the picturesque sandstone outcrops, across a gully of tree ferns, and down to a small waterfall.

Remote from the railway and perched on a basalt-capped ridge, Mount Wilson also developed as a hill-station during the 1870s–80s. A small and close-knit group of wealthy Sydney families built substantial cottages and planned elaborate gardens. Exotic plants such as oaks, elms, lilacs, and daffodils thrived in the rich volcanic soils and cool climate. Some collected newly introduced plants from North America and Asia, including cedars, maples, rhododendrons, and camellias. The abundant native tree ferns were generally retained, thus lending a luxuriant, tropical appearance to the otherwise traditional English-style gardens. Unlike the majority of the Dandenong Ranges Gardens, these gardens were planned to provide seclusion and shade and few attempted to incorporate mountain views.

The Hydro Majestic at Medlow Bath was perhaps the grandest of the hotels and guesthouses flourishing on the Mountains during the 1920s. The grounds included a croquet lawn, bowling green, and miniature golf course. Well-made tracks led to nearby caves, lookouts, picturesque rock formations, and a spectacular picnic area below cliffs called ‘The Colosseum’. The Jenolan Caves formed another popular resort. The Leura Garden Festival originated from the annual public opening of Everglades (instituted in 1936). The annual Blackheath Rhododendron Festival was inaugurated in 1953: the Blue Mountains Rhododendron Society has since developed the Bacchante Gardens to display a wide range of species and cultivars in a native woodland setting.

The area’s most important public garden near Mount Wilson is Mount Tomah Botanic Garden (opened 1987), the cool-climate garden of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney, which displays mainly southern-hemisphere plants and includes a major rock garden. Throughout the region, horticulture is now balanced against conservation imperatives of the environment.

The Adelaide Hills (SA), a favoured cool-climate area above the Adelaide Plains, forms part of South Australia’s Mount Lofty Ranges. A mosaic of valleys and ridges, its high rainfall and generally slightly acidic soils favour apples, cherries, pears, nashi pears, potatoes, winter vegetables and soft summer fruits. Originally developed for orchards, market gardening, and timber getting, it also supported McEwin’s jam operations and early viticultural attempts.

During the 1870s–90s many Adelaide families developed hill-station retreats enabling collection and propagation of favoured species including Japanese maples, dogwoods, azaleas, liquidambars, rhododendrons, camellias, ferns, and conifers. This resulted in many colourful spring-autumn displays at noted local gardens. Many of the original Hills’ families worked on these new estates, together with overseas-trained gardeners. Several cool-climate nurseries were established at this time. There was a renewed interest in Hills’ gardens in the 1920s–30s, when one could commute by train to Adelaide. Belair National Park, Blackwood

Lee Andrews & Associates Heritage Consulting 2006 72 Experimental Orchard, and several new nurseries were established, encouraging native, eclectic, and formal styles. In the 1960s Mount Lofty Botanic Garden was established as a cool-climate annexe to the Adelaide Botanic Garden. The Adelaide Hills has historically been susceptible to bushfires—Ash Wednesday (16 February 1983) destroyed many gardens and estates—a major threat to many of the other cool climate areas, especially Mount Macedon.

Lee Andrews & Associates Heritage Consulting 2006 73 5.0 ASSESSMENT OF CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE

5.1 Historic value

Duneira is historically significant • as an integral component of the Mount Macedon precinct of hill station gardens, developed by leaders of science and commerce in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century

Mount Macedon contains one of Australia’s most significant collections of privately owned nineteenth-century gardens (see section 4.0). Alton was developed in 1873–74 by Sir George Verdon, politician and banker interested in sciences and the arts; Hascombe in 1874–76 by Robert Ellery, government astronomer and leading member of Victoria’s scientific community; and Durrol (somewhat later) in 1900–01, by William Foster Woods, Chairman of the Melbourne Stock Exchange. Similarly, Duneira’s first owner S.H. Officer, was a pastoralist with a keen interest in the sciences.

Suetonius Henry Officer was born in New Norfolk, Tasmania, in 1830, and educated in the Scottish capital, Edinburgh. In 1866 he married Mary Lillias Rigg and purchased land on the northern side of the Murray River near Swan Hill. Here he developed a pastoral property of 89,000 acres, Murray Downs, which was his primary residence between 1866 and his death in 1881 [National Trust of Australia (Vic.). Classification report, prepared by Richard Aitken, 1990]. In the 1860s the Officers embarked on a world tour, from which they returned with a number of botanical souvenirs:

From their Mediterranean travels they sent back to Murray Downs date palms from Egypt, vines from Italy, cedars from Lebanon and orange trees from the famous orange groves of Asia Minor. They also sent Indian melia trees, South American peppercorns, and highly perfumed roses from famous rose gardens in France. Many of these plants still grow in the gardens [at Murray Downs], including the grape vine, now very large, which they are said to have brought back from Spain.

Letter from Merilyn Ramsay to Stuart Stoneman, 29 September 1995 and Knox Chapman, G., Early pioneers in the Mallee in Victorian Historical Journal, June 1947, Volume 22, pp. 1, 2

In 1872, the Officers purchased four of the five allotments which would become Duneira, and rapidly developed the property as a summer retreat. Their choice of Mount Macedon for their summer residence may have been influenced by the apparently large number of their relatives who also had properties on the mount. The Officers’ great great granddaughter, Merilyn Ramsay, refers to the ‘Lloyd and Harper aunts, uncles and cousins’ in a ‘Family Group Report–Edward Cairns Officer’, 6 November 1995, sent to Stuart Stoneman and held in the National Trust of Australia (Vic.) File G13102, ‘Duneira’. Two of these properties, Huntly Burn, built by Robert Harper, and Timsbury (formerly Montpellier) built for John C. Lloyde, were both constructed around the same time as Duneira. Between 1920 to 1929, many years after the Officer family had sold Duneira, Mrs Officer moved to Timsbury [Hutton, Marion. Macedon and the Mount. Mount Macedon Historical Society, 1990, p. 23].

From 1875 summer holidays were spent at Duneira, and the extended Officer family continued a close connection with the property for many years:

Lee Andrews & Associates Heritage Consulting 2006 74 Duneira was a blissful and much-loved haven for the Officers from the summer heat at their Murray Downs pastoral property, across the Murray from Swan Hill. The youngest children, Jessie and Adam, were born at Duneira, and … their artist son Edward, who died at Macedon in 1921, is buried at Macedon Cemetery. His widowed mother by then apparently had bought the Lloyd’s former property at Mount Macedon opposite the Harpers. Later, her second son named his property at Yea ‘Duneira’.

Letter from Merilyn Ramsay to Stuart Stoneman, 29 September 1995

It is clear that Suetonius Officer would have taken a very active interest in laying out the grounds and planting both trees of his own choosing and the stipulated number of exotic timber trees upon which land selection in the region was conditional [Fox, Paul, Hill Stations, in Aitken, R. and Looker, M. (eds), The Oxford companion to Australian gardens, Oxford University Press, South Melbourne, 2002]. The climate was particularly well suited to conifers, rhododendrons and azaleas, and with the establishment of a branch of Taylor and Sangster’s Toorak nursery in Mount Macedon in 1876, the gardens of these properties were able to take full advantage of the new plant varieties being introduced to Australia from Japan and China.

Officer was also very likely to have been responsible for the early water reticulation system at Duneira, as he had previously pioneered and developed elaborate irrigation schemes on his Murray River property:

On the river frontage of Murray Downs … Suetonius had erected pumps, worked at first by horse and by windmills. Open channels carried the water to irrigate large paddocks for lucerne and maize, also extensive orchards and groves of Jaffa oranges, which were well established and producing prolific crops before 1870. The fruit was sent by paddle steamer to the busy port of Echuca, then by rail to Melbourne where Murray Downs oranges had a good reputation. Suetonius’s very successful irrigation operation was flourishing some 20 years before Chaffey’s more publicised irrigation began at Mildura. It is thought that the success of the Murray Downs fruit production was a factor in the later development of an irrigation settlement at Mildura.

Letter from Merilyn Ramsay to Stuart Stoneman, 29 September 1995

In addition, he was a keen amateur astronomer, this interest being very easily indulged at both the Murray Downs property and Duneira, where high altitude, dark skies, and (in the 1870s) lack of interfering tree cover, would have been ideal for astronomy:

The bent of his mind was scientific, and, consequently, he took an interest in all the discoveries and progress of modern science. He was a devout and earnest student of the wonders of astronomy, and nothing gave him greater pleasure than to show to some sympathetic friend the glories of the great expanse of Heaven through his fine telescope.

Australian Representative Men, 2nd edition, 1887, no page numbers

Officer was also a pioneer in the acclimatisation of ostriches in Victoria, spurred on, no doubt, by the popularity of ostrich feathers in ladies fashions at the time. By 1870 Officer had a flock of 16 ostriches at Murray Downs and in November 1878 he presented a paper on this project to the Zoological and Acclimatisation Society of Victoria. His brother Charles (a council member of the Society for some ten years, and president in 1887) also wrote regarding this

Lee Andrews & Associates Heritage Consulting 2006 75 subject in a letter in the Argus on 17 February 1881 [Le Souef, J. Cecil, Acclimatisation in Victoria, Victorian Historical Journal, Vol. 36, 1965].

Some years after Officer’s death in 1883, Duneira was sold to James Smith Reid, mining speculator, founder of BHP and passionate gardener. (BHP’s co-founder William Macgregor owned and developed the neighbouring Mount Macedon property, Ard Choille.) Reid, son of Reverend James Reid of Queensland, was originally a journalist who started newspapers in the gold mining areas of Gympie, Charters Towers Etheridge and Wilcannia. He was in Broken Hill when Broken Hill Pty Ltd commenced and was responsible for printing their prospectus. He later became a director of the company [Macedon Ranges Cultural Heritage and Landscape Survey p. 575]. While Duneira was originally the Reid family’s summer retreat, from 1912 it became their permanent residence, and remained in the family until Mrs Reid’s death in 1940. Reid’s passion for gardening led to considerable development of the property, in which he took an active part.

Despite the Depression, during the inter-war period hill-station properties continued in favour with the wealthy, who indulged the fashion for woodland gardening then popular in Britain. Duneira’s owner from 1941 to 1976, a daughter of George Nicholas, pharmacist, co-founder of the ‘Aspro’ pharmaceutical empire and owner of Alton from 1927, continued this theme. Later owners Keith Allen (Brighton antique dealer), Laurie Matheson (politician), and Stuart Stoneman (regional supermarket magnate) also continued the theme of wealthy owners.

Duneira is historically (socially) significant • for its ability to demonstrate a past lifestyle, characterised by horticultural extravagance and competition

Many gardens contain plants of interest and rarity and indicate the habits and attitudes of the late nineteenth century.

…The large gardens were created for a society at a time when leisure was taken in extravagant quantities by a small percentage of the population …They were built on a grandiose scale, unequalled anywhere in Australia to this day. They were not only pleasure gardens for their wealthy itinerant owners, but became the source of intense rivalry and competition as their owners aimed to grow the biggest and the best of many historical [? horticultural] varieties. Crate loads of exotic plants were imported and it was not uncommon for one garden to bed out more than 100,000 annuals in a season…

Country Homes at Macedon – Duneira, The National Trust and Mt Macedon Gardens, Ch 23 p. 155, in National Trust of Australia (Vic.). File G13102, ‘Duneira’

While James Reid undoubtedly developed the garden through his own horticultural passions for his family’s enjoyment, it is quite evident in some of his letters that the property was a source of much pride, and visitors’ comments were recounted with obvious pleasure. In addition, the attentions of visiting horticulturalists and reporters most certainly would have fuelled competition between property owners. The outstanding beauty of the Secret Garden during Reid’s time, and its attendant heated glasshouse attest the importance of horticultural pursuits at Duneira.

Lee Andrews & Associates Heritage Consulting 2006 76

Duneira is historically significant • for the manner in which the garden is complemented by the intact nineteenth century residence and outbuildings

In common with other Mount Macedon hill-station properties, Duneira was developed to be largely self-sufficient, and was laid out with the expectation of staff to achieve this. The property therefore included stables (the first construction on the site), milking shed, hay shed, main residence with servant’s quarters, gate house for the caretaker/gardener and outbuildings housing a boiler, dairy, cool room, and engine house. It also included paddocks for stock, and an area for kitchen gardening, where vegetables and fruit could be grown. Duneira retains all its original components befitting its nineteenth century hill-station status, and these add considerable meaning to and understanding of the place in its historic and social context.

Duneira is historically significant • for its retention of a detached gate lodge, an unusually fine example of a comparatively rare building type

Typifying the Mount Macedon hill-station is the gate house or lodge, constructed to house the resident caretaker/gardener. Other examples of such buildings on Mount Macedon were The Lodge at Government Cottage, gardeners’ cottages at Cameron Lodge, Sefton, Derriweit Matlock, Huntly Burn, Glencairn and Cooinda. Other properties contained a range of modest cottages for their employees.

Many of Mount Macedon’s resident gardeners also performed duties more closely associated with those of caretaker, being responsible for feeding and milking cows, raising young plants and generating electricity for the property. A number of these men served their apprenticeships at Taylor and Sangster’s Nursery or Ronald’s Nursery, and were actively involved in local affairs, including church, council and horticultural societies [Country Homes at Macedon – Duneira, The National Trust and Mt Macedon Gardens, Ch 23, in National Trust of Australia (Vic.) File G13102, ‘Duneira’].

In common with many of these men who served for decades on these grand properties, George Parnell, the first known gardener/caretaker at Duneira, was employed here for some 40 years [1915-1955]. He was followed by Hamish McVinney [1957 – 1974], Stan Frost [1992 -? ] and most recently, caretakers Wendy and Andrew Billington.

Duneira’s gate lodge, constructed between 1885 and 1893, was originally constructed of three rooms, this nucleus being added to in the early 1920s to accommodate the caretaker’s growing family. The result is a handsome timber building of Federation (Edwardian) design, complemented by its own garden area. A caretaker has resided in Duneira’s Gate Lodge almost continuously since its construction in the late nineteenth century up to the present time.

5.2 Aesthetic value

Duneira is aesthetically significant • for the manner in which the choice of site, a relatively flat setting in an area noted for its steep terrain, has produced a distinct landscape character highly unusual among hill stations, with an open plan incorporating a straight drive and carriage loop more common amongst pastoral homesteads than hill stations;

Lee Andrews & Associates Heritage Consulting 2006 77 The siting of Duneira, high on the slopes leading to The Camel’s Hump, provides a setting not shared by any of the other large Mount Macedon gardens. Duneira has a comparable altitude to Alton and Hascombe (which sit immediately below the summit of Mount Macedon) yet does not share the dramatic steepness of this precinct, particularly the lower parts of the garden at Alton. The pronounced ridge between the Turritable and Willimigongon Creeks— which provides the township proper with its dramatic setting—flattens in the vicinity of Duneira, providing a gently sloping site which gives the garden much of its character.

The central section of the property contains the main residence, its adjacent terrace lawns, garden beds and tennis court, and the nearby stables complex. Of necessity, this area was graded and flattened to effectively form an earthen podium on which to site these elements, as was common in hill station properties. However, to the north and south of this central section, the landform is gently sloping; from the southern entrance in Officer Lane up to the highest point on the property, topped by a group of water tanks collecting the water emanating from Duneira’s natural spring. It has been stated in various publications written about the early history of Duneira that its first owner, Suetonius Officer, Tasmanian born but of Scottish descent, wished to recreate the landscape of Scotland he became familiar with while undertaking his education there. The resulting landscape character, apparently largely unchanged since the 1890s, is reminiscent of park-land. Impressive lawns dotted and ringed with majestic trees, and the simple roadway system edged with avenues of elms, oaks and sycamores are visually stunning while at the same time, restful. Beds in the garden are filled with plants from a simple and restrained palette of plants, which reinforce this atmosphere.

The open woodland character, set off to such advantage by the hillside setting, is one of the chief features of the garden at Duneira. Other Mount Macedon gardens possess this attribute, but few can match the extent or intactness of Duneira. The open character of lawns, shrubberies, specimen trees, and avenue plantings were certainly a feature of the garden as early as the ownership of J.S. Reid (1890–1922). ‘Wanderer’, writing of Duneira in the 1890s, commented that:

the grounds are laid out in broad sloping lawns, surmounted with choice borders and fringed with trees which, however, do not interfere to any great extent with the view. There is, of course, no lack of flowers, which grow luxuriantly on the Mount, but the great feature of Duneira is the lawns ...

‘Wanderer’s’ remarks originally published in the Gisborne Gazette in the 1890s are quoted in Watts and Barrett, Historic Gardens of Victoria, 1983, p.154

Duneira’s landscape does not feature the elaborate and visually stunning terracing of other Mount Macedon hill station properties so crucial to rendering them useable. However, like the landscapes of Alton, Durrol and Hascombe, Duneira’s landscape has been developed as a direct response to its topography. This response confirms its place among the fine collection of Mount Macedon hill stations, while signalling its unique place within it.

Duneira is aesthetically significant • for its typical hill station character

As can be seen from the overview of Australia’s cool-climate gardens (see Section 4.0), many of these properties were developed as summer retreats. The cool climates that were sought for such retreats—as a refuge from the enervating heat of summer on the coastal plains—also meant that the most favoured places were on the ranges closest to the metropolis. These

Lee Andrews & Associates Heritage Consulting 2006 78 elevated sites also possessed difficult terrain, often steeply sloping, and in many cases were difficult to access. Winding and often zig-zagging drives and paths, extensive terracing and often a major podium for the residence, cool-climate plants, and water features were common characteristics of gardens modelled in the manner of Anglo–Indian hill stations. Such hill stations were developed to their greatest extent in British India, where expatriates, especially members of the civil service, and their entourage would repair for the summer (the tropical wet season) to escape the lowland heat. Bungalow-style houses stood side by side with the occasional substantial residence (especially official residences for high-ranked British officials), but verandahs, blinds, louvred ventilation, and shady gardens were key features of the hill-station ensemble. The extensive Indian railway network made the annual hill-station exodus possible, and the towns of Simla, Darjeeling, and Ootacamund were replicated on a smaller scale in other tropical and sub-tropical colonial outposts. English-style gardens were favoured, although local plants and distinctive landscapes added a lush effect, heightening the artificiality of the lifestyle. Fine examples of gardens in the hill-station manner were developed in Australia at Mount Macedon, the Dandenong Ranges, the Adelaide Hills, and the Blue Mountains, to name the best known (see 4.0).

In Australia, a typical suite of properties of a wealthy owner in the mid- to late-nineteenth century might consist of a city office with residential quarters, a suburban villa or mansion in a fashionable inner or middle-ring suburb, and a pair of summer retreats—one in the hills and another by the sea. Such hillside properties relied on live-in staff, and clusters of such retreats—as at Mount Macedon—ensured that the township came to life in the season, and retreated to a hive of local industry in the off-season in anticipation to the next onslaught of summer pleasure. Duneira still demonstrates many of these features, and is comparable to other examples at Mount Macedon, such as Alton and Hascombe. A comparable example in the Dandenong Ranges is Burnham Beeches (now subdivided and the garden now managed as the Alfred Nicholas Memorial Gardens).

While Duneira’s topography has created defining departures from those typical of the hill stations of which it is a part, its layout typifies that found in similar Mount Macedon hill stations. The juxtaposition of its different garden zones, with a central hub of buildings set on a terraced earthen podium, areas featuring detailed ornamental planting, produce areas, farm paddocks and indigenous bushland, is typical amongst the hill station properties in the Mount Macedon collection. Durrol, Alton and Hascombe all feature a similar layout. In addition, these gardens share other characteristics including fine trees, rockwork, and collections of rhododendrons, bulbs and other choice rare and unusual plants.

Vistas within Duneira are mainly internal, with the exception of some wider panoramas visible from the most northerly section of the property. Long views from this upper portion of the property provide a reminder of the panoramic views that existed in the early years of the garden’s development before the growth of trees on this and neighbouring properties.

Fine internal vistas include those along the avenues of elm, oak and sycamore, and from the southern verandah of the main residence down over the central terrace lawn. Indeed, it seems likely that the curious and original side placement of the entrance to the main residence was dictated by the Officers’ wish to maximise this once expansive view from the house [Siversen, John. ‘Duneira’, history essay, Faculty of Architecture, Building and Planning, University of Melbourne, September 1968]

Other vistas are across the wide expanses of lawn to the east and west of the Elm Avenue, and north across the produce area towards the farm paddocks. These vistas are crucial to Duneira’s restful and expansive park-like quality, unique amongst Mount Macedon hill stations.

Lee Andrews & Associates Heritage Consulting 2006 79 Contrasting with this are the more enclosed views from within the holly-hedged walls of the Secret Garden. This area allows views across garden ‘rooms’, and the juxtaposition of the strong textural qualities of rock terracing, mossy gravel paths, lawn and detailed plantings create intimate views of visual richness.

Duneira is aesthetically significant • for its approach drive flanked by an avenue of elm trees approximately half a kilometre long, one of the best surviving examples of a private formal avenue in Victoria;

Duneira has been identified as one of the grandest of the nineteenth century hill stations to survive. It was designed in the ‘Italianate villa’ mode in contrast to the picturesque designs of other neighbouring houses built around the same era [Macedon Ranges Cultural Heritage and Landscape Study, p. 577]. Its grand scale is reflected in the sweeping landscape of the property.

Duneira is the last major garden as one ascends the ridge of the Mount Macedon township, and therefore shares the sense of arrival experienced by properties at the top of Alton Road. This sense of arrival at Duneira is heightened by the retention of a gate lodge, and the splendour of the long, avenue-planted drive. The drive is facilitated by the unusually long, crescent-shaped block, which wraps in a partial volute around the hill crest below McDonald’s Reservoir. Crossing an oblique path across the contours, the drive forms the spine of the garden. Its central placement within the boundaries is enhanced by the contrast between the closely planted perimeter and the relatively open garden grounds.

This main entry drive, known as the Elm Avenue, has been a feature of Duneira since it was first described by ‘Wanderer’ in the 1890s, and has featured prominently in most promotional and interpretive information regarding the site for the past century. The Elm Avenue consists of some 91 Dutch elms (Ulmus x hollandica) and is approximately half a kilometre long. A number of the elms are original, with others appearing to have been replacement plantings over many decades. Many of the Reid family photographs feature the Elm Avenue, of which the Reids were obviously proud.

Elms have long been a popular choice for avenues throughout Melbourne and in many parts of Victoria, having been highly recommended in the early 1860s by Ferdinand Mueller. Elms feature in a number of other properties on Mount Macedon such as Alton, which contains a collection of Dutch elms dating from its earliest period and thus planted around the same time as those at Duneira [Nigel Lewis Richard Aitken Pty Ltd, Alton Garden Conservation Plan, August 1998]. Dutch and English elms were the most popular for planting throughout Victoria, and best evoked the landscape of the English countryside to homesick emigrants. Victoria has the largest population of elms in Australia [Kellow, J., Elms in Aitken, R. and Looker, M. (eds), The Oxford companion to Australian gardens, Oxford University Press, South Melbourne, 2002].

The Elm Avenue is underplanted with naturalised bluebells, primroses, grape hyacinths, crocuses and forget-me-nots, and is one of the best surviving examples of a private formal avenue in Victoria.

5.3 Scientific value

Duneira is scientifically significant

Lee Andrews & Associates Heritage Consulting 2006 80

Botanically and horticulturally • For its fine collection of rhododendrons and other plants requiring a cool climate

Similar to Anglo-Indian hill-stations, the gardens created on Mount Macedon in the 1880s– 90s were particularly well placed to take advantage of the new plant introductions coming from China and Japan to the British Empire; in particular, the new species of rhododendron and conifers for which the climate and soil were so suited. Some of the early nurseries such as Taylor and Sangster were responsible for early, exotic plant introductions and for laying out some of the most important gardens. Taylor and Sangster were responsible for early exotic plant introductions into Victoria, and specialised in azaleas and conifers. After opening their Mount Macedon nursery, they became experts in rhododendrons, a genus already popular in Melbourne in the 1860s. Their 1887 nursery catalogue listed 120 varieties of rhododendron [Hutton, H.B., Two nurseries in the Mount Macedon area – John Smith and sons and Taylor and Sangster, in Journal of the Australian Garden History Society, Winter 1981, No. 2]. The climate was particularly well suited to the new species of rhododendrons and conifers. Indeed, one of the conditions of land selection in the region was the planting of exotic ‘timber’ trees (that is, pines, cypress, firs) at a stipulated rate [Fox, Paul, Hill Stations, in Aitken, R. and Looker, M. (eds), The Oxford companion to Australian gardens, Oxford University Press, South Melbourne, 2002].

While hill station retreats were popular in the early twentieth century for their healthful properties, during the inter-war period they continued in favour with the wealthy who indulged the fashion for woodland gardening then popular in Britain, later incorporating new plants introduced from Asia in the second half of the twentieth century [Fox, Paul, Hill Stations, in Aitken, R. and Looker, M. (eds), The Oxford companion to Australian gardens, Oxford University Press, South Melbourne, 2002].

The garden possesses an unusually wide range of plants due to the high elevation of the site, being in excess of 820 metres above sea level, and contains a collection of over 100 named varieties of Rhododendrons. Although some Mount Macedon gardens were lost and much of the surrounding landscape was devastated by the 1983 bushfires, surviving gardens such as Duneira, remain a pre-eminent collection of nineteenth-century Australian landscapes and contain an important range of mature and rare plants [Aitken, R. and Looker, M. (eds), The Oxford companion to Australian gardens, Oxford University Press, South Melbourne, 2002].

Duneira is scientifically significant

• for its collection of outstanding mature trees, several of which are listed on the National Trust's Register of Significant Trees of Victoria, and many others which are rare in cultivation;

Duneira includes a number of important trees which are either rare in cultivation or outstanding specimens. The oldest of these trees are likely to have been planted shortly after selection and purchase of Duneira by Suetonius Officer in 1872 to fulfill a condition of this and other contemporaneous Mount Macedon land purchases – the planting of a prescribed number of ‘timber trees’, in an attempt to reforest the mount. Typical tree choices at the time included Cedrus deodara, pines of all kinds and Wellingtonia gigantea (Giant Redwood), and a 48 acre forest nursery was established at the summit of Alton Road in the 1870s to experiment with the cultivation of ‘Deodar Cedars, Himalayan Spruce, Silver Firs and several species of European timbers’ [Nigel Lewis Richard Aitken Pty Ltd, Alton Garden Conservation Plan, August 1998, p.7]

Lee Andrews & Associates Heritage Consulting 2006 81 The following are trees which are already listed on the National Trust’s Register of Significant Trees: • Ilex kingiana (Himalayan Holly) • Ulmus x hollandica (Dutch Elm) - 91 specimens forming an avenue along the main entrance drive • Abies procera (Noble Fir) • Prunus serrulata ‘Shirotae’ (Japanese Flowering Cherry)

These trees are listed below, together with an additional number of trees identified in the recent tree survey as culturally significant and eligible for future registration as such. They are listed alphabetically.

024 E C Abies grandis Giant Fir 40 x 10 8 O 329 E C Abies nordmanniana Caucasian Fir 50 x 12 8 O 046 E C Abies procera Noble Fir 40 x 15 8 O 213 E Acacia melanoxylon Blackwood 22 x 20 E Unusual Specimen - bizarre branching 207 D Acer monspessulanum Montpelier Maple 12 x 10 6 rare in cultivation 106 D Acer pseudoplatanus Purple-leaved 23 x 14 8 O Avenue of 10 trees ‘Atropurpurem’ Sycamore to 25 x 18 036 D Acer pseudoplatanus Variegated 25 x 16 8 O ‘Leopoldii’ Sycamore 104 D Aesculus hippocastanum Common Horse 22 x 18 8 O Fine Specimen Chestnut 267 D Betula pendula Silver Birch 28 x 16 8 O Fine specimen 178 E C Cedrus deodara Deodar 35 x 18 8 O 109 E C Cedrus deodara ‘Aurea’ Golden Deodar 24 x 17 8 O Unusual Multi- trunked Specimen 226 E C Chamaecyparis Lawson Cypress 21 x 14 8 O multi-trunked lawsoniana 080 E C Chamaecyparis Golden Lawson 17 x 14 8 O lawsoniana ‘Lutea’ Cypress 146 E Clethra arborea Lily-of-the-Valley 16 x 12 8 O particularly tall Tree specimen 124 E Cordyline banksii Cabbage Tree 5 x 7 5 rare in cultivation 201 D Fagus sylvatica Common Beech 28 x 25 8 O 233 D Fraxinus excelsior Common Ash 28 x 24 8 O 204 E Ilex aquifolium Perry’s Silver 4 x 5 8 O extremely rare in ‘Argentea Marginata Weeping Holly cultivation Pendula’ 045 E Ilex kingiana Himalayan Holly 13 x 10 8 O extremely rare in cultivation 131 D Juglans regia ‘Laciniata’ Cut-leaved Walnut 10 x 10 8 O Extremely Rare in Cultivation 073 D Liriodendron tulipifera Tulip Tree 40 x 25 8 O Massive size 022 E Luma apiculata Chilean Myrtle 4 x 8 6 (Synonym: Myrtus luma) 155 E Nothofagus Myrtle Beech 26 x 13 8 O slightly larger cunninghamii specimen than above. 156 E Nothofagus fusca Red Beech 27 x 17 8 O 048 E Nothofagus moorei Antarctic Beech 22 x 13 8 O extremely rare in cultivation 018 E C Picea abies Norway Spruce 40 x 12 8 O Significant Tree 332 E C Picea abies (Form) Norway 40 x 14 8 O Extremely rare form - pendulous branchlets 174 E C Picea sitchensis Sitka Spruce 35 x 16 8 O 140 E Prunus lusitanica Portugal Laurel 16 x 15 8 O unusually large specimen

Lee Andrews & Associates Heritage Consulting 2006 82 150 D Prunus serrulata cv. Weeping Japanese 6 x 14 8 O check ID at Flowering Cherry flowering 262 E C Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas Fir 45 x 12 8 O 266 E C Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas Fir 48 x 15 8 O 259 E C Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas Fir 50 x 10 8 O perhaps the tallest in the garden! 333 D Quercus robur English Oak 26 x 22 8 O 143 E Rhododendron cvs Rhododendron 10 x 12 8 O Copse 218 E C Sequiodendron Giant Redwood 40 x 13 8 O giganteum 160 D Tilia X europaea Common Linden 35 x 20 8 O fine specimen 105 D Tilia X europaea Common Linden 38 x 22 8 O Magnificent Specimen 019 E C Tsuga sieboldii Hemlock 14 x 12 8 O Extremely rare in cultivation 086 D Ulmus glabra ‘Pendula’ Weeping Scotch Elm 5 x 14 8 O Unusual Specimen

Duneira is scientifically significant

• For its collection of mature deciduous elms dating back to the eighteenth century, which form part of a genetically important, shrinking global repository

Duneira’s elms form part of an increasingly important Australian collection of elms. Since the decimation of most northern hemisphere elms by a virulent form of Dutch Elm Disease (Ophiostoma ulmii), spread by the elm bark beetle, in the 1970s, Australia’s collection of elms represents one of the only significant surviving collections of elms in the world. This has been possible due to Australia’s geographic isolation and strict quarantine laws, however the arrival of the disease in New Zealand fairly recently has put increasing pressure on the Australian collection.

Victoria has the largest population of elms in Australia [Kellow, J., Elms in Aitken, R. and Looker, M. (eds), The Oxford companion to Australian gardens, Oxford University Press, South Melbourne]. The nineteenth century popularity of elms for avenues, street trees and specimen trees was due to a combination of the tree’s ability to evoke the familiar landscape of the British Isles, and its many fine horticultural qualities as promoted by Ferdinand Mueller, Director of the Botanic Gardens in Melbourne in the 1850s-1870s. Our elms are therefore part of a vital global scientific resource to be retained and protected.

Additional research, beyond the scope of this study, is recommended in regard to the following, which may be culturally significant.

Duneira may also be scientifically significant • For its collection of rare alpine plants, some dating back to the late 1800s An expert study of the alpine and bulb collection, particularly in the Secret Garden, is likely to reveal specimens of some botanical and horticultural importance, given the horticultural interests and financial resources of James Reid. Anecdotal and some supporting documentary evidence suggests that plants (now dormant) will emerge during spring and could be assessed after this.

Duneira may also be scientifically significant Industrially • For its early use of hydronic central heating for domestic and nursery production, and its production on site of acetylene gas for lighting throughout the main residence

Lee Andrews & Associates Heritage Consulting 2006 83

Architecturally • For its very early use of stud wall framing evident in construction of the stables and milking sheds

Lee Andrews & Associates Heritage Consulting 2006 84 5.4 Statement of Cultural Significance

Duneira, laid out by pioneering pastoralist Suetonius Henry Officer in the 1870s, carefully developed by founder of BHP James Smith Reid during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, and sensitively managed and maintained by a small number of subsequent owners, is of national significance:

Historically • as an integral component of the surviving Mount Macedon precinct of hill station gardens, developed by leaders of science and commerce in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century, and damaged by catastrophic bushfires in 1983 ; • for the manner in which the garden is complemented by the intact nineteenth century residence and outbuildings; • for its retention of a detached gate lodge, an unusually fine example of a comparatively rare building type; • for its ability and potential to evoke a past lifestyle, characterised by horticultural extravagance and competition and exemplified by the large and substantially intact nineteenth-century residence set in generous garden and grounds, attributes now increasingly rare in Victoria.

Aesthetically • for the manner in which the choice of site, a relatively flat setting in an area noted for its steep terrain, has produced an open plan incorporating a straight drive and carriage loop more common amongst pastoral homesteads than hill stations; • for its hill station character; • for its approach drive flanked by an avenue of elm trees approximately half a kilometre long, one of the best surviving examples of a private formal avenue in Victoria.

Scientifically (botanically and horticulturally) • for its fine collection of rhododendrons and other plants requiring a cool climate; • for its collection of significant trees, some listed on the National Trust's Register of Significant Trees of Victoria, and others rare in cultivation, of unusual form or outstanding specimens; • for its collection of mature elms dating back to the eighteenth century, part of a globally shrinking repository of such trees.

Further research may also prove Duneira to be scientifically significant Industrially Architecturally Botanically and horticulturally

Lee Andrews & Associates Heritage Consulting 2006 85 6.0 DEVELOPING THE CONSERVATION POLICY

6.1 Obligations arising from cultural significance

In developing a Conservation Policy for Duneira, a major input is the consideration the heritage values—or cultural significance—of the place. The Assessment of Cultural Significance (section 5.0), particularly as summarised in the Statement of Cultural Significance (section 5.4), provides this information, and is based on a thorough assessment of the history and use of the site. In particular, the cultural significance provides several obligations which must be addressed when developing the Conservation Policy.

In summary: • Most of these relate to the evolving development of Duneira from the 1870s to the present; • Most relate to the overall development of the landscape; • Some are continuous, especially on-going patterns of use; • Some are isolated and relate to individual items (especially hard landscape features, such as buildings); and • Obligations vary for each thematic component (i.e. site boundaries and overall layout, paths and path layout, lawns, garden beds and plantings, trees, and garden buildings and structures).

The translation of the Statement of Cultural Significance into tangible opportunities and constraints includes the following: • Recognition of the outstanding cultural significance as a major determinant in future development of Duneira; • Retention of the long-established use as a retreat, and recognition of this as the main determinant in management and future development of the place; • Acknowledgment that rankings of significance (summarised in Section 3.15) will form the basis for any conservation actions or future developments.

6.2 Client, owner and user requirements, aspirations and resources

Board of Trustees of the S.R. Stoneman Foundation The Board of Trustees has outlined possible new uses for the property including an art gallery, conference centre, meeting place, study retreat or various types of special accommodation. The Board has no specific plans at the present time, but envisages the grounds would function as public pleasure gardens and provide a venue for weddings, sculpture exhibitions, photo shoots and the like.

Both the Board and the National Trust of Australia (Victoria) anticipate developing a working partnership to the mutual benefit of both parties. The Board has indicated that it wishes the National Trust of Australia (Victoria) to act as an advisory body in the future conservation and development of Duneira, with the property’s facilities available to the Trust for functions. The National Trust of Australia (Victoria) has expressed interest in providing promotion of the property’s attractions and provision of specialist support services, as well as including the property in the Trust's 'Journey of Discovery'.

Gardening staff The following comments resulted from an-on site meeting with garden staff members Peter and Luke White on 18 May 2005.

Lee Andrews & Associates Heritage Consulting 2006 86 • There is an urgent need to improve the irrigation supply to the greater part of the grounds. While a computerised irrigation system services the gardens around the main residence, the remainder of the garden and grounds must be watered manually. This is especially a concern with the continuing drought and its implications for mature trees and proposed new plantings. • Recommendations regarding appropriate plant selection especially for the Secret Garden borders would be helpful. • Commitment of an increased level of funding for garden work is necessary in order to restrict weed invasion, protect the health of the tree collection and improve the condition and appearance of the grounds, especially the labour-intensive areas such as beds and borders.

6.3 Other requirements and concerns

National Trust of Australia (Victoria) Duneira is classified by the National Trust of Australia (Victoria), both individually and as part of the Mount Macedon Gardens Area. A number of trees are also classified as part of the National Trust’s Register of Significant Trees.

Classification is a term used by the National Trust to indicate those parts of the physical environment, both natural and man-made, which are essential to the heritage of Australia and must be preserved. No legal obligations or restrictions on owners or occupiers arise from this classification. Rather, the purpose of classification of a place (or tree) is to draw the owners’/occupiers’ and community’s attention to its special importance as a component of the nation’s heritage.

6.4 Condition of fabric

The condition of the garden and grounds of Duneira is generally very good. Fencing and main gates are in good repair, as are hard landscaping features such as rockwork, paths, steps and edging to garden beds. Lawns appear to be coping well with the drought.

The collection of trees, of which more than 450 have been recently inspected, is in good condition, with only 11 of the trees more than ten years old requiring removal. Other works consist mainly of pruning and thinning, and these are detailed in the Duneira Tree Report in 12.1. Some tree deaths have occurred in the row of cedars along the western side of the Elm Avenue. Although prolonged drought is suspected, no clear cause has been yet been identified, and this will need to be investigated further in an attempt to save the remainder of these mature and significant trees.

The Elm Avenue appears to be in reasonable condition but there needs to be a thorough assessment of each tree, and this fell outside the scope of this project. Although concerns have been raised regarding the lifespan of the existing trees and possible future damage from Elm Leaf Beetle and Dutch Elm Disease (not in Australia at this time), the elms are of such outstanding cultural significance that every attempt should be made to ensure their continued health. At the same time, a Tree Replacement and Propagation Programme needs to be formulated to deal with their eventual demise.

Of the garden buildings and structures in Duneira, those of cultural significance have been identified and comprise Gate Lodge, Tennis Court, Secret Garden Glasshouse and associated heating apparatus, Stables Complex and Milking and Hay Sheds. These are in various states of disrepair and some will need immediate attention to conserve their significant fabric.

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Although much of the garden’s significant fabric is in good condition, the combination of prolonged drought and aging plants, especially trees which have for most of their lives relied on a copious water supply, will place Duneira’s living fabric at risk. Increased compaction from foot and vehicle traffic will have a dramatic, adverse impact, as will further water restrictions. Great care must be taken to ensure that increased visitation and repairs and upgrades of infrastructure are carefully managed to avoid root damage and changed patterns of water run- off.

6.5 Uses

The intended use of the property as a retreat and venue for functions, together with use of the main residence as a place for displaying Stuart Stoneman’s private art collection, is compatible with the cultural significance of Duneira. Limited public access through open days is appropriate to the property.

6.6 Comparative information

The preparation of the current Conservation Management Plan and its subsequent implementation will bring the Duneira garden and grounds into line with many similar properties with culturally significant landscapes. The conservation approach which has been adopted by the National Trust of Australia (Victoria) for its property Rippon Lea, Elsternwick, is amongst the most comprehensive examples of the conservation process applied to a culturally significant garden in Victoria and indeed Australia. This should form a useful reference point for any conservation queries arising at Duneira.

The outstanding tree and rhododendron collections at Duneira are comparable to many found in botanic and specialist rhododendron gardens. Issues regarding management of these collections could be resolved by reference to such places as the Royal Botanic Gardens, Melbourne and the National Rhododendron Garden at Olinda in the Dandenong Ranges.

6.7 Unavailable information

Details of changes to the Secret Garden, especially the western section, made by Betty Alcock Wickens would be useful in its proposed restoration. Also information regarding the location and extent of the earliest vegetable garden would also be helpful.

Lee Andrews & Associates Heritage Consulting 2006 88 7.0 CONSERVATION POLICY

7.1 Introduction

The following is a group of nine policies which together are known as the ‘Conservation Policy’. The Conservation Policy intentionally provides a very broad guide to conserving and maintaining Duneira’s cultural significance. It has been informed by the information gathered in the previous section (6.0 Developing the Conservation Policy), and from its nine general policy statements are derived the more specific Conservation Guidelines (8.0) and Conservation Actions (9.0) which spell out how it can be implemented.

7.2 Conservation of culturally significant fabric

Policy 1: That the garden and grounds of Duneira be recognised as a place of cultural significance with attributes embracing historic, scientific and aesthetic values

Rationale: Duneira’s cultural significance is demonstrated in the history, analysis, and assessment in the Conservation Management Plan 2006 (Sections 2.0 to 5.0) and should be formally acknowledged by those responsible for the site.

Diversity and evolution of cultural significance

Policy 2: That the garden and grounds of Duneira be recognised as a place of diverse and steadily evolving cultural significance, especially for its establishment, development, and maintenance from the early 1870s until 1940.

Rationale: It is important to consider all the constituent areas and components of the garden and grounds and to recognise that their evolving history has contributed to the cultural significance of the place.

Appropriate conservation processes

Policy 3: That the rankings of cultural significance in the Conservation Management Plan (2006) form the basis for any actions within Duneira garden and grounds, with the following conservation processes applicable to each ranking:

• primary significance: conservation essential • contributory significance: conservation desirable • no appreciable cultural significance: retention or removal depending on other priorities • intrusive: removal or alteration to minimise adverse impacts • alteration or loss which has jeopardised cultural significance: reconstruction desirable

Rationale: The rankings of cultural significance are summarised in Section 3.15 of the Conservation Management Plan 2006 and represent a soundly based analysis and assessment on all available evidence. The conservation processes (highlighted here in italics) are defined in the Australia ICOMOS Burra Charter 1999. In summary:

Lee Andrews & Associates Heritage Consulting 2006 89 • Conservation means all the processes of looking after a place so as to retain its cultural significance. • Maintenance means the continuous protective care of the fabric and setting of a place, and is to be distinguished from repair. Repair involves restoration or reconstruction. • Preservation means maintaining the fabric of a place and retarding deterioration. • Restoration means returning the existing fabric of a place to a known earlier state by removing accretions or by reassembling existing components without the introduction of new material. • Reconstruction means returning a place to a known earlier state and is distinguished from restoration by the introduction of new material into the fabric.

7.3 Use

Policy 4: That the long-established use of Duneira as a retreat be maintained, and that possible new uses only be considered where they are consistent with the remainder of the Conservation Policy

Rationale: This policy recognises the traditional use of the property within broad definitions.

7.4 Interpretation

Policy 5: That the interpretation of the garden and grounds of Duneira be based on the cultural significance of the place.

Rationale: The cultural significance of the garden and grounds of Duneira (Section 5.4) is a summary of the values which make up the importance of the place, and form a useful means of enabling this importance to be communicated to visitors.

7.5 Management

Cultural significance and management

Policy 6: That management of the garden and grounds of Duneira be in accord with the cultural significance assessed in the Conservation Management Plan (2006).

Rationale: This policy is based on and consistent with the earlier policies on Conservation of Culturally Significant Fabric (Section 7.2). The Conservation Management Plan recognises that heritage aspects of the place must be balanced with other aspects such as use, financial constraints, and regulatory or legislative requirements in any future management or development. The Statement of Cultural Significance (Section 5.4) gives overall direction regarding the cultural significance of the fabric and setting and this is given detailed rankings of cultural significance in the physical survey and analysis (Section 3.0). The Conservation Guidelines (Section 8.0) provide suggestions for management of the Gardens.

Conservation and management

Policy 7: That The Burra Charter: The Australia ICOMOS Charter for Places of Cultural Significance 1999 and its associated Guidelines form the foundation for management of the garden and grounds of Duneira.

Lee Andrews & Associates Heritage Consulting 2006 90 Rationale: The Australia ICOMOS Burra Charter 1999 forms the basis on which sound management of culturally significant is conducted across Australia, and its adoption for the garden and grounds of Duneira would bring the place into line with a widely accepted set of conservation principles.

7.6 New developments

Policy 8: That all future developments in the garden and grounds of Duneira be in accord with the cultural significance identified in the Conservation Management Plan (2006).

Rationale: This policy is based on and consistent with the earlier policies on Conservation of Culturally Significant Fabric (Section 7.2). Any new works should adopt themes which reinforce existing aspects of the significance of the property. The Conservation Guidelines (Section 8.0) and Conservation Actions (Section 9.0) provide suggestions for future developments at Duneira which are in accordance with this.

7.7 Adoption and review

Policy 9: That the current Conservation Management Plan and Landscape Master Plan be formally adopted by those with a responsibility for managing Duneira and that the Plans be reviewed every ten years, or sooner on the general acceptance of significant new physical or documentary evidence, and/or significant changes in attitude to the management of the site.

Rationale: Widespread acceptance of the Plans is essential to the successful implementation of the recommendations contained within.

Lee Andrews & Associates Heritage Consulting 2006 91 8.0 CONSERVATION GUIDELINES

8.1 Introduction

The consequences or implications of the Conservation Policy—indeed, of the Conservation Management Plan as a whole—are expressed in this part of the report in the form of detailed Conservation Guidelines and Conservation Actions. The Conservation Guidelines (Section 8.0) deal with items relating to use, management, and conservation of the garden and grounds of Duneira generally. The more tangible actions—which are capable of being expressed in both written and graphic forms—are included in the following section entitled Conservation Actions (Section 9.0), with the major actions also depicted on the accompanying Landscape Master Plan (Section 10).

General comments regarding conservation of heritage gardens The statement of cultural significance identifies the value of Duneira primarily in terms of its garden and grounds. Although the main residence is a fine historic building, it could be found anywhere in Australia. This, however, is not the case with the landscape, which is a product of its special location and social history.

A living and evolving heritage landscape poses very different management problems to those encountered with historic buildings, and these are addressed at some length by the following Conservation Guidelines and Actions. It is vital that the conservation of the landscape is funded both adequately and in a timely manner, and that it not be overlooked in favour of the main residence.

Plant choice / substitutions Conserving a heritage property requires a great deal of restraint. Plant and hard landscaping choices must be carefully considered with the whole landscape in mind. Great care must be taken to select only appropriate plants and finishes in order to retain the authenticity of the garden where this is required. Incremental, small compromises can result, over time, in a noticeably different landscape to the original, and such compromises should be avoided.

New materials New materials, where added, should be identifiable as such. In the case of repair, where non- original material is brought in to match existing material (for example, in the case of a section of fence inserted between two original sections) there needs to be clear evidence that the new material is not original. One way to achieve this is stamping or marking with the year of construction. Where a very small amount of new material is needed, as in replacement rocks to sections of walls, it is only necessary to attempt to use material from the same source as the original, if possible. The purpose of this general approach is to not dilute the heritage value of the place.

Urgent priorities • Initiate a Tree Replacement and Propagation Programme • Commission a building condition report on the Stables Complex, Milking Shed Complex, and Gate Lodge to guide preservation and arrest further external deterioration • Construct temporary roof over boiler housing to protect boiler from further deterioration • Retain and upgrade existing nursery facilities to create an area for the property’s propagation programme

Lee Andrews & Associates Heritage Consulting 2006 92 • Commission a water audit to ascertain the extent, capacity and condition of the water storages and irrigation system and carry out repairs to allow required supplementary watering throughout summer dry periods.

8.2 Conservation of culturally significant fabric

All works carried out at Duneira should respect the fabric of the landscape (including layout, plantings, and built structures, and other aspects of the designed landscape) as summarised in the Statement of Cultural Significance, and given in detail in the Rankings of Cultural Significance in section 3.15. This section of the report sets out broad guidelines for how the fabric of the landscape should be conserved. In heritage studies conservation means all the processes of looking after a place so as to retain its cultural significance. These processes include: Preservation - maintaining the fabric of a place and retarding deterioration. Maintenance - the continuous protective care of the fabric and setting of a place, and is to be distinguished from repair (which involves restoration or reconstruction) Restoration - returning the existing fabric of a place to a known earlier state by removing accretions or by reassembling existing components without the introduction of new material. Reconstruction - returning a place to a known earlier state and is distinguished from restoration by the introduction of new material into the fabric.

For items ranked of primary significance, conservation is essential and should take top priority over all other considerations except for safety.

For items ranked of contributory significance, conservation is desirable, except where the item’s removal would allow an item of primary significance to be revealed

Items of no appreciable cultural significance may be retained or removed, depending on other priorities Items ranked as intrusive should be removed or altered to minimise adverse impacts

Items whose alteration or loss has reduced or jeopardised the cultural significance of the place should be reconstructed if at all feasible

A summary of elements and rankings of cultural significance can be found in Section 3.15.

8.2.1 TREES AND PLANTINGS

The collection of trees at Duneira has been planted over the past 130 years. The trees as a whole resemble an arboretum, and apart from their individual cultural significance they contribute in a fundamental way to the aesthetic qualities of the property. However, many of the trees are mature, and some over-mature (senescent), and will eventually require removal and in many cases, replacement. Others require maintenance procedures such as pruning. These aspects are addressed by the following guidelines, and also in the Duneira Tree Report in 12.1.

Maintenance of avenues and culturally significant trees Maintenance of these assets should be of the highest standard. A maintenance plan should be drawn up for all trees, and should include an annual inspection of the crown, trunk and root

Lee Andrews & Associates Heritage Consulting 2006 93 systems. Disease, damage or faults should be summarised in an annual conditions report, and this report should form the basis of a yearly management programme for the trees.

The management programme should also detail measures such as supplementary irrigation, fertilising, mulching and pest control measures, especially for possums and Elm Leaf Beetle

Tree removals Tree removals are detailed in the Duneira Tree Report in 12.1. Where trees have to be removed due to damage or disease, a record should be kept of their location on a plan of the property, and details of their botanic and common names, size and reason for removal recorded.

Principal Avenue Plantings The existing avenues must be retained and conserved as a major feature of the early layout of Duneira and as an important component of its structure. They define the various spaces which make up the property and contribute in a fundamental way to the character of the property. The Elm Avenue itself is of state significance, and the highest standards of maintenance should be applied to this and the other avenues and significant trees.

Elm Avenue Concern has been raised over the vulnerability of the elms in the Elm Avenue to attack by Elm Leaf Beetle and possible infection by Dutch Elm Disease should that disease ever breach Australian quarantine. Suggested control measures are discussed below.

It has also been suggested that as the elms are in decline due to age that the avenue should be eventually replaced with a different tree species. However, because the Elm Avenue is of such high cultural significance, and the choice of elms for planting in the 1870s so iconic of towns and cities throughout Victoria, it is essential that the Elm Avenue be managed to allow replanting with the same species and indeed with cloned replacements.

Tree Replacement and Propagation Programme It is essential to develop long term strategies for the eventual replacement for all avenues, rows and individual, significant trees on the property. This can best be achieved by the development of a Tree Replacement and Propagation Programme. This programme is used to • guide the gradual renewal of the tree collection as a whole, replacing trees in order to retain the major framework of trees established in the early phase of Duneira’s development; • replace trees now removed, but which once contributed to the design and visual amenity of the garden and grounds, using documentary or other reliable sources where available as evidence for this planting; • anticipate future tree removals as trees decline and die (i.e. the Elm and Oak Avenues and Sycamore Row).

Staged replacement of Elm and Oak Avenues and Sycamore Row The following is recommended as an appropriate approach to replacement of the avenues and rows of trees at Duneira. It has been adapted from recommended procedures in the Edinburgh Gardens Conservation Management Plan by Allom Lovell & Associates and John Patrick Pty Ltd, 2004. It also reflects tree replacement strategies favoured by Melbourne City Council.

Note: the Sycamore Row, which, according to photographic evidence may have originally been an avenue, might be reinstated as an avenue when the time comes to begin replacing its existing trees.

Lee Andrews & Associates Heritage Consulting 2006 94 • Remove individual trees when irreparably damaged, diseased or dead. Grind stumps to 300 mm below the ground surface; • Do not fill gaps in the avenues or row, as these new trees are likely to fail because of competition from adjacent established trees; • Begin the staged replanting of avenues when more than a third of the original avenue has been lost; • Replace avenues by completely removing sections comprising between 8 to 10 pairs of trees, beginning at the southern (entry gate) end of the avenue for the elms; • Replant these sections with the same species (and preferably trees cloned from the originals). Replacement trees should be advanced stock of about 5 years old, ensuring their vigour and providing an immediate sense of ‘avenue’; • Replant new trees at the same spacing as those removed; • Replant sections in a staged manner , so that replacement is achieved progressively while sustaining the amenity of the avenues; • Stage the replanting programme over the next 30–50 years, so that by the end of this period, the three major avenues will have been completely renewed before they reach the end of their expected life span.

Control of Elm Leaf Beetle Several options are available to protect elms from elm leaf beetle damage. • A safe non-chemical control is to trap larvae that migrate down the trunk between mid December and early February. Wrap adhesive tape around the trunk with the sticky side facing out (suitable only if the bark is smooth) or smear sticky gel (available from some nurseries) around the trunk of the elm. Larvae trapped on these bands will be unable to pupate and reach adulthood. These methods may not reduce damage in the initial year of application, but should reduce beetle numbers and damage in subsequent years.

• More immediate chemical control can be achieved by applying carbaryl insecticide to the foliage of elms in danger of defoliation. This should be applied to the leaves whenever the pest is present. Pest control operators and arborists licensed to apply pesticides offer these services.

• A spray made from the naturally-occurring bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. tenebrionis has been trialled and found to be effective against elm leaf beetle larvae. This spray should become available in the near future. A long-term control for the pest may be the introduction of the elm leaf beetle parasitic fly. This parasite has been tested at Agriculture Victoria’s Keith Turnbull Research Institute against native and beneficial insects and was found to only attack elm leaf beetle larvae. Research is now directed towards importing and establishing this biological control agent in Victoria.

Further information is available from the ‘Friends of the Elms’, which is a group of volunteers concerned for the welfare of elms throughout Australia. The Friends have a web-site at: http://home.vicnet.net.au/~fote/index.html

Some councils may also offer assistance in combating elm leaf beetle in their municipality. Melbourne’s Royal Botanic Gardens may also be of assistance [Information from website Global Gardening http://www.global-garden.com.au/burnley/mar00dte.htm].

Elm Bark Beetle (Scolytus multistriatus) This small, European beetle was first officially discovered in Victoria in 1974. It feeds and breeds under the bark of injured and dying branches defoliated by the Elm Leaf Beetle or caused by drought or neglect.

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Unlike the Elm Leaf Beetle, the Elm Bark Beetle causes no serious damage to elms. However, it would carry Dutch Elm Disease (DED) and thus be a threat to the trees if (or when) the disease enters Australia.

Dutch Elm Disease Dutch Elm Disease (DED is caused by a fungus which prevents the flow of sap within the elm's vascular system; it can kill the tree within one season. The fungus spreads from tree to tree by means of the elm bark beetle, or by root grafts.

Should DED reach Australia, it will pose a serious threat. Except for places where a major effort has been made to save them (Brighton district in the UK and Amsterdam in the Netherlands) elms have been devastated by DED in the Northern Hemisphere. New Zealand's elms became infected with DED in 1989.

Tight quarantine laws and vigilant officers are believed to have prevented the fungus entering Australia, but the risk of entry increased with the arrival of the fungus in Auckland, New Zealand. There, however, through good management the loss of the trees is in hundreds rather than thousands, but the risk of spreading remains indefinitely.

An excellent source of further information on DED is http://www.netspace.net.au/~stephenf/

Propagation of existing culturally significant trees It is of paramount importance that, wherever possible, the original genetic material of the trees is retained. To do this it is necessary to propagate asexually (through suckers, layering, etc) rather than by seed, where there will be some genetic diversity. The use of the same species obtained from other sources outside the property (e.g. from nurseries) should be used only if it is impossible to propagate from the original plant. Substitutions of different genera or species should be avoided, and such plants, if desired, planted in other sections of the property where they are not substituting for other significant trees.

A central area should be set aside for propagating, raising and hardening off young replacement trees and other plants. The Kitchen Garden Zone currently contains suitable facilities which could be quickly adapted and upgraded for this role. In addition, expert assistance may be necessary, and Stephen Ryan of Dicksonia Rare Plants may be able to provide such expertise.

Trees should be grown in the propagation area at similar spacings as their eventual avenue spacing, so as to avoid them developing narrow canopies if grown too close together.

COMPARTMENTALISATION IN THE LANDSCAPE • Maintain the ratio of intensely planted and designed areas (e.g. Secret Garden, long border and beds at front of main residence), the park-like expanses of lawn, kitchen garden zone (vegetables, berries and fruit) and the rural farm paddocks;

• Maintain lawn and turf to provide a subtle contrast between the hierarchy of the garden areas by adopting a high standard of turf on the central terrace and eastern terrace lawns, with lawn elsewhere to reflect a less manicured and more park-like appearance.

MAINTENANCE OF THE GARDENS AND GROUNDS • Ensure maintenance does not conflict with conservation requirements or other priorities; • Prepare and implement a Garden Maintenance Plan to take account of the Conservation Management Plan (see 8.5 Management: Planning and records);

Lee Andrews & Associates Heritage Consulting 2006 96 • Create a new works area where propagation of plants and storage of garden materials could be carried out. An appropriate location for these activities is the vegetable garden area to the north of the main residence; • Improve the efficient distribution of water to the grounds via a ring main or similar.

PRESERVATION OF VISTAS WITHIN THE PROPERTY • Selectively prune and thin shrub or understorey plantings; • Carefully place new or replacement trees so as to frame and not obscure views; • Remove trees of no cultural significance in order to reveal vistas and other aspects which have cultural significance.

8.3 Use

Proposed new uses • Any proposed new uses should be compatible and must respect the traditional use of the property as a summer retreat. The garden and grounds have been open to the public from time to time, and a continuation of this practice is compatible with the significance of the place. However it must be noted that historic gardens are fragile and easily damaged by rapid or prolonged increases in visitor numbers, and so such occurrences should be avoided.

Car access and parking • Retain current car parking in the designated area adjacent to the Stables Complex; • Retain original main entry from Officer Lane for limited vehicular traffic to the formal entrance to the main residence, otherwise restrict vehicular movement in the southern half of the grounds; • Service, staff and visitor vehicles should be restricted to enter and exit via the service road and gate onto Mount Macedon Road, and for this reason, this exit will need to be re-opened and the service drive upgraded; • Develop additional visitor parking in paddock directly north of Stables Complex. Fruit trees will need to be relocated in northern section of Kitchen Garden Zone [see 10.0 Landscape Master Plan].

8.4 Interpretation

The gardens and grounds of Duneira are very significant resources for horticulture, heritage, recreation, leisure, and tourism.

Interpretation of Duneira should • Be based on the cultural significance of the site; • Be communicated in an unobtrusive manner within the site, such as brochures (with a simple site plan) and discreet signage; • Draw on the body of existing documentation which offers research, educational, and interpretative potential (enhanced where possible through additional research). Opportunities for input from the area’s indigenous population also should be explored, in an attempt to highlight the significance the site might hold for its first inhabitants. [This task lay outside the scope of the current brief.]; • Offer differing levels of sophistication to suit various target audiences (e.g. events such as guided walks, children’s programmes, plant sales, garden displays or festivals, demonstrations, and talks); • Be considered integral with interpretation of Victoria’s heritage generally, especially through improved circulation and linkages to other local tourist sites on the Mount, and complementary road signage (e.g. Vic Roads tourist signs).

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8.5 Management

General comments • Management of the garden and grounds should be based on an understanding of the site’s cultural significance (especially as detailed in 5.4 Statement of Cultural Significance); • Management should also be undertaken in accordance with accepted professional standards, particularly having regard to the Australia ICOMOS Burra Charter (1999) and its related guidelines; • There is a need for continuing advice on the conservation of the garden and importantly, the tree and rhododendron collections. Such advice is needed to supplement and further refine the information contained in the Conservation Management Plan; • Strategies for fire and other safety issues should be developed, even if these overrule some recommendations of the Conservation Management Plan.

Staffing • It is vital that garden staff are provided with adequate resources to undertake proper care of the garden and grounds. The successful management of heritage landscapes is a difficult task, and appropriate staff numbers and adequate finances are absolutely vital. While it is preferable to employ staff with experience in such tasks, dedicated staff members who are understand the particular restraints of heritage garden maintenance are also very valuable. Duneira is fortunate to have enthusiastic garden staff members who appreciate the property, but it would be extremely beneficial if they could be provided with some training in the very specialised tasks of management and maintenance of historic gardens.

Planning and records • A Garden Maintenance Plan detailing recurring maintenance procedures, such as pruning, weeding, feeding etc. should be drawn up and careful priorities developed. Such plans have a major impact on the conservation of gardens such as Duneira and an overall maintenance strategy must address this issue.

• Over time, detailed Implementation Plans should be developed for each zone or compartment in the garden and grounds. These zones have been identified by garden staff as comprising drive, secret garden, east and west lawns, llama paddocks etc and are loosely outlined on the Existing Conditions Plan.

• A record of both existing and new plants is also of paramount importance for heritage gardens. The Duneira Tree Report in 12.1 details over 400 trees on the property, however the rhododendron collection should also be updated, using the detailed records contained in the garden survey of June 30 1979 (see 12.4) as a base. New plants added to the garden and grounds should be recorded, noting botanical and common name, date, and final location on site (also marked on a site plan). Additional information on height and width is useful for monitoring growth rates, as is the source of the plant, and details on its natural distribution.

• A tree replacement programme based on propagation and replanting of culturally significant trees is essential to ensure continuity of the genetic material of trees from the Officer and Reid periods in particular. It is recommended that propagation of some plant material be commenced on site as soon as possible. Existing garden buildings in the Kitchen Garden Zone would be appropriate for this purpose, provided they were upgraded as necessary. In addition, Stephen Ryan of Dicksonia Rare Plant Nursery may be willing to assist.

Lee Andrews & Associates Heritage Consulting 2006 98 • Implementation of all actions and works should be recorded. This may be done by using clear plans and written material, by recording in clear photography (archival black and white and colour transparency for significant items), by provision of appropriate archival storage of existing and future documentary research, and by preparation of a detailed features survey capable of future updating.

Funding for the garden and grounds • should be provided with adequate resources by a separate budget allocation, controlled by the S.R. Stoneman Foundation Trustees; • may be given in the form of a grant or low interest loan for use in the conservation of hard landscaping and / or maintaining the culturally significant trees; • should permit implementation of the Landscape Master Plan as funds and circumstance allow; • may be enhanced by developing complementary partnerships with kindred organisations and businesses, and exploring sponsorship opportunities.

8.6 Future developments

While many of the future works will be associated with the conservation of Duneira’s landscape, there are a number of opportunities for new or significantly updated features on the property. The Conservation Policy (Section 7.2) clearly identified that new works should adopt themes which reinforce existing aspects of the cultural significance of the property. The following are appropriate new works • Creation of a central nursery precinct in which various plant-raising activities can take place. This may include the reconstruction of the old vegetable garden and Berry House, and establishment of an experimental heritage orchard, possibly involving the local community or schools. The produce grown could also be used in catering for functions in the main residence; • Restoration of the Secret Garden to its 1920s peak, creating an attraction of great beauty and horticultural interest; • New tree collection, featuring a specialised collection of species and cultivars of one genus. Suggested genera are discussed in the Summary of the Duneira Tree Report in 12.1. This could be done in association with the Ornamental Plant conservation Association of Australia (OPCAA); • Restoration of the Croquet Lawn and Tennis Court. Croquet has experienced an increase in popularity recently, and croquet lawns are beginning to be recreated. The combination of lawn tennis and croquet courts set in exquisite historic grounds would make the property popular as a boutique sporting venue; • Revegetation projects, especially of the lost indigenous trees in the upper paddocks.

Specific actions are detailed in the Conservation Actions (Section 9.0).

8.7 Adoption and review

The Conservation Policy should be adopted by the client as a basis for managing the garden and grounds at Duneira.

Review every ten years, or on the general acceptance of significant new physical or documentary evidence, and/or significant changes in attitude to the management of the site

Lee Andrews & Associates Heritage Consulting 2006 99 9.0 CONSERVATION ACTIONS

9.1 Introduction

This section summarises major implications of the Conservation Analysis and Conservation Policy regarding conservation works within the garden and grounds of Duneira, as well as suggestions for future developments. The actions necessary to carry out these works are presented in table form, with major or urgent works also detailed on the Landscape Master Plan which follows this section.

Priorities Priorities have been assigned to each action, and take account of factors such as • Condition, with the urgency of conserving of decayed items balanced against those with greater intactness; • Ranking of the item’s cultural significance, with higher ranked items generally taking precedence over lower rankings; • Interpretative potential (i.e. the ability of the item to help tell the story of the place).

The priorities are expressed as: • Ongoing • Urgent • Immediate (i.e. 1 to 12 months) • Short term (i.e. 1 to 5 years) • Medium term (i.e. 5 to 10 years) • Long term (i.e. over 10 years)

Except in the case of those actions considered ‘urgent’ or ‘immediate’ (where delay poses a threat to significant fabric), priorities are suggestions only.

Opportunities which result from natural decay (especially of plants), chance (e.g. storm damage), or abnormal external influences (e.g. additional or special funding) may alter these priorities.

9.2 Site boundaries and overall layout

Action Priority Retain historic boundaries ongoing Maintain historic division between the ornamental section of the grounds to the ongoing south and the rural, utility areas to the north Retain the overall layout of the grounds ongoing Maintain the different levels of horticultural intensity in the grounds ongoing Reduce the density of tree growth along the eastern boundary fenceline short / medium term

Lee Andrews & Associates Heritage Consulting 2006 100

9.3 Fences and gates

Action Priority Retain and maintain front entry gates ongoing Retain and maintain service road entry gates ongoing Retain tradition of rural, simple fencing along boundaries and in northern section ongoing of property Reconstruct timber gates to original design as shown in Photograph 6 in 12.2 medium term Remove the chicken wire fencing installed by Stoneman, unless it performs a long term specific new function Repair the original fencing along the property boundary and remove any fencing long term duplicating this within the property Preserve from further decay the wrought iron and wire gates found on the immediate property

9.4 Roads, paths and steps

Action Priority Retain the location and surfacing of Elm Avenue and Loop Drive ongoing Upgrade service entrance and road to provide alternative access and egress. short / medium Expose or re-surface with gravel to make good term Retain existing paths and roads ongoing Weed/ make good path surfaces, retain existing surfacing and augment with ongoing appropriate topping materials where necessary Retain all brick spoon drains, rock and brick edging to paths ongoing Where obscured, carefully excavate to ascertain path edging, and re-expose short term Retain location and surfacing of access road to paddocks ongoing Replace reproduction Victorian-style tiles in Secret Garden with more appropriate short / medium edging ( to be done as part of a restoration of the Secret Garden to its 1920s’ term state)

9.5 Rock walling

Action Priority Retain all existing rock walling and steps on the property, including rock retaining ongoing wall at service road entrance Maintain all rock work in sound and safe condition. Repairs should be undertaken ongoing by tradesmen suitably experienced in repair of historically significant rock structures Repair rock boundary wall short/medium term Thoroughly assess all rock work to ensure its safety to the public short term

Lee Andrews & Associates Heritage Consulting 2006 101 9.6 Lawns

Action Priority Retain all areas of lawn ongoing Weed and oversow lawns on the central and eastern terraces to maintain to a high short term standard Resow areas of degraded or denuded lawn short term Retain open character of lawns by relocating badly sited young trees (see Duneira urgent / Tree Report, Stoneman Collection Table in 12.1) immediate

9.7 Garden beds and plantings

Action Priority Retain ratio of garden beds to lawn ongoing Retain position and overall shape of garden beds ongoing Remove weeds, in particular blackberry, various weedy tree suckers, and ivy short term where undesirable Retain and manage ivy hedge along Elm Avenue ongoing Retain stone edging where extant unless or until evidence suggests an earlier ongoing edging material Restore stone edging where dislodged, obscured or lost. Where edging material is short term not known, leave edging spaded pending further evidence Restore Secret Garden to 1920 period (see 9.9 Special garden zones) short / medium Initiate propagation programme for rare, endangered or mature trees/shrubs of immediate primary cultural significance to provide a stock of these plants for later replanting (see Conservation Guidelines and 9.8) Replant key garden beds to reflect Officer / Reid period as shown in historic medium / long photographs such as 11, 13, 16 and 23 in 12.2 term Recreate grassy gap in garden bed to allow access to Central Terrace Lawn as medium / long shown in Photograph 44 in 12.2 term

9.8 Trees

A major part of this Conservation Management Plan has been to survey and assign general maintenance categories for each major tree at Duneira. The complete Duneira Tree Report together with a location plan is included in the Appendices. The explanation of maintenance codes is contained at the start of the tree report. The following actions refer to this report.

Action Priority Remove trees as identified for removal in the Duneira Tree Report in 12.1 immediate / short term Carry out tree works (major tree surgery and general tree maintenance) on trees to immediate / be retained, as detailed in the Duneira Tree Report in 12.1 short / long term Relocate badly sited Stoneman trees as identified in the Duneira Tree Report urgent / (also see Conservation Guidelines) immediate Monitor trees regularly for safety and building clearances ongoing

Lee Andrews & Associates Heritage Consulting 2006 102 Develop a propagation and tree replacement programme (see Conservation short term / Guidelines ) medium term Remove fruit trees in orchard north of Stables Complex and replant in Kitchen Garden Zone (see 9. 8.) Remove ring-barked chestnut trees in groves and return land to pasture short / medium term Design and implement a programme of re-planting Blackwood (Acacia medium / long melanoxylon) and eucalypts destroyed in the northern paddocks by the 1983 bush term fires Retain and gradually replant historic Elm Avenue (see Conservation Guidelines medium term 8.2.1) Progressively replant row of cedars west of Elm Avenue (see Conservation short /medium Guidelines 8.2.1) term Remove self-sown seedlings of weedy species (privet, holly and sycamore) from ongoing garden beds Develop a new tree collection on the property, in association with OPCAA (see short/medium Conservation Guidelines 8.6 and Summary of Duneira Tree Report in 12.1) term Thin self-sown trees along fencelines, and especially along eastern fenceline short / medium term

9.9 Special garden zones

SECRET GARDEN

Action Priority Commission a full Landscape Concept and Planting Plan for the Secret Garden immediate and main residence garden beds, based on new written and photographic evidence from the Reid family (see Conservation Guidelines 8.6) Commission an assessment of the rhododendron collection and alpine and bulb immediate collection, especially as it occurs in the Secret Garden Restore the Secret Garden to its condition between 1900 and 1930, when its short / medium development was at its peak, using the two commissions above to guide this term restoration Any planting needed prior to this must be careful not to disturb the existing plant ongoing material until its significance has been ascertained Remove treated pine pergola at entrance to Secret Garden immediate Retain Secret Garden Glasshouse and use for display and interpretation purposes medium term (see also 9. 10 Garden buildings)

EASTERN TERACE ZONE

Action Priority Restore tennis court to working order and resurface, preferably with lawn short / medium term Remove pair of trees from western gateway. These may be replaced with medium term propagated material from these trees (as in the contributory period of the Alcock/Wickens ownership, or not replaced at all and the area left unadorned, as

Lee Andrews & Associates Heritage Consulting 2006 103 was the case in the primary Reid ownership period) Remove fountain and restore croquet lawn long term Rejuvenate mature rhododendron and camellia plantings on southern side of ongoing /short tennis court fence by pruning term Retain escallonia hedge at southern edge of terrace (recently rejuvenatively ongoing /short pruned by gardening staff) term

KITCHEN GARDEN ZONE

Action Priority immediate / Remove timber structure from rock-edged bed (old vegetable garden), retaining short term all rock edging Reveal original outline and extent of bed by digging over and mulching short term Surface paths around bed with either mown grass or gravel ongoing / short term Retain rock retaining wall on northern edge of bed ongoing Retain wire fencing, climbing roses and Chinese gooseberry vine along short term / southern side of old vegetable bed ongoing Reconstruct Berry House south of existing structure, to 1920s design (see medium / long Photographs 29 and 30 in 12.2) term Retain and upgrade nursery facilities. Initiate propagation programme here for immediate rare, endangered or mature trees and shrubs of primary cultural significance

Relocate fruit trees from orchard north of Stables Complex and add to collection medium term of fruit trees north of glasshouse

9.10 Garden buildings and structures

STABLES COMPLEX

Action Priority Commission a building report on this group of buildings to guide preservation and urgent arrest further external deterioration

GATE LODGE

Action Priority Maintain the building and garden in good condition ongoing Commission a building report on this dwelling in order to record, preserve and short term maintain its condition

Lee Andrews & Associates Heritage Consulting 2006 104 MILKING SHED COMPLEX

Action Priority Commission a building report on the complex, with special attention given to the urgent milking and hay sheds, in order to identify essential conservation works required

SECRET GARDEN GLASSHOUSE

Action Priority Construct temporary roof over boiler housing to protect boiler from further urgent deterioration Commission a building report on the glasshouse and its associated boiler and urgent piping, to identify works essential to its preservation Retain and preserve Secret Garden Glasshouse and use for display and medium interpretation purposes term

BERRY HOUSE

Action Priority Retain structure and maintain until new Berry House is constructed (see below) ongoing Remove unwanted /dead plant material and replant with berry and small fruits short/medium crops if desired term Reconstruct Berry House south of existing structure, to 1920s using detail shown medium/long in Photographs 29 and 30 in 12.2 term

KITCHEN GARDEN BUILDINGS

Action Priority Remove shade structure on site of former vegetable garden immediate / short term Retain and upgrade existing nursery facilities to create an area for the property’s urgent / propagation programme (see Conservation Guidelines) immediate

MISCELLANEOUS BUILDINGS

Action Priority Maintain in good condition ongoing

PERGOLAS

Action Priority Remove pergola at entrance to Secret Garden immediate Retain or remove (as desired) square-section pergolas throughout property medium / long term Where these are retained, maintain in sound condition ongoing Encourage existing, and plant additional, climbing plants to soften appearance of ongoing / short

Lee Andrews & Associates Heritage Consulting 2006 105 those structures retained. Climbing roses available in the early 1900s would be term appropriate, for example Rosa laevagata ‘Silver Moon’

9.11 Garden furniture and ornamentation

GARDEN FURNITURE

Action Priority Retain the hierarchy of furniture styles in the different areas of the garden i.e. ongoing simple timber seating in the wider garden, wrought or cast iron in the garden close to the house Check condition of furniture to ensure it remains in sound condition and treat to immediate arrest deterioration Any new garden furniture should be restrained in style and unobtrusive ongoing The swing and slide may be retained or removed as desired. Removal and / or ongoing relocation will be necessary if croquet lawn is reinstated

GARDEN ORNAMENTATION

Action Priority Remove fountain to allow reinstatement of croquet lawn medium / long term Retain or remove small number of statues as desired. Avoid further statue ongoing placements in the garden Retain or remove urns as desired. Replacements should reflect the period of ongoing primary significance (1872 to 1940) Birdbaths are appropriate and may be retained ongoing Memorials should be retained and maintained in good order ongoing Dovecote may be retained or removed. If retained, repair and paint as required to ongoing / maintain its attractiveness immediate

9.12 Irrigation system

Action Priority Commission a water audit to ascertain the extent, capacity and condition of the urgent / water storages and irrigation system immediate Repair to allow required supplementary watering throughout summer dry periods. urgent / This will be especially crucial in establishing new plantings, and in maintaining immediate the health and useful life expectancy of the mature and significant trees throughout the property Where existing taps are no longer required, allow these to remain in position i.e. ongoing do not remove

Lee Andrews & Associates Heritage Consulting 2006 106 9.13 Livestock

Action Priority Retain representative collection of farm animals. Existing animals kept on the ongoing property may be retained or replaced with other domestic animals. A small collection of farm animals is important in understanding the full story of the property. Other suitable animals could include chickens, cows, horses, and various breeds of sheep and cattle Small collections of specialty animals such as alpacas and ostriches are also medium / long appropriate (in addition to farm animals), especially in light of Officer’s term experimental introduction of the latter in the 1870s

9. 14 Lost elements

Action Priority Restore the croquet lawn by removing the fountain and re-sowing grass long term Tea tree fencing to Secret Garden should not be replaced, as in the Reid period it ongoing is likely that this boundary of the Secret Garden was screened only by large trees and not any form of fence. Wrought iron poles and chain swags in the long garden bed in front of the main long term residence could be reinstated when and if sufficiently clear photographic or other evidence is available to guide their design and construction

Lee Andrews & Associates Heritage Consulting 2006 107 10.0 LANDSCAPE MASTER PLAN

Lee Andrews & Associates Heritage Consulting 2006 108 11.0 REFERENCES

MAPS AND PLANS

Plan showing purchased allotments of Duneira, in National Trust of Australia (Vic.). Classification report, prepared by Richard Aitken, 1990

Locality plan of Duneira, in National Trust of Australia (Vic.). Classification report, prepared by Richard Aitken, 1990

Aerial photograph of Duneira, 1960, Search Area 363: Eppalock Catchment Project, Run 35, Film 1362, Photo 199, from Land Victoria, Aerial Photography division, Cherry Lane, Laverton Melbourne

ARCHIVAL RECORDS

James Smith Reid Papers, accession number 65/14, 8 boxes, University of Melbourne Archives.

J.S. Reid –Inventory of Assets, 1922 [VPRS 28/P/0003, Uni 1235, file 183/532 held at the Public Record Office, North Melbourne

PUBLISHED SOURCES

Aitken, R. and Looker, M. (eds), The Oxford companion to Australian gardens, Oxford University Press, South Melbourne, 2002

Australian Representative Men; Portraits. 2nd edition, 1887

Blainey, Geoffrey. The Rise of Broken Hill. Macmillan Press, South Melbourne, 1968

Davison, Graeme. The Rise and Fall of Marvellous Melbourne. Melbourne University Press, 2004

Editor’s Notes, Victorian Historical Journal, Volume 36, 1965

Foster, John (ed). Victorian Picturesque: the colonial gardens of William Sangster, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 1989

Fox, Paul, Hill Stations, in Aitken, R. and Looker, M. (eds), The Oxford companion to Australian gardens, Oxford University Press, South Melbourne, 2002

Fred John’s Annual for 1922 – James Smith Reid

Giblin, H.J. and Ann C. Smith (eds). A Biographical Register 1788-1939: Notes from the name index of the Australian Dictionary of Biography, Canberra, vol. II L-Z

Gilfedder, Francine, Sowing the Seeds: The early nursery industry in the Macedon Ranges in Australian Garden History Society Journal, 1994

Heathcote, R. Tennis courts, in Aitken, R. and Looker, M. (eds), The Oxford companion to Australian gardens, Oxford University Press, South Melbourne, 2002].

Lee Andrews & Associates Heritage Consulting 2006 109 Hone, J. Ann, Officer, Charles Myles (1827–1904) and Suetonius Henry (1830–1883), in Pike, D. (ed.), Australian Dictionary of Biography, vol. 5

Hutton, H.B., Two nurseries in the Mount Macedon area – John Smith and sons and Taylor and Sangster, in Journal of the Australian Garden History Society, Winter 1981, No. 2

Hutton, Marion. Macedon and the Mount. Mount Macedon Historical Society, c.1990

Kellow, J., Elms in Aitken, R. and Looker, M. (eds), The Oxford companion to Australian gardens, Oxford University Press, South Melbourne, 2002

Knox Chapman, G., Early pioneers in the Mallee in Victorian Historical Journal, June 1947, Volume 22

Le Souef, J. Cecil, Acclimatisation in Victoria, Victorian Historical Journal, Vol. 36, 1965

Milburne, Jean. Mount Macedon: Its history and grandeur 1836-1978

Moulds, F.R. and Hutton, H.B., The Macedon Ranges: Forests and People: A history of change. Gisborne & Mt Macedon Districts Historical Society, 1994

Moulds, Frank and Burns, Margaret, Grand Gardens of Mount Macedon. 1999

Notes and Queries, Victorian Historical Journal, Volume 5, 1916

Stephen Mooney, Naming Mount Alexander, in the Victorian Historical Journal, Volume 62 (Nos 3&4), 1992

Sutherland, Alexander (ed). Victoria and its Metropolis, vol. II, Melbourne, 1888

Watts, Peter and Margaret Barrett, Historic Gardens of Victoria. Oxford University Press, Melbourne, 1983

PUBLISHED ARTICLES (in chronological order)

Gisborne Gazette, 1890s – article by ‘Wanderer’ –original [quoted in Watts]

Gisborne Gazette, 23 January 1903

Australasian, 25 December 1909

Advertiser (Adelaide), Tuesday November 12 1912

Argus, 17 January 1922

The Home, 1 March 1923

The Leader, 1 December 1923 [1928?]

Garden Lover, 1 September 1925

Lee Andrews & Associates Heritage Consulting 2006 110

Gisborne Gazette, 20 November 1925

Gisborne Gazette, 18 November 1927

Leader, 26 November 1927

Woman’s World, 1 April 1928

Weekly Times, 1 March 1978

Trust News, March 1978 National Trust of Australia (Victoria)

Regional News, 22 December 1981

Budding designs, Country Style, June-July 1992

Gardening’s labor of love, Home Beautiful, October 1992

Australian Open Garden Scheme – ‘Macedon’ n.d.

UNPUBLISHED SOURCES

Auction notices: Saturday 7 December 1940 and Monday 9 December 1940, held in Duneira property file, Gisborne and Mount Macedon Historical Society

Country Homes at Macedon – Duneira, The National Trust and Mt Macedon Gardens, Ch 23, in National Trust of Australia (Vic.). File G13102, ‘Duneira’

Doyle, H., Organising recreation: A cultural sites network study, prepared for the Historic Places Section–Department of Natural Resources and Environment, 1999

Family Group Report–Edward Cairns Officer, notes by Merilyn Ramsay, 6 November 1995, in National Trust of Australia (Vic.) File G13102, ‘Duneira’

Interview with Hamish McVinney (McVinnie?) by Margaret Woolmer, 17 July 1977 in National Trust of Australia (Vic.). File G13102, ‘Duneira’

Letter from Merilyn Ramsay to Stuart Stoneman, 29 September 1995, in National Trust of Australia (Vic.) File G13102, ‘Duneira’

Letter from National Trust to State Rivers and Water Supply Commission of Victoria, 16.2.1982, in National Trust of Australia (Vic.) File G13102, ‘Duneira’

Letter from Peter Watts to Keith Allen, 21 November 1978, in National Trust of Australia (Vic.) File G13102, ‘Duneira’

List of plants at Duneira as at 30 June 1979, complied by Keith Allen with assistance from nurseryman Stephen Ryan, in National Trust of Australia (Vic.) File G13102, ‘Duneira’

Macedon Ranges Cultural Heritage and Landscape Study, Part 4, vol. 4, June 1994

Lee Andrews & Associates Heritage Consulting 2006 111

National Trust of Australia (Vic.). Classification report, prepared by Richard Aitken, 1990

National Trust of Australia (Vic.). File G13102, ‘Duneira’

Nigel Lewis Richard Aitken Pty Ltd, Alton Garden Conservation Plan, August 1998

Notes from Merilyn Ramsay, 12 January 1995, in National Trust of Australia (Vic.) File G13102, ‘Duneira’

Planning permit for construction of a dam, CA 14, section 6, Mount Macedon Rd, Mt Macedon, in National Trust of Australia (Vic.) File G13102, ‘Duneira’

Sale brochure (1992) by R.T.Edgar, Real Estate from historical file held at Duneira

Siversen, John, ‘Duneira’, history essay, Faculty of Architecture, Building and Planning, University of Melbourne, September 1968

WEBSITES

Dutch Elm Disease– http://www.netspace.net.au/~stephenf/

Friends of the Elms– http://home.vicnet.net.au/~fote/index.html

Global Gardening– http://www.global-garden.com.au/burnley/mar00dte.html

Lee Andrews & Associates Heritage Consulting 2006 112 12.0 APPENDICES

Lee Andrews & Associates Heritage Consulting 2006 113 EXISTING TREE LOCATIONS PLAN

Lee Andrews & Associates Heritage Consulting 2006 114

12.1 Duneira Tree Report

Summary

The first thing that one notices upon entering “Duneira” is the lack of terracing which is evident in so any other Mt Macedon properties. The flatness of the site lends itself to more “park-like” plantings akin to an Arboretum.

The original Officer plantings have now matured into many large significant trees - of special note are many Douglas Firs (Pseudotsuga menziesii), Giant Fir (Abies grandis), Noble Fir (Abies procera - listed on the National Trust Significant Tree Register), Caucasian Fir (Abies nordmanniana), an unusual form of the Norway Spruce (Picea abies), Eastern Hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), Tulip Tree (Liriodendron tulipifera), Linden (Tilia X europaea), Himalayan Holly (Ilex kingiana - listed as above & extremely rare in cultivation), Japanese Flowering Cherry (Prunus serrulata cultivar - listed as above), Montpelier Maple (Acer monspessulanum), Antarctic Beech (Nothofagus moorei) & Cut-leaved Walnut (Juglans regia ‘Laciniata’ - extremely rare in cultivation).

Many trees including those above are worthy of being registered as significant and are noted in the table provided. The general health of the trees at Duneira is very good and not many require any immediate attention. However the avenue of elms (registered with the National Trust) along the entrance driveway does require branch removal, dead-wooding and some individual trees require removal. I have made comments in the table and it would also be desirable to have an on-site evaluation with the gardening staff.

The avenue of oaks that leads to the back paddocks also needs attention - once again an on- site evaluation with gardening staff is the obvious solution to set up a management schedule.

Some other trees such as the Japanese Flowering Cherry in the “Secret Garden” and the Weeping Elm (Ulmus glabra ‘Pendula’) near the Tennis Court are showing signs of age and need to be monitored carefully - with drought conditions likely to continue regular watering & feeding is highly recommended.

There have been many plantings done during the “Stoneman Era” (see list of trees dated to Stoneman era) and most of these have been located in inappropriate positions. Many maples, flowering apples & cherries, camellias & rhododendrons should be relocated into groups.

Any new plantings at Duneira should reflect the “Arboretum-style” and be placed carefully to ensure that vistas are not compromised. The fine collection of conifers should be enhanced - several genera such as Araucaria (Monkey Puzzle), Calocedrus (Incense Cedar), Cunninghamia (Chinese Fir), Dacrydium (Rimu), Juniperus (Juniper), Podocarpus (Podocarpus) & Sciadopitys (Japanese Umbrella Pine) could be introduced.

Other collections that should be given immediate attention include Beech (both Fagus & Nothofagus) and Holly (Ilex) - there are all ready several species of these genera in the garden and in association with OPCA (Ornamental Plant Conservation Association of Australia) it would be a great way of adding to the character of Duneira.

Finally, labelling of trees would be encouraged - perhaps through consultation with National Trust & the Royal Botanic Gardens Melbourne. Also propagation of species such as

Lee Andrews & Associates Heritage Consulting 2006 115 Himalayan Holly (Ilex kingiana) could be instigated to ensure the preservation of cultivated plants at Duneira.

John Beetham, 8 June 2005

Lee Andrews & Associates Heritage Consulting 2006 116

DUNEIRA GARDEN (MT MACEDON) – TREE PLANTINGS (NUMERICAL)

(Compiled by John Beetham – March to July 2005 / Names in blue require further identification / Names in red are for removal)

REF NO - see Existing Tree Locations Plan / PST = Perennial, Shrub or Tree / CON = Conifer / H X W = Height X Width (metres) / AGE (in years): 1 = 1 to 5, 2 = 5 to 10, 3 = 10 to 20, 4 = 20 to 30, 5 = 30 to 50, 6 = 50 to 80, 7 = 80 to 100, 8 = 100 to 130, E = endemic / OFF = Original Officer Planting / MTE = Maintenance: A = Remove dead wood, B = Remove lower limbs and/or suckers, C = Fertilize, D = Prune into formal shape/hedge, E = Remove reverting foliage, F = Trunk scarring, R = Remove entirely, T = Transplant

P D C A O M REF S / O NATIVE H X W G F T COMMENTS BOTANIC NAME COMMON NAME FAMILY NAME NO T E N DISTRIBUTION E F E

002 T E C Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas Fir Pinaceae NORTH AMERICA - 13 x 7 4 Western (Canada, Mexico (N) & USA 003 T E C Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas Fir Pinaceae NORTH AMERICA - 11 x 7 4 Western (Canada, Mexico (N) & USA 004 T E C Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas Fir Pinaceae NORTH AMERICA - 11 x 7 4 Western (Canada, Mexico (N) & USA 005 T E C Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas Fir Pinaceae NORTH AMERICA - 13 x 7 4 Western (Canada, Mexico (N) & USA 006 T E C Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas Fir Pinaceae NORTH AMERICA - 25 x 14 8 O Western (Canada, Mexico (N) & USA 007 T D Quercus sp. Oak Fagaceae 10 x 8 4 008 T E C Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas Fir Pinaceae NORTH AMERICA - 30 x 14 8 O

117 P D C A O M REF S / O NATIVE H X W G F T COMMENTS BOTANIC NAME COMMON NAME FAMILY NAME NO T E N DISTRIBUTION E F E

Western (Canada, Mexico (N) & USA 009 T D C Larix decidua European Larch Pinaceae EUROPE - Alps & 20 x 13 6 Carpathian Mts 010 T D Quercus sp. Oak Fagaceae 10 x 8 4 011 T D Tilia X europaea Common Linden Tiliaceae 16 x 16 6 012 T D Quercus coccinea Scarlet Oak Fagaceae NORTH AMERICA - 25 x 18 7 A Does not appear to be as Eastern (Canada & USA) old as the original Douglas Firs 013 T D C Larix decidua European Larch Pinaceae EUROPE - Alps & 20 x 13 6 Carpathian Mts 014 T E C Chamaecyparis lawsoniana Golden Lawson Cupressaceae GARDEN ORIGIN 12 x 8 8 O ‘Lutea’ Cypress 015 T D Tilia X europaea Common Linden Tiliaceae 30 x 18 8 O 016 T E C Abies nordmanniana Caucasian Fir Pinaceae ASIA - Caucasus 40 x 12 8 O 017 T D C Metasequoia Dawn Redwood Taxodiaceae ASIA - China (Central) 13 x 8 4 glyptostroboides 018 T E C Picea abies Norway Spruce Pinaceae EUROPE - Central & 40 x 12 8 O Significant Tree Northern 019 T E C Tsuga sieboldii Southern Japanese Pinaceae ASIA - Japan (Southern) 14 x 12 8 O Significant Tree - Hemlock extremely rare in cultivation – the only one on the mountain [Stephen Ryan] 020 T D Betula pendula Silver Birch Betulaceae Europe, ASIA - Northern 22 x 1 5 8 O 021 T E Ilex aquifolium ‘Ferox Variegated Spiny Aquifoliaceae GARDEN ORIGIN 10 x 12 8 O Argentea’ Common Holly 022 T E Luma apiculata Chilean Myrtle or Temu Myrtaceae SOUTH AMERICA - Chile 4 x 8 6 Significant Tree (Synonym: Myrtus luma) 023 T E Arbutus aff. canariensis Canary Island Ericaceae EUROPE - Ireland (SW) & 12 x 13 7 Check dimensions &

118 P D C A O M REF S / O NATIVE H X W G F T COMMENTS BOTANIC NAME COMMON NAME FAMILY NAME NO T E N DISTRIBUTION E F E

Strawberry Tree Mediterranean collect foliage /flowers/fruit - check bark 024 T E C Abies grandis Giant Fir Pinaceae NORTH AMERICA - 40 x 10 8 O A Significant Tree Western (Canada & USA) 025 T D C Metasequoia Dawn Redwood Taxodiaceae ASIA - China (Central) 13 x 8 4 glyptostroboides 026 T D Fagus sylvatica (Purple Copper Beech Fagaceae GARDEN ORIGIN 18 x 18 8 O Group) 027 T D Quercus canariensis Algerian Oak Fagaceae GARDEN ORIGIN 22 x 19 8 O Hybridises readily with (Hybrid) Quercus robur (“English Oak”) 028 T E Arbutus unedo Irish Strawberry Tree Ericaceae EUROPE - Ireland (SW) & 12 x 15 7 A Check dimensions & (or andrachnoides) Mediterranean B collect foliage /flowers/fruit - check bark 029 T D Ailanthus altissima Tree of Heaven Simaroubaceae ASIA - China (Northern) 17 x 9 8 O Copse Planting 030 T D Fraxinus angustifolia Narrow-leaved Ash Oleaceae EUROPE,- Southern, 15 x 9 6 Brown Winter Buds AFRICA - Northern 031 T D Acer pseudoplatanus Purple-leaved Aceraceae GARDEN ORIGIN 15 x 18 6 ‘Atropurpurem’ Sycamore 032 T D Fagus sylvatica Common Beech Fagaceae EUROPE 23 x 19 8 O 033 T D Quercus robur ‘Fastigiata’ Upright English Oak Fagaceae GARDEN ORIGIN 18 x 7 6 034 T D Aesculus X carnea Red Horse Chestnut Hippocastanaceae GARDEN ORIGIN 9 x 9 5 035 T D Betula pendula ‘Youngii’ Weeping Silver Birch Betulaceae GARDEN ORIGIN 4.5 x 5 3 ? Stoneman Planting - Unusual Form 036 T D Acer pseudoplatanus Variegated Sycamore Aceraceae GARDEN ORIGIN 25 x 16 8 O Significant Tree ‘Leopoldii’ 037 T D Ailanthus altissima Tree of Heaven Simaroubaceae ASIA - China (Northern) 17 x 9 8 O Copse Planting 038 T D Castanea sativa Spanish Chestnut Fagaceae ASIA - Western, AFRICA – 15 x 10 7 Poor Specimen Northern, EUROPE - Southern

119 P D C A O M REF S / O NATIVE H X W G F T COMMENTS BOTANIC NAME COMMON NAME FAMILY NAME NO T E N DISTRIBUTION E F E

039 T D Castanea sativa Spanish Chestnut Fagaceae ASIA - Western, AFRICA – 25 x 15 7 Northern, EUROPE - Southern 040 T D Fraxinus ornus Manna or Floweing Ash Oleaceae ASIA – Western, EUROPE 23 x 14 8 O Unusual Leaves - Multi- - Southern trunked Specimen 041 T E C Pinus radiata Monterey Pine Pinaceae NORTH AMERICA - 35 x 18 8 O Western (California) 042 T D Laburnum X watereri Voss’s Laburnum Fabaceae GARDEN ORIGIN 6 x 5 4 ‘Vossii’ 043 T E C Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas Fir Pinaceae NORTH AMERICA - 35 x 20 8 O Western (Canada, Mexico (N) & USA 044 T E C Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas Fir Pinaceae NORTH AMERICA - 35 x 20 8 O Unusual lower branching Western (Canada, Mexico (N) & USA 045 T E Ilex kingiana Himalayan Holly Aquifoliaceae ASIA - China (SW) & 13 x 10 8 O Significant Tree - Himalaya (E) extremely rare in cultivation 046 T E C Abies procera Noble Fir Pinaceae NORTH AMERICA - 40 x 15 8 O Significant Tree Western (USA - NW) 047 T D Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm Ulmaceae GARDEN ORIGIN 30 x 20 8 O 048 T E Nothofagus moorei Antarctic Beech Fagaceae AUSTRALIA - NSW & 22 x 13 8 O Significant Tree - QLD extremely rare in cultivation 049 T E Cornus capitata Evergreen Dogwood Cornaceae ASIA - China (C & W) & 8 x 7 3 ? Spontaneous seedling Himalaya 050 T E C Abies nordmanniana Caucasian Fir Pinaceae ASIA - Caucasus 40 x 17 8 O 051 T D Prunus sp. Cherry Rosaceae GARDEN ORIGIN N/A 5 R Remove - No Ornamental Value 052 T D Acer saccharinum Cut-leaf Silver Maple Aceraceae GARDEN ORIGIN 23 x 12 6 A Poor Specimen but no other

120 P D C A O M REF S / O NATIVE H X W G F T COMMENTS BOTANIC NAME COMMON NAME FAMILY NAME NO T E N DISTRIBUTION E F E

“Wieri’ recorded 053 T E C Picea abies Norway Spruce Pinaceae EUROPE - Central & 28 x 17 8 O Northern 054 T D Betula pendula Silver Birch Betulaceae ASIA – Northern, EUROPE 20 x 12 8 O 055 T D Liriodendron tulipifera Tulip Tree Magnoliaceae NORTH AMERICA - 18 x 13 6 Eastern (USA) 056 T D Magnolia X soulangeana Saucer-Cup Magnolia Magnoliaceae GARDEN ORIGIN 8.5 x 7 5 057 T D Acer palmatum cv. Japanese Maple Aceraceae GARDEN ORIGIN 9 x 7 5 058 T D Acer palmatum cv. Japanese Maple Aceraceae GARDEN ORIGIN 9 x 7 5 059 T D Acer palmatum cv. Japanese Maple Aceraceae GARDEN ORIGIN 7 x 6.5 5 060 T D Betula pendula Silver Birch Betulaceae ASIA – Northern, EUROPE 22 x 12 8 O Excellent Specimen 061 T D Magnolia X soulangeana Saucer-Cup Magnolia Magnoliaceae GARDEN ORIGIN 7 x 5 5 062 T D Acer platanoides Norway Maple Aceraceae EUROPE 13 x 9 5 063 T E Ilex X altaclarensis Highclere Holly Aquifoliaceae GARDEN ORIGIN 9 x 9 6 064 T D Liriodendron tulipifera Tulip Tree Magnoliaceae NORTH AMERICA - 23 x 15 8 O Unusual Bole Eastern (USA) 065 T D Acer platanoides Norway Maple Aceraceae EUROPE Check 5 066 Acer palmatum cv. Japanese Maple Aceraceae GARDEN ORIGIN 8 x 7 5 067 T D Magnolia X soulangeana Saucer-Cup Magnolia Magnoliaceae GARDEN ORIGIN 16 x 8 6 B 068 T D Populus sp. Poplar Salicaceae 12 x 3 5 069 T D Tilia X europaea Common Linden Tiliaceae 22 x 17 8 O B 070 T D Acer platanoides Norway Maple Aceraceae EUROPE 15 x 9 5 Monitor health 071 T D Juglans regia ‘Laciniata’ Cut-leaved Walnut Juglandaceae GARDEN ORIGIN 8 x 7 4 Parent Tree may be one next to Residence 072 T D Fraxinus excelsior Golden Ash Oleaceae GARDEN ORIGIN 18 x 13 6 ‘Jaspidea’ 073 T D Liriodendron tulipifera Tulip Tree Magnoliaceae NORTH AMERICA - 40 x 25 8 O Significant Tree - Eastern (USA) Massive! 074 T D Acer palmatum ‘Sango Coral Bark Maple Aceraceae GARDEN ORIGIN 3 x 1.8 2 Stoneman Planting Kaku’

121 P D C A O M REF S / O NATIVE H X W G F T COMMENTS BOTANIC NAME COMMON NAME FAMILY NAME NO T E N DISTRIBUTION E F E

075 T D Acer palmatum cv. Japanese Maple Aceraceae GARDEN ORIGIN 5 x 6.5 3 ? Stoneman Planting 076 T D Acer japonicum Fernleaf Maple Aceraceae GARDEN ORIGIN 7 x 8 6 Unsure of age ‘Aconitifolium’ Likely to be Reid planting in photos 077 T D Acer japonicum Fernleaf Maple Aceraceae GARDEN ORIGIN 7 x 8 6 Unsure of age ‘Aconitifolium’ Likely to be Reid planting in photos 078 T D Acer palmatum cv. Japanese Maple Aceraceae GARDEN ORIGIN 8 x 9 6 079 T D Acer palmatum cv. Japanese Maple Aceraceae GARDEN ORIGIN 6.5 x 6.5 6 080 T E C Chamaecyparis Golden Lawson Cupressaceae GARDEN ORIGIN 17 x 14 8 O B Significant Tree - perhaps lawsoniana ‘Lutea’ Cypress undercut to expose lower trunks 081 T E Ilex aquifolium ‘Argentea Variegated Common Aquifoliaceae GARDEN ORIGIN 3 x 4.5 8 O Marginata’ Holly 082 T E C Picea sitchensis Sitka Spruce Pinaceae NORTH AMERICA - 32 x 20 8 O B Western (Canada & USA) 083 T D Acer palmatum Cut-leaf Japanese Aceraceae GARDEN ORIGIN 1.2 x 3 4 ‘Dissectum’ Maple 084 T D Acer palmatum Cut-leaf Japanese Aceraceae GARDEN ORIGIN 2 x 2.5 4 ‘Dissectum’ Maple 085 T D Acer palmatum Cut-leaf Japanese Aceraceae GARDEN ORIGIN 1.5 x 2 4 ‘Dissectum’ Maple 086 T D Ulmus glabra ‘Pendula’ Weeping Scotch Elm Ulmaceae GARDEN ORIGIN 5 x 14 8 O A Significant Tree - Unusual B Specimen C 087 T E C Chamaecyparis lawsoniana Lawson Cypress Cupressaceae GARDEN ORIGIN 7.5 x 4.5 6 ‘Fletcheri’ 088 T E C Chamaecyparis lawsoniana Lawson Cypress Cupressaceae GARDEN ORIGIN 7.5 x 4.5 6 ‘head height in 1960s – ‘Fletcheri’ therefore 55 to 60 years old now

122 P D C A O M REF S / O NATIVE H X W G F T COMMENTS BOTANIC NAME COMMON NAME FAMILY NAME NO T E N DISTRIBUTION E F E

089 T E Ilex X altaclarensis Highclere Holly Aquifoliaceae GARDEN ORIGIN 18 x 15 6 D Hedge at South End of Tennis Court 090 T E Garrya elliptica Coast Silk Tassel Garryaceae NORTH AMERICA - 8 x 8 4 Western (California & Oregon) 091 T E C Abies nordmanniana Caucasian Fir Pinaceae ASIA - Caucasus 36 x 12 8 O 092 S D Philadelphus sp. Mock Orange Philadelphaceae 6 x 6 4 093 S E Philadelphus mexicanus Mexican Mock Orange Philadelphaceae NORTH AMERICA - 4 x 4 4 Western (Mexico) 094 T D Aesculus hippocastanum Common Horse Hippocastanaceae EUROPE - Albania & 9 x 4 4 R Remove - hemmed in by Chestnut Greece other species 095 T D Populus sp. Poplar Salicaceae 14 x 7 4 096 S D Syringa sp. Lilac Oleaceae 5 x 5 4 097 T D Populus sp. Poplar Salicaceae 16 x 6 4 098 T D Cornus florida cv. Flowering Dogwood Cornaceae GARDEN ORIGIN 7 x 9 4 099 T D Acer palmatum cv. Japanese Maple Aceraceae GARDEN ORIGIN 4 x 7 4 100 T D Acer palmatum cv. Japanese Maple Aceraceae GARDEN ORIGIN 6.5 x 6.5 6 101 T E C Abies nordmanniana Caucasian Fir Pinaceae ASIA - Caucasus 32 x 13 8 O 102 T D Acer pseudoplatanus Purple-leaved Aceraceae GARDEN ORIGIN 23 x 12 8 O ‘Atropurpurem’ Sycamore 103 T D Fraxinus excelsior Golden Ash Oleaceae GARDEN ORIGIN 16 x 8.5 5 ‘Jaspidea’ 104 T D Aesculus hippocastanum Common Horse Hippocastanaceae EUROPE - Albania & 22 x 18 8 O Significant Tree - Fine Chestnut Greece Specimen 105 T D Tilia X europaea Common Linden Tiliaceae 38 x 22 8 O Significant Tree - Magnificent Specimen 106 T D Acer pseudoplatanus Purple-leaved Aceraceae GARDEN ORIGIN 23 x 14 to 8 O Significant - Avenue of 10 ‘Atropurpurem’ Sycamore 25 x 18 trees 107 T D Acer pseudoplatanus Sycamore Aceraceae ASIA – Western, EUROPE 25 x 16 8 O 108 T E C Cedrus deodara Deodar Pinaceae ASIA - Himalaya (W) 24 x 16 8 O

123 P D C A O M REF S / O NATIVE H X W G F T COMMENTS BOTANIC NAME COMMON NAME FAMILY NAME NO T E N DISTRIBUTION E F E

109 T E C Cedrus deodara ‘Aurea’ Golden Deodar Pinaceae GARDEN ORIGIN 24 x 17 8 O Significant Tree - Unusual Multi-trunked Specimen 110 T D Liquidambar styraciflua Liquidamber Hamamelidaceae NORTH AMERICA - 15 x 10 5 Eastern (USA) 111 T E Ilex X altaclarensis Highclere Holly Aquifoliaceae GARDEN ORIGIN 15 x 13 8 O 112 T E Acer pseudoplatanus Purple-leaved Aceraceae GARDEN ORIGIN 23 x 20 8 O ‘Atropurpurem’ Sycamore 113 T D Fraxinus angustifolia Narrow-leaved Ash Oleaceae AFRICA – Northern, 24 x 20 8 O EUROPE - Southern 114 T D Acer pseudoplatanus Purple-leaved Aceraceae GARDEN ORIGIN 26 x 18 8 O ‘Atropurpurem’ Sycamore 115 T D Tilia X europaea Common Linden Tiliaceae 28 x 17 8 O 116 T D Acer palmatum cv. Japanese Maple Aceraceae GARDEN ORIGIN 5 x 7 5 117 T D Acer japonicum Fernleaf Maple Aceraceae GARDEN ORIGIN 5 x 6 5 ‘Aconitifolium’ 118 T D Acer palmatum cv. Japanese Maple Aceraceae GARDEN ORIGIN 7 x 8 5 119 T E C Cupressus sempervirens Swane’s Golden Pencil Cupressaceae GARDEN ORIGIN 4.5 x 0.8 5 R Remove - has died since ‘Swane’s Golden’ Pine survey began! 120 T E C Thuja occidentalis Cupressaceae GARDEN ORIGIN 5 x 1.8 5 2 Specimens ‘Smaragd’ 121 T D Pyrus cv. Pear Rosaceae GARDEN ORIGIN 5 x 4.5 5 122 T D Malus cv. Apple Rosaceae GARDEN ORIGIN 4 x 5 5 123 T E Lophomyrtus X ralphii Myrtaceae GARDEN ORIGIN 4 x 3.5 5 ‘Variegata’ 124 T E Cordyline banksii Cabbage Tree Agavaceae NEW ZEALAND 5 x 7 5 Significant - rare in cultivation 125 T E Cordyline australis Cabbage Tree Agavaceae NEW ZEALAND 8 x 4.5 5 126 T D Quercus sp. Oak Fagaceae 6 x 5 3 ? Stoneman Planting - Poor Specimen - Monitor 127 T D Acer griseum Paperbark Maple Aceraceae ASIA - CHINA (CENTRAL) 4.5 x 4.5 3 Stoneman Planting

124 P D C A O M REF S / O NATIVE H X W G F T COMMENTS BOTANIC NAME COMMON NAME FAMILY NAME NO T E N DISTRIBUTION E F E

128 T E C Taxus baccata ‘Fastigiata Golden Upright Taxaceae GARDEN ORIGIN 6 x 1.8 5 Aurea’ Common Yew 129 T E Cordyline australis Cabbage Tree Agavaceae NEW ZEALAND 8.5 x 8 5 130 S E C Picea glauca ‘Albertiana Pinaceae GARDEN ORIGIN 3 x 1.8 5 Conica’ 131 T D Juglans regia ‘Laciniata’ Cut-leaved Walnut Juglandaceae GARDEN ORIGIN 10 x 10 7 Significant Tree - Extremely Rare in Cultivation 132 T D Prunus cv. Rosaceae GARDEN ORIGIN 10 x 12 7 A May have been a spontaneous seedling 133 T E C Taxus baccata ‘Fastigiata Golden Upright Taxaceae GARDEN ORIGIN 6 x 4 5 Aurea’ Common Yew 134 T E C Juniperus scopulorum Cupressaceae GARDEN ORIGIN 2.5 x 1.5 2 Stoneman Planting - 2 ‘Skyrocket’ Specimens 135 T D Prunus ‘Okame’ Rosaceae GARDEN ORIGIN 3.5 x 3 2 Stoneman PLanting 136 S D Enkianthus perulatus Japanese Bellflower Ericaceae ASIA - Japan 3.5 x 4.5 4 Rare in cultivation 137 T D Fraxinus excelsior Golden Ash Oleaceae GARDEN ORIGIN 15 x 13 6 ‘Jaspidea’ 138 T E Clethra arborea Lily-of-the-Valley Tree Clethraceae EUROPE - Madeira Islands 14 x 11 8 O B Masses of suckers! 139 T E Cornus capitata Evergreen Dogwood Cornaceae ASIA - China (C & W) & 6 O Himalaya 140 T E Prunus lusitanica Portugal Laurel Rosaceae EUROPE - Spain & 16 x 15 8 O Significant Tree - Portugal unusually large specimen 141 T E Prunus lusitanica Portugal Laurel Rosaceae EUROPE - Spain & 8 O Portugal, AFRICA – Northern, ASIA - Western 142 T E Ilex aquifolium Common Holly Aquifoliaceae EUROPE - Central & 8 O Western 143 T E Rhododendron cvs Rhododendron Ericaceae GARDEN ORIGIN 10 x 12 8 O Significant Copse 144 T E Rhododendron cvs Rhododendron Ericaceae GARDEN ORIGIN 8 O

125 P D C A O M REF S / O NATIVE H X W G F T COMMENTS BOTANIC NAME COMMON NAME FAMILY NAME NO T E N DISTRIBUTION E F E

145 T E Ilex aquifolium ‘Argentea Variegated Common Aquifoliaceae GARDEN ORIGIN 9 x 9 8 O Marginata’ Holly 146 T E Clethra arborea Lily-of-the-Valley Tree Clethraceae EUROPE - Madeira Islands 16 x 12 8 O Significant Tree - particularly Tall Specimen 147 T D Fraxinus excelsior Weeping Ash Oleaceae GARDEN ORIGIN 3 ? Stoneman Planting ‘Pendula’ 148 T E Cornus capitata Evergreen Dogwood Cornaceae ASIA - China (C & W) & 13 x 7 6 Himalaya 149 T E Rhododendron cvs Rhododendron Ericaceae GARDEN ORIGIN 5 17 Individuals 150 T D Prunus serrulata cv. Weeping Japanese Rosaceae GARDEN ORIGIN 6 x 14 8 O A Significant Tree - monitor Flowering Cherry C health - check ID at flowering 151 T E C Taxus baccata ‘Fastigata Upright Golden Taxaceae GARDEN ORIGIN 5 x 1.6 5 Aurea’ Common Yew 152 T E C Taxus baccata ‘Fastigata Upright Golden Taxaceae GARDEN ORIGIN 5 x 1.6 5 Aurea’ Common Yew 153 T E Camellia sasanqua ‘Mine- Sasanqua Camellia Theaceae GARDEN ORIGIN 3 x 2.5 3 Stoneman Planting no-Yuki 154 T E Nothofagus fusca Red Beech Fagaceae NEW ZEALAND 27 x 17 5 Significant Tree 155 T E Nothofagus fusca Red Beech Fagaceae NEW ZEALAND 26 x 13 5 . 156 T E Nothofagus solandri Black Beech Fagaceae AUSTRALIA - TAS & VIC Check 5 Significant Tree - rare in cultivation 157 T E Rhododendron cvs Rhododendron Ericaceae GARDEN ORIGIN 5 12 Individuals - some cut back radically! 158 T E Cornus capitata Evergreen Dogwood Cornaceae ASIA - China (C & W) & 5 Himalaya 159 T D Magnolia cv. Magnolia Magnoliaceae GARDEN ORIGIN R Remove - Poor Specimen! 160 T D Tilia X europaea Common Linden Tiliaceae 35 x 20 8 O Significant Tree - another fine specimen 161 S E Ligustrum japonicum Wax-leaf Privet Oleaceae ASIA - China (N), Japan & 4 x 4 4

126 P D C A O M REF S / O NATIVE H X W G F T COMMENTS BOTANIC NAME COMMON NAME FAMILY NAME NO T E N DISTRIBUTION E F E

Korea 162 T E C Picea pungens ‘Koster’ Koster Blue Spruce Pinaceae GARDEN ORIGIN 9 x 6 3 ? Stoneman Planting 163 T D Betula pendula Silver Birch Betulaceae ASIA – Northern, EUROPE 6 164 T E Acacia melanoxylon Blackwood Mimosaceae AUSTRALIA - NSW, E QLD, SA, TAS & VIC 165 T E Acacia melanoxylon Blackwood Mimosaceae AUSTRALIA - NSW, E QLD, SA, TAS & VIC 166 T E Prunus laurocerasus Cherry Laurel Rosaceae ASIA - South West, 5 Spontaneous EUROPE - Eastern Seedling/Sucker 167 T E C Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas Fir Pinaceae NORTH AMERICA - ? Western (Canada, Mexico (N) & USA 168 T E C Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas Fir Pinaceae NORTH AMERICA - ? Western (Canada, Mexico (N) & USA 169 T E C Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas Fir Pinaceae NORTH AMERICA - ? Western (Canada, Mexico (N) & USA 170 T E C Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas Fir Pinaceae NORTH AMERICA - ? Western (Canada, Mexico (N) & USA 171 T E Acacia melanoxylon Blackwood Mimosaceae AUSTRALIA - NSW, E QLD, SA, TAS & VIC 172 T E Acacia melanoxylon Blackwood Mimosaceae AUSTRALIA - NSW, E QLD, SA, TAS & VIC 173 T E C Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas Fir Pinaceae NORTH AMERICA - 33 x 10 8 O Western (Canada, Mexico (N) & USA 174 T E C Picea sitchensis Sitka Spruce Pinaceae NORTH AMERICA - 35 x 16 8 O B Significant Tree Western (Canada & USA)

127 P D C A O M REF S / O NATIVE H X W G F T COMMENTS BOTANIC NAME COMMON NAME FAMILY NAME NO T E N DISTRIBUTION E F E

175 T E C Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas Fir Pinaceae NORTH AMERICA - 8 O Western (Canada, Mexico (N) & USA 176 T E C Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas Fir Pinaceae NORTH AMERICA - 8 O Western (Canada, Mexico (N) & USA 177 T E C Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas Fir Pinaceae NORTH AMERICA - 8 O Western (Canada, Mexico (N) & USA 178 T E C Cedrus deodara Deodar Pinaceae ASIA - Himalaya (W) 35 x 18 8 O B Significant Tree 179 T E C Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas Fir Pinaceae NORTH AMERICA - 40 x 18 8 O B Western (Canada, Mexico (N) & USA 180 T E C Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas Fir Pinaceae NORTH AMERICA - 8 O Western (Canada, Mexico (N) & USA 181 T E C Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas Fir Pinaceae NORTH AMERICA - 8 O Western (Canada, Mexico (N) & USA 182 T E C Cupressus macrocarpa Monterey Cypress Cupressaceae GARDEN ORIGIN 18 x 18 8 O A Unusual Form - perhaps B ‘Saligna Aurea’ reverted? E 183 T D Fagus sylvatica Common Beech Fagaceae EUROPE 8 O 184 T D Tilia X europaea Common Linden Tiliaceae 20 x 13 8 O 185 T E C Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas Fir Pinaceae NORTH AMERICA - 8 O Western (Canada, Mexico (N) & USA 186 T E C Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas Fir Pinaceae NORTH AMERICA - 8 O Western (Canada, Mexico (N) & USA

128 P D C A O M REF S / O NATIVE H X W G F T COMMENTS BOTANIC NAME COMMON NAME FAMILY NAME NO T E N DISTRIBUTION E F E

187 T E C Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas Fir Pinaceae NORTH AMERICA - 8 O Western (Canada, Mexico (N) & USA 188 T E C Cupressus macrocarpa Golden Monterey Cupressaceae GARDEN ORIGIN 23 x 21 8 O ‘Horizontalis Aurea’ Cypress 189 T E C Abies nordmanniana Caucasian Fir Pinaceae ASIA - Caucasus 27 x 9 8 O 190 T E C Cedrus deodara Deodar Pinaceae ASIA - Himalaya (W) Check 8 O 191 T E C Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas Fir Pinaceae NORTH AMERICA - 8 O Western (Canada, Mexico (N) & USA 192 T E C Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas Fir Pinaceae NORTH AMERICA - 8 O Western (Canada, Mexico (N) & USA 193 T E C Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas Fir Pinaceae NORTH AMERICA - 8 O Western (Canada, Mexico (N) & USA 194 T E C Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas Fir Pinaceae NORTH AMERICA - 8 O Western (Canada, Mexico (N) & USA 195 T D Betula pendula Silver Birch Betulaceae ASIA – Northern, EUROPE 20 x 12 8 O 196 T E C Abies nordmanniana Caucasian Fir Pinaceae ASIA - Caucasus 36 x 14 8 O 197 T E C Chamaecyparis lawsoniana Golden Lawson Cupressaceae GARDEN ORIGIN 14 x 6 8 O ‘Lutea’ Cypress 198 T D Castanea sativa Spanish Chestnut Fagaceae AFRICA – Northern, ASIA 24 x 24 8 O – Western, EUROPE - Southern 199 T D Quercus robur English Oak Fagaceae AFRICA – Northern, ASIA 22 x 20 8 O – Western, EUROPE 200 T D Juglans nigra Common Walnut Juglandaceae ASIA – Northern, EUROPE 17 x 12 8 O - Eastern

129 P D C A O M REF S / O NATIVE H X W G F T COMMENTS BOTANIC NAME COMMON NAME FAMILY NAME NO T E N DISTRIBUTION E F E

201 T D Fagus sylvatica Common Beech Fagaceae EUROPE 28 x 25 8 O Significant Tree 202 T D Tilia X europaea Common Linden Tiliaceae 16 x 14 8 O 203 T E Rhododendron cvs Rhododendron Ericaceae GARDEN ORIGIN 8 O 204 T E Ilex aquifolium ‘Argentea Perry’s Silver Weeping Aquifoliaceae GARDEN ORIGIN 4 x 5 8 O Significant Tree - Marginata Pendula’ Holly extremely rare in cultivation 205 T D Laburnum X watereri Voss’s Laburnum Fabaceae GARDEN ORIGIN 10 x 10 6 ‘Vossii’ 206 T D Sorbus aucuparia Rowan Rosaceae AFRICA – Northern, ASIA 15 x 7 6 3 Specimens - South West, EUROPE 207 T D Acer monspessulanum Montpelier Maple Aceraceae ASIA – WESTERN, 12 x 10 6 Significant Tree - rare in EUROPE - SOUTHERN cultivation 208 T D Betula pendula Silver Birch Betulaceae ASIA – Northern, EUROPE 23 x 16 8 O 209 T D Malus cv. Apple Rosaceae GARDEN ORIGIN 6 210 T D Betula pendula Silver Birch Betulaceae ASIA – Northern, EUROPE 8 O 211 T D Fagus sylvatica (Purple Copper Beech Fagaceae GARDEN ORIGIN Check 3 ? Stoneman Planting Group) 212 T E C Picea abies Norway Spruce Pinaceae EUROPE - Central & 25 x 13 6 Appears younger than Northern others 213 T E Acacia melanoxylon Blackwood Mimosaceae AUSTRALIA - NSW, 22 x 20 E Significant Tree - Unusual QLD, SA, TAS & VIC Specimen - bizarre branching 214 T E C Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas Fir Pinaceae NORTH AMERICA - 8 O Western (Canada, Mexico (N) & USA 215 T D Tilia X europaea Common Linden Tiliaceae 23 x 14 8 O 216 T E C Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas Fir Pinaceae NORTH AMERICA - 8 O Western (Canada, Mexico (N) & USA 217 T E C Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas Fir Pinaceae NORTH AMERICA - 8 O

130 P D C A O M REF S / O NATIVE H X W G F T COMMENTS BOTANIC NAME COMMON NAME FAMILY NAME NO T E N DISTRIBUTION E F E

Western (Canada, Mexico (N) & USA 218 T E C Sequiodendron Giant Redwood Taxodiaceae NORTH AMERICA - 40 x 13 8 O Significant Tree giganteum Western (California) 219 T D Betula pendula Silver Birch Betulaceae ASIA – Northern, EUROPE 8 O 220 T E C Cedrus deodara Deodar Pinaceae ASIA - Himalaya (W) Check 8 O 221 T E C Cedrus deodara Deodar Pinaceae ASIA - Himalaya (W) Check 8 O 222 T E C Cupressus macrocarpa Golden Monterey Cupressaceae GARDEN ORIGIN 24 x 20 8 O B ‘Horizontalis Aurea’ Cypress 223 T D Betula pendula Cut-leaf Silver Birchj Betulaceae GARDEN ORIGIN 20 x 8 6 Close to cypress - but only ‘Dalecarlica’ one recorded in garden 224 T E C Cedrus deodara Deodar Pinaceae ASIA - Himalaya (W) Check 8 O 225 T D Tilia X europaea Common Linden Tiliaceae 25 x 18 8 O 226 T E C Chamaecyparis Lawson Cypress Cupressaceae NORTH AMERICA - 21 x 14 8 O Significant Tree - multi- lawsoniana Western (California & trunked Oregon) 227 T E C Cedrus deodara Deodar Pinaceae ASIA - Himalaya (W) Check 8 O 228 T E C Cupressus macrocarpa Golden Monterey Cupressaceae GARDEN ORIGIN 8 O ‘Horizontalis Aurea’ Cypress 229 T E C Abies nordmanniana Caucasian Fir Pinaceae ASIA - Caucasus 32 x 12 8 O 230 T E C Cedrus deodara Deodar Pinaceae ASIA - Himalaya (W) Check 8 O 231 T E C Cedrus deodara Deodar Pinaceae ASIA - Himalaya (W) Check 8 O 232 T E C Chamaecyparis lawsoniana Blue Lawson Cypress Cupressaceae GARDEN ORIGIN 23 x 13 8 O Or forma ‘Glauca’? (Glauca Group) 233 T D Fraxinus excelsior Common Ash Oleaceae ASIA – Caucasus, 28 x 24 8 O Significant Tree EUROPE 234 T E C Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas Fir Pinaceae NORTH AMERICA - 40 x 22 8 O Western (Canada, Mexico (N) & USA 235 T D Acer pseudoplatanus Sycamore Aceraceae ASIA – Western, EUROPE 8 O

131 P D C A O M REF S / O NATIVE H X W G F T COMMENTS BOTANIC NAME COMMON NAME FAMILY NAME NO T E N DISTRIBUTION E F E

236 T D Tilia X europaea Common Linden Tiliaceae 4 R Remove - smaller tree 237 T E Acacia melanoxylon Blackwood Mimosaceae AUSTRALIA - NSW, E QLD, SA, TAS & VIC 238 T D Tilia X europaea Common Linden Tiliaceae 25 x 16 8 O 239 T D Betula pendula Silver Birch Betulaceae ASIA – Northern, EUROPE 23 x 13 8 O 240 T E Acacia melanoxylon Blackwood Mimosaceae AUSTRALIA - NSW, E QLD, SA, TAS & VIC 241 T E C Cedrus deodara Deodar Pinaceae ASIA - Himalaya (W) Check 8 O 242 T D Acer pseudoplatanus Sycamore Aceraceae ASIA – Western, EUROPE 8 O 243 T D Betula pendula Silver Birch Betulaceae ASIA – Northern, EUROPE 8 O 244 T D Tilia X europaea Common Linden Tiliaceae 12 x 10 6 245 T D Tilia X europaea Common Linden Tiliaceae 27 x 17 8 O 246 T E C Cryptomeria japonica Japanese Cedar Taxodiaceae GARDEN ORIGIN 24 x 7 8 O ‘Elegans’ 248 T E C Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas Fir Pinaceae NORTH AMERICA - 8 O Western (Canada, Mexico (N) & USA 249 T E C Chamaecyparis lawsoniana Blue Lawson Cypress Cupressaceae GARDEN ORIGIN 23 x 13 8 O (Glauca Group) 250 T D Acer pseudoplatanus Sycamore Aceraceae ASIA – Western, EUROPE 8 O 251 T D Betula pendula Silver Birch Betulaceae ASIA – Northern, EUROPE 8 O 252 T D Betula pendula Silver Birch Betulaceae ASIA – Northern, EUROPE 8 O 252 T E C Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas Fir Pinaceae NORTH AMERICA - 8 O Western (Canada, Mexico (N) & USA 253 T E C Sequiodendron giganteum Giant Redwood Taxodiaceae NORTH AMERICA - 40 x 11 8 O Western (California) 255 T E C Abies nordmanniana Caucasian Fir Pinaceae ASIA - Caucasus 34 x 12 8 O 256 T E C Cryptomeria japonica Japanese Cedar Taxodiaceae GARDEN ORIGIN 20 x 7 8 O ‘Elegans’

132 P D C A O M REF S / O NATIVE H X W G F T COMMENTS BOTANIC NAME COMMON NAME FAMILY NAME NO T E N DISTRIBUTION E F E

257 T E Acacia melanoxylon Blackwood Mimosaceae AUSTRALIA - NSW, 35 x 13 E QLD, SA, TAS & VIC 258 T E C Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas Fir Pinaceae NORTH AMERICA - 7 Western (Canada, Mexico (N) & USA 259 T E C Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas Fir Pinaceae NORTH AMERICA - 50 x 10 8 O Significant Tree - perhaps Western (Canada, Mexico the tallest in the garden! (N) & USA 260 T E C Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas Fir Pinaceae NORTH AMERICA - 7 Western (Canada, Mexico (N) & USA 261 T E C Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas Fir Pinaceae NORTH AMERICA - 7 Western (Canada, Mexico (N) & USA 262 T E C Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas Fir Pinaceae NORTH AMERICA - 45 x 12 8 O Significant Tree Western (Canada, Mexico (N) & USA 263 T E Acacia melanoxylon Blackwood Mimosaceae AUSTRALIA - NSW, E QLD, SA, TAS & VIC 264 T E C Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas Fir Pinaceae NORTH AMERICA - 8 O Copse of 4 Trees with Western (Canada, Mexico Blackwood (N) & USA 265 T E Acacia melanoxylon Blackwood Mimosaceae AUSTRALIA - NSW, E QLD, SA, TAS & VIC 266 T E C Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas Fir Pinaceae NORTH AMERICA - 48 x 15 8 O Significant Tree Western (Canada, Mexico (N) & USA 267 T D Betula pendula Silver Birch Betulaceae ASIA – Northern, EUROPE 28 x 16 8 O Significant Tree - perhaps the tallest in the garden! 268 T E Acacia melanoxylon Blackwood Mimosaceae AUSTRALIA - NSW, E QLD, SA, TAS & VIC

133 P D C A O M REF S / O NATIVE H X W G F T COMMENTS BOTANIC NAME COMMON NAME FAMILY NAME NO T E N DISTRIBUTION E F E

269 T E Acacia melanoxylon Blackwood Mimosaceae AUSTRALIA - NSW, E 2 Specimens QLD, SA, TAS & VIC 270 T E C Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas Fir Pinaceae NORTH AMERICA - 8 O Western (Canada, Mexico (N) & USA 271 T E C Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas Fir Pinaceae NORTH AMERICA - 7 Western (Canada, Mexico (N) & USA 272 T E C Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas Fir Pinaceae NORTH AMERICA - 8 O Western (Canada, Mexico (N) & USA 273 T E C Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas Fir Pinaceae NORTH AMERICA - 7 Western (Canada, Mexico (N) & USA 274 T E C Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas Fir Pinaceae NORTH AMERICA - 7 Western (Canada, Mexico (N) & USA 275 T D Tilia X europaea Common Linden Tiliaceae 24 x 17 8 O 276 T D Tilia X europaea Common Linden Tiliaceae 26 x 20 8 O BF 277 T E Eucalyptus obliqua Messmate Stringybark Myrtaceae AUSTRALIA - NSW, 28 x 25 8 B Unsure if planted or QLD, TAS & VIC endemic 278 T D Betula pendula Silver Birch Betulaceae ASIA – Northern, EUROPE 10 x 4 3 Stoneman Planting 279 T E C Cedrus deodara Deodar Pinaceae ASIA - Himalaya (W) 11 x 5 3 Stoneman Planting - Replacement plantings for Cedar Avenue 280 T E C Cedrus deodara Deodar Pinaceae ASIA - Himalaya (W) 13 x 6 3 Stoneman Planting - Replacement plantings for Cedar Avenue 281 T E C Cupressus macrocarpa Golden Monterey Cupressaceae GARDEN ORIGIN 8 O ‘Horizontalis Aurea’ Cypress

134 P D C A O M REF S / O NATIVE H X W G F T COMMENTS BOTANIC NAME COMMON NAME FAMILY NAME NO T E N DISTRIBUTION E F E

282 T D Liriodendron tulipifera Tulip Tree Magnoliaceae NORTH AMERICA - 28 x 22 8 O Eastern (USA) 283 T E Ilex X altaclarensis Highclere Holly Aquifoliaceae GARDEN ORIGIN 8 O 284 T D Liriodendron tulipifera Tulip Tree Magnoliaceae NORTH AMERICA - Check 3 Eastern (USA) 285 T E C Cedrus deodara Deodar Pinaceae ASIA - Himalaya (W) 8 O R Remove - the tree is dying 286 T E C Cupressus glabra Smooth Arizona Cupressaceae NORTH AMERICA - 19 x 13 5 Cypress Western (Arizona - Central Motane) 287 T E C Cedrus brevifolia Cyprus Cedar Pinaceae EUROPE - Cyprus 3.5 x 1.5 2 T Stoneman Planting - Needs to be replaced with Cedrus deodara 288 T D Tilia X europaea Common Linden Tiliaceae 24 x 18 8 O 289 T E C Cedrus atlantica f. glauca Blue Atlas Cedar Pinaceae AFRICA - Algeria & 25 x 15 8 O Morocco (Montane) 290 T E C Picea abies Norway Spruce Pinaceae EUROPE - Central & 28 x 12 8 O Northern 291 T E C Sequiodendron giganteum Giant Redwood Taxodiaceae NORTH AMERICA - 35 x 10 8 O Western (California) 292 T D Quercus robur English Oak Fagaceae AFRICA – Northern, ASIA 8 O B On-site marking of Tree – Western, EUROPE Surgery 293 T D Quercus robur English Oak Fagaceae AFRICA – Northern, ASIA 8 O B On-site marking of Tree - Western EUROPE Surgery 294 T D Quercus robur English Oak Fagaceae AFRICA - Northern 8 O B On-site marking of Tree Surgery 295 T D Quercus robur English Oak Fagaceae AFRICA - Northern 8 O B On-site marking of Tree Surgery 296 T D Quercus robur English Oak Fagaceae AFRICA - Northern 8 O B On-site marking of Tree Surgery 297 T D Quercus robur English Oak Fagaceae AFRICA - Northern 8 O B On-site marking of Tree

135 P D C A O M REF S / O NATIVE H X W G F T COMMENTS BOTANIC NAME COMMON NAME FAMILY NAME NO T E N DISTRIBUTION E F E

Surgery 298 T D Quercus robur English Oak Fagaceae AFRICA - Northern 8 O B On-site marking of Tree Surgery 299 T D Quercus robur English Oak Fagaceae AFRICA - Northern 8 O B On-site marking of Tree Surgery 300 T D Quercus robur English Oak Fagaceae AFRICA - Northern 8 O B On-site marking of Tree Surgery 301 T D Quercus robur English Oak Fagaceae AFRICA - Northern 8 O B On-site marking of Tree Surgery 302 T D Quercus robur English Oak Fagaceae AFRICA - Northern 8 O B On-site marking of Tree Surgery 303 T D Quercus robur English Oak Fagaceae AFRICA - Northern 8 O B On-site marking of Tree Surgery 304 T D Quercus robur English Oak Fagaceae AFRICA - Northern 8 O B On-site marking of Tree Surgery 305 T D Quercus robur English Oak Fagaceae AFRICA - Northern 8 O B On-site marking of Tree Surgery 306 T D Quercus robur English Oak Fagaceae AFRICA - Northern 8 O B On-site marking of Tree Surgery 307 T D Quercus robur English Oak Fagaceae AFRICA - Northern 8 O B On-site marking of Tree Surgery 308 T D Quercus robur English Oak Fagaceae AFRICA - Northern 8 O B On-site marking of Tree Surgery 309 T D Quercus robur English Oak Fagaceae AFRICA - Northern 8 O B On-site marking of Tree Surgery 310 T D Quercus robur English Oak Fagaceae AFRICA - Northern 8 O B On-site marking of Tree Surgery 311 T D Quercus robur English Oak Fagaceae AFRICA - Northern 8 O B On-site marking of Tree Surgery 312 T D Quercus robur English Oak Fagaceae AFRICA - Northern 8 O B On-site marking of Tree

136 P D C A O M REF S / O NATIVE H X W G F T COMMENTS BOTANIC NAME COMMON NAME FAMILY NAME NO T E N DISTRIBUTION E F E

Surgery 313 T D Quercus robur English Oak Fagaceae AFRICA - Northern 8 O B On-site marking of Tree Surgery 314 T D Quercus robur English Oak Fagaceae AFRICA - Northern 8 O B On-site marking of Tree Surgery 315 T D Quercus robur English Oak Fagaceae AFRICA - Northern 8 O B On-site marking of Tree Surgery 316 T D Quercus robur English Oak Fagaceae AFRICA - Northern 8 O B On-site marking of Tree Surgery 317 T D Quercus robur English Oak Fagaceae AFRICA - Northern 8 O B On-site marking of Tree Surgery 318 T D Quercus robur English Oak Fagaceae AFRICA - Northern 8 O B On-site marking of Tree Surgery 319 T D Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm Ulmaceae GARDEN ORIGIN 30 x 18 8 O 320 T D Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm Ulmaceae GARDEN ORIGIN 30 x 18 8 O 321 T D Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm Ulmaceae GARDEN ORIGIN 30 x 18 8 O 322 T D Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm Ulmaceae GARDEN ORIGIN 30 x 18 8 O 323 T D Acer palmatum cv. Japanese Maple Aceraceae GARDEN ORIGIN Check 5 324 T E Clethra arborea Lily-of-the-Valley Tree Clethraceae EUROPE - Madeira Islands 8 O 325 T D Acer sp. Maple Aceraceae 4 x 4 2 T Stoneman Planting - Most unusual species 326 T D Betula pendula Silver Birch Betulaceae ASIA - Northern 22 x 12 8 O 326 T D Betula pendula Silver Birch Betulaceae EUROPE 22 x 12 8 O 327 T E Nothofagus cunninghamii Myrtle Beech Fagaceae AUSTRALIA - TAS & VIC 9 x 6.5 2 Stoneman Planting 328 T E C Chamaecyparis lawsoniana Golden Lawson Cupressaceae GARDEN ORIGIN 12 x 6 8 O ‘Lutea’ Cypress 329 T E C Abies nordmanniana Caucasian Fir Pinaceae ASIA - Caucasus 50 x 12 8 O Significant Tree 330 T D Fraxinus excelsior Golden Ash Oleaceae GARDEN ORIGIN 20 x 22 6 ‘Jaspidea’ 331 T E C Picea abies Norway Spruce Pinaceae EUROPE - Central & 40 x 10 8 O

137 P D C A O M REF S / O NATIVE H X W G F T COMMENTS BOTANIC NAME COMMON NAME FAMILY NAME NO T E N DISTRIBUTION E F E

Northern 332 T E C Picea abies (Form) Norway Pinaceae EUROPE - Central & 40 x 14 8 O Significant Tree - Northern Extremely rare form - pendulous branchlets 333 T D Quercus robur English Oak Fagaceae AFRICA - Northern 26 x 22 8 O Significant Tree 334 T E C Abies nordmanniana Caucasian Fir Pinaceae ASIA - Caucasus 37 x 16 8 O 335 T D Prunus X blireana Cherry Plum Rosaceae GARDEN ORIGIN 12 x 10 5 336 T D Cornus florida cv. Flowering Dogwood Cornaceae GARDEN ORIGIN 10 x 9 5 337 T D Cornus florida cv. Flowering Dogwood Cornaceae GARDEN ORIGIN 5 338 T D Cornus florida cv. Flowering Dogwood Cornaceae GARDEN ORIGIN 5 339 T D Betula pendula Silver Birch Betulaceae ASIA – Northern, EUROPE 13 x 10 5 340 T D Cornus florida cv. Flowering Dogwood Cornaceae GARDEN ORIGIN 5 341 T D Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm Ulmaceae GARDEN ORIGIN ? B Remove overhanging branches to West 342 T D Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm Ulmaceae GARDEN ORIGIN ? B Remove overhanging branches to West 343 T D Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm Ulmaceae GARDEN ORIGIN ? B Remove overhanging branches to West 344 T D Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm Ulmaceae GARDEN ORIGIN ? B Remove overhanging branches to West 345 T D Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm Ulmaceae GARDEN ORIGIN ? B Remove overhanging branches to West 346 T D Ulmus sp. Ulmaceae B Remove overhanging branches to West 347 T D Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm Ulmaceae GARDEN ORIGIN ? 348 T D Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm Ulmaceae GARDEN ORIGIN ? Remove overhanging branches to West 349 T D Ulmus glabra Scotch Elm Ulmaceae ASIA - Northern & ? Western, EUROPE 350 T D Ulmus glabra Scotch Elm Ulmaceae ASIA - Northern & ? R Remove - poor specimen

138 P D C A O M REF S / O NATIVE H X W G F T COMMENTS BOTANIC NAME COMMON NAME FAMILY NAME NO T E N DISTRIBUTION E F E

Western, EUROPE 351 T D Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm Ulmaceae GARDEN ORIGIN ? 352 T D Ulmus glabra Scotch Elm Ulmaceae ASIA - Northern & ? Western, EUROPE 352 T D Ulmus glabra Scotch Elm Ulmaceae EUROPE ? B Remove overhanging branches to West 353 T D Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm Ulmaceae GARDEN ORIGIN ? ARemove lower dead B branches 354 T D Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm Ulmaceae GARDEN ORIGIN ? B Remove overhanging branches to West 355 T D Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm Ulmaceae GARDEN ORIGIN ? 356 T D Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm Ulmaceae GARDEN ORIGIN ? R Remove - poor specimen 357 T D Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm Ulmaceae GARDEN ORIGIN ? 358 T D Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm Ulmaceae GARDEN ORIGIN ? B Remove overhanging branches to West 359 T D Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm Ulmaceae GARDEN ORIGIN ? B Remove overhanging branch to West 360 T D Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm Ulmaceae GARDEN ORIGIN ? B Remove overhanging branches to West 361 T D Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm Ulmaceae GARDEN ORIGIN ? 362 T D Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm Ulmaceae GARDEN ORIGIN ? 363 T D Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm Ulmaceae GARDEN ORIGIN ? 364 T D Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm Ulmaceae GARDEN ORIGIN ? 365 T D Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm Ulmaceae GARDEN ORIGIN ? 366 T D Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm Ulmaceae GARDEN ORIGIN ? 367 T D Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm Ulmaceae GARDEN ORIGIN ? 368 T D Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm Ulmaceae GARDEN ORIGIN ? F Scarring noted on trunk 369 T D Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm Ulmaceae GARDEN ORIGIN ? 370 T D Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm Ulmaceae GARDEN ORIGIN ? 371 T D Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm Ulmaceae GARDEN ORIGIN ?

139 P D C A O M REF S / O NATIVE H X W G F T COMMENTS BOTANIC NAME COMMON NAME FAMILY NAME NO T E N DISTRIBUTION E F E

372 T D Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm Ulmaceae GARDEN ORIGIN ? B Remove hanging limb 373 T D Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm Ulmaceae GARDEN ORIGIN ? 374 T D Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm Ulmaceae GARDEN ORIGIN ? 375 T D Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm Ulmaceae GARDEN ORIGIN ? B Remove branch at fork 376 T D Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm Ulmaceae GARDEN ORIGIN ? 377 T D Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm Ulmaceae GARDEN ORIGIN ? 378 T D Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm Ulmaceae GARDEN ORIGIN ? 379 T D Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm Ulmaceae GARDEN ORIGIN ? 380 T D Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm Ulmaceae GARDEN ORIGIN ? 381 T D Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm Ulmaceae GARDEN ORIGIN ? 382 T D Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm Ulmaceae GARDEN ORIGIN 8 O B Appears much older than others 383 T D Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm Ulmaceae GARDEN ORIGIN ? 384 T D Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm Ulmaceae GARDEN ORIGIN ? 385 T D Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm Ulmaceae GARDEN ORIGIN ? B Remove branches growing into fir 386 T D Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm Ulmaceae GARDEN ORIGIN ? Newer planting 387 T D Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm Ulmaceae GARDEN ORIGIN ? 388 T D Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm Ulmaceae GARDEN ORIGIN ? 389 T D Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm Ulmaceae GARDEN ORIGIN ? B Remove branch at lower fork 390 T D Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm Ulmaceae GARDEN ORIGIN ? Remove branch growing towards Upright English Oak 391 T D Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm Ulmaceae GARDEN ORIGIN ? B Remove overhanging branches to East 392 T D Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm Ulmaceae GARDEN ORIGIN ? B Remove overhanging branches to East 393 T D Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm Ulmaceae GARDEN ORIGIN ? B Remove lower vertical branches

140 P D C A O M REF S / O NATIVE H X W G F T COMMENTS BOTANIC NAME COMMON NAME FAMILY NAME NO T E N DISTRIBUTION E F E

394 T D Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm Ulmaceae GARDEN ORIGIN ? 395 T D Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm Ulmaceae GARDEN ORIGIN ? 396 T D Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm Ulmaceae GARDEN ORIGIN ? 397 T D Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm Ulmaceae GARDEN ORIGIN ? B Remove overhanging branches to East 398 T D Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm Ulmaceae GARDEN ORIGIN ? 399 T D Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm Ulmaceae GARDEN ORIGIN ? B Remove overhanging branches to East 400 T D Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm Ulmaceae GARDEN ORIGIN ? B Remove overhanging branches to East 401 T D Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm Ulmaceae GARDEN ORIGIN ? 402 T D Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm Ulmaceae GARDEN ORIGIN ? B Remove overhanging branches to East 403 T D Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm Ulmaceae GARDEN ORIGIN ? BF Remove overhanging branches to East & clean up scarring 404 T D Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm Ulmaceae GARDEN ORIGIN ? B Remove overhanging branches to East 405 T D Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm Ulmaceae GARDEN ORIGIN ? B Remove overhanging branches to East 406 T D Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm Ulmaceae GARDEN ORIGIN ? 407 T D Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm Ulmaceae GARDEN ORIGIN ? R Remove - poor specimen 408 T D Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm Ulmaceae GARDEN ORIGIN ? A Clean up damage 409 T D Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm Ulmaceae GARDEN ORIGIN ? R Remove - poor specimen 410 T D Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm Ulmaceae GARDEN ORIGIN ? B Remove overhanging branches to East 411 T D Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm Ulmaceae GARDEN ORIGIN ? 412 T D Ulmus glabra Scotch Elm Ulmaceae ASIA - Northern & ? Western, EUROPE 413 T D Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm Ulmaceae GARDEN ORIGIN ?

141 P D C A O M REF S / O NATIVE H X W G F T COMMENTS BOTANIC NAME COMMON NAME FAMILY NAME NO T E N DISTRIBUTION E F E

414 T D Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm Ulmaceae GARDEN ORIGIN ? 415 T D Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm Ulmaceae GARDEN ORIGIN ? B Much smaller 416 T D Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm Ulmaceae GARDEN ORIGIN ? B Remove overhanging branches to East 417 T D Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm Ulmaceae GARDEN ORIGIN ? B Remove overhanging branches to East 418 T D Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm Ulmaceae GARDEN ORIGIN ? B Remove overhanging branches to East 419 T D Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm Ulmaceae GARDEN ORIGIN ? F Scarring noted 420 T D Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm Ulmaceae GARDEN ORIGIN ? R Remove - poor specimen 421 T D Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm Ulmaceae GARDEN ORIGIN ? 422 T D Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm Ulmaceae GARDEN ORIGIN ? 423 T D Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm Ulmaceae GARDEN ORIGIN ? 424 T D Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm Ulmaceae GARDEN ORIGIN ? 425 T D Ulmus X hollandica Dutch Elm Ulmaceae GARDEN ORIGIN ? 426 T D Quercus dentata Daimyo Oak Fagaceae ASIA - CHINA, JAPAN & 8 x 4.5 4 Near to 033 KOREA 427 T D Crataegus sp. Hawthorn Rosaceae Check 4 Near to 174 - Unusual Foliage 428 T D Acer platanoides Cut-leaved Norway Aceraceae GARDEN ORIGIN Check ? B Collect new foliage - ‘Palmatifidum’ Maple Remove Sycamore sucker 429 T E C Chamaecyparis lawsoniana Lawson Cypress Cupressaceae GARDEN ORIGIN Check ? ‘Ellwoodii’

142 DUNEIRA GARDEN (MT MACEDON) - STONEMAN PLANTINGS (ALPHABETICAL)

(Compiled by John Beetham – March to May 2005 / Names in blue require further identification / Names in red are for removal)

Note: location (given in the ‘Comments’) refers to Existing Tree Locations Plan / PST = Perennial, Shrub or Tree / CON = Conifer/ MTE = Maintenance: A = Remove dead wood, B = Remove lower limbs and/or suckers, C = Fertilize, D = Prune into formal shape/hedge, E = Remove reverting foliage, F = Trunk scarring, R = Remove entirely, T = Transplant

P D C M S / O NATIVE T COMMENTS BOTANIC NAME COMMON NAME FAMILY NAME T E N DISTRIBUTION E

T E C Abies concolor White Fir Pinaceae NORTH AMERICA - T Near to 286 Western T E C Abies nordmanniana Caucasian Fir Pinaceae ASIA - Caucasus T Behind row of 106 T D Acer griseum Paperbark Maple Aceraceae ASIA - C.CHINA T Down from 270 T D Acer japonicum ‘Vitifolium’ Full Moon Maple Aceraceae GARDEN ORIGIN T Near to 229 T D Acer japonicum ‘Vitifolium’ Full Moon Maple Aceraceae GARDEN ORIGIN T Up near bank below residence T D Acer palmatum ‘Dissectum’ Cut-leaf Japanese Aceraceae GARDEN ORIGIN T Near to 153 - 2 Specimens Maple T D Acer palmatum cv. Japanese Maple Aceraceae GARDEN ORIGIN T Near to 13 T D Acer palmatum cv. Japanese Maple Aceraceae GARDEN ORIGIN T Near to 16 T D Acer palmatum cv. Japanese Maple Aceraceae GARDEN ORIGIN T Up from 18 - 4 Specimens T D Acer palmatum cv. Japanese Maple Aceraceae GARDEN ORIGIN T Near to 33 T D Acer palmatum cv. Japanese Maple Aceraceae GARDEN ORIGIN T Near to 48 T D Acer palmatum cv. Japanese Maple Aceraceae GARDEN ORIGIN T Down from 50 - 4 Specimens T D Acer palmatum cv. Japanese Maple Aceraceae GARDEN ORIGIN T Up from 69 T D Acer palmatum cv. Japanese Maple Aceraceae GARDEN ORIGIN T Near to 164 - 172 T D Acer palmatum cv. Japanese Maple Aceraceae GARDEN ORIGIN T Near to 180 T D Acer palmatum cv. Japanese Maple Aceraceae GARDEN ORIGIN T Near to 183 T D Acer palmatum cv. Japanese Maple Aceraceae GARDEN ORIGIN T Near to 268

143 P D C M S / O NATIVE T COMMENTS BOTANIC NAME COMMON NAME FAMILY NAME T E N DISTRIBUTION E

T D Acer palmatum cv. Japanese Maple Aceraceae GARDEN ORIGIN T Near to 328 T D Acer pennsylvanicum Striped Maple or Aceraceae NORTH AMERICA - T Near to 6 Moosewood Eastern T D Acer pentaphyllum Five-fingered Maple Aceraceae ASIA - C.China T Down from 270 T D Acer rubrum cv. Red or Canadian Aceraceae GARDEN ORIGIN T Near to 8 - 3 Specimens Maple T D Acer rubrum cv. Red or Canadian Aceraceae GARDEN ORIGIN T Near to 100 Maple T D Acer rubrum cv. Red or Canadian Aceraceae GARDEN ORIGIN T Near to 119 Maple T D Acer rubrum cv. Red or Canadian Aceraceae GARDEN ORIGIN T Near to 204 Maple T D Acer rubrum cv. Red or Canadian Aceraceae GARDEN ORIGIN T Near to 212 Maple T D Acer rubrum cv. Red or Canadian Aceraceae GARDEN ORIGIN T Near to 233 Maple T D Acer rubrum cv. Red or Canadian Aceraceae GARDEN ORIGIN T Down from 21 Maple T D Acer sikkimense subsp. Sikkim Maple Aceraceae ASIA - E.Himalaya, NE T Near to 284 sikkimense India, Bhutan, N.Myanmar, SW China T D Acer tataricum subsp. ginnala Amur Maple Aceraceae GARDEN ORIGIN T Near to 164 - 172 ‘Flame’ T D Aesculus hippocastanum Horse Chestnut Hippocastanaceae EUROPE - Greece & T Near to 2 Albania S E Bambusa oldhamii Giant Timber Bamboo Bambusaceae ASIA - Southern China T Near to 19 T E Camellia cvs Camellia Theaceae GARDEN ORIGIN T From 2 - 73 & near 265 (Many specimens!) T E C Cedrus atlantica ‘Glauca Weeping Blue Atlas Pinaceae GARDEN ORIGIN T Near to 61 Pendula’ Cedar

144 P D C M S / O NATIVE T COMMENTS BOTANIC NAME COMMON NAME FAMILY NAME T E N DISTRIBUTION E

T E C Cephalotaxus harringtonia Japanese Plum Yew Cephalotaxaceae ASIA - China, Japan & T Up from 160 Korea T E C Cephalotaxus harringtonia Japanese Plum Yew Cephalotaxaceae ASIA - China, Japan & T Near to 164 - 172 Korea T E Citrus limon Lemon Rutaceae GARDEN ORIGIN T Near to 153 T D Cornus cvs Dogwood Cornaceae GARDEN ORIGIN T Near to 265 T D Cornus cvs Dogwood Cornaceae GARDEN ORIGIN T Near to 284 T D Cotinus coggygria Smoke Tree Anacardiaceae GARDEN ORIGIN T Near to 174

T D Davidia involucrate var. Pocket-handkerchief Davidiaceae ASIA - C & W.China T Near to 28 vilmoriniana Tree T D Fagus sylvatica ‘Purpurea Tricolour Beech Fagaceae GARDEN ORIGIN Near to 7 - leave in situ Tricolor’ T D Fagus sylvatica ‘Purpurea Tricolour Beech Fagaceae GARDEN ORIGIN Near to 270 - leave in situ Tricolor’ T D Fagus sylvatica ‘Purpurea Tricolour Beech Fagaceae GARDEN ORIGIN T Near to 7 Tricolor’ T D Hamamelis mollis cv. Witch Hazel Hamamelidaceae GARDEN ORIGIN T Near to 125 T E Hymenosporum flavum Native Frangipani Pittosporaceae AUSTRALIA - NSW & T Along from 53 QLD T D Juglans regia ‘Laciniata’ Cut-leaved Walnut Juglandaceae GARDEN ORIGIN T Near to 48 T E C Juniperus cv. Juniper Cupressaceae GARDEN ORIGIN T Near to 119 - 3 Specimens T D Laburnum X watereri ‘Vossii’ Voss’s Laburnum Fabaceae GARDEN ORIGIN T Near to 164 - 172 T D C Larix sp. Larch Pinaceae Near to 284 - leave in situ T D Liquidambar styraciflua Liquidamber Hamamelidaceae NORTH AMERICA - T Near to 27 & 28 SE USA T D Liquidambar styraciflua Liquidamber Hamamelidaceae NORTH AMERICA - T Down from 270 SE USA T D Liriodendron tulipifera Variegated Tulip Tree Magnoliaceae GARDEN ORIGIN T Near to 4

145 P D C M S / O NATIVE T COMMENTS BOTANIC NAME COMMON NAME FAMILY NAME T E N DISTRIBUTION E

‘Aureomarginatum’ T E Lophomyrtus bullata Ramarama Myrtaceae NEW ZEALAND T Near to 164 - 172 T D Malus cv. Apple Rosaceae GARDEN ORIGIN T Near to 27 & 28 - 2 Specimens T D Malus cv. Apple Rosaceae GARDEN ORIGIN T Near to 37 T D Malus cv. Apple Rosaceae GARDEN ORIGIN T Up from 50 T D Malus cv. Apple Rosaceae GARDEN ORIGIN T Near to 68 T D Malus cv. Apple Rosaceae GARDEN ORIGIN T Up from 69 T D Malus cv. Apple Rosaceae GARDEN ORIGIN T Near to 164 - 172 T D Malus cv. Apple Rosaceae GARDEN ORIGIN T Near to 183 T D Malus ioensis ‘Plena’ Betchel’s Crab Rosaceae GARDEN ORIGIN T Near to 164 - 172 T D Mespilus germanica Medlar Rosaceae EUROPE - South T Near to 17 Eastern T D Mespilus germanica Medlar Rosaceae ASIA - Western T Near to 17 T D Nyssa sylvatica Tupelo Nyssaceae NORTH AMERICA - T Near to 37 S.Canada, E.USA, C & S.Mexico T D Nyssa sylvatica Tupelo Nyssaceae NORTH AMERICA - T Near to 121 S.Canada, E.USA, C & S.Mexico T E C Picea abies Norway Spruce Pinaceae EUROPE - North & T Behind row of 106 Central T E C Picea abies Norway Spruce Pinaceae EUROPE - North & T Near to 13 Central T E C Picea orientalis Oriental Spruce Pinaceae EUROPE - Turkey Near to 17 - leave in situ T E C Picea orientalis Oriental Spruce Pinaceae ASIA - Caucasus Near to 17 - leave in situ T E C Picea pungens ‘Moerheim’ Golden Blue Spruce Pinaceae GARDEN ORIGIN T Near to 284 T D Prunus ‘Okame’ Rosaceae GARDEN ORIGIN T Near to 204 T D Prunus ‘Okame’ Rosaceae GARDEN ORIGIN T Down from 270 T D Prunus cv. Cherry Rosaceae GARDEN ORIGIN T Down from 50 T D Prunus cv. Cherry Rosaceae GARDEN ORIGIN T Near to 183

146 P D C M S / O NATIVE T COMMENTS BOTANIC NAME COMMON NAME FAMILY NAME T E N DISTRIBUTION E

T D Prunus cv. Cherry Rosaceae GARDEN ORIGIN T Near to 284 T D Prunus cv. (Purple Lvs) Cherry Rosaceae GARDEN ORIGIN T Down from 21 - 3 Specimens T D Prunus serrulata cv. Japanese Flowering Rosaceae GARDEN ORIGIN T Near to 27 & 28 - 6 Specimens Cherry T D Prunus serrulata cv. Japanese Flowering Rosaceae GARDEN ORIGIN T Near to 37 Cherry T D Prunus serrulata cv. Japanese Flowering Rosaceae GARDEN ORIGIN T Up from 55 Cherry T D Prunus serrulata cv. Weeping Japanese Rosaceae GARDEN ORIGIN T Near to 209 - 2 Specimens Flowering Cherry T E C Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas Fir Pinaceae NORTH AMERICA - T Behind row of 106 - 2 Specimens Western T D Pyrus ussuriensis Manchurian Pear Rosaceae ASIA - North East T Near to 209 - 2 Specimens T D Quercus sp. Oak Fagaceae T Near to 33 T E Rhododendron cv Rhododendron Ericaceae GARDEN ORIGIN T Near to 180 T E Rhododendron cv Rhododendron Ericaceae GARDEN ORIGIN T Near to 183 T E Rhododendron cv. Rhododendron Ericaceae GARDEN ORIGIN T Near to 164 - 172 T E C Sequoia sempervirens Coast Redwood Taxodiaceae NORTH AMERICA - Near to 6 - leave in situ Western T E C Sequoia sempervirens Coast Redwood Taxodiaceae NORTH AMERICA - Near to 286 - leave in situ Western T E C Sequoidendron giganteum Weeping Giant Taxodiaceae GARDEN ORIGIN T Near to 284 ‘Pendulum’ Redwood T E C Taxus baccata Upright Common Yew Taxaceae GARDEN ORIGIN T Near to 183 T E C Taxus baccata ‘Fastigiata’ Upright Common Yew Taxaceae GARDEN ORIGIN T Near to 164 - 172 T D Toona sinensis Chinese Cedar Meliaceae ASIA - N & W.China T Down from 270 T D Ulmus glabra ‘Lutescens’ Golden Scotch Elm Ulmaceae GARDEN ORIGIN T Near to 68

147 12.2 Historic photographs

148

Photograph 1: c.1890. Reid family members looking south-east to Duneira main residence [J.S. Reid Papers, reference no. 4/35, University of Melbourne Archives]

149

Photograph 2: c. 1890. Reid family in paddock north-west of main residence at Duneira [J.S. Reid Papers, reference no. 4/34, University of Melbourne Archives]

150

Photograph 3: date unknown. James Smith Reid

[Duneira photograph collection held on property]

151

Photograph 4: c. 1890. Duneira main residence from driveway. Note tile spoon drains, hedging in front of house, rhododendron in garden bed to right, cordylines to left, and very young clipped holly and Portuguese laurel (which would later form the eastern side of the arched approach to the main residence) [J.S. Reid Papers, University of Melbourne Archives]

152

Photograph 5: c. 1890. Eastern elevation of main residence. Note cordyline, garden beds cut in lawn, and conifers [J.S. Reid Papers, reference no.4/33, University of Melbourne Archives]

153

Photograph 6: c. 1890. Double gates to northern paddocks. Main driveway can be seen to divide and veer left to stables, and two branches to right lead to western side of main residence (marked by bollards) and to the exit road bounded today by the Sycamore Row. Annotation on back of photograph ‘Duneira – gate to paddock’ in what appears to be Margery Reid’s handwriting [J.S. Reid Papers, Box 6, reference no. 4/1, University of Melbourne Archives]

154

Photograph 7: C. 1890. James Smith Reid with wife Martha and youngest child. Exact location unknown, but likely to be to the west of the Elm Avenue, and south of the Secret Garden [J.S. Reid Papers, reference no. 4/31, University of Melbourne Archives]

155

Photograph 8: c. 1890. J.S. Reid with three of his children. Location thought to be south of Secret Garden. Note the line of pines and other conifers – planted by Suetonius Officer [J.S. Reid Papers, reference no. 4/32, University of Melbourne Archives]

156

Photograph 9: c. 1895-1900. Western elevation of the main residence showing clipped conifers and young deciduous tree likely to be the extant Cut-leafed Walnut [J.S. Reid Papers, Box 6, reference no. 4/1, University of Melbourne Archives]

157

Photograph 10; c. 1900 Main residence as seen from the divergence of the entry drive Note large conifer to extreme left of photograph, pines behind house and 3 neatly clipped trees on western side of house [J.S. Reid Papers, Box 6, reference no. 4/1, University of Melbourne Archives]

158

Photograph 11: c. 1900. Western elevation of main residence, showing clipped trees and low hedging. [J.S. Reid Papers, Box 6, reference no. 4/1, University of Melbourne Archives]

159

Photograph 12: c. 1900. Entry drive looking toward the main residence through the laurel ‘arch’ (compare with Photograph 3). Note the brick-lined drain to the right of the drive [J.S. Reid Papers, Box 6, reference no. 4/1, University of Melbourne Archives]

160

Photograph 13: c. 1900. Entry drive where it loops in front of the main residence. View towards the south-east, showing dense conifer plantings and clipped hedge. [J.S. Reid Papers, University of Melbourne Archives]

161

Photograph 14: c. 1900. The tennis court, looking south-east from the croquet lawn. The Weeping Elm, sheltering a number of guests, can be seen in the middle-right of photograph. [J.S. Reid Papers, Box 6, reference no. 4/1, University of Melbourne Archives]

Photograph 15: c. 1920. Eastern elevation of the main residence, showing expansive lawn, the grassed bank, and Chamaecyparis and holly. [J.S. Reid Papers, Box 6, reference no. 4/1, University of Melbourne Archives]

163

Photograph 16: c. 1920. Eastern elevation of the main residence, showing expansive lawn, flower beds, the extant Japanese maple and holly. [J.S. Reid Papers, Box 6, reference no.4/1, University of Melbourne Archives]

164

Photograph 17: c. 1910-20. The Secret Garden, looking to the west. Note the Glasshouse roof in the background. [J.S. Reid Papers, Box 6, reference no. 4/4, University of Melbourne Archives]

165

Photograph 18: c. 1910-20. Secret Garden Glasshouse screened by hedging. [J.S. Reid Papers, Box 6, reference no. 4/4, University of Melbourne Archives]

166

Photograph 19: c. 1910-20. Secret Garden looking east. Note the absence of lawn.

[J.S. Reid Papers, Box 6, reference no. 4/4, University of Melbourne Archives]

167

Photograph 20: c. 1910-20. The Secret Garden looking east. Features shown here are weeping birch, low hedging and massed planting of tulips. [J.S. Reid Papers, Box 6, reference no. 4/4, University of Melbourne Archives]

168

Photograph 21: c. 1910-20. The Secret Garden looking north west. The weeping cherry can be seen in the middle-right of photograph. [J.S. Reid Papers, Box 6, reference no. 4/4, University of Melbourne Archives]

169

Photograph 22: c. 1910-20. Front of the main residence looking toward the east along the drive. Note the standard roses to the right, and large Japanese maples either side of front steps. [J.S. Reid Papers, Box 6, reference no. 4/4, University of Melbourne Archives]

170

Photograph 23: c. 1910-20. The same view of the front steps. [J.S. Reid Papers, Box 6, reference no. 4/4, University of Melbourne Archives]

171

Photograph 24: c. 1910-20. Drive from the front of main residence, looking east. [J.S. Reid Papers, Box 6, reference no. 4/4, University of Melbourne Archives]

172

Photograph 25: c. 1910-20. Detail of planting in rock terrace wall in Secret Garden. [J.S. Reid Papers, Box 6, reference no. 4/4, University of Melbourne Archives]

173

Photograph 26: c. 1910-20. Weeping elm as viewed from eastern side of main residence. [J.S. Reid Papers, Box 6, reference no. 4/4, University of Melbourne Archives]

174

Photograph 27: c. 1910-20. Weeping elm, looking south-west towards the main residence. [J.S. Reid Papers, Box 6, reference no. 4/4, University of Melbourne Archives]

175

Photograph 28: c. 1910-20. The Oak Avenue looking towards the north. [J.S. Reid Papers, Box 6, reference no. 4/4, University of Melbourne Archives]

176

Photograph 29: c. 1910-20. The construction known as the Berry House. [J.S. Reid Papers, Box 6, reference no. 4/1, University of Melbourne Archives]

177

Photograph 30: c. 1910-20. The Berry House in snow. [J.S. Reid Papers, Box 6, reference no. 4/4, University of Melbourne Archives]

178

Photograph 31: c. 1910-20. Eastern side of the Elm Avenue towards the main entry. Note the clipped ivy ‘hedge’ on the extreme right of the photograph. [J.S. Reid Papers, Box 6, reference no. 4/1, University of Melbourne Archives]

179

Photograph 32: c. 1910-30. The Elm Avenue, looking towards the south- west. This and Photograph 31 form part of a sweeping, panoramic view across the southern part of the property. Note the ivy hedge, young Cupressus macrocarpa in the middle-right of the shot, and row of young cedars behind the elms [J.S. Reid Papers, Box 6, reference no. 4/1, University of Melbourne Archives]

180

Photograph 33: c. 1910-20. Northern end of the Elm Avenue looking south towards the main entry. Note varying trunk girths of elms, as is still evident today. This is also evident in Photograph 29. Also note in the far right of the photograph can be seen a clam-shaped water vessel under a tap [J.S. Reid Papers, Box 6, reference no. 4/1, University of Melbourne Archives]

181

Photograph 34: Looking north-east from the junction of the Loop Drive and the Elm Avenue. To the far left of the photograph is the Secret Garden Glasshouse. J.S. Reid and his wife Martha are visible to the extreme right [J.S. Reid Papers, Box 6, reference no. 4/1, University of Melbourne Archives]

182

Photograph 35: c. 1910-20.The Loop Drive looking toward the east, showing massed rhododendron plantings. [J.S. Reid Papers, Box 6, reference no. 4/1, University of Melbourne Archives]

183

Photograph 36: c. 1923. Looking south-east toward the Milking Shed Complex and the Stables Complex.

An original photograph used for a c. 1941 sale brochure [J.S. Reid Papers, Unnumbered box labelled ‘J.S. Reid photographs’, reference no. 4/2, University of Melbourne Archives]

184

Photograph 37: c. 1920. Looking towards the tennis court. Note the concrete retaining wall and steps, and details of the tennis court fencing and gate. Photograph annotated ‘1925?’on back [J.S. Reid Papers, reference no. 4/54, University of Melbourne Archives]

185

Photograph 38: c. 1910-20. The Secret Garden looking west. These standard rose bushes are thought to be planted in the area of the Secret Garden directly to the west of the Glasshouse. Note the low hedging and rock retaining wall.

[J.S. Reid Papers, Box 6, reference no. 4/4, University of Melbourne Archives]

186

Photograph 39: c. 1925. View across lawns of Duneira toward the south-west. [J.S. Reid Papers, Box 6, reference no. 4/4, University of Melbourne Archives]

187

Photograph 40: c. 1910-20. The service drive lined with a row or avenue of sycamores. What appears to be an old pine is in the foreground. Note the hedging either side of the drive [J.S. Reid Papers, Box 6, reference no. 4/1, University of Melbourne Archives]

188

Photograph 41: c.1910-20. The service drive with sycamore row or avenue looking towards the east. [J.S. Reid Papers, Box 6, reference no. 4/4, University of Melbourne Archives]

189

Photograph 42: c.1923. Front of main residence looking across central terrace lawn.

[an original photograph used for a c. 1941 sale brochure [J.S. Reid Papers, Unnumbered box labelled ‘J.S. Reid photographs’, reference no. 4/2, University of Melbourne Archives]

190

Photograph 43: c.1923. Front elevation of main residence looking across central terrace lawn. Note grassy walkway on slope in mid-left of photograph (see also Photograph 41). An original photograph used for a c. 1941 sale brochure [J.S. Reid Papers, Unnumbered box labelled ‘J.S. Reid photographs’, reference no. 4/2, University of Melbourne Archives]

191

Photograph 44: c. 1923. Similar photograph clearly showing grassy gap leading from front steps to central terrace lawn. [J.S. Reid Papers, Unnumbered box labelled ‘J.S. Reid photographs’, reference no. 4/2, University of Melbourne Archives]

192

Photograph 45: c. 1941. Northern end of stables complex showing grills, external staircase, garden bed and steep retaining bank. [J.S. Reid Papers, Box 6, reference no. 4/4, University of Melbourne Archives]

193

Photograph 46: c.1941. Looking west from servants’ wing of main residence through to stables complex. Note substantial conifers forming a tunnel-like entry to hard standing area outside the stables [J.S. Reid Papers, Box 6, reference no. 4/4, University of Melbourne Archives]

194

Photograph 47: December 1960. Aerial photograph of Duneira. Note long row of cedars on west side of Elm Avenue. Large cleared area to north of main residence is the substantial kitchen garden, and the long building to its north housed chickens [Land Victoria aerial photograph holdings, Search Area 363: Eppalock Catchment Project, Run 35, Film 1362, Photo 199]

195 12.3 Historic plans

196

Figure 1: Locality plan of Duneira.

[National Trust File G13102]

197

Figure 2: Plan showing purchased allotments of Duneira. [National Trust File G13102]

198

12.4 Survey of the garden as of 30 June 1979

[provided in hard copy only]

199 12.5 Photographic record of Duneira garden and grounds in 2005

200