A Profile of the Shire of

Sidonia Baynton

Malmsbury Edgecombe

Pastoria East Bald Hill Goldie North Lauriston

Cobaw Carlsruhe Lancefield

Newham Rochford Tylden Woodend North

Springfield Hesket Romsey Woodend

Kerrie Ashbourne Chintin Darraweit Guim Monegeetta Barringo Macedon Bolinda

New Gisborne

Gisborne Clarkefield

Couangalt

Source: CDATA96

September 1999 A Profile of the

Table of Contents 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ------vii 2. INTRODUCTION ------1 3. GENERAL DESCRIPTION------2 4. MAPPING THE SHIRE ------3 5. DEMOGRAPHICS ------5 5.1 Population Profiles ------5 5.2 Migration ------7 5.3 Birthplace ------7 5.4 Birth Data ------8 5.5 Education------9 5.6 Agricultural Activity ------10 6. SOCIO-ECONOMIC------11 6.1 Socio-Economic Disadvantage------11 6.2 Social Issues------12 6.3 Socio-Cultural Well-being------14 6.4 Labour Force Status------15 6.5 Occupation Type and Industry------16 6.6 Household and Individual Income------18 6.7 Pensions and Benefits ------21 7. HEALTH------23 7.1 Residential and Generalist Health Services------23 7.2 Hospital Admissions------23 7.3 Community Health ------25 7.4 Mental Health ------27 7.5 Disability Data------28 7.6 Mortality Data------29 7.7 Burden of Disease------29 8. TRANSPORT------31 8.1 Transport Systems------31 8.2 Road Accident Statistics ------31 9. FAMILY AND HOUSING------34 9.1 Rental Housing Stock ------34 9.2 Household Size and Status ------35 9.3 Family Size and Composition------36 10. SERVICE SYSTEMS ------37 10.1 Primary Health and Community Support (PHACS) ------37 10.2 Youth and Family Services ------37 10.3 Specialist Services ------37 10.4 Emergency Services ------41 11. KEY ISSUES ------43 12. APPENDICES ------45

ii A Profile of the Shire of Macedon Ranges

Tables Table 1: Birthplace by Sex in Macedon Ranges (S) 1996 Table 2: Birthplace by Age Cohort for Selected Countries for Macedon Ranges (S) 1996 Table 3: Common Languages Spoken At Home in Macedon Ranges (S) 1996 Table 4: Birth Rates for Macedon Ranges (S) 1994 - 1997 Table 5 Teenage Births in Macedon Ranges (S) and 1993 - 1997 Table 6 Pre-School, Primary School, Secondary College, Childcare Centre, and Technical Campus Enrolment Numbers in Macedon Ranges (S) 1998 and 1999 Table 7: Selected Agricultural Activities by SLA for Macedon Ranges (S) 1996 Table 8 Number of Criminal Offences in Macedon Ranges (S) in 1995/96 and 1996/97 Table 9 Comparison of Religious Profile in Macedon Ranges (S) to Rural Victoria 1998 Table 10 Mode of Transport to Work for Kyneton, Romsey, and Balance SLA Residents 1996 Table 11 Disability Support Pension by Top 6 Postcodes in Macedon Ranges (S) 1996 Table 12 Sole Parent Pension by Top 6 Postcodes in Macedon Ranges (S) 1996 Table 13: Job Search and Newstart Allowance by Top 6 Postcodes in Macedon Ranges (S) 1996 Table 14 Age Pension by Top Six Postcodes in Macedon Ranges (S) 1996 Table 15 Residential and Generalist Health Services in Macedon Ranges (S) 1999 Table 16: Kyneton District Hospital Separations by Age and Sex for 1996/97 and 1997/98 Table 17: Top 10 DRGs based upon Victorian Public Hospital Separations for Macedon Ranges (S) Residents 1997/98 Table 18: Top 10 MDCs based upon Victorian Public Hospital Separations for Macedon Ranges (S) Residents 1997/98 Table 19 Top Ten Hospitals Visited by Macedon Ranges (S) Residents 1997/98 Table 20 Medical Condition of Macedon Ranges (S) Residents Receiving the Disability Support Pension, September - December 1997 Table 21 Number, Rate and Standardised Mortality Ratio for Selected Causes of Death in Macedon Ranges (S) 1996 Table 22 Significantly High Standardised Rates of Years of Life Lost per 1000 Population in (S)/ Macedon Ranges (S) Compared to Victoria 1996 Table 23 Types of Road Accidents in Macedon Ranges (S) 1991-1995 Table 24 Number of Road Accidents by Year in Macedon Ranges (S) and the Loddon Region 1991- 1995 Table 25 Position of Injured Person in Motor Vehicle Accidents, Macedon Ranges (S) Residents 1997/98 Table 26: Top Five Victorian Public Hospitals Visited as the Result of a Motor Vehicle Accident, Macedon Ranges (S) Residents 1997/98 Table 27: Number of DHS Houses by Number of Bedrooms for Towns in Macedon Ranges (S) 1998 Table 28: Structure of Dwellings in Macedon Ranges (S) 1996 Table 29 Numbers of Family Members by Family Type in Macedon Ranges (S) Households 1996 Table 30 Gender and Age of Macedon Ranges (S) Clients with a Disability 1998-99 Table 31 Types of Services Received by Macedon Ranges (S) Clients with a Disability 1998-99 Table 32 Country Fire Authority Brigades in Macedon Ranges (S) and Number of Members 1999

iii A Profile of the Shire of Macedon Ranges

Figures Figure 1: Photo of Macedon Ranges from the North Figure 2: Photo of Hanging Rock Figure 3: Macedon Ranges (S) showing Town, other Localities, Highways, Roads, Railways and Rivers. Figure 4: Macedon Ranges (S) showing 1996 Statistical Local Area and Collection District Boundaries Figure 5: Macedon Ranges (S) Postcode Boundaries Figure 6: Population Profiles of Macedon Ranges (S), Loddon Mallee Region and Victoria 1996 Figure 7: Gender Differences by Age Cohort for Macedon Ranges (S) 1996 Figure 8: Projected Population Changes for Macedon Ranges (S) 1996-2006 Figure 9: Migration between Macedon Ranges (S) and from 1991 to 1996 Figure 10: Migration between Macedon Ranges (S) and Interstate from 1991 to 1996 Figure 11: Index of Relative Socio-Economic Disadvantage by Postcode for Loddon Mallee Region 1996 Figure 12: Percentage of Labour Force Status for Males by Age Cohorts in Macedon Ranges (S) 1996 Figure 13: Percentage of Labour Force Status Types for Females by Age Cohorts in Macedon Ranges (S) 1996 Figure 14: Grouped Occupation Type by Age Cohort for Employed Males in Macedon Ranges (S) 1996 Figure 15 Grouped Occupation Type by Age Cohort for Employed Females in Macedon Ranges (S) 1996 Figure 16 Industry Type by Sex for Macedon Ranges (S) 1996 Figure 17: Grouped Household Income by Household Type for Kyneton SLA 1996 Figure 18: Grouped Household Income by Household Type for Romsey SLA 1996 Figure 19: Grouped Household Income by Household Type for Balance SLA 1996 Figure 20: Individual Taxable Income by Postcode for Macedon Ranges (S) 1995-96 Figure 21: Cobaw Community Health Service Contacts by Service Type and Age Grouping 1997/98 Figure 22: Macedon Ranges Health Service Contacts by Service Type and Age Grouping 1997/98 Figure 23: Primary Diagnoses for Mental Health In-patient Clients from Macedon Ranges (S) 1998 Figure 24: Principal Diagnoses for Mental Health Out-patient Clients from Macedon Ranges (S) 1998 Figure 25: Road Surface at Location of Road Accidents in Macedon Ranges (S) 1991-1995 Figure 26: Selected Family Status for DHS Housing Stock Residents 1996 Figure 27: Overall Ownership of Households in Macedon Ranges (S) 1996

iv A Profile of the Shire of Macedon Ranges

Acknowledgments The Project Officer – Louise Simm – would like to acknowledge the assistance of the Steering Committee, involving: • Anne Somerville (Chair), Acting Manager, Planning Branch, Loddon Mallee Regional DHS • Mike Butcher, Manager, Regional Data Unit, Planning Branch, Loddon Mallee Regional DHS • Sue Clarke, Acting Manager, Client Services Branch, Loddon Mallee Regional DHS • Jan Snell, Acting Regional Director, Loddon Mallee Regional DHS • Melanie Rogers, Manager, Local Area Planning, Loddon Mallee Regional DHS • Anne McLennan, Coordinator, Community Services, Macedon Ranges Shire Council • Trevor Probert, Manager, Housing, Client Services, Loddon Mallee Regional DHS • Kerry Lord, Manager, Youth and Family Services, Client Services, Loddon Mallee Regional DHS • Ria Lawson, Manager, Specialist Children Services, Client Services, Loddon Mallee Regional DHS • Heather Paterson, Manager, Youth and Family Services Purchasing, Provider Management, Loddon Mallee Regional DHS • Annette Toohey, Manager, Service Redevelopment, Provider Management, Loddon Mallee Regional DHS • Dellice Coultas, Senior Project Officer, Aged Care, Loddon Mallee Regional DHS • Faye Ennor-Severs, Project Officer, Aged Care, Loddon Mallee Regional DHS • Robyn Ruggles, Community Housing, Provider Management, Loddon Mallee Regional DHS The Project Officer would also like to acknowledge the assistance of Ian Clark, Loddon Mallee Regional Data Unit, for providing data, and I would particularly like to acknowledge the guidance, aid and assistance of Mike Butcher, Manager, Loddon Mallee Regional Data Unit, throughout the development of the profile.

v A Profile of the Shire of Macedon Ranges

Glossary Of Terms ABI Acquired Brain Injury ABS Australian Bureau of Statistics AIHW Australian Institute of Health and Welfare ATSS Adult Training and Support Service CCHS Cobaw Community Health Service CDATA96 ABS Electronic Census Product1996 CD Collection District CFA Country Fire Authority CWA Country Women’s Association DALY Disability-Adjusted Life Year DHS Department of Human Services DRG Diagnostic Related Grouping EGM Electronic Gaming Machine ENT Ear, Nose, Throat ERP Estimated Resident Population FY Financial Year IRN Index of Relative Need LGA Local Government Area LMR Loddon Mallee Region Macedon Ranges (S) Shire of Macedon Ranges MDC Major Diagnostic Category MRHS Macedon Ranges Health Service (Gisborne) MRSC Macedon Ranges Shire Council MVA Motor Vehicle Accident NEC Not Elsewhere Classified PGSS Problem Gambling Service Strategy PHACS Primary Health and Community Support PRISM Psychiatric Records Information Systems Manager Region Loddon Mallee Region RSL Returned Service League SD Statistical Division SES State Emergency Service Shire Shire of Macedon Ranges SLA Statistical Local Area SRS Supported Residential Service State Victoria VIMD Victorian In-patient Minimum Database VCGA Victorian Casino and Gaming Authority YLL Years of Life Lost

vi A Profile of the Shire of Macedon Ranges

1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1.1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION The Shire is located at the southern end of the Loddon Mallee Region (Region), representing 12 percent of the Regional population. The Shire covers an area of 1,748 square kilometres and contains approximately 16,000 rateable properties (Macedon Ranges Shire Council, 1998). The estimated resident population (ERP) of the Shire in 1996 was 34,117 persons, comprising 49.8 percent males and 50.2 percent females. Many residents of the Shire commute to Melbourne, with 70 percent of the residents of the southern part of the Shire employed there. The principal industries are manufacturing, transport and retail. 1.2 MAPPING THE SHIRE The main towns in the Shire are Kyneton, Woodend, Gisborne, Lancefield, Romsey, Riddells Creek, and Malmsbury. The which runs through the Shire, by-passes Kyneton and Gisborne, and runs through Woodend (although construction is also under way to by-pass Woodend). The runs past Kyneton, Gisborne and a number of smaller towns. The Shire has three Statistical Local Areas (SLAs), consisting of the Kyneton SLA, the Romsey SLA, and the Balance SLA (including Woodend and Gisborne). 1.3 DEMOGRAPHICS • Population Profiles The Shire had a higher percentage of under 14 year olds and 35 to 54 year olds than the Region and State in 1996. Whilst the Region has a lower percentage of 20 to 29 year olds than the State, the percentage of people in this age cohort in the Shire was even lower. The Shire also has a lower percentage of older people (aged 55 to 89 years) than the Region and State, although the population of people 55 to 64 years old in the Shire is expected to increase by 2,355 from 1996 to 2006. • Migration More people moved from Melbourne to the Shire than from the Shire to Melbourne between 1991 and 1996. The highest number of migrations in any age group occurred with people aged 25 to 64 years, who moved from Melbourne to the Shire. More than twice as many people moved from the Shire to interstate between 1991 and 1996, compared to those who moved from interstate to the Shire. • Birthplace The majority of people resident in the Shire were born in (84.5%), with the next two highest percentages coming from the United Kingdom (5.8%) and Germany (0.97%). English (93.4%), Italian (0.9%) and German (0.8%) were the most common languages spoken at home. • Birth Data There were 513 births in the Shire in 1994. Although this figure rose to 541 in 1995, there was a drop in 1996 to 532, and a substantial drop in 1997 to 451. Kyneton, closely followed by Woodend, had the highest numbers of births in the Shire between 1994 and 1997.

vii A Profile of the Shire of Macedon Ranges

• Education There are six childcare centres, nine pre-schools, 24 primary schools, five secondary colleges, and two BRIT ( Regional Institute of TAFE) campuses in the Shire. The secondary colleges are in Kyneton, Woodend, Gisborne and Macedon. • Agricultural Activity There are a large number of agricultural establishments in the Shire, and agricultural production for 1996-97 amounted to over $28 million. Beef cattle farming is the most common agricultural activity in the Shire, representing 174 (37.8%) establishments, followed by sheep farming with 100 (21.7%) establishments. 1.4 SOCIO-ECONOMIC • Socio-Economic Disadvantage The most commonly used index for socio-economic status, the Index of Relative Socio- Economic Disadvantage (IRSED), summarises attributes such as low income, low educational attainment and high unemployment. In 1991, the Shire had the highest IRSED value (1,076.09) of the ten LGAs in the Region. The higher the IRSED value, the lower the socio-economic disadvantage. The Shire was also less disadvantaged than the Region and Victoria in 1996. • Social Issues The Index of Relative Need (IRN) is a relative measure of alcohol problems. The IRN for the Shire was 0.04, representing the lowest for the Region. The highest number of criminal offences in the Shire in 1996/97 occurred in Kyneton/Redesdale/ Tylden (710), Woodend/Ashbourne/Hesket (413), and Gisborne/Bullengarook (394). Lancefield and Romsey/Monegeeta North had the highest percentage increase in criminal offences from 1995/96 to 1996/97. There are three venues in the Shire that contain a total of 75 Electronic Gaming Machines (EGMs). Suicide, which is defined as a self-inflicted, intentional act resulting in death, was once considered a religious and moral issue, but is now seen as a social problem. According to the State Coroner’s Court, the rate of completed suicide in the Shire in 1996 was 17.67 per 100,000, higher than the Regional rate of 13.75 per 100,000. In 1997, there were 20.19 per 100,000 completed suicides in the Shire compared to 14.22 per 100,000 in the Region. • Socio-Cultural Well-being The Shire has a number of community groups and social events that contribute to the socio- cultural well-being of the Shire. Tourism is important to the Shire: it was estimated that the Shire had a 17 percent increase in visitor numbers during the 1997/98 financial year, compared to the previous year. There were approximately 450,000 day trips made to the Shire in 1997/98. Many of these visitors came to attend such activities as the Daffodil Festival, Summer in the Parks Twilight Jazz Evening at Malmsbury, Hanging Rock Races, Hanging Rock Wine Festival, and a number of open gardens and theatre productions. The religious organisations are important community resources. The largest denomination in the Shire is Catholic (28.2%), followed by Anglican (20.4%). This does not differ from the trend in Rural Victoria.

viii A Profile of the Shire of Macedon Ranges

• Labour Force Status The majority of males in the Shire in 1996 were employed full-time (6,500), while 2,779 were not in the labour force. In contrast, the majority of females in the Shire were not in the labour force (5,319), followed by those employed part-time (3,083) and full-time (2,821). • Occupation Type and Industry The occupational type with the highest number of males (the total of all ages) was Professionals and Associate Professionals (3,411), followed by Clerical, Sales and Service (2,878). The position was reversed for females with the highest number (the total of all ages) employed in Clerical, Sales and Service (2,981), followed by Professionals and Associate Professionals (2,363). Approximately 51 percent of the Shire working residents commuted to metropolitan Melbourne to work in 1996. This was an increase of 14 percent from 1991. The manufacturing industry is the largest employer of Shire residents, and although many of these people travelled to Melbourne to work, there were 89 manufacturing businesses in the Shire in 1997. • Household and Individual Income The most common weekly household income grouping in the Kyneton SLA in 1996 was $120 to $299 (20.9% of households), with the majority of these (59.6%) consisting of lone person households. In the Romsey SLA, the most common weekly household income bracket in 1996 was $700 to $999 (18.5% of households), while in the remaining of the Shire (Balance SLA), the most common weekly household income bracket in 1996 was $1,000 to $1,499 (17.3% of households). The majority of these comprised one family households. • Pensions and Benefits There were 2,113 people in the Shire receiving age pensions in June 1996. Over one third of these were from the Kyneton postcode (36.1%). There were also 588 individuals receiving Disability Support Pensions and 521 families receiving the Sole Parent Pension. 1.5 HEALTH • Residential and Generalist Health Services The generalist health services in the Shire include Kyneton District Health Service (public hospital), Cobaw Community Health Service, Macedon Ranges Health Service (Gisborne), and several General Practices. The residential services include two Supported Residential Services, three nursing homes and two hostels. • Hospital Admissions There were 2,130 hospital separations from Kyneton District Health Service in 1996/97 and 2,026 in 1997/98. In 1996/97, 81.2 percent of these were Shire residents, while in 1997/98, 78.6 percent were Shire residents. • Community Health There are two community health services in the Shire – Cobaw Community Health Service (CCHS) and Macedon Ranges Health Service (MRHS) based in Gisborne. There were 2,903 consumer contacts with CCHS in 1997/98, the majority of which were for Physiotherapy (35.2%), Speech Pathology (21.2%) and Counselling/Casework (18.4%). A different pattern of service was evident at MRHS, where there were 1,560 consumer contacts in 1997/98. The

ix A Profile of the Shire of Macedon Ranges majority of these contacts were for Physiotherapy (35.5%), Counselling/Casework (29.4%) and Occupational Therapy (11.3%). • Mental Health A total of 73 Shire residents made 91 in-patient admissions to mental health facilities in 1998. Many more people received out-patient treatment during 1998, with 8,617 mental health out- patient contacts. The 8,617 out-patient contacts were made by 287 clients, with an average of 30 contacts per person. Depression was the most common principal diagnosis for both in-patient (32.9%) and out-patient (24.7%) clients. • Disability Data The 1998 survey of Disability, Ageing and Carers found that nearly 20 percent of the population experience some level of disability in relation to the core activities of communication, mobility or self care. In the September 1997 quarter, 648 adults met the CentreLink criteria to receive the Disability Support Pension in the Shire. There were 260 children from the Shire postal areas receiving the Child Disability Allowance. • Death Data The highest causes of death in the Shire in 1996 were cardiovascular disease (Ischaemic Heart Disease and Stroke) (58) and cancer (54). The mortality rates for these causes were not found to be significantly different from Victoria. 1.6 TRANSPORT • Transport Systems Because the Shire has a spread of small towns, transport within the Shire is a problem. This is especially so for the eastern side, which does not have a highway or train line. This is particularly an issue for youth and older people who do not have their own transport. • Road Accident Statistics There were a total of 595 road accidents in the Shire between 1991 and 1995, with 23 of them (3.9%) involving at least one fatality, and a further 187 (31.4%) involving serious injury. The road surface was dry in the majority (70.9%) of road accidents, with wet conditions accounting for approximately one quarter of accidents. 1.7 FAMILY AND HOUSING • Rental Housing Stock There were a total of 215 DHS rental stock dwellings in the Shire as of May 1999. The majority of these were three-bedroom houses (68.4%), with the highest number of DHS houses being located in Kyneton (53.5%), followed by Woodend (18.6%) and Gisborne (18.1%). Macedon Ranges Shire Council also owns approximately 30 dwellings in the Shire. There are currently 144 household applicants on the waiting list for DHS houses in the Shire. The majority of applicants are waiting for three-bedroom (38.2%) and two-bedroom (36.1%) houses. The majority of these 144 applicants fall into the unsuitable housing and “no priority access” waiting list segments, for which there is a 1.6 month and up to 60 month waiting time, respectively.

x A Profile of the Shire of Macedon Ranges

• Household Size and Status There were a total of 10,497 dwellings in the Shire in 1996, with an average of three people in each dwelling. Thirty eight (0.4%) of these dwellings were occupied by indigenous persons in 1996, with a total of 124 people usually resident in them. More households were owned in the Shire in 1996 (43.5%), than were being rented (14.3%) or in the process of being purchased (37.8%). • Family Size and Composition The average number of children per couple family in the Shire in 1996 was 2.1, while for one parent families it was 1.6. There were 1,837 persons living alone in the Shire in 1996, while there were 9,902 parents in a household with children.

1.8 SERVICE SYSTEM • Primary Health and Community Support The Primary Health and Community Support (PHACS) sector includes aged, community and mental health services. There are five proposed service delivery areas in the Region. The Shire has been combined with Mount Alexander (S) and Central Goldfields (S) to form the Southern service delivery area, with a population of 63,781. • Youth and Family Services The majority of youth and family programs are provided by services within the Shire, while some are provided by Region-wide services. From the 42 youth and family services provided, approximately one third of them (35.7%) are pre-school or childcare programs. • Psychiatric Services The Division of Psychiatry, Bendigo Health Care Group, provides psychiatric services to residents in the Region. The Division of Psychiatry delivers three key services: Child, Adolescent and Family Mental Health Services, Adult Mental Health Services, and bed-based units. • Juvenile Justice Service Malmsbury Juvenile Justice Centre is the largest centre in Victoria for young men aged 17 to 21 years that have been sentenced to a period of detention in a Youth Training Centre by the Magistrates Court. The capacity of Malmsbury Juvenile Justice Centre is 74 following a major capital redevelopment of the centre in 1996 and 1997. The centre currently includes a campus of the Bendigo Region Institute of TAFE and has a health team responsible for the provision of alcohol and drug counselling, basic medical services and counselling to all trainees. • Sexual Assault Services The Loddon Campaspe Region’s Centre Against Sexual Assault (CASA) services the Shire. The services which CASA provides to the Shire include two outreach workers who are located at St Luke’s Family Service in Kyneton one day a week, and many services which are offered from Bendigo, specifically an after hours Crisis Care Unit. • Drug and Alcohol Services The alcohol and drug (A&D) services in the Shire include A&D specific counselling at Cobaw Community Health Service (CCHS), a Youth Outreach position at CCHS, and a Rural Withdrawal Service, auspiced by Maryborough Community Health Service, with a worker based at CCHS which covers the Shire.

xi A Profile of the Shire of Macedon Ranges

• Disability Services Disability services funded by the department have historically been focussed on clients with an intellectual disability. A joint project between the Central Highland Association for People with Disabilities and St Luke’s Family Care is attempting to forecast the needs of people with disabilities for housing, respite and other services in the Macedon Ranges (S) and Mount Alexander (S). • Specialist Women’s Health Service The Loddon Mallee Women’s Health Service, located in Bendigo, provides free information and services to residents of the Region on all aspects of women’s health. • Aged Services A range of aged care health services are offered to Shire residents from the Bendigo Health Care Group, Macedon Ranges Shire Council, Kyneton District Health Service, Cobaw Community Health Service, Macedon Ranges Health Service (Gisborne), and the Interchange Loddon Mallee Region. • Visiting Acute Specialists There are a number of specialists who regularly visit Kyneton District Health Service to provide medical and surgical clinical services. • Emergency Services Ambulance services are currently located in Kyneton, Woodend and Gisborne, while another is to be located in Romsey in 2000/01. The police stations in the Shire are located at all the major towns, including Gisborne, Kyneton, Lancefield, Macedon, Malmsbury, Riddells Creek, Romsey, and Woodend. There are two State Emergency Service (SES) units located in the Shire - in Gisborne and Woodend. There are two Country Fire Authority (CFA) regions which cover the Shire - Region 14 (office located in Melton) and Region 15 (office located in ). There are approximately 1,314 CFA volunteers in the Shire. 1.9 KEY ISSUES • Population Changes The Shire has the highest projected population growth rate in the Region. The migration of families with young children into the Shire has contributed to the high number of under 14 year old children. The population of people 55 years and over in the Shire is also expected to increase by 1,744 from 1996 to 2006. The demand upon health and other services is expected to increase as a result of these population changes. • Socio-Economic Differences Compared to other LGAs in the Region, the Shire appears to be less disadvantaged, by the criteria used in this profile. In fact, on the basis of the 1996 Index of Relative Socio-Economic Disadvantage, the Shire was less disadvantaged than the Region and the State. Within the Shire, there are differences between the three SLAs using this measure, and other socio-economic measures such as household weekly income. The Kyneton SLA has a relatively low socio- economic status, compared to the Romsey and Balance SLAs. • Educational Needs The increasing numbers of children aged 14 and under in the Shire is placing a high demand on childcare and educational services. The enrolment numbers in primary schools in the Shire

xii A Profile of the Shire of Macedon Ranges increased by 117.6 places from 1998 to 1999, while in secondary colleges there was an increase of 85.6 places. • Shortage of Intra-Shire Transport There is a shortage of public transport within the Shire. There are no local/domestic bus services in the Shire, so those who do not have their own transport need to rely on taxis, walking, or private arrangements. This is a problem for people who live in the eastern side of the Shire, where there is no highway or railway service. The shortage of intra-Shire transport is especially an issue for the youth and older people without transport. • Shortage of Housing The majority of Shire applicants for DHS housing are on waiting list segments three and four – where there is a 1.6 month and up to 60 month wait. The Shire, with 144 applicants, is the third highest target in the Region for increased rental general stock in 1999/2000. Macedon Ranges Shire Council also owns approximately 30 dwellings, but they are finding their stock increasing expensive to maintain. The low vacancy rate for private housing stock also contributes to the high demand of houses in the Shire. • Other Issues Although it is useful to look at levels of access for service data, it must be noted that this does not represent the level of need for services. Likewise, the types of services accessed may not be indicative of the need. For example, while there may be a variety of traditional services available and accessed, there may be a need for alternative services and therapies. The impact of the Primary Health and Community Support (PHACS) service redevelopment on the delivery of these services in the Shire is yet to be known. There may be a need for a new model of delivery for sexual assault services in the Shire. The hours of delivery are especially an issue for residents. The demand for rehabilitation and sub-acute rehabilitation services needs to be clearly identified. Strategies need to be developed with local service providers to ensure that demand for these specific services can be adequately met. Access to methadone programs is viewed as a problem in the Shire. The supply of drugs in the Shire may also be more of an issue compared to other LGAs within the Region, because of the Shire’s proximity to Melbourne. The high number of Professionals and Associate Professionals residing in the Shire may be contributing to a high amount of work-related stress. The distance many Melbourne commuters are travelling to work may also be contributing to high levels of stress.

xiii A Profile of the Shire of Macedon Ranges

2. INTRODUCTION Since 1995, the Victorian Government has undergone a period of significant restructure to meet its commitment to providing high quality and cost effective services to the people of Victoria. In the Department of Human Services (DHS), this has resulted in new business and management processes and well-articulated strategic directions. At the regional level we have developed an enhanced planning, performance analysis and contract management capability with which to implement the Department's strategic directions. To assist the Planning Branch in developing its capability, a Regional Data Unit has been established with the aim, amongst others, of preparing and publishing relevant regional information. The Planning Branch of the Loddon Mallee Regional Department of Human Services has already produced several reports, relating to Women’s Health, Suicide Prevention, Ageing, and strategic plans that underpin the Branch’s focus. Since 1998, Demographic, Socio-Economic and Environmental Profiles of the Loddon Mallee Region have also been published by the Regional Data Unit. Their focus was intentionally broad and it was intended that profiles of local areas would be prepared which would bring together demographic, socio-economic, service and consumer information into a holistic human services overview. Where possible, services were to be mapped against client populations and catchment area and, most importantly, issues for the municipality were to be identified. All of this was to result in a publication restricted to about forty pages. Its purpose is to assist in planning, service development and service purchasing, for planners, providers, and purchasers within the Loddon Mallee Region DHS, and the respective Local Government Authority. Macedon Ranges (S) was selected as the first of the areas, because it has the highest growth rate in the Region. Recently, the Macedon Ranges Shire Council has commissioned the Macedon Ranges Shire Housing Strategy (May 1998), Macedon Ranges Shire Demographic Profile (June 1998), and an Economic Development Strategy (December 1998), which should be seen as complementary to this profile. A Profile of the Shire of Macedon Ranges represents the first publication by the Planning Branch, which brings together human service information from a number of sources, relating to the Shire. It may serve as the prototype for similar profiles of the remaining nine municipalities in the Region. The data have been selected to relate to the business of the Department of Human Services and therefore have a bias towards needs or problem areas. However, many of the data reveal as much about the advantaged of the community as they do about the disadvantaged. For instance, the socio-economic indicators, income levels and occupations show the Shire to be relatively advantaged by all criteria, compared to the rest of the Region. They also show that the wealth of the Shire is not equally distributed. The timeframes for the data vary according to availability, but in general the most recent has been used. No data is presented that could be attributed to an individual consumer.

1 A Profile of the Shire of Macedon Ranges

3. GENERAL DESCRIPTION The Shire is located at the southern end of the Loddon Mallee Region (Region), representing 12 percent of the Regional population. The Shire covers an area of 1,748 square kilometres and contains approximately 16,000 rateable properties (Macedon Ranges Shire Council, 1998). The estimated resident population (ERP) of the Shire in 1996 was 34,117 persons, comprising 49.8 percent males and 50.2 percent females. Many residents of the Shire commute to Melbourne, with 70 percent of the residents of the southern part of the Shire employed there. The principal industries are manufacturing, transport and retail. Major geographical features in the Shire include Hanging Rock, just east of Woodend, Mount Macedon, north-east of Macedon, and the natural springs in Kyneton. Figures 1 and 2 show the Macedon Ranges from the north, and a well-known picnic spot, Hanging Rock, respectively. Figure 1: The Macedon Ranges from the North

Source: An Environmental Profile of the Loddon Mallee Region 1999. Figure 2: Hanging Rock: A Well-known Picnic Spot

Source: An Environmental Profile of the Loddon Mallee Region 1999. The Shire has an average altitude of more than 200 metres above sea level, with Mount Macedon rising to over 1000 metres high. The effects of the higher altitude are reflected in relatively lower winter temperatures and the increased likelihood of heavy frosts, rain and occasional snow falls. Low temperatures in the Shire can lead to difficult driving conditions. To prevent ice formation, bridges on new sections of the four lane divided Calder Highway will be electrically heated. The average annual rainfall ranges from 800 to 1100mm. The Regional environmental profile provides rainfall levels for other areas in Victoria.1

1 Loddon Mallee Regional Data Unit. (March 1999). An Environmental Profile of the Loddon Mallee Region: Interim Report. Bendigo: Loddon Mallee Regional Planning Branch.

2 A Profile of the Shire of Macedon Ranges

4. MAPPING THE SHIRE Data are available on a number of different boundaries, including Local Government Area (LGA), Statistical Local Area (SLA), Collection District (CD), and CD derived Postal Areas (postcodes). Figure 3 provides a map of the towns, other localities, highways, roads, railway line and rivers in the LGA of the Shire. The main towns in the Shire are Kyneton, Woodend, Gisborne, Lancefield, Romsey, Riddells Creek, and Malmsbury. The Calder Highway, which runs through the Shire, by-passes Kyneton and Gisborne, and runs through Woodend (although construction is also under way to by-pass Woodend). The Campaspe River runs past Kyneton, Gisborne and a number of smaller towns. Figure 3: Macedon Ranges (S) showing Towns, other Localities, Highways, Roads, Railway and Rivers

Sidonia Baynton

Malmsbury Edgecombe

Pastoria East Bald Hill Goldie North Lauriston Kyneton

Cobaw Carlsruhe Lancefield

Newham Rochford Tylden Woodend North

Springfield Hesket Romsey Woodend

Kerrie Ashbourne Mount Macedon Chintin Darraweit Guim Monegeetta Barringo Macedon Bolinda

New Gisborne Riddells Creek

Gisborne Clarkefield

Couangalt

Key: Red line = Calder Highway. Source: CDATA96. Figure 4 shows the SLA and CD boundaries for the Shire. There are three SLAs in the Shire which cover approximately the same area - Kyneton, Romsey and the Balance (including Woodend and Romsey). The Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) collect the Census of Population and Housing data by CDs, which is the lowest level for which data are made available, of which there are 62 in the Shire. For ease of comparison and to avoid ethical issues of reporting small numbers, most of the data in this profile will be produced on a SLA or LGA basis. It is also useful to present the postcode boundaries for the Shire (see Figure 5) because some data are only available at this level. Although these postcode boundaries are CD derived, they do not match up with the Shire LGA boundary. There are 12 postcodes in the Shire, with two of these postcodes - Kyneton (3444) and Lancefield (3435) - crossing over the LGA boundary. Thirty percent (243 km²) of the 3444 postcode and 58 percent (205 km²) of the 3435 postcode area are outside the Shire. Although the area of these postcodes outside the Shire is fairly substantial, the population within these areas is quite small, with 84.9 percent of the 3435 postcode and 92.6 percent of the 3444 postcode population residing in the Shire.

3 A Profile of the Shire of Macedon Ranges

Figure 4: Macedon Ranges (S) showing 1996 Statistical Local Area and Collection District Boundaries

MacedonMacedon RangesRanges (S)(S) -- KynetonKyneton

MacedonMacedon RangesRanges (S)(S) -- RomseyRomsey Macedon Ranges (S) Balance

Source: CDATA96.

Figure 5: Macedon Ranges (S) Postcode Boundaries

Postcode Principal Location

3444 3431 Riddell’s Creek

MIAMIA MIAMIA 3432 Darraweit Guim 3433 Monegeetta North 3434 Romsey PYALPYALONGPYALPYALONGOONNGG 3435 3435 Lancefield 3446 3437 Gisborne KYNETKYNETONKYNETKYNETONOONN 34353435 3438 New Gisborne 34443444 LANCEFIELD 3440 Macedon 34423442 3444 34423442 ROMSEYROMSEY FERNFERN HILLHILL ROMSEYROMSEY FERNFERN HILLHILL WOODENDWOODEND WOODENDWOODEND 34343434 3441 Mount Macedon 34413441 34333433 3442 Woodend 3440 MACEDON 34383438 RIDDELLSRIDDELLS CREEKCREEK 34323432 34313431 3444 Kyneton 34373437 GISBORNEGISBORNE 3446 Malmsbury

Source: CDATA96. Note: The shaded areas are outside the Macedon Ranges LGA.

4 A Profile of the Shire of Macedon Ranges

5. DEMOGRAPHICS 5.1 Population Profiles Figure 6 compares the 1996 enumerated population of the Shire with the Region and State (see Appendix A for a table of the Estimated Resident Populations of the Shire SLAs and LGA by five year age cohorts for 1996). The Shire population increased by 7.3 percent from 1991 to 1996. The estimated resident population (ERP) for each of the three SLAs in the Shire in 1996 was 7,719 for Kyneton, 9,191 for Romsey, and 17,207 for the Balance. The enumerated population for the Romsey and Balance SLAs increased by 2,789 and 3,388, respectively, compared with 1,381 for Kyneton, for the ten year period from 1986 to 1996. The population growth has hence occurred in the south of the Shire (see Appendix B for a table of these changes). The ERP for the Shire in 1998 was 35,274.2 Figure 6: Population Profiles of Macedon Ranges (S), Loddon Mallee Region and Victoria 1996

10% 9% Macedon Ranges 8% Loddon Mallee 7% Victoria 6% 5% 4% 3% 2% 1% 0% Percentage of Total Population (%) 0-4 5-9 99+ 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80-84 85-89 90-94 95-98

Age Cohort (Years) Source: CDATA96 Table B03. The Shire had a higher percentage of under 14 year olds and 35 to 54 year olds than the Region and State in 1996. While the Region has a lower percentage of 20 to 29 year olds than the State, the percentage of people in this age cohort in the Shire is even lower. The Shire also has a lower percentage of older people (aged 55 to 89 years) than the Region and State. The population of people 55 to 64 years old in the Shire, however, is expected to increase by 2,355 from 1996 to 2006.3 According to the 1996 ABS Census, there were 0.25 percent male and 0.26 percent female indigenous (Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander) people living in the Shire in 1996. This is approximately half of the percentage of indigenous people who were living in the Region at the same time (0.55% male and 0.58% female). The highest number of males was in the 0 to 9 year age group (30% of all indigenous males), followed by the 40 to 49 year age group (25%). The highest number of females were also in the 0 to 9 year age group (27.9%), followed by the 10 to 19 year group (23.3%). As stated in the Department of Human Services’ Regional Demographic Profile,4 these figures are likely to be under-estimates, and this should be borne in mind when viewing and using this data. The ABS has recognised the difficulties with collecting census information for Koori people, and are currently working with representatives of Koori State-wide

2 Research, Planning and Development (RPD) Group. (July 1999). : Regional Profile. Bendigo: RPD Group. 3 Department of Infrastructure. (1996). Victoria In Future. 4 Loddon Mallee Regional Data Unit. (July 1998). A Regional Demographic Profile of the Loddon Mallee Region: Interim Report. Bendigo: Loddon Mallee Regional Planning Branch.

5 A Profile of the Shire of Macedon Ranges organisations, such as the Victorian Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organisation Inc. (VACCHO) to develop projects to look at these concerns before the next Census.5 Figure 7 shows the gender differences (females minus males) for people living in the Shire in 1996. The bars that venture into positive numbers represent the age groups where there were more females than males, while the bars that project into the negative numbers represent age groups where there were more males than females. A few trends are apparent from this graph, with there being more males in the 15 to 24 age group, more females in the 25 to 39 age group, more males in the 45 to 69 age group, and more females in the 70 and over age group. The largest gender difference was in the 30 to 34 year age groups, where there were 201 more females living in the Shire than males. Figure 7: Gender Differences by Age Cohort for Macedon Ranges (S) 1996

Females - Males Number -200 -100 0 100 200 0-4 5-9 85+ 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80-84 Age Cohort (Years) Source: ABS Estimated Resident Population, 1996. Figure 8 shows the projected population changes for the Shire from 1996 to 2001 and 2006. Two of the most interesting patterns to note from this graph are the large population increase in the 50 to 64 year age cohort from 1996 to 2001, and the lack of change in the 65 and over age group. Figure 8: Projected Population Changes for Macedon Ranges (S) 1996-2006

4,000

3,500 1996 3,000 2001 2,500 2006 2,000 1,500

1,000 Number of Persons 500

0

Age Cohorts

Source: Victoria in Future, 1996.

5 Macedon Ranges Shire Council. (1999). Projected Demand For Home Maintenance/HACC Services. Woodend: Macedon Ranges Shire Council.

6 A Profile of the Shire of Macedon Ranges

5.2 Migration The following two figures provide migration details between the Shire and Melbourne (Figure 9), and the Shire and interstate (Figure 10). There were more people who moved from Melbourne to the Shire than from the Shire to Melbourne between 1991 and 1996. The highest number of migrations between Melbourne and the Shire in a particular age group occurred with people aged 25 to 64 years (3,157), who moved from Melbourne to the Shire. Figure 9: Migration between Macedon Ranges (S) and Melbourne from 1991 to 1996

5000 In 1991 lived in Macedon Ranges (S) 4000 and in 1996 lived in Melbourne SD In 1991 lived in Melbourne SD and in 3000 1996 lived in Macedon Ranges (S)

2000

1000

0 0-9 yrs 10-24 yrs 25-64 yrs 65+ yrs Total Age Cohort (Years) Source: ABS 1996. Figure 10: Migration between Macedon Ranges (S) and Interstate from 1991 to 1996

1600

1400 In 1991 lived in Macedon Ranges and in 1996 lived Interstate 1200 In 1991 lived Interstate and in 1996 1000 lived in Macedon Ranges

800

600

400

200

0 0-9 yrs 10-24 yrs 25-64 yrs 65+ yrs Total Age Cohort (Years) Source: ABS 1996. There were more people who moved from the Shire to Victoria (excluding the Region and Melbourne) from 1991 to 1996 (1,059), than those who moved from Victoria to the Shire (828). There were also more people who moved from the Shire to the rest of the Region between 1991 to 1996 (681), than vice versa (409). More than twice as many people moved from the Shire in 1991 to interstate in 1996 (1,420), than vice versa (662). From all migrations, the 25 to 64 year old age group were the most mobile between 1991 and 1996. Further details are included in Appendices C and D. 5.3 Birthplace Table 1 shows the birthplace of people living in the Shire in 1996. The majority of people were born in Australia (84.5%), with the next two highest percentages coming from the United Kingdom (5.8%) and Germany (0.97%). In general, similar numbers of males and females were born overseas.

7 A Profile of the Shire of Macedon Ranges

Table 1: Birthplace by Sex in Macedon Ranges (S) 1996 Birthplace Male Female Total Australia 13,461 13,847 27,308 Germany, Federal Republic of 167 145 312 Greece 28 26 54 Ireland 40 31 71 Italy 126 95 221 Malta 84 56 140 Netherlands 82 78 160 New Zealand 109 115 224 United Kingdom 920 944 1,864 United States of America 34 32 66 Born elsewhere overseas or not stated 891 996 1,887 Source: CDATA96, B05. Table 2 displays selected birthplaces of different age groups in the Shire in 1996. There were very few people aged less than 25 years living in the Shire in 1996 who were born overseas. Sixty-three percent were aged between 25 and 54 years, and 34 percent were 55 years and over. Table 2: Birthplace by Age Cohort for Selected Countries for Macedon Ranges (S) 1996 Birthplace 0-24 yrs 25-54 yrs 55 yrs + Total Germany 9 182 124 315 Italy 0 148 74 222 Netherlands 3 101 53 157 Greece 3 39 11 53 Croatia 0 31 17 48 Philippines 6 20 3 29 Other Pacific Islands (inc. PNG) 6 16 0 22 Turkey 0 0 6 6 Key: PNG = Papua New Guinea; yrs = years. Source: CDATA96, E01. The top six most common languages spoken at home for Shire residents in 1996 are shown in Table 3. English (93.4%), Italian (0.9%) and German (0.8%) were the most common languages spoken at home. Table 3: Common Languages Spoken At Home in Macedon Ranges (S) 1996 Language Spoken No. of Persons English only 27,640 Italian 274 German 225 Greek 112 Maltese 84 Polish 52 Other Languages 1,215 Key: No. = number. Source: CDATA96. 5.4 Birth Data There were 513 births6 in the Shire in 1994. Although this figure rose to 541 in 1995, there was a drop in 1996 to 532, and a substantial drop in 1997 to 451 (see Table 4). Kyneton, closely followed by Woodend, had the highest numbers of births in the Shire in the four years between 1994 and 1997. The next three locations with the highest number of births were Romsey, Riddells Creek, and Lancefield.

6 The Perinatal Data Collection Unit does not have a record of all pregnancies, but records all births (confinements) after 20 weeks, or >400 grams.

8 A Profile of the Shire of Macedon Ranges

Table 4: Birth Rates for Macedon Ranges (S) 1994 - 1997 Postcode Principle Location 1994 1995 1996 1997 1994-1997 3431 Riddells Creek 49 39 68 53 209 3432 Darraweit Guim <3 <3 0 0 4 3433 Monegeetta North 4 0 6 0 10 3434 Romsey 90 110 108 77 385 3435 Lancefield 49 61 40 47 197 3437 Gisborne 0 0 0 0 0 3438 New Gisborne 0 0 0 0 0 3440 Macedon 0 0 0 0 0 3441 Mount Macedon 0 0 0 0 0 3442 Woodend 148 144 147 121 560 3444 Kyneton 147 166 143 134 590 3446 Malmsbury 24 19 20 19 82 Source: Victorian Perinatal Data Collection Unit, 1999. The percentage of teenage pregnancies (19 years old and younger) in the Shire (2.3%) in the five years between 1993 and 1997 were lower than the State average (3.5%) (see Table 5). Table 5: Teenage Births in Macedon Ranges (S) and Victoria 1993 - 1997 Macedon Ranges (S) Rest of Victoria Year Number Percent (%) Number Percent (%) 1993 9 1.9 2,181 3.4 1994 11 2.1 2,263 3.6 1995 15 3.0 2,178 3.5 1996 10 2.1 2,119 3.4 1997 10 2.4 2,025 3.3 Total 55 2.3 10,766 3.5 Key: Teenage = 19 years old and younger; % = percent of all births. Source: Perinatal Data Collection Unit 1999. 5.5 Education Table 6 provides total enrolment numbers for 1998 and 1999 for childcare centres, pre-schools, primary schools, secondary colleges and technical campuses in the Shire. There are six childcare centres, nine pre-schools, 24 primary schools, four secondary colleges, and two BRIT (Bendigo Regional Institute of TAFE) campuses in the Shire. The secondary colleges are in Kyneton (two), Woodend, Gisborne, and Macedon. Table 6: Childcare, Pre-School, Primary School, Secondary College, and Technical Campus Enrolment Numbers in Macedon Ranges (S) 1998 and 1999 Education/Childcare Facility 1998 1999 Childcare Centres NK 254 Pre-Schools NK 770 Primary Schools 4,229 4,347 Secondary Colleges 2,926 3,012 Technical Campuses* 490 360 # Key: NK = not known. * Number of enrolments at Malmsbury Campus of BRIT not available. # BRIT enrolment numbers will rise before the end of the year. Source: Department of Education 1999; Macedon Ranges Shire Council, 1999; Personal Communication, individual schools, 1999. There was an increase of 117.6 enrolments in the primary schools from 1998 to 1999. There was also an increase in secondary college enrolments by 85.6 from 1998 to 1999. Appendix E lists all the educational facilities and enrolment numbers for each SLA in the Shire.

9 A Profile of the Shire of Macedon Ranges

A new educational program that is being trialed in the Shire is the Macedon Ranges Alternative Setting Program.7 This is a joint project between Gisborne and Kyneton Secondary Colleges, which provides opportunities for selected students. It is available for students who would benefit from the small working environment, where there is roughly one teacher to every three students. The program is of ten weeks duration and the curriculum is flexible and student-orientated, including literacy, numeracy, and other subjects. The students remain in the mainstream school, attending classes there one day a week for the duration of the program. The program commenced in July 1999. 5.6 Agricultural Activity Although agriculture is not a large component of the Shire’s employment structure (see Figures 14 and 15),8 there are a large number of agricultural establishments in the Shire and the agricultural production for 1996-97 amounted to over $28 million.9 Beef cattle farming is the most common agricultural activity in the Shire, representing 174 (37.8%) establishments, followed by sheep farming with 100 (21.7%) establishments. When looking at the area involved in each agricultural activity, sheep farming covers the largest area of the Shire (25,733 ha, or 28.5%), closely followed by combined sheep and beef cattle farming (23,354 ha, or 25.9%) and beef cattle farming (22,021 ha, or 24.4%). Table 7 lists selected agricultural activities that take place in the three SLAs of the Shire. Table 7: Selected Agricultural Activities by SLA for Macedon Ranges (S) 1996 Kyneton SLA Romsey SLA Balance SLA Agricultural Activity No. of Area No. of Area No. of Area Establish (ha) Establish (ha) Establish (ha) Cut flower & flower seed growing < 3 128 < 3 46 < 3 110 Vegetable growing 8 896 < 3 209 < 3 7 Grape growing 3 355 5 432 3 192 Grain growing < 3 1,000 < 3 966 0 0 Grain-sheep/beef cattle farming 8 4,934 4 2,920 < 3 634 Sheep-beef cattle farming 32 8,065 28 9,900 19 5,389 Sheep farming 48 14,446 44 10,443 8 844 Beef cattle farming 49 5,733 76 10,729 49 5,559 Dairy cattle farming 4 789 4 867 < 3 64 Pig farming < 3 1,530 < 3 185 < 3 16 Horse farming 3 137 14 921 5 333 Livestock farming nec 7 370 4 96 13 553 Crop & plant growing nec < 3 128 < 3 64 0 0 Total agriculture 168 38,639 187 37,814 105 13,783 Source: ABS 31/3/96: Area of Establishments with Agricultural Activity by Industry. Key: No of Establish = Number of Establishments; ha = hectare; nec = not elsewhere classified. Comparing the number of agricultural activities between the three SLAs, Romsey was highest with 187 establishments (40.7%), followed by Kyneton with 168 (36.5%), and the Balance SLA with 105 (22.8%). Although Romsey possessed the highest number of farms/crops, the agricultural establishments in Kyneton covered a larger area (38,639 ha, or 42.8%) than Romsey (37,814 ha, or 41.9%). Agricultural establishments covered a smaller area in the Balance (13,783 ha, or 15.3%).

7 MacDonald, G., Principal, Gisborne Secondary College. (1999). Personal Communication. 8 TBA Planners and Original Research. (June 1998). Macedon Ranges Shire Demographic Profile: A Profile of the Macedon Ranges Community. Woodend: Macedon Ranges Shire Council. 9 Research Planning Design Group. (June 1999). North Central Victoria Regional Profile. Bendigo: Centre for Sustainable Regional Communities, p 71.

10 A Profile of the Shire of Macedon Ranges

6. SOCIO-ECONOMIC 6.1 Socio-Economic Disadvantage For socio-economic comparisons at a local level, the ABS has developed a number of Socio- Economic Indicators for Areas (SEIFAs) from the Census of Population and Housing, which can be used to rank areas at a number of geographic levels, from Collection Districts (CDs) to States. The most commonly used index, the Index of Relative Socio-Economic Disadvantage (IRSED), summarises attributes such as low income, low educational attainment, high unemployment and jobs in relatively unskilled occupations.10 In 1991 and 1996, the Shire had a higher IRSED value than the other nine LGAs in the Region, where the higher the value, the lower the disadvantage.11 In 1996, the Shire (with an IRSED of 1,061.82) was also less disadvantaged than the Region (IRSED = 993.47) and Victoria (IRSED = 1,015.96). Figure 11 displays the IRSED for the Loddon Mallee Region by postcode in 1996. The IRSED for 10 out of 12 postcodes in the Shire were above that of the Region and State; hence the Shire had a relatively low socio-economic disadvantage. Figure 11: Index of Relative Socio-Economic Disadvantage by Postcode for Loddon Mallee

Region 1996

IRSED 1996

1,016 to 1,137

993 to 1,016

900 to 993

888 to 900

Key: Thick black line = Loddon Mallee Regional boundary; grey shades = IRSED below the Regional figure. Note: The white sections are parts of postcodes that are located outside the Region. Source: ABS SEIFA 1998. In 1996, the Kyneton SLA had a higher socio-economic disadvantage (IRSED = 1,004.93) than the State, but a lower disadvantage than the Region. Both Romsey (IRSED = 1,064.33) and the Balance (IRSED = 1,086.40) had a lower socio-economic disadvantage than the Region and the State.

10 Australian Bureau of Statistics. (1996). 1996 Census of Population and Housing: Socio-Economic Indexes for Areas: Information Paper ABS Publication No. 2039.0, p 3. 11 Loddon Mallee Regional Data Unit. (January 1999). A Socio-Economic Profile of the Loddon Mallee Region: Interim Report. Bendigo: Loddon Mallee Regional Planning Branch.

11 A Profile of the Shire of Macedon Ranges

6.2 Social Issues There are a number of social issues that may effect the needs, performance, and well-being of a community. Given the availability of data, only selected social issues will be discussed in this section, including alcohol consumption, gambling, crime, and suicide. 6.2.1 Alcohol Consumption 12 According to a Regional report on alcohol consumption, the Shire had 66 licensed premises in 1994/95 (28.3/10,000 population), whilst the Region had 31.8 per 10,000, and Victoria had 21 licensed premises per 10,000 people. Of the 66 licensed premises in the Shire, 18 percent of them were on-premises licenses, while 20 percent were packaged liquor sites (eg. bottleshops). The Shire and both had the equal highest percentage of packaged liquor premises in the Region in 1994/95. In 1994/95, the per capita consumption of alcohol (litres of absolute alcohol per person per annum) in the Shire (8.62 litres/person/annum) was slightly below the Region’s average of 8.75, and above the State’s average of 7.92. The alcohol-related hospital admissions for residents of the Shire in 1994/95 were 34.49 per 10,000 population, lower than the rate for the Region (42.09/10,000) and exactly the same as the rate for the State.12 The Turning Point Alcohol and Drug Centre12 developed an Index of Relative Need (IRN), or a relative measure of alcohol problems, for each LGA in the Region, based on: per capita alcohol consumption; alcohol related hospital admissions; high alcohol hours accidents; and the socio- economic indicator of low income (below $12,000). The higher the IRN, the higher the rate of consumption and possible harmful consequences, and the greater relative need for services. The IRN for the Shire was 0.04, representing the lowest IRN for the Region. 6.2.2 Crime There were a total of 2,354 criminal offences recorded in the Shire in 1996/97. Table 8 provides the number of criminal offences by postcodes in the Shire for 1995/96 and 1996/97. Lancefield and Romsey/Monegeeta North had the highest percentage increase in criminal offences from 1995/96 to 1996/97. Table 8: Number of Criminal Offences in Macedon Ranges (S) in 1995/96 and 1996/97 Postcode Principal Location No. No. % Rate/ 1995/96 1996/97 Change 100,000 for 1996/97 3430 Clarkefield 15 16 6.7 5,755 3431 Riddells Creek 97 89 -8.2 3,410 3432 Bolinda 11 12 9.1 9,449 3433 Monegeeta 13 13 0.0 8,553 3434 Romsey/ Monegeeta North 145 182 25.5 5,303 3435 Lancefield 130 210 61.5 9,468 3437 Gisborne/ Bullengarook 394 339 -14.0 5,571 3438 New Gisborne 44 36 -18.2 3,727 3440 Macedon 83 93 12.0 4,809 3441 Mount Macedon 69 65 -5.8 5,043 3442 Woodend/ Ashbourne/ Hesket 413 465 12.6 8,074 3444 Kyneton/ Redesdale/ Tylden 710 682 -3.9 9,119 3446 Malmsbury/ Drummond North 125 152 21.6 20,375 Key: No. = Number of criminal offences; % Change = percentage of change in criminal offences from 1995/96 to 1996/97; Rate/ 100,000 = rate of criminal offences per 100,000 population. Source: Victorian Police Crime Statistics, 1996/97.

12 Turning Point Alcohol and Drug Centre. (1998). Loddon Mallee Region: Profile of Alcohol Consumption and Harm.

12 A Profile of the Shire of Macedon Ranges

The highest number of criminal offences in the Shire in 1996/97 occurred in Kyneton/Redesdale/ Tylden (710), Woodend/Ashbourne/Hesket (413), and Gisborne/Bullengarook (394). When taking into account the population sizes, Lancefield (9,468/100,000), Bolinda (9,449/100,000), and Kyneton/Redesdale/Tylden (9,119/100,000) had the highest rates of criminal offences. It should be noted that Bolinda has a small population, so their rate should be viewed with caution. 6.2.3 Gambling A number of Victorian Gambling Acts in the early 1990s, provided a framework for regulating gaming activities in the State, including the stipulation that 20 percent of electronic gaming machines (EGMs) be located outside the Melbourne statistical division (SD).13 In 1996 however, a Ministerial Directive declared that a ceiling be placed on the number of EGMs operating in venues outside the Melbourne Crown Casino (27,500 at that stage), until the Victorian Casino and Gaming Authority (VCGA) undertook some comprehensive research.13 The Problem Gambling Service Strategy (PGSS), which was implemented in 1993 and has been developing ever since, targets people who have been adversely affected by gambling activity. The PGSS has established a number of services for this group of people, including counselling services, G-line (a free 24-hour telephone counselling and referral service), and community education. There are three venues in the Shire containing EGMs.14 These venues - Kyneton Bowling Club, Kyneton RSL (Returned Services League), and the Victorian Tavern (Gisborne) - contain a total of 75 EGMs. 6.2.4 Suicide In Australia, there are now more deaths from suicide than from motor vehicle accidents, with more than 2000 suicides a year.15 Suicide is currently the leading cause of death by injury in Australia.16 Suicide is a complex, multifaceted behaviour; there is no one reason why a person 15 ends their life. Suicide, which is defined as a self-inflicted, intentional act resulting in death, was once considered a religious and moral issue, but is now seen as a social problem. According to the State Coroner’s Court, the rate of completed suicide in the Shire in 1996 was 17.7 per 100,000, higher than the Regional rate of 13.8 per 100,000. In 1997, there were 20.2 per 100,000 completed suicides in the Shire compared to 14.2 per 100,000 in the Region.15 A Regional report on suicide prevention, which highlighted the need for community-based suicide prevention programs, particularly in rural and remote areas, was published in April 1999.15 Young rural males, young gay people, koori and other cultural groups, and older people, were some of the groups identified as requiring further research. Recommendations in the report cover areas of conceptual approaches, service delivery, education and research. A suicide prevention model, developed and detailed in the report, recognises the need to provide a continuum of services while emphasising resiliency and connectedness – promoting a population-based approach toward suicide prevention. An Action Plan is currently being developed based on the recommendations made in the Connections: Suicide Prevention in the Loddon Mallee Region report. The Healthy Ageing 17

13 Problem Gambling Research Program, Department of Human Services. (1999). Demographic profile, gambling activity and service use of clients presenting to Break Even Problem Gambling Counselling Services. Melbourne: Youth and Family Services Division, Victorian Government Department of Human Services. 14 The Victorian Casino and Gambling Authority (1998). http://www.gambling.vcga.vic.gov.au/domino/web_notes /vcga/vcgasite.nsf/pages/vcgahome?OpenDocument. 15 Loddon Mallee Regional Planning Branch. (April 1999). Connections: Suicide Prevention in the Loddon Mallee Region. Bendigo: Loddon Mallee Regional Department of Human Services. 16 Suicide Prevention Task Force. (1997). Suicide prevention: Victorian Task Force Report. Melbourne: Information Victoria. 17 Loddon Mallee Regional Planning Branch. (1999). Healthy Ageing: The Health and Service Needs of Older People in the Loddon Mallee Region. Bendigo: Loddon Mallee Regional Department of Human Services.

13 A Profile of the Shire of Macedon Ranges regional report also identified suicide as an issue for older people in the Region. An Action Plan is also being developed as a result of this report. 6.3 Socio-Cultural Well-being The Shire has a number of community groups and social events that contribute to the socio- cultural well-being of its residents. Community Centres run by the Macedon Ranges Shire Council include: Gisborne Fitness and Community Centre, Woodend Community Centre, Macedon Ranges Community Centre, and the Buffalo Sports Stadium (Woodend). The Recreation Centres include the Kyneton Sporting Complex, Romsey Recreation Centre, and Riddells Creek Leisure Centre. These community and recreation centres offer a range of sport and recreation activities and programs. The Macedon Ranges Shire Council, in conjunction with the Shire’s Youth Advisory Committee, offers a number of community programs and activities for youth in the Shire. One of these activities in 1997/98 was the “Closing the Net” suicide prevention project, which involved training youth leaders and parents of teenagers, promoting early intervention among schools, and developing a youth friendly medical and legal network in the community.18 Other activities in 1997/98 included: the Hanging Rock Youth Festival; “Music in the Stix”, a number of drug and alcohol free events; and a mobile skate ramp. It was estimated that the Shire experienced a 17 percent increase in visitor numbers during the 1997/98 financial year, with approximately 450,000 day trips being made to the Shire. There is an active and vibrant range of community events in the Shire, especially in the arts, ranging from visual to music. The community is actively involved in many of these events. Other community events throughout the year include: the World’s Longest Lunch at Hanging Rock, a season of Night Walks at Hanging Rock, the Daffodil Festival, Woodend Lions Art Show and Sale, an Autumn Flower show in Kyneton, Summer in the Parks Twilight Jazz Evening at Malmsbury, Hanging Rock Races, Hanging Rock Wine Festival, Macedon Ranges Community Festival at Hanging Rock, and a number of open gardens and theatre productions. There are a large number of community organisations, ranging from Red Cross to Country Women’s Association (CWA), and Lions to Apex. A complete list of these groups can be found in the Shire Leisure Services Directory, from the Macedon Ranges Shire Council. Religious affiliations remain important sources of community support. Table 9 shows the number of persons and percentage by religion in the Shire. Table 9: Comparison of Religious Profile in Macedon Ranges (S) to Rural Victoria 1996 Macedon Ranges Rural Victoria Religion Number Percentage Percentage Catholic 9,109 28.2 25.9 Anglican 6,604 20.4 20.2 Uniting Church 3,040 9.4 12.4 Presbyterian & Reformed 1,278 4.0 5.6 Total Christian 22,141 68.5 71.8 Total Non-Christian 166 0.5 0.7 No religion 6,613 20.5 18.0 Key: No. = number; % = percentage; Rural Victoria = Victoria outside metropolitan Melbourne. Source: Regional Victoria In Fact, Department of Infrastructure, 1998.

18 Macedon Ranges Shire Council. (1998). Macedon Ranges Shire Annual Report 1997/98. Woodend: Macedon Ranges Shire Council, p. 18.

14 A Profile of the Shire of Macedon Ranges

Comparative figures for Rural Victoria (outside the Melbourne SD) is included. The largest denomination in the Shire is Catholic (28.2%), followed by Anglican (20.4%). This does not differ from the trend in Rural Victoria. There was fewer Uniting Church members in the Shire (9.4%) compared to Rural Victoria (12.4%) in 1996. It has been estimated that 12 percent of Australians attend places of worship on any given Sunday.19 For the Shire, this would mean about 2,600 residents of all denominations. 6.4 Labour Force Status Figure 12 displays the labour force status of males in the Shire in 1996, while Figure 13 displays this for females. The majority of males in the Shire in 1996 were employed full-time (6,500), while 2,779 were not in the labour force. Substantially more males in the 15 to 19 year age cohort were not in the labour force (not employed or/and looking for employment) (61.8%). For those aged 65 years old or more, the pattern was similar, with substantially more not in labour force (86.8%). For those aged 20 to 64, there were more males employed full-time (working 35 hours or more a week). Figure 12: Percentage of Labour Force Status for Males by Age Cohorts in Macedon Ranges (S) 1996

100% Employed Full-time Employed Part-time 80% Unemployed Not in Labour Force 60%

40%

20%

0% Percentage of Total in Age Cohort 15-19 20-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65+ Age Cohort (Years)

Source: CDATA96 Table B18. Note: Full-time employment is defined as having worked 35 hours or more in all jobs during the week prior to Census night. Unemployed is defined at those who stated they were looking for either full-time of part-time employment. The majority of females in the Shire in 1996 were not in the labour force (5,319), followed by those employed part-time (3,083) and full-time (2,821). Substantially more females in the 15 to 19 year age cohort and those over 55 years of age were not in the labour force (not employed or/and not looking for employment).

19 Croucher, R. (1999). How many go to church each week in Australia? http://www.pastornet.net.au/jmm/general /a029.htm.

15 A Profile of the Shire of Macedon Ranges

Figure 13: Percentage of Labour Force Status Types for Females by Age Cohorts in Macedon Ranges (S) 1996

100%

Employed Full-time 80% Employed Part-time Unemployed 60% Not in Labour Force

40%

20%

Percentage of Total in Age Cohort 0% 15-19 20-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65+ Age Cohort (Years)

Source: CDATA96 Table B18. Note: Full-time employment is defined as having worked 35 hours or more in all jobs during the week prior to Census night. Unemployed is defined at those who stated they were looking for either full-time of part-time employment. 6.5 Occupation Type and Industry Figures 14 and 15 show the occupation type for employed males and females in the Shire in 1996. The occupational type with the highest number of males (the total of all ages) was Professionals and Associate Professionals (3,411), followed by Clerical, Sales and Service (2,878). There were more males employed in Clerical, Sales and Service occupation types than any other type for those aged 34 years old and under, whilst more males were employed as Professionals and Associate Professionals than any other occupational type for those aged 35 years or older. Figure 14: Grouped Occupation Type by Age Cohort for Employed Males in Macedon Ranges (S) 1996

2500 Managers & Administrators 2000 Professionals & Associate Professionals Tradepersons & Related Clerical, Sales & Service 1500 Production & Transport Labourers & Related 1000 Unknown Number of Males 500

0 15-19 20-24 25-34 35-54 55+ Age Cohort (Years)

Source: CDATA96 Table B20.

16 A Profile of the Shire of Macedon Ranges

Figure 15: Grouped Occupation Type by Age Cohort for Employed Females in Macedon Ranges (S) 1996

2500

Managers & Administrators 2000 Professionals & Associate Professionals Tradepersons & Related Clerical, Sales & Service 1500 Production & Transport Labourers & Related 1000 Unknown

Number of Females 500

0 15-19 20-24 25-34 35-54 55+ Age Cohort (Years)

Source: CDATA96 Table B20. The occupation types with the highest number of females (the total of all ages) were Clerical, Sales and Service (2,981), and Professionals and Associate Professionals (2,363). More females were employed in Clerical, Sales and Service occupation types than any other type, for those 15 to 54 years old, although this was very closely followed by Professionals and Associate Professionals for female’s aged 35 to 54 (1,561 compared to 1,574). There were more females employed as Professionals and Associate Professionals than any other occupational type for those aged 55 years or older. Professionals and Associate Professionals are employed in the following areas: Science, Building and Engineering, Business and Information, Health, Education, Social, and Arts. Although there are few Managers and Administrators, it should be noted that they include generalist managers (eg. Government Appointed Officials, and Building and Construction Managers), specialist managers (eg. Human Resource Managers, and Child Care Co-ordinators), and Farmers and Farm Managers (eg. Livestock Farmers, and Crop Farmers). The high numbers of Professional and Associate Professionals may have implications for stress in the workplace. The most common mode of transport to work in the Shire in 1996 was by car as driver (4,390), followed by car as passenger (439), and walking (386). Table 10 provides a breakdown of the seven most common modes of transport to work for residents in each of the SLAs in the Shire. It was also noted that a large number of people work from home (882). Table 10: Mode of Transport to Work for Kyneton, Romsey, and Balance SLA Residents 1996 Mode of Transport Kyneton SLA Romsey SLA Balance SLA Car as driver 1,660 627 2,103 Car as passenger 155 57 227 Walking 190 73 123 Bus 6 3 25 Bicycle 18 3 9 Train 3 0 14 Worked at home 237 211 434 Source: ABS 1996.

17 A Profile of the Shire of Macedon Ranges

Approximately 51 percent of the Shire’s working residents commuted to metropolitan Melbourne to work in 1996.20 This was an increase of 14 percent from 1991. Figure 16 shows the number of males and females in the Shire by industry type in 1996. The largest number of people by industry type were males working in the area of Manufacturing (1,439), followed by females employed in Health and Community Services (1,041). The third and fourth largest groups were females in Retail Trade (870), and males in Transport and Storage (851). Figure 16: Industry Type by Sex for Macedon Ranges (S) 1996

Not stated

Personal & Other Services

Health & Comm. Services

Govt Admin & Defence Females Males Finance and Insurance

Transport and Storage

Retail Trade

Construction

Manufacturing

Agric, Forestry & Fishing

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 Number in Industry Type Key: Non-classif econ units = Non-classifiable economic units; Rec = Recreational; Comm = Community; Govt Admin = Government Administration; Bus = Business; Accom = Accommodation; Elec = Electricity; Agric = Agriculture. Source: CDATA96 B19. The manufacturing industry is the largest employer of Shire residents, and although many of these people travelled to Melbourne to work, there were 89 manufacturing businesses in the Shire in 1997.21 Whilst 72 of these businesses employed less than ten people each, there were 11 major manufacturers in the Shire in 1998, with three of them - Frew P/L (Kyneton; Abattoir), Hardwick’s Meatworks P/L (Kyneton; Abattoir), and Flexdrive (Gisborne; Car Parts) - employing over 150 workers each.21 6.6 Household and Individual Income The most common weekly household income grouping in the Kyneton SLA in 1996 was $120 to $299 (20.9% of households), with the majority of these (59.6%) comprising lone person households. In the Romsey SLA, the most common weekly household income grouping in 1996 was $700 to $999 (18.5% of households), with the majority of these (89.4%) comprising one family households. In the rest of the Shire (Balance SLA), the most common weekly household income bracket in 1996 was $1,000 to $1,499 (17.3% of households), with the majority of these (93.4%) also comprising one family households.

20 TBA Planners and Original Research. (June 1998). Macedon Ranges Shire Demographic Profile: A Profile of the Macedon Ranges Community. Woodend: Macedon Ranges Shire Council. 21 Macedon Ranges Shire Council. (December 1998). Economic Development Strategy. Woodend: Macedon Ranges Shire Council.

18 A Profile of the Shire of Macedon Ranges

Figures 17, 18 and 19 display the weekly household income bracket for each household type in 1996 in the Kyneton, Romsey and Balance SLAs, respectively. Figure 17: Grouped Household Income by Household Type for Kyneton SLA 1996

900

800 One family household Two family household 700 Three family household 600 Lone person hsehold Group household 500 Visitors only 400

300

200 Number In Income Group

100

0 income Neg/Nil more $1,499 $1,999 $1-$119 $1,000 - $1,500 - $2,000 or- $120-$299 $300-$499 $500-$699 $700-$999 Weekly Household Income ($)

Key: Neg/Nil Income = No income. Source: CDATA96, B23. Figure 18: Grouped Household Income by Household Type for Romsey SLA 1996

900 800 One family household 700 Two family household Three family household 600 Lone person household 500 Group household 400 Visitors only 300 200 Number In Income Group 100 0 income Neg/Nil more $1,499 $1,999 $1-$119 $1,000 - $1,500 - $2,000 or- $120-$299 $300-$499 $500-$699 $700-$999 Weekly Household Income ($)

Key: Neg/Nil Income = No income. Source: CDATA96, B23.

19 A Profile of the Shire of Macedon Ranges

Figure 19: Grouped Household Income by Household Type for Balance SLA 1996

900 800 One family household 700 Two family household Three family household 600 Lone person household 500 Group household 400 Visitors only 300 200 Number In Income Group 100 0 income Neg/Nil more $1,499 $1,999 $1-$119 $1,000 - $1,500 - $2,000 or- $120-$299 $300-$499 $500-$699 $700-$999 Weekly Household Income ($) Key: Neg/Nil Income = No income. Source: CDATA96, B23. Figure 20 shows the individual taxable income for residents in the Shire in the 1995/96 financial year. The average individual taxable income for residents in the Shire in 1995/96 was $31,316, whereas in the Region it was $26,098 and in Victoria, $30,356. The range of average individual taxable incomes for the individual postcodes in the Shire was $25,733 (3444 - Kyneton) to $39,966 (3441 - Mount Macedon). There were ten postcodes in the Region in 1995/96 which were above the state taxable income. Eight of these postcodes were located in the (south end of the) Shire.22 Figure 20: Individual Taxable Income by Postcode for Macedon Ranges (S) 1995-96

Regional Average Taxable Income = $26,098

Victorian Average Taxable Income = $30,356

Per-capita Taxable

Income ($)

37,100 to 40,000 (2)

30,356 to 37,100 (6)

26,098 to 30,356 (3)

25,700 to 26,098 (1)

Source: Taxation Statistics 1995-96; ATO; Table i11. Note: Postcodes 3444 and 3435 extend beyond the Shire boundary (thick black line).

22 Loddon Mallee Regional Data Unit. (January 1999). A Socio-Economic Profile of the Loddon Mallee Region: Interim Report. Bendigo: Loddon Mallee Regional Planning Branch.

20 A Profile of the Shire of Macedon Ranges

6.7 Pensions and Benefits During the June quarter of 1996, 588 individuals in the Shire received Disability Support Pensions (see Table 11). The highest number of individuals from the one postcode receiving this pension were 193 (32.8%) from Kyneton, and 135 (23%) from Woodend. Table 11: Disability Support Pension by Top 6 Postcodes in Macedon Ranges (S) 1996 Postcode Principal Location Number of Pensions 3444 Kyneton 193 3442 Woodend 135 3437 Gisborne 61 3435 Lancefield 56 3434 Romsey 45 3440 Macedon 27 Other 71 Total 588 Source: DSS, Table of Pensions and Benefits, 1996. During the same period, 521 families received the Sole Parent Pension (see Table 12). Again, Kyneton (149) and Woodend (109) were the postcodes with the highest number of families receiving this pension. For those who were unemployed, 35 individuals received the Youth Training Allowance, 543 received the Job Search Allowance, and 469 received the Newstart Allowance in 1996 (see Tables 13). Table 12: Sole Parent Pension by Top 6 Postcodes in Macedon Ranges (S) 1996 Postcode Principal Location Number of Pensions 3444 Kyneton 149 3442 Woodend 109 3437 Gisborne 67 3434 Romsey 50 3440 Macedon 35 3435 Lancefield 31 Other 80 Total 521 Source: DSS, Table of Pensions and Benefits, 1996. Table 13: Job Search and Newstart Allowance by Top 6 Postcodes in Macedon Ranges (S) 1996 Postcode Principle Location Job Search Newstart 3444 Kyneton 157 137 3442 Woodend 115 93 3437 Gisborne 72 50 3434 Romsey 59 48 3435 Lancefield 39 47 3431 Riddells Creek 30 26 Other 71 68 Total 543 469 Source: DSS, Table of Pensions and Benefits, 1996. Table 14 shows the top six postcodes in the Shire receiving the Aged Pension in 1996. Of an estimated 2,991 persons aged 65 years and over in the Shire, 2,113 were in receipt of an Aged Pension in 1996.

21 A Profile of the Shire of Macedon Ranges

Table 14: Aged Pension by Top Six Postcodes in Macedon Ranges (S) 1996 Postcode Principal Location Number of Pensions 3444 Kyneton 763 3437 Gisborne 360 3442 Woodend 344 3434 Romsey 141 3435 Lancefield 120 3440 Macedon 114 Other 271 Total 2,113 Source: DSS, Table of Pensions and Benefits, 1996. There were 226 people receiving Wives/Carers Pensions in the Shire in 1996. Once again, the majority of these were living in Kyneton (32.3%), followed by Woodend (20.4%). There were 106 people receiving the Mature Age Allowance in the Shire in 1996, with the majority living in Kyneton (26.4%) and Woodend (22.6%). A total of 28 people received the Partner Pension in the Shire in 1996.

22 A Profile of the Shire of Macedon Ranges

7. HEALTH 7.1 Residential and Generalist Health Services The generalist health services in the Shire include Kyneton District Health Service (public hospital), Cobaw Community Health Service, Macedon Ranges Health Service (Gisborne), and several General Practices. The residential services include two Supported Residential Services, three nursing homes and two hostels. The nursing home and hostel in Gisborne are attached to the Macedon Ranges Health Service, while the Kyneton District Nursing Home is attached to the hospital. Table 15 provides a list of the residential and generalist health services in the Shire for the three SLAs. Table 15: Residential and Generalist Health Services in Macedon Ranges (S) 1999 SLA Health/ Residential Service Kyneton SLA Kyneton District Health Service (public hospital) Cobaw Community Health Service Trentham Surgery - 1 GP Other GPs (Kyneton) - 4 GPs Innisfree Private Nursing Home (Kyneton) – 30 beds Kyneton District Nursing Home – 20 beds Ray M. Begg (hostel - Kyneton) – 59 beds Kyneton Lodge (Supported Residential Service) – 27 beds Romsey SLA Cobaw Community Health Service (visiting service - Romsey) Riddell Country Practice (Riddells Creek) - 2 GPs Macedon Ranges Health Care (Romsey) - 5 GPs Brooke Street Medical Centre (Woodend) - 8 GPs Karinya (Supported Residential Service - Lancefield) – 32 beds Balance SLA Macedon Ranges Health Service (Gisborne) Cobaw Community Health Service (visiting service - Woodend) Central Highlands Division of General Practice Inc (Gisborne) Central Highlands Medical Centre (Gisborne) - 1 GP Gisborne Medical Centre - 7 GPs Gisborne Medical Centre (Macedon Branch) - 1 GP Gisborne Medical Clinic - 2 GPs Macedon Ranges Hostel (Gisborne) – 30 beds Macedon Ranges Nursing Home (Gisborne) – 30 beds Key: GP = General Practitioner. Source: Personal Communication, 1999. There are also a number of Allied Health services offered in the Shire, including Physiotherapy and Podiatry. Some of these are discussed further in section 7.3. 7.2 Hospital Admissions There were 2,130 in-patient hospital separations from Kyneton District Health Service in 1996/97 and 2,026 in 1997/98. In 1996/97, 81.2 percent (1,730) of these were Shire residents, while a further 2.8 percent were residents from the Region outside the Shire. In 1997/98, 78.6 percent (1,593) were Shire residents, while a further 6 percent were Region residents outside the Shire. Table 16 shows the number of separations by age grouping and gender for Kyneton District Health Service in 1996/97 and 1997/98. Diagnoses for hospital admissions can be grouped on several levels. International Classification of Disease (ICD) codes are too detailed to summarise general health issues. For the purposes of this profile, there are two relevant ICD code groupings - Diagnostic Related Grouping (DRG), for example “Asthma”; and Major Diagnostic Categories (MDC), which are groupings of DRGs, for example “Respiratory System”. The top 10 DRGs and top 10 MDCs for residents of the Shire admitted to Victorian public hospitals in 1997/98, are shown in Tables 17 and 18, respectively.

23 A Profile of the Shire of Macedon Ranges

Table 16: Kyneton District Health Service Separations by Age and Sex for 1996/97 and 1997/98 1996/97 1997/98 Age Group Males Females Total Males Females Total 0-9 136 107 243 156 89 245 10-19 36 69 105 37 45 82 20-29 53 200 253 37 199 236 30-39 96 271 367 76 241 317 40-49 109 193 302 91 174 265 50-59 87 142 229 66 166 232 60-69 96 98 194 96 80 176 70-79 137 121 258 135 115 250 80+ 63 116 179 95 128 223 65+ 251 290 541 290 283 573 Total 813 1,317 2,130 789 1,237 2,026 Source: Victorian In-patient Minimum Database, 1996/97; Victorian In-patient Minimum Database, 1997/98. Table 17: Top 10 DRGs based upon Victorian Public Hospital Separations for Macedon Ranges (S) Residents 1997/98 Number of Percentage of Total Rank Diagnostic Related Grouping (DRG) Separations Separations (%) 1 Admit For Dialysis 507 8.7 2 Neonatal Wt>2499, No Significant Problem 253 4.4 3 Chemotherapy 176 3.0 4 Vaginal Delivery without Complicated Conditions 166 2.9 5 Rehabilitation 123 2.1 6 Abortion, Curettage, Hysterotomy 91 1.6 7 Tonsillectomy & /or Adenoidectomy 80 1.4 8 Conisation, Vagina, Cervix & Vulva Procedure 70 1.2 9 Other Colonoscopy without Complicated Conditions 67 1.2 10 Dental Extractions & Restorations 63 1.1 Total of Top 10 DRGs 1,596 27.6 Source: Victorian In-patient Minimum Database, 1997/98. Table 18: Top 10 MDCs based upon Victorian Public Hospital Separations for Macedon Ranges (S) Residents 1997/98 Number of Percentage of Total Rank Major Diagnostic Category (MDC) Separations Separations (%) 1 Kidney & Urinary Tract 715 12.3 2 Pregnancy, Childbirth & the Puerperium 570 9.8 3 Digestive System 508 8.7 4 Musculoskeletal System & Connective Tissue 467 8.0 5 Ear, Nose, Mouth & Throat 360 6.2 6 Circulatory System 354 6.1 7 Newborns & Other Neonates 334 5.7 8 Respiratory System 316 5.4 9 Nervous System 313 5.4 10 Female Reproductive System 296 5.1 Total of Top 10 MDCs 4,233 72.7 Source: Victorian In-patient Minimum Database, 1997/98. Hospital in-patient separations for Shire residents in 1997/98 represented the same top four DRGs, and the same top six MDCs as Region residents. The most common hospital visited by Shire residents in 1997/98 was the Kyneton District Health Service, consisting of 27.4 percent of in-patient visits by Shire residents. Table 19 lists the top ten hospitals visited by Shire residents in 1997/98. Six of the top ten hospitals visited

24 A Profile of the Shire of Macedon Ranges were located in Melbourne, consisting of 2,399 separations (or 49.9% of the total separations from the top ten hospitals). Table 19: Top Ten Hospitals Visited by Macedon Ranges (S) Residents 1997/98 Number of Percentage of Rank Hospital Separations Separations 1 Kyneton District Health Service 1,593 27.38 2 Royal Melbourne Hospital 766 13.17 3 Royal Children’s Hospital 477 8.20 4 Bendigo Health Care Group 433 7.44 5 Western Hospital 388 6.67 6 Royal Women’s Hospital 294 5.05 7 Alfred Hospital - Prahran 257 4.42 8 Austin Hospital 217 3.73 9 Mt Alexander Hospital 202 3.47 10 Kilmore & District Hospital 180 3.09 Total of top ten hospitals 4,807 82.62 All other hospitals 1,011 17.38 Total 5,818 100.00 Source: Victorian In-patient Minimum Database, 1997/98. It should be noted that Tables 16 to 19 are based upon public hospital in-patient separations (a completed hospital visit). They include re-admissions and hence they include the same individual visiting hospital for the same reason within the same year. For example, although “Admit for Dialysis” is the most common reason for Shire residents visiting Victorian public hospitals in 1997/98, this is likely to account for three to four individuals, considering that most people who visit hospital for dialysis attend three times a week. Also, not everyone with a health issue visits hospital. Hospital in-patient data does provide useful information and, if interpreted with care, an indication of the health status of a population. 7.3 Community Health There are two community health services in the Shire – Cobaw Community Health Service and Macedon Ranges Health Service (Gisborne). Figures 21 and 22 show the number of contacts for service types by five year age cohorts for Cobaw Community Health Service (CCHS) and Macedon Ranges Health Service (MRHS), respectively, in 1997/98. There were 2,903 consumer contacts with CCHS in 1997/98, the majority of which were for Physiotherapy (35.2%), followed by Speech Pathology (21.2%) and Counselling/Casework (18.4%). The age cohort which received the largest proportion of services at CCHS in 1997/98 was the 0 to 5 year group (16.2%), followed by the 70 to 75 year age group (6.9%). The service most used by children (especially 0 to 9 years) was Speech Pathology, while the middle age groups (especially 25 to 49 years) received Counselling/Casework, and the older age groups (especially 55 to 84 years) received Physiotherapy. A different pattern of service was evident at MRHS. There were 1,560 consumer contacts at the Gisborne-based MRHS in 1997/98, with the majority of these being Physiotherapy (35.5%), Counselling/Casework (29.4%) and Occupational Therapy (11.3%). In contrast to CCHS, the age cohort that received the majority of services at MRHS in 1997/98 was the 35 to 39 year group (12.4%), followed by the 60 to 65 year age group (10%). The 25 to 64 year age group received the majority of the Counselling/Casework services from both health services, while the 55 and over age groups received the majority of the Physiotherapy services.

25 A Profile of the Shire of Macedon Ranges

Figure 21: Cobaw Community Health Service Contacts by Service Type and Age Grouping 1997-98

450 Counselling/Casework 400

350 Health Promotion

300 Occupational Therapy 250 Physiotherapy 200

150 Prim Care Nursing- Agency Based 100 Primary Care Nursing 50 Occasions of Service 0 Social Work 0-4 5-9 85+

10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80-84 Speech Pathology Not stated Age Grouping (Years)

Key: Prim = Primary. Source: SWITCH, 97/98.

Figure 22: Macedon Ranges Health Service Contacts by Service Type and Age Grouping 1997-98

Counselling/Casework 450 400 Dietetics 350 Health Promotion

300 Occupational Therapy 250 Physiotherapy 200 Podiatry 150 Prim Care Nursing- 100 Agency Based 50 Primary Care Nursing Occasions of Service 0 Psychology 0-4 5-9 85+ Speech Pathology 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80-84 Support Services Not stated Age Grouping (Years)

Key: Prim = Primary. Source: SWITCH, 97/98. The majority of occasions of service (contacts) for the CCHS in 1997/98, occurred at the centre (74.3%), with 11.9 percent by phone, and 9.3 percent at a visiting centre. At MRHS in 1997/98, the majority of contacts occurred at the centre (90.2%), whilst 4.7 percent occurred at an independent residence, and 1.9 percent were by phone. In 1997/98, 610 clients (66.9% female; 32.8% male) visited the CCHS at least once, while 434 clients (67.7% female; 31.3% male) visited the MRHS during the same period.

26 A Profile of the Shire of Macedon Ranges

7.4 Mental Health A total of 73 Shire residents made 91 in-patient admissions to mental health facilities in 1998. The three most common facilities visited were Bendigo Health Care Group - Division of Psychiatry (70.3%), Royal Children’s Hospital (12.1%), and Austin and Repatriation Medical Centre (4.4%). The highest percentage of diagnoses for Shire residents in 1998 were depressive- related (32.9%) (see Figure 23). The “Other” group included a number of diagnoses, such as Conduct Disorders and Predominant Disturbance of Emotions. Figure 23: Primary Diagnoses for Mental Health In-patient Clients from Macedon Ranges (S) 1998

35

30

25

20

15 Percentage (%) 10

5

0 Drug/Alcohol Depressive Bipolar/Manic Personality Schizophrenia Adjustment Other Principal Diagnosis

Source: PRISM, 1998. Many more people received out-patient treatment during 1998, with 8,617 mental health out- patient contacts for residents living in the Shire. The 8,617 out-patient contacts were made by 287 clients, with an average of 30 contacts per person. As with in-patient diagnoses, the most common principal diagnosis for out-patient clients was depressive-related (24.7%) (see Figure 24). The “Other” group included a number of diagnoses, such as Conduct Disorder, Attention Deficit Disorder, and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. The out-patient services contacted were the Anne Caudle Centre Psychiatric Services and Bendigo Community Mental Health Service.

27 A Profile of the Shire of Macedon Ranges

Figure 24: Principal Diagnoses for Mental Health Out-patient Clients from Macedon Ranges (S) 1998

30

25

20

15

Percentage (%) 10

5

0 Drug/Alcohol Depressive Bipolar/Manic Personality Schizophrenia Adjustment Other Unknown Principal Diagnosis

Source: PRISM, 1998. Note: A number of diagnoses were missing from the database – these are categorised as “Unknown”. 7.5 Disability Data Estimates of the numbers of people with disabilities depend upon the definition of disability. The Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW) identifies an individual as having a disability if they have one or more of a group of selected limitations, restrictions or impairments which has lasted, or was likely to last, for six months or more.23 A couple of these selected limitations are loss of hearing, incomplete use of arms or fingers, long-term effects of head injury, stroke, or any other brain damage, and a mental illness requiring help or supervision. The 1998 Survey of Disability, Ageing and Carers found that nearly 20 percent of the population experience some level of disability in relation to the core activities of communication, mobility or self care.24 Many are disabled by virtue of age, so the proportion rises to 50 percent of persons over the age of 65 years. Data from this survey are not available at the level of local government area. An individual is eligible to receive the Disability Support Pension if they have an impairment of at least 20 percent and have a continuing inability to work (where work is defined as working at least 30 hours a week at award wages somewhere in Australia). In the September 1997 quarter, 648 Shire adults met the CentreLink criteria to receive the Disability Support Pension. Table 20 shows the medical condition of Shire residents who were receiving the Disability Support Pension at that time. The pensions granted prior to November 12, 1991 (as the Invalid Pension) have not been re-assessed by disability type (and therefore their medical condition is unknown); they appear as a separate item in this table. There were 260 families from the Shire’s postal areas receiving the Child Disability Allowance during the fourth quarter of 1997.

23 Australian Bureau of Statistics. (1993). Disability, Ageing and Carers: Australia, Cat. No. 4430.0. Canberra: Commonwealth Government Printer. 24 Australian Bureau of Statistics. (1998). Disability, Ageing and Carers: Summary of Findings, Cat. 4430.0. Melbourne: ABS.

28 A Profile of the Shire of Macedon Ranges

Table 20: Medical Condition of Macedon Ranges (S) Residents Receiving the Disability Support Pension, September - December 1997 Medical Condition Number Musculo-skeletal and connective tissue 179 Granted prior to 12.11.91 * 158 Psychological/psychiatric 95 Intellectual/learning 59 Circulatory system 34 Cancer/tumour 20 Endocrine and immune system 19 Respiratory system 18 Nervous system 16 Acquired brain impairment 14 Sense organs 9 Visceral disorder 9 Other conditions 18 Total 648 * Medical conditions of clients registered before the 12.11.91 were not categorised Source: CentreLink, 1998. 7.6 Mortality Data Table 21 shows the number, rate and standard mortality ratio (SMR) for selected causes of death in the Shire in 1996. The most common causes of death in the Shire in 1996 were cardiovascular disease (Ischaemic Heart Disease and Stroke) (58) and cancer (54). The SMR compares the rate of death in the Shire to Victoria. If the SMR is 1.00, then the rate for the Shire is equal to that of Victoria; if the SMR is below 1.00, then the rate for the Shire is lower than Victoria, and if it is above 1.00, the rate is higher than Victoria. While some of the SMRs differ considerably from 1.00, sometimes the numbers involved are too small for the difference to be significant. The selected causes of death found in Table 21 were not found to be significantly different from Victoria in 1996. Table 21: Number, Rate and Standardised Mortality Ratio for Selected Causes of Death in Macedon Ranges (S) 1996 Males Females Cause of Death Number Rate/10,000 SMR Number Rate/10,000 SMR Ischaemic HD 19 11.19 0.90 18 10.50 0.99 Stroke 9 5.29 1.33 12 7.00 1.19 Diabetes 3 1.77 1.05 3 1.75 1.13 Cancer 30 17.67 1.03 24 14.01 1.04 Suicide 5 2.94 1.93 0 0 0 MVAs <3 0.59 0.56 <3 0.58 1.43 Key: SMR = Standardised Mortality Ratio, where Victorian rate is 1.00;HD = heart disease; MVA = Motor Vehicle Accidents. 7.7 Burden of Disease The Global Burden of Diseases study, initiated by the World Bank, and the World Health Organisation (WHO), found mortality and morbidity data to be an inadequate indicator of health status and quality of life, and concept of disease and injury “burden” has since been developed as a more appropriate indicator.25

25 Public Health and Development Division of the Department of Human Services. (March 1999). Health Focus: Current public health issues and developments for Victoria. Melbourne: Department of Human Services

29 A Profile of the Shire of Macedon Ranges

The Victorian Burden of Disease study aims to quantify and compare the burden of diseases, injuries and risk factors in Victoria. The study measures burden using the time-based unit, Disability-Adjusted Life Year (DALY), which expresses the number of years of life lost due to premature death, and the number of years of life lived with a disability as a result of a particular disease or injury, weighted by severity.26 Years of Life Lost (YLL) are determined by the average life expectancy at age of death. Table 22 provides a list of the major causes of premature death which are significantly higher in Macedon Ranges (S) and Mount Alexander (S), compared to Victoria in 1996. In this table, Macedon Ranges (S) is combined with Mount Alexander (S) because their populations are too small to report separately. The two major causes of Years of Life Lost for residents of these two Shires are cardio-vascular disease (28.2/1,000 for males; 24.15/1,000 for females), followed by cancer (20.91/1,000 for males; 19.21/1,000 for females). This is not different to Victoria. The causes of premature Years of Life Lost for Macedon Ranges (S) and Mount Alexander (S) which are significantly higher than Victoria are neuro-psychiatric disorders, or more specifically, dementia, for females, and injuries, or more specifically, self-inflicted intentional injuries (eg. suicide), and lower respiratory tract infections, for males. It is also interesting to note that the total Years of Life Lost for all causes of premature death for females in the two Shires is significantly higher than for the whole of Victoria. A table showing the standardised rate of Years of Life Lost for all causes of premature death in 1996 is attached as Appendix F. Table 22: Significantly High Standardised Rates of Years of Life Lost per 1,000 Population in Mount Alexander (S)/ Macedon Ranges (S) Compared to Victoria 1996 Cause of Years of Life Lost Mount Alexander/ Victoria Macedon Ranges Males Rate per 1,000 Rate per 1,000 Lower Respiratory Tract Infections 1.36 0.71 Injuries 15.31 10.17 Self-inflicted Intentional Injuries 6.95 4.11 Females Neuro-psychiatric Disorders 4.52 3.18 Dementia 2.45 1.53 Source: Burden of Diseases, Department of Human Services, 1999.

26 Epidemiology Branch, Department of Human Services. (in draft). The Victorian Burden of Disease and Cost-Effectiveness Study: Volume I. Melbourne: Department of Human Services.

30 A Profile of the Shire of Macedon Ranges

8. TRANSPORT 8.1 Transport Systems The Shire is located between Melbourne and the large Victorian Provincial City of Bendigo. Recent upgrades to the Calder Highway, and the Melbourne-Bendigo railway (which runs parallel to the Calder Highway; see Figure 3), have improved the transport system between Melbourne and Bendigo. Trains run between Kyneton and Melbourne every couple of hours. There are no town buses in any of the towns in the Shire, so the public move around within town via their own transport, taxis or walking. There are taxi services located in Kyneton, Woodend, Gisborne, and Romsey. There is a bus route between Kyneton and Bendigo, and Lancefield and Sunbury, which transports people to and from work each day. There are also two transport cooperatives that bus people to Melbourne and the northern suburbs. Because the Shire has a spread of small towns, transport within the Shire is a problem – particularly for the eastern side, which has neither a highway or railway line. This is especially an issue for youth and older people who do not have their own transport. The upgrade of the Calder Highway will lead to further towns in the Shire being by-passed. The change in the traffic flow in and around these towns may have a significant effect upon the level of population and economic conditions in those centres. 8.2 Road Accident Statistics A consequence of the dependence on private vehicles is the number of vehicular accidents. There was a total of 595 road accidents in the Shire between 1991 and 1995, with 23 of them (3.9%) involving at least one fatality, and a further 187 (31.4%) involving serious injury. Table 23 displays the type of road accident, with almost half (45.9%) being a collision with another vehicle, followed by a collision with a fixed object (29.6%). Table 23: Types of Road Accidents in Macedon Ranges (S) 1991-1995 Category No. % Collision with vehicle 273 45.9 Collision with a fixed object 176 29.6 Vehicle overturned (no collision) 47 7.9 No collision and no object struck 30 5.0 Struck pedestrian 26 4.4 Collision with some other object 20 3.4 Struck animal 14 2.4 Fall from or in moving vehicle 9 1.5 Total 595 100 Source: VicRoads, 1999. The road surface was dry in the majority (70.9%) of road accidents in the Shire between 1991 and 1995, with wet conditions accounting for approximately one quarter of accidents (25.4%) (see Figure 25). Black ice is prevalent on some roads in the Macedon Ranges Forest, causing hazardous conditions for road users. According to VicRoads, however, a relatively small number of road accidents (12) occurred on icy roads between 1991 and 1995. The month with the lowest number of road accidents in the Shire between 1991 and 1995 was July (33), while the highest number occurred in January (60). While looking at the day of the week when road accidents occurred between 1991 and 1995, Tuesday had the lowest number (69), while Sunday had the highest number (120), accounting for 20.2 percent of all accidents.

31 A Profile of the Shire of Macedon Ranges

Figure 25: Road Surface at Location of Road Accidents in Macedon Ranges (S) 1991-1995

450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 Number of Road Accidents 0 Dry Wet Muddy Icy Unknown Type of Weather Condition

Source: VicRoads, 1999. Table 24 shows the number of road accidents for each year between 1991 and 1995 in the Shire and the Region. The lowest number of road accidents occurred in 1993 for the Shire (16.1%) and 1992 for the Region (19.4%), while the highest number occurred in 1995 for the Shire (22.7%) and 1991 for the Region (21.2%). Most accidents in the Shire occurred during the day (71.4%; 425), followed by night time (24.7%; 147), and dusk or dawn (3.9%; 23). According to public hospital in-patient data, the Kyneton District Health Service received ten visits as the result of motor vehicle accidents (MVAs)27 in the 1997/98 financial year. All ten visits, consisting of 6 males and 4 females, were residents of the Shire. Fifty percent of these visits were by people aged between 50 and 69 years old, while the remaining was between 10 and 39. Fifty percent were driving the motor vehicle at the time, while the remaining were either passengers, pedestrians or motorcyclists. Table 24: Number of Road Accidents by Year in Macedon Ranges (S) and the Loddon Mallee Region 1991-1995 Year Macedon Ranges (S) Loddon Mallee Region 1991 119 976 1992 122 893 1993 96 894 1994 123 920 1995 135 917 Source: VicRoads, 1999. When looking at in-patient visits for all public hospitals in Victoria, there were 51 Shire residents admitted as the result of a MVA in the 1997/98 financial year (64.7% male; 35.3% female). Almost one half (45.2%) were aged 15 to 29, while 19.6 percent were over 65 years old. Just over half (51%) of the MVA-related hospital separations were drivers of the motor vehicle, while 23.5 percent were motorcyclists (see Table 25). See Table 26 for the top five hospitals visited by Shire residents as an in-patient as a result of an MVA in 1997/98. The place of occurrence of the MVA (ie. inside or outside the Shire) is unknown.

27 Victorian In-patient Minimum Database (VIMD). 1997/98. (ICD-9 codes were 810 to 825).

32 A Profile of the Shire of Macedon Ranges

Table 25: Position of Injured Person in Motor Vehicle Accidents, Macedon Ranges (S) Residents 1997/98 Position of Injured Person Number Percentage (%) Driver 26 51.0 Motorcyclist 12 23.5 Passenger 10 19.6 Pedestrian 3 5.9 Total 51 100.0 Source: VIMD, 1997/98. Table 26: Top Five Victorian Public Hospitals Visited as the Result of a Motor Vehicle Accident, Macedon Ranges (S) Residents 1997/98 Public Hospital Number Percentage (%) Royal Melbourne Hospital 13 25.5 Alfred Hospital (Prahran) 11 21.6 Kyneton District Health Service 10 19.6 Royal Children’s Hospital 4 7.8 Austin Hospital 3 5.9 Total of other hospitals 10 19.6 Total 51 100.0 Source: VIMD, 1997/98.

33 A Profile of the Shire of Macedon Ranges

9. FAMILY AND HOUSING 9.1 Rental Housing Stock There were a total of 215 DHS (public) rental stock dwellings in the Shire as of May 1999 (see Table 27). The majority of these were three bedroom houses (68.4%), with the highest number of DHS houses being located in Kyneton (53.5%), followed by Woodend (18.6%) and Gisborne (18.1%). There were a total of 14 movable units in the Shire, while the remaining were general rental stock. Macedon Ranges Shire Council also play a significant role in the provision of housing. All local governments have a broad role in the provision of housing through planning schemes and infrastructure, but Macedon Ranges Shire Council (MRSC) has a more specific role of providing housing services.28 Macedon Ranges Shire Council has approximately 30 dwellings throughout the Shire, currently occupied by aged people, single parent families, other families, and single people. The Shire Council is experiencing higher maintenance costs with their housing stock as the dwellings become older.28 Ongoing local government budget constraints are also placing pressure on the maintenance of the Shire Council’s housing stock. Table 27: Number of DHS Houses by Number of Bedrooms for Towns in Macedon Ranges (S) May 1999 Town 1 BR 2 BR 3 BR 4 BR RMU Total Gisborne 18 3 13 2 3 39 Kyneton 11 17 86 1 115 Lancefield 1 3 4 Lauriston 1 1 Macedon 6 6 Malmsbury 1 1 New Gisborne 2 2 Riddells Creek 3 3 Romsey 3 1 4 Woodend 2 35 3 40 Total 29 22 147 3 14 215 Key: BR = bedroom/s; RMU = movable unit. Source: DHS Housing. There are currently 144 household applicants on the waiting list for DHS houses in the Shire. The majority of applicants are waiting for three-bedroom houses (38.2%), followed by two- (36.1%) and one-bedroom (23.6%) houses. There are four waiting list segments in the Region. Waiting times on two of these segments are less than two months, while for people with disabilities, the waiting times are dependent upon the availability of suitable housing stock. The fourth segment is for persons without priority access to low cost housing, where the waiting time is up to five years (60 months). The majority of the Shire applicants fall into the unsuitable housing and no priority access segments. A Loddon Campaspe Housing Needs Assessment found the Shire to have the lowest supply of public housing in the Loddon Campaspe region, with one unit of public housing stock for every 193 people, compared to 69 people for the Loddon Campaspe Region, and 58 for the State in 1996.29 The turnover rate for DHS rental stock in the Region is approximately 16 percent per annum.30 The Shire is the third highest target in the Region for rental general stock in 1999/2000. The specific targets for the Shire in 1999/2000 for (DHS) rental general stock include four one-

28 Holst, H., & Merton, E. (May, 1998). Macedon Ranges Shire Housing Strategy: Final Report. Bendigo: TBA Planners Pty Ltd. 29 Burchell, A., & Holst, H. (1997). Loddon Campaspe Regional Housing Needs Assessment. 30 Department of Human Services. (1999). http://www.dhs.vic.gov.au/REGIONAL/LODDON/clientsv/clients.htm#housing.

34 A Profile of the Shire of Macedon Ranges bedroom households for older persons, two one-bedroom households for single persons, and two two-bedroom households for families.31 The most common family type renting DHS housing stock in the Shire in 1996 was the one parent family (32.7%), followed by the single person (30%) (see Figure 26). Figure 26: Selected Family Status for DHS Housing Stock Residents 1996

Lone Person 45

Sole Parent Family 49

Couple without 18 Children

Couple with Children 35

0 1020304050 Number of Households

Source: CDATA96, B25. The waiting list for private rental stock in the Shire is also high. The estimated vacancy rate over the three months leading to December 1996 was 1.5 percent, half the crucial vacancy rate of 3 percent, which is widely taken to indicate a well balanced rental market.28 Rental agencies in the Shire stated that the demand for rental housing increased from 1995 to 1996, and they expected the demand to continue increasing.28 9.2 Household Size and Status There were a total of 10,497 dwellings in the Shire in 1996, with an average of three people in each dwelling (see Table 28). Thirty-eight (0.4%) of these dwellings were occupied by indigenous persons in 1996, with a total of 124 people usually resident in them. Table 28: Structure of Dwellings in Macedon Ranges (S) 1996 Structure of dwelling Separate Semi- Flat Caravan Tent Shop Not Total House detached stated Number of Dwellings 9,885 96 281 63 0 47 125 10,497 Total number of persons 29,892 204 396 82 3 103 328 31,008 usually resident in dwelling Average number of persons 3.0 2.1 1.4 1.3 0.0 2.2 2.6 3.0 per dwelling Key: Semi-detached = Semi-detached, row or terrace house, townhouse, etc; Flat = Flat, unit, or apartment; Caravan = Caravan, cabin or houseboat; Tent = Improvised home, tent, sleepers out; Shop = House or flat attached to shop, office, etc. Source: ABS Indigenous Profile, 21. Figure 27 displays the ownership status for all households in the Shire in 1996. More households were owned in the Shire in 1996 (43.5%), than were being rented (14.3%) or in the process of being purchased (37.8%).

31 Probert, T. (August, 1999). Personal Communication.

35 A Profile of the Shire of Macedon Ranges

Figure 27: Overall Ownership of Households in Macedon Ranges (S) 1996

Not Stated 218

Other 261

Rented Other 1,345

Rented Housing Authority 150

Rent Buy 42

Being Purchased 4,060

4,672 Owned

0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 Number of Households

Source: CDATA96, B25. Appendix G displays the household ownership status for the Shire in 1996. The majority of owned households are occupied by a couple with children (39.1%), followed by a couple without children (30.7%). Likewise, the majority of households in the process of being purchased are occupied by a couple with children (64.5%), followed by a couple without children (18.3%). The majority of rented households are occupied by a single person (28.0%), followed by a couple with children (26.9%). Kyneton had more rental applicants than properties, and a 60 month estimated waiting list for private rental houses in 1996.32 In fact Kyneton, with an average of 25 applicants per 11 properties, was the town with the greatest need for private rental properties in 1996.

9.3 Family Size and Composition Table 29 shows the number of family members by family type in the Shire’s households in 1996. The average number of children per couple family was 2.1, while for one parent families it was 1.6. There were 1,837 persons living alone in the Shire in 1996, while there were 9,902 parents living in a household with children.

Table 29: Numbers of Family Members by Family Type in Macedon Ranges (S) Households 1996 Family Type Number Couple family: Number of parents with children 9,902 Couple family: Number of children 10,202 Couple family: Number of parents without children 5,208 One parent family: Number of lone parents 996 One parent family: Number of children 1,596 Lone persons 1,837 Total (including other categories not shown) 32,362 Source: CDATA96, B22.

32 Holst, H. (February 1999). The Housing Needs of Low Income Single People in the Loddon Mallee Region. Bendigo: Tenancy Support and Consultancy.

36 A Profile of the Shire of Macedon Ranges

10. SERVICE SYSTEMS 10.1 Primary Health and Community Support (PHACS) The Primary Health and Community Support (PHACS) sector includes aged, community and mental health services. The Victorian-wide PHACS reform aims to “improve the health status and quality of life of the community, encourage independence and reduce the burden of disease, ill-health and disability, by creating a robust, integrated, consumer responsive primary health and community support service system”.33 The outcome of the reform is expected to offer a more cost-effective balance of resources, while enabling services to retain a separate identity and location, but to form common systems, protocols, procedures and practices, in order to create a local seamless service system for the community. The outcomes for the PHACS reform include: • Improved service accessibility, quality and responsiveness to consumers, their carers, families, and referrers; • Increased provider capacity to implement the social model of health; • Making services more cohesive through implementation of a range of integration mechanisms; and • The creation of service coordination links between PHACS providers and the broader healthcare and support system. There are five proposed service delivery areas in the Region. The Shire has been combined with Mount Alexander (S) and Central Goldfields (S) to form the Southern service delivery area, which had an enumerated population of 63,781 in 1996. 10.2 Youth and Family Services The majority of youth and family programs are provided by services within the Shire, while some are provided by Region-wide services. From the 42 youth and family services provided, approximately one third of them (35.7%) are pre-school or childcare programs. The current DHS-funded youth and family services in the Shire are shown in Appendix H. 10.3 Specialist Services 10.3.1 Psychiatric Services The John Bomford Centre, Division of Psychiatry, Bendigo Health Care Group (BHCG), provides psychiatric services to residents in the Region. The John Bomford Centre delivers three key services: Child, Adolescent and Family Mental Health Services, Adult Mental Health Services, and bed-based units.34 Child, Adolescent and Family Mental Health Services are targeted at children and adolescents up to the age of 16 years with serious psychiatric disorders detrimental to psycho-social development and/or where it leads to serious difficulties in the person's social or family environment. The key service elements are the assessment and treatment service and in-patient services incorporating a small unit in Hopper Street, Bendigo. The service also accesses interventions provided by Child and Family specialist services in Melbourne.34 The Adult Mental Health Service targets adults between 16 and 64 years with serious mental illness, including those suffering from a severe personality disorder where the person's behaviour

33 Aged, Community and Mental Health Division. (1998). A Stronger Primary Health and Community Support System: Policy Directions. Melbourne: Victorian Government Department of Human Services. 34 Bendigo Health Care Group. (1999). http://www.hitech.net.au/bendigo_health/

37 A Profile of the Shire of Macedon Ranges places themselves or others at risk of harm. The key service elements include the community- based Crisis Assessment and Treatment (CAT) Service, Mobile Treatment and Support Service, clinical and consultancy services, high dependency bed-based services, acute in-patient services, residential and non-residential rehabilitation services, and disability support services.34 An in-patient bed unit in Bendigo contains 24 beds, while there are 14 additional beds for supported extended care and treatment in community residential houses within Bendigo.34 10.3.2 Juvenile Justice Service Malmsbury Juvenile Justice Centre is the largest centre in Victoria for young men aged 17 to 21 years that have been sentenced to a period of detention in a Youth Training Centre by the Magistrates Court.35 The capacity of Malmsbury Juvenile Justice Centre is 74 following a major redevelopment of the centre in 1996 and 1997. Approximately $13.5 million was invested in a major upgrade of some of the existing facilities, as well as the construction of new buildings. The centre retains an open campus model with observation by staff and rewards to trainees as the major management tools. However a secure recreation area has been built on the Intake Unit and there is state of the art internal security in all bedrooms and state of the art fire systems.35 The centre currently includes a campus of the Bendigo Region Institute of TAFE and has a health team responsible for the provision of alcohol and drug counselling, basic medical services and counselling.35 10.3.3 Sexual Assault Services The Loddon Campaspe Region’s Centre Against Sexual Assault (CASA) services the Region. There were 460 registrations with CASA in the 1996/97 financial year, with 88.3 percent of these being female.36 The services which CASA provides to the Shire include two outreach workers who are located at St Luke’s Family Service in Kyneton one day a week, and many services which are offered from Bendigo, including an after hours Crisis Care Unit. The Crisis Care Unit, which receives 24 hour referrals from Police Departments, Accident and Emergency (A&E) Departments, and the CASA Statewide after hours phone service (based in Melbourne), travels to all parts of the Region. Isolation is an issue for some people who live outside Kyneton (where the outreach workers visit) and do not have access to transport (particularly from the eastern side of the Shire). There is sometimes a need for the outreach workers to service other towns within the Shire, but this is not always possible. The availability of hours (10am to 4pm) for the outreach counselling service is also an issue for some people who are working during this time, or have childcare problems. These issues of accessibility also make it difficult for Shire residents to receive some of the services, such as group work, which are only offered in Bendigo. 10.3.4 Drug and Alcohol Services The alcohol and drug (A&D) services in the Shire include A&D specific counselling at Cobaw Community Health Service, a Youth Outreach position at CCHS, and a Rural Withdrawal Service, auspiced by Maryborough DHS, also with a worker based at CCHS. The A&D counselling targets the general population in the whole Shire. The Youth Outreach worker, which targets people up to 21 years of age, mixes with the young people, and attends youth activities and programs. The worker engages the youth in their environment, linking them with other services where appropriate, such as the Withdrawal Service. Cobaw Community Health Service

35 Loddon Mallee Department of Human Services/ (1999). http:///www.dhs.vic.gov.au/regional/loddon/clientsv/ client.htm#malmsb 36 Loddon Mallee Regional Department of Human Services. (June 1998). Loddon Mallee Regional Women’s Health Report 1998. Bendigo: Loddon Mallee Regional Planning Branch. http:\\www.dhs.vic.gov.au/ regional/loddon/index.htm.

38 A Profile of the Shire of Macedon Ranges also runs a number of one-off prevention education programs, often linking with schools in the Shire. Although access to methadone programs is seen as a problem in most places, it is particularly a problem in the Shire because of the limited registered methadone prescribers. The supply of drugs may also be an issue in the Shire, considering it’s proximity to Melbourne. A Rural Withdrawal Service is being established, which will cover Central Goldfields (S), Mount Alexander (S), and Macedon Ranges (S). The Loddon Mallee Regional DHS currently purchases $1.88 million worth of drug treatment services for the Region. The Turning The Tide strategy receives $375,000 of this. The additional Turning The Tide funding has allowed an increase in counselling, consultancy and continuing care services, together with new services including youth counselling, youth Supported Accommodation, youth outreach, and Supported Accommodation combined with a Day Rehabilitation program. The Supported Accommodation/Day Rehabilitation program, located in Bendigo, offers a ten week program to residents of the Region. A Women’s A&D Supported Accommodation service is also being established in Bendigo, and a Youth Residential Rehabilitation service is being established in Melbourne, which Shire residents will have access to. 10.3.5 Disability Services The DHS has responsibilities under the Intellectually Disabled Person’s Services Act 1986 and Disability Services Act 1991 to provide services to people with disabilities. Table 30 shows the gender and ages of Shire clients with a Disability in 1998-99. Of particular interest are the 10 to 15 year age grouping, which shows more than three times as many males as females. Table 30: Gender and Age of Macedon Ranges (S) Clients with a Disability 1998-99 Age (years) Females Males 5-9 5 7 10-15 6 20 16-24 19 22 25-34 21 18 35-50 13 15 50-64 10 12 65+ 8 8 Total 82 102 Source: DISCIS, 1998/99. Disability services funded by the DHS have historically been focussed on clients with an intellectual disability. This has now broadened and in the Shire there are currently day services provided by Windarring ATSS (Adult Training and Support Services) for people with a range of disabilities. There are also a number of houses in Woodend and Kyneton that provide accommodation for people with disabilities under the Department’s Community Based Accommodation Program. In addition, respite for children is provided through the Making a Difference Program and Loddon Mallee Interchange. Community Care Options also provides a service to people with Acquired Brain Injury (ABI). There is a Special School in Sunbury, for which the Shire is part of the catchment. A joint project between the Central Highland Association for People with Disabilities and St Luke’s Family Care is attempting to forecast the needs of people with disabilities for housing, respite and other services in Macedon Ranges (S) and Mount Alexander (S). Table 31 shows the types of services currently being accessed by its residents with a disability both inside and outside the Shire.

39 A Profile of the Shire of Macedon Ranges

Table 31: Types of Services Received by Macedon Ranges (S) Clients with a Disability 1998-99 Service Type Number Receiving Service Adult Day Service (ATSS) 64 Behaviour Intervention 10 Community Based Accommodation 33 Family Support 3 Funding 7 Outreach 4 Respite 18 Training Centre 20 Unknown 101 Total* 260 *Clients may receive more than one service Source: DISCIS Database, 98/99. 10.3.6 Specialist Women’s Health Service The Loddon Mallee Women’s Health Service, located in Bendigo, is a non-government organisation which provides free information and services in relation to all aspects of women’s health. The services offered include health counselling and information, referral, community education and information, worker training, consultation, and direct clinical service. The goal of the Loddon Mallee Women’s Health Service is to improve the health and well-being of all women in the Region. 10.3.7 Aged Care Services A range of aged care health services are offered to Shire residents from the Bendigo Health Care Group, Macedon Ranges Shire Council, Kyneton District Health Service, Cobaw Community Health Service, Macedon Ranges Health Service (Gisborne), and the Interchange Loddon Mallee Region. See Appendix I for a list of the Aged Care services, and the agencies that provide these services, in the Shire for 1998/99. In common with other regional areas, care and treatment of dementia sufferers in the Shire is an issue that requires addressing. There are recently established Cognitive Dementia and Assessment Memory Services (CDAMS) in Bendigo and Castlemaine, which service the Region. 10.3.8 Visiting Acute Specialists There are a number of specialists who regularly visit Kyneton District Health Service to provide medical and surgical clinical services. They offer a number of speciality services, with the most common including Cardiology, Gastroenterology, Oncology/Radiology, Neurology, Respiratory, ENT (Ear, Nose, Throat), Gynaecology, Orthopaedics, Plastics, and Urology. 10.3.9 Rehabilitation Services The demand for rehabilitation and sub-acute rehabilitation services needs to be clearly identified, and strategies developed with local service providers, to ensure that demand for these specific services can be met as far as possible. Cobaw Community Health Service and Macedon Ranges Health Service (Gisborne) offer some rehabilitation services, while some Shire residents travel to Bendigo to access the John Lindell Rehabilitation Centre.

40 A Profile of the Shire of Macedon Ranges

10.4 Emergency Services 10.4.1 Emergency Management Emergency management involves putting into place preventative measures to enhance the safety of individuals and communities.37 All communities have an emergency response and emergency recovery plan. The Emergency Management Act 1986 defines emergency as “an emergency due to the actual or imminent occurrence of an event which in any way endangers or threatens to endanger the safety or health of any person in Victoria or which destroys or damages, or threatens to destroy or damage, any property in Victoria including, without limiting the generality of the foregoing: • an earthquake, flood, windstorm or other natural event • a fire • an explosion • a road accident or other accident • a plague or epidemic • a warlike act; whether directed at Victoria or part of Victoria or at any other State or Territory of the Commonwealth • a hi-jack siege or riot.” 38 The Victorian Department of Human Services has been designated as the principal recovery planning and management agency under the State Disaster Recovery Plan. Recovery, under this plan, is defined as “the process by which a community is helped to return to its proper level of functioning after an emergency." In the event of an emergency, DHS is responsible for ensuring that adequate provision is made for personal support, advice and information services, temporary accommodation, material aid, financial assistance for displaced persons and the re-establishment of dwellings and community re-development. The DHS ensures that these functions are undertaken and that recovery is progressing effectively through its liaison and co-ordination role with Municipalities and other agencies, including the Australian Red Cross, the Salvation Army, the Victorian Council of Churches, Centrelink, and Insurance Council of Australia. The Loddon Mallee Region’s DHS Regional Director is responsible for emergency management in the Region, while the Emergency Management Officer is the Region’s DHS Corporate Services Manager. Macedon Ranges Shire Council also play a crucial role in emergency management, and have an Emergency Recovery Plan and an Emergency Relief Recovery Centre Manager’s Kit. A number of services are involved in the Shire’s emergency management, including the Rural Ambulance Service, Police, Country Fire Authority (CFA), and State Emergency Service (SES). The National Resources Environment (NRE) also plays a role in emergency management (eg. providing graders for bush fires). 10.4.2 Ambulance Services In the Shire there are ambulance services located in Kyneton, Woodend and Gisborne. According to recent Rural Ambulance Service boundary changes, these services fall into the Region. Although there have been issues around Lancefield and Romsey being serviced by Kyneton and Woodend in the past, it has recently been announced that a new ambulance service will be located in Romsey in 2000/2001.

37 Emergency Management Policy Division, Department of Justice. (June 1999). Year 2000: Emergency Management Planning. Melbourne: Department of Justice, Victoria. 38 Corporate Services, Department of Human Services. (February 1999). Emergency Services. internet: http://intranet_1/ regional/eastern/admiserv/emergncy.htm#emergman.

41 A Profile of the Shire of Macedon Ranges

10.4.3 Police Services Currently police districts "O1" (Loddon Campaspe) and "I1" (Broadmeadows) govern the Shire. The police stations in the Shire are located in all the major towns, including Gisborne, Kyneton, Lancefield, Macedon, Malmsbury, Riddells Creek, Romsey, and Woodend. Currently Bendigo Headquarters governs the stations in the "O1" district, and Melbourne Headquarters governs stations in the "I1" district. As of November 1999 however, new police boundaries will come into existence, and the Shire will be covered by Region 3, which approximates the DHS Loddon Mallee Region. When these new districts become operational, there will be an Inspector stationed in Kyneton, who will be responsible for Macedon Ranges (S), Mount Alexander (S) and Loddon (S), while a Superintendent, located in Bendigo, will be responsible for Region 3. It is expected that any specific Shire governance issues between Bendigo and Melbourne will be resolved when the new boundaries come into effect. Any emergency management issues in the Shire will be overseen by the Kyneton-based Inspector, the next superior based in Bendigo, and the superior for Bendigo who will be based in Melbourne. 10.4.4 Emergency Services There are two SES regions in the DHS Loddon Mallee Region. The North-West SES region, which covers the Shire, also covers the , Loddon (S), Mount Alexander (S), and Central Goldfields (S). There are two SES units located in the Shire - situated in Gisborne and Woodend. 10.4.5 Fire Services There are two CFA regions which cover the Shire - Region 14 (office located in Melton) and Region 15 (office located in Ballarat). Table 32 displays the brigade locations in the Shire for Regions 14 and 15, and the approximate number of volunteers which service these units. There are approximately 1,314 CFA volunteers in the Shire. Table 32: Country Fire Authority Brigades in Macedon Ranges (S) and Number of Members 1999 Region 14 Region 15 Brigade Location No. of Members Brigade Location No. of Members Woodend 86 Benloch 44 Gisborne 47 Kyneton 83 Macedon 48 Pastoria 75 Mount Macedon 40 Tylden 112 Heskett-Kerrie 73 Carlsruhe 74 Lancefield 109 Malmsbury 45 Romsey 70 Spring Hill 54 Springfield 104 Darraweit-Guim 71 Newham 48 Bolinda-Monnegeetta 45 Clarkfield 86 Key: No. = number. Source: Personal communication, CFA Regions 14 and 15, 1999. There were 373 emergency relief vouchers distributed in the Shire in the 1998/99 financial year.39 During this period, the Victorian gas crisis was experienced (September - October 1998).

39 Macedon Ranges Shire Council. (1999). Personal Communication.

42 A Profile of the Shire of Macedon Ranges

11. KEY ISSUES As a result of the data provided in this profile, and in consultation with the Steering Committee, a number of issues pertinent to the planning and provision of services in the Shire have been identified. 11.1 Population Changes The Shire has the highest projected population growth rate in the Region. The migration of families with young children into the Shire has contributed to the high number of under 14 year olds. The increasing population of older people is also apparent in projections for the 55 to 64 year old age group, which estimated an increase of 2,355 from 1996 to 2006. The demand upon health and other services is expected to increase as a result of these population changes. 11.2 Socio-economic Differences The Shire appears to be less disadvantaged, by the socio-economic criteria used in this profile, than the other LGAs in the Region. On the basis of the 1996 Index of Relative Socio-Economic Disadvantage, the Shire was less disadvantaged than the Region and State. Within the Shire, however, the Kyneton SLA has a relatively low socio-economic status, compared to the Romsey and Balance SLAs. The socio-economic disadvantage of the Kyneton SLA is also reflected in lower weekly household income, the high number of DHS rental stock, and the large number of people on the waiting lists for DHS and private rental stock. 11.3 Educational Needs The increasing number of children aged 14 and under in the Shire is placing a high demand on childcare and educational services. The enrolment numbers in primary schools in the Shire increased by 117.6 places from 1998 to 1999, and in secondary colleges by 85.6 places. 11.4 Intra-Shire Transport There is a shortage of transport between towns within the Shire, except via V-line and the daily commuter bus route along the Calder Highway, between Kyneton and Bendigo, and Lancefield and Sunbury. This is particularly a problem for people who live in the eastern side of the Shire, where there is no highway or rail service. The shortage of intra-Shire transport is especially an issue for young people and older people without transport. Those who do not have their own transport must rely on taxis, walking, or private arrangements, as there are no local/domestic bus services in the Shire. 11.5 Housing The majority of Shire applicants for DHS housing are on waiting list segments three and four – where there is a 1.6 month and up to 60 month wait. The Shire, with 144 applicants, is the third highest target in the Region for increased rental general stock in 1999/2000. The specific targets include four one-bedroom households for older people, two one-bedroom households for single people, and two two-bedroom households for families. The low vacancy rate for private housing stock also contributes to the high demand of houses in the Shire. Macedon Ranges Shire Council owns approximately 30 dwellings, but they are finding their stock increasing expensive to maintain.

43 A Profile of the Shire of Macedon Ranges

11.6 Other Issues Other issues which require further research, and may require attention in the Shire, include: • Access and Provision of Health Services Although it is useful to look at levels of access for service data, it must be noted that this does not represent the level of need for services. For example, the low number of people accessing community health podiatry services is not an indication of a low need for this service. In fact, Mount Alexander (S) provides a podiatry service to many Shire residents. Likewise, the types of services accessed may not be indicative of the need. For example, while there may be a variety of traditional services available and accessed, there may be a need for alternative services and therapies. • Service Redevelopment The impact of the Primary Health and Community Support (PHACS) service redevelopment on the delivery of these services in the Shire is yet to be known. • Sexual Assault Services There may be a need for a new model of delivery for sexual assault services in the Shire. The hours of delivery are especially an issue for residents. • Rehabilitation The demand for rehabilitation and sub-acute rehabilitation services needs to be clearly identified. Strategies need to be developed with local service providers to ensure that demand for these specific services can be adequately met. • Drug and Alcohol Services Access to methadone programs is viewed as a problem in the Shire. The supply of drugs in the Shire may also be more of an issue compared to other LGAs within the Region, because of the Shire’s proximity to Melbourne. • Occupational Health The high number of Professionals and Associate Professionals residing in the Shire may be contributing to a high amount of stress. There may be a need to conduct some research into this area to discover whether, in fact, there is a problem with workplace stress. The distance many residents are travelling to work may also contribute to high levels of stress.

44 A Profile of the Shire of Macedon Ranges

12. APPENDICES A Estimated Resident Populations of Macedon Ranges (S) SLAs and LGA by 5 Year Age Cohorts 1996 B Enumerated Populations for Macedon Ranges (S) SLAs for 1986, 1991 and 1996 C Number of Persons by Age Grouping and Place of Residence in 1991 who lived in Macedon Ranges (S) in 1996 D Number of Persons by Age Grouping and Place of Residence in 1996 who lived in Macedon Ranges (S) in 1991 E Pre-Schools, Primary Schools, Secondary Colleges, Childcare Centres, and Technical Campus Enrolment Numbers in Macedon Ranges (S) 1998 and 1999 F Standardised Rates of Years of Life Lost per 1000 population by Major Causes for Macedon Ranges (S) 1996 G Household Ownership Status for Macedon Ranges (S) 1996 H Macedon Ranges (S) Youth and Family Services Programs Funded by DHS. I Aged Care Services in Macedon Ranges (S) 1998/99

45 Appendix A: Estimated Resident Populations of Macedon Ranges SLAs and LGA by 5 Year Age Cohorts 1996 Age Macedon Ranges (S) - Macedon Ranges (S) - Romsey Macedon Ranges (S) Balance SLA Macedon Ranges (S) Kyneton SLA SLA LGA Male Female Persons Male Female Persons Male Female Persons Male Female Persons 0-4 314 281 595 412 433 845 712 732 1,444 1,438 1,446 2,884 5-9 292 290 582 459 406 865 757 762 1,519 1,508 1,458 2,966 10-14 305 331 636 445 440 885 804 781 1,585 1,554 1,552 3,106 15-19 258 242 500 354 327 681 657 652 1,309 1,269 1,221 2,490 20-24 215 201 416 224 207 431 437 380 817 876 788 1,664 25-29 225 227 452 252 284 536 384 411 795 861 922 1,783 30-34 287 277 564 345 401 746 528 683 1,211 1,160 1,361 2,521 35-39 294 331 625 438 436 874 742 827 1,569 1,474 1,594 3,068 40-44 316 319 635 439 417 856 781 803 1,584 1,536 1,539 3,075 45-49 286 275 561 407 358 765 796 782 1,578 1,489 1,415 2,904 50-54 255 215 470 284 243 527 614 514 1,128 1,153 972 2,125 55-59 172 164 336 204 169 373 400 336 736 776 669 1,445 60-64 149 174 323 139 99 238 290 244 534 578 517 1,095 65-69 144 141 285 116 83 199 240 241 481 500 465 965 70-74 107 130 237 64 84 148 187 181 368 358 395 753 75-79 86 150 236 44 58 102 116 145 261 246 353 599 80-84 43 97 140 21 41 62 61 133 194 125 271 396 85+ 35 91 126 19 39 58 27 67 94 81 197 278 Total 3,783 3,936 7,719 4,666 4,525 9,191 8,533 8,674 17,207 16,982 17,135 34,117 Source: ABS Estimated Resident Population by SLA, 1996. Appendix B: Enumerated Populations for Macedon Ranges SLAs for 1986, 1991 and 1996 Statistical Local Area (SLA) 1986 1991 1996 Kyneton 6,457 6,973 7,383 Romsey 5,991 7,835 8,780 Balance 12,817 15,005 16,205 A Profile of the Shire of Macedon Ranges

Appendix C: Number of Persons by Age Grouping and Place of Residence in 1991 who lived in Macedon Ranges (S) in 1996 Place of Residence in 1991 5-9* 10-24 25-64 65+ Total Buloke (S) - North 0 0 3 0 3 Buloke (S) - South 0 0 0 0 0 Campaspe (S) - Echuca 5 6 10 0 21 Campaspe (S) - Kyabram 0 6 4 0 10 Campaspe (S) - Rochester 0 3 6 0 9 Campaspe (S) - South 0 3 3 0 6 C. Goldfields (S) - M'borough 0 3 9 0 12 C. Goldfields (S) Bal 0 0 4 0 4 Gannawarra (S) 5 10 7 0 22 Gr. Bendigo (C) - Central 8 10 23 3 44 Gr. Bendigo (C) - Eaglehawk 0 6 13 3 22 Gr. Bendigo (C) - Inner East 3 4 19 0 26 Gr. Bendigo (C) - Inner North 0 4 12 0 16 Gr. Bendigo (C) - Inner West 0 3 11 3 17 Gr. Bendigo (C) - S'saye 3 3 8 3 17 Gr. Bendigo (C) - Pt B 9 9 24 3 45 Loddon (S) - North 0 0 3 0 3 Loddon (S) - South 5 3 9 0 17 Macedon Ranges (S) - - - - - Mildura (RC) - Pt A 0 0 3 0 3 Mildura (RC) - Pt B 0 0 0 0 0 Mount Alexander (S) - C'maine 0 6 16 3 25 Mount Alexander (S) Bal 3 16 31 7 57 Swan Hill (RC) - Central 3 6 8 0 17 Swan Hill (RC) - Robinvale 0 0 0 0 0 Swan Hill (RC) Bal 0 4 9 0 13 Loddon Mallee 44 105 235 25 409 Melbourne SD 536 755 3,157 213 4,661 Melbourne undefined 0 0 0 0 0 Barwon SD 6 13 22 12 53 Western District SD 12 24 38 3 77 Central Highlands SD 24 51 145 13 233 Wimmera SD 3 10 19 0 32 Ovens-Murray SD 10 15 24 6 55 East SD 3 9 25 3 40 Gippsland SD 13 15 50 0 78 Goulburn SD(excl. Campaspe (S)) 22 66 130 24 242 Off-Shore Areas & Migratory 0 0 0 0 0 Victoria undefined 0 3 9 3 15 Victoria - No usual address 0 0 3 0 3 Total Victoria (excl LMR) 629 961 3,622 277 5,489 Central Murray SSD 6 0 11 0 17 Murray-Darling SSD 0 3 3 0 6 Remainder of NSW 29 56 139 15 239 QLD 7 24 79 14 124 SA 10 16 69 10 105 WA 6 9 51 3 69 TAS 11 14 39 3 67 NT 3 3 15 0 21 ACT 0 3 11 0 14 Other Territories 0 0 0 0 0 Total Interstate 72 128 417 45 662 Overseas 25 59 177 15 276 *Children 5 years and under are not counted

48 A Profile of the Shire of Macedon Ranges

Appendix D: Number of Persons by Age Grouping and Place of Residence in 1996 who lived in Macedon Ranges (S) in 1991 Place of Residence in 1996 5-9 10-24 25-64 65+ Total Buloke (S) - North 0 3 9 0 12 Buloke (S) - South 0 3 3 0 6 Campaspe (S) - Echuca 3 7 13 6 29 Campaspe (S) - Kyabram 0 0 9 3 12 Campaspe (S) - Rochester 0 3 3 3 9 Campaspe (S) - South 0 0 4 3 7 C. Goldfields (S) - M'borough 0 3 3 3 9 C. Goldfields (S) Bal 0 0 6 0 6 Gannawarra (S) 0 6 10 0 16 Gr. Bendigo (C) - Central 0 30 24 4 58 Gr. Bendigo (C) - Eaglehawk 0 3 7 3 13 Gr. Bendigo (C) - Inner East 5 48 37 9 99 Gr. Bendigo (C) - Inner North 6 12 14 0 32 Gr. Bendigo (C) - Inner West 0 16 23 3 42 Gr. Bendigo (C) - S'saye 0 7 10 0 17 Gr. Bendigo (C) - Pt B 10 17 39 8 74 Loddon (S) - North 0 0 3 0 3 Loddon (S) - South 6 7 14 0 27 Macedon Ranges (S) Mildura (RC) - Pt A 3 7 18 3 31 Mildura (RC) - Pt B 0 0 3 0 3 Mount Alexander (S) - C'maine 6 0 18 11 35 Mount Alexander (S) Bal 11 15 79 7 112 Swan Hill (RC) - Central 0 3 3 3 9 Swan Hill (RC) - Robinvale 0 0 0 0 0 Swan Hill (RC) Bal 0 3 14 3 20 Loddon Mallee 50 193 366 72 681 Melbourne SD 221 1345 1702 152 3420 Melbourne undefined 0 0 0 0 0 Barwon SD 18 79 110 27 234 Western District SD 5 17 23 11 56 Central Highlands SD 26 84 162 25 297 Wimmera SD 3 11 18 6 38 Ovens-Murray SD 10 26 49 11 96 East Gippsland SD 5 12 30 3 50 Gippsland SD 10 13 34 3 60 Goulburn SD(excl. Campaspe (S) ) 21 62 98 18 199 Off-Shore Areas & Migratory 0 0 0 0 0 Victoria undefined 0 0 0 0 0 Victoria - No usual address 3 14 12 0 29 Total Victoria (excl LMR) 322 1663 2238 256 4479 Central Murray SSD 3 6 16 0 25 Murray-Darling SSD 3 0 0 0 3 Remainder of NSW 35 110 205 23 373 QLD 79 192 346 27 644 SA 43038072 WA 14 56 74 4 148 TAS 01628650 NT 51734460 ACT 62016345 Other Territories 0 0 0 0 0 Total Interstate 149 447 757 67 1420 *Children 5 years and under are not counted.

49 A Profile of the Shire of Macedon Ranges

Appendix E: Pre-Schools, Primary Schools, Secondary Colleges, Childcare Centres, and Technical Campus Enrolment Numbers in Macedon Ranges (S) 1998 and 1999 SLA Type Educational Facility No. enrol. 1998 No. enrol. 1999 Kyneton CC Kyneton Child Care Centre 60 Pre Kyneton Pre-school 100 PS Malmsbury Primary School 79 81 PS Kyneton Primary School 367 371 PS Tylden Primary School 130.6 138 PS * Langley Primary School 65 67 PS Our Lady of the Rosary Parish (Kyneton) 220 209 SC Kyneton Secondary College 746 718 SC Sacred Heart College (Kyneton) 590 670 TAFE BRIT - Malmsbury Campus NK NK TAFE BRIT - Kyneton Campus 490 360 # Romsey CC Romsey Child Care Centre 40 Pre Riddells Creek Pre-school 65 Pre Lancefield Pre-school 63 Pre Montesori (Riddells Creek) 55 Pre Romsey Pre-school 115 PS Bolinda Primary School 48 55 PS Clarkefield Primary School 48 44 PS Darraweit Guim Primary School 57 64 PS Lancefield Primary School 235 207 PS Riddells Creek Primary School 287 287 PS Romsey Primary School 356 350 PS St Mary’s Primary School (Lancefield) 154 162 Balance CC Macedon Child Care Centre 16 CC Care For Kids (Woodend) 53 CC Learn & Play (Woodend) 25 CC Just Little People (Gisborne) 60 Pre Woodend Pre-school 131 Pre Macedon Pre-school 72 Pre Swinburne Ave (Gisborne) 95 Pre Grant Ave (Gisborne) 74 PS Bullengarook Primary School 40 42 PS Gisborne Primary School 307 321 PS Heskett Primary School 79 76 PS Mt Macedon Primary School 99.4 100 PS New Gisborne Primary School 364.4 400 PS Newham Primary School 68 81 PS Woodend Primary School 362 358 PS Macedon Grammar School Co-Op Ltd 50 73 PS Macedon Primary School 187 186 PS St Ambrose Parish School (Woodend) 214 236 PS St Brigid’s Primary School (Gisborne) 201 203 PS Holy Cross Primary School (New Gisborne) 211 236 SC Macedon Grammar School Co-Op Ltd 37 40 SC Braemar Secondary College (Woodend) 431 452 SC Gisborne Secondary College 1122.4 1132 Key: SLA = Statistical Local Area; Type = type of school; No. = number of enrolments; PS = Primary School; SC = Secondary College; BRIT = Bendigo Regional Institute of TAFE; TAFE = Tertiary And Further Education; CC = Child Care Centre; Pre = Pre-school; Italicised typing = Private schools; NK = not available. * Langley is just outside the Macedon Ranges (S) boundary, in Mount Alexander Shire. # TAFE enrolment numbers will rise before the end of the year.

50 A Profile of the Shire of Macedon Ranges

Appendix F: Standardised Rates of Years of Life Lost per 1000 population by Major Causes for Macedon Ranges (S) 1996 Mount Alexander/ Victoria Macedon Ranges Males Females Males Females All causes 83.49 67.18 > 80.52 62.15 Communicable Diseases, Maternal and Neonatal Conditions 3.58 2.53 3.67 2.14 Infectious and parasitic diseases (Total) 1.78 0.39 1.77 0.56 HIV/AIDS 1.66 0.00 < 1.15 0.06 Lower respiratory tract infections 1.36 > 1.10 0.71 0.71 Neonatal causes 0.44 < 0.76 1.10 0.74 Non-Communicable Diseases (Total) 64.63 60.92 66.68 56.55 Cancer (Total) 20.91 19.21 23.82 20.65 Mouth 0.67 0.21 0.69 0.31 Oesophagus 1.01 0.72 0.87 0.40 Stomach 0.89 0.62 1.06 0.68 Colon and Rectum 2.44 2.71 3.35 3.03 Liver 0.08 < 0.14 0.59 0.24 Pancreas 1.09 0.41 < 1.01 0.92 Lung 4.96 2.16 6.18 2.89 Larynx 0.32 0.00 < 0.30 0.04 Melanoma 0.97 0.27 0.78 0.48 Breast 0.00 < 5.29 0.02 4.68 Ovary 0.00 1.28 0.00 1.25 Prostate 2.53 0.00 2.51 0.00 Brain 1.46 0.87 1.00 0.75 Lymphoma 0.58 < 1.31 1.25 1.02 Leukaemia 0.58 < 0.37 < 1.07 0.78 Diabetes mellitus 1.86 1.49 2.00 1.76 Neuro-psychiatric disorders (Total) 3.36 4.52 > 3.76 3.18 Alcohol dependency/abuse 0.05 < 0.00 < 0.29 0.07 Drug dependency/abuse 1.22 0.41 1.11 0.35 Dementia 1.19 2.45 > 0.87 1.53 Cardio-vascular diseases (Total) 28.20 24.15 26.14 21.93 Ischaemic heart disease 19.61 14.14 17.43 12.32 Stroke 3.95 6.06 4.38 5.64 Inflammatory Heart disease 1.33 0.41 1.06 0.52 Hypertensive heart disease 0.34 0.66 0.50 0.78 Chronic respiratory disease (Total) 4.26 4.66 4.73 3.41 COPD 3.72 3.44 3.61 2.28 Asthma 0.22 < 0.65 0.52 0.60 Genito-urinary diseases 0.59 1.28 0.91 1.00 Digestive system diseases (Total) 2.45 2.34 2.47 1.81 Cirrhosis of the liver 1.60 1.05 1.35 0.49 Congenital abnormalities 1.55 0.62 1.09 0.92 SIDS 0.00 < 0.57 0.31 0.23 Injuries (Total) 15.31 > 3.81 10.17 3.47 Unintentional injuries (Total) 8.12 2.54 5.67 2.15 Road transport accident 5.20 1.52 3.14 1.23 Other transport accident 0.12 < 0.00 < 0.45 0.08 Falls 0.16 < 0.69 0.50 0.40 Drowning 1.05 0.00 < 0.45 0.11 Machinery accidents 0.05 < 0.00 < 0.13 0.00 Other unintentional injuries 0.29 0.00 < 0.33 0.04 Intentional injuries (Total) 7.15 1.27 4.51 1.32 Self-inflicted 6.95 > 0.94 4.11 1.12 Homicide and violence 0.20 0.33 0.38 0.19 Key: “>” indicates YLL rates that are significantly higher than those in Victoria; "<" indicates YLL rates that are significantly lower than those in Victoria.

51 A Profile of the Shire of Macedon Ranges

Appendix G: Household Ownership Status for Macedon Ranges (S) 1996 Owned Being Rent Rented Rented Rented Rented Other NS Total Purch Buy SHA Other NS Total One Family Households: Couple with children 1,828 2,619 14 35 370 0 405 85 50 5,001 Couple without children 1,442 744 6 18 249 0 267 57 41 2,557 Sole parent family 301 294 16 49 232 6 287 20 20 938 Other family 45 12 0 0 10 0 10 0 5 72 Two Family Households 43 35 0 0 8 0 8 0 3 89 Three Family Households 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 Lone Person Households 946 289 6 45 372 4 421 90 85 1,837 Group Households 64 67 0 3 104 0 107 9 4 251 Total 4,672 4,060 42 150 1,345 10 1,505 261 208 10,748 Key: Purch = Purchased; SHA = State Housing Authority; NS = Not Stated. Source: CDATA96, B25.

52 A Profile of the Shire of Macedon Ranges

Appendix H: Macedon Ranges (S) Youth and Family Services Programs Funded by DHS. Service Program Macedon Ranges Shire Council Preschool Program Maternal & Child Health Adult Continuing Further Education Cobaw Community Health Service Homeless & Family Violence - SAAP (Kyneton & Gisborne based services) Early Intervention School Focused Youth Service Youth Support Program Family Violence Prevention & Support Family Counselling Macedon Ranges Health Service (Gisborne Family Violence Prevention & Support Community Health & Hospital) Family Support - Family Counselling Woodend Neighbourhood House Neighbourhood House Co-Ordination Program Take a Break Occasional Child Care Adult Continuing Further Education Lancefield Neighbourhood House Neighbourhood House Co-Ordination Program Kyneton Community House Adult Continuing Further Education Neighbourhood House Co-Ordination Program Adult Continuing Further Education Woodend Play & Learn Child Care Centre Preschool Program Kyneton Child Care Centre Preschool Program Lady Brooks Preschool Macedon (Kyneton) Preschool Program Lancefield Preschool Preschool Program Gisborne Child Care & Preschool Preschool Program Macedon Preschool Bruce Street Preschool Program Romsey Preschool Preschool Program Riddells Creek Preschool Preschool Program Montessori Preschool Preschool Program Woodend Kindergarten Preschool Program Swinburne Ave Child Centre Child Care Program Woodend Care For Kids Child Care Program Just Little People - Gisborne Child Care Program Bendigo Community Health Problem Gambling Parent Resource Co-Ordinator Commonwealth Family Skills Program Bendigo Health Care Group Early Choices Interchange Strengthening Parent Support Group (Early Intervention) DHS School Nursing Service Health Surveillance DHS Specialist Children's Service Early Intervention Service DHS Malmsbury Juvenile Justice Centre Statewide Service - Juvenile Justice Facility Young Offender Pilot Program (Jesuit) Westate Preschool Field Officer Program St Luke's Anglicare Financial Counselling Source: Loddon Mallee Region DHS, 1999.

53 A Profile of the Shire of Macedon Ranges

Appendix I: Aged Care Services in Macedon Ranges (S) 1998/99 Agency Service Bendigo Health Care Group Acute In-patient (Mental Health Service) Aged Care Assessment Services Carer Support & Respite Co-ordination Program Ethnic Service Development Health Care & Support (allied health) Linkages Nursing Home (Mental Health Service) Out of Home Respite Psycho-Geriatric Assessment Team Interchange Loddon Mallee Region Inc. Respite (Overnight) Respite (Home & Community) Respite (Volunteer Coordination) Social Support (Community based group activities) Social Support (Volunteer coordination) Mount Alexander Hospital Aged Care Allied Health Allied Health Other Rehabilitation Services Macedon Ranges Health Service (Gisborne Health Care & Support (Allied Health) Community Health & Hospital) Health Care & Support (Nursing) Social Support (Centre based group activity) Social Support (Volunteer coordination) Cobaw Community Health Service Social Support (Centre based group activity) - Core Social Support (Centre based group activity) - High Social Support (Community based group activities) Allied Health Kyneton District Health Service Domiciliary & Community Nursing Health Care & Support (nursing) Nursing Home State Support Macedon Ranges Shire Council Health Care & Support (Allied Health) Health Care & Support (Delivered Meals) Home Care & Property Maintenance (Home Care) Home Care & Property Maintenance Operational Support & Management Personal Care Assessment & Care Management Respite (Overnight) Social Support (Community based group activities) Social Support (Volunteer coordination) Source: Healthy Ageing: The Health and Service Needs of Older People in the Loddon Mallee Region, 1999.

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