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Infection T Cells Home to the Thymus and Control T Cells Home to the Thymus and Control Infection Claudia Nobrega, Cláudio Nunes-Alves, Bruno Cerqueira-Rodrigues, Susana Roque, Palmira Barreira-Silva, This information is current as Samuel M. Behar and Margarida Correia-Neves of September 28, 2021. J Immunol 2013; 190:1646-1658; Prepublished online 11 January 2013; doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202412 http://www.jimmunol.org/content/190/4/1646 Downloaded from Supplementary http://www.jimmunol.org/content/suppl/2013/01/14/jimmunol.120241 Material 2.DC1 http://www.jimmunol.org/ References This article cites 62 articles, 25 of which you can access for free at: http://www.jimmunol.org/content/190/4/1646.full#ref-list-1 Why The JI? Submit online. • Rapid Reviews! 30 days* from submission to initial decision by guest on September 28, 2021 • No Triage! Every submission reviewed by practicing scientists • Fast Publication! 4 weeks from acceptance to publication *average Subscription Information about subscribing to The Journal of Immunology is online at: http://jimmunol.org/subscription Permissions Submit copyright permission requests at: http://www.aai.org/About/Publications/JI/copyright.html Email Alerts Receive free email-alerts when new articles cite this article. Sign up at: http://jimmunol.org/alerts The Journal of Immunology is published twice each month by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc., 1451 Rockville Pike, Suite 650, Rockville, MD 20852 Copyright © 2013 by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc. All rights reserved. Print ISSN: 0022-1767 Online ISSN: 1550-6606. The Journal of Immunology T Cells Home to the Thymus and Control Infection Claudia Nobrega,*,†,1 Cla´udio Nunes-Alves,*,†,‡,1 Bruno Cerqueira-Rodrigues,*,† Susana Roque,*,† Palmira Barreira-Silva,*,† Samuel M. Behar,‡,2 and Margarida Correia-Neves*,†,2 The thymus is a target of multiple pathogens. How the immune system responds to thymic infection is largely unknown. Despite being considered an immune-privileged organ, we detect a mycobacteria-specific T cell response in the thymus following dissem- ination of Mycobacterium avium or Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This response includes proinflammatory cytokine production by mycobacteria-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, which stimulates infected cells and controls bacterial growth in the thymus. Importantly, the responding T cells are mature peripheral T cells that recirculate back to the thymus. The recruitment of these cells is associated with an increased expression of Th1 chemokines and an enrichment of CXCR3+ mycobacteria-specific T cells in the thymus. Finally, we demonstrate it is the mature T cells that home to the thymus that most efficiently control mycobacterial Downloaded from infection. Although the presence of mature T cells in the thymus has been recognized for some time, to our knowledge, these data are the first to show that T cell recirculation from the periphery to the thymus is a mechanism that allows the immune system to respond to thymic infection. Maintaining a functional thymic environment is essential to maintain T cell differentiation and prevent the emergence of central tolerance to the invading pathogens. The Journal of Immunology, 2013, 190: 1646–1658. he appearance of adaptive immunity in jawed vertebrates First, not all TCRs generated will recognize self-MHC/peptide http://www.jimmunol.org/ is considered a major step in the evolution of the immune complexes. Second, some TCRs will recognize self-MHC/peptide T system, as it provides the host with a crucial tool to combat complexes with such a high affinity/avidity that will render them microbial pathogens, namely B and T lymphocytes (reviewed in potentially autoreactive. To avoid full differentiation of T cells Refs. 1 and 2). B and T lymphocytes express Ag receptors that with these unwanted characteristics, thymocytes go through a result from the recombination of germline-encoded gene seg- complex process of selection during their differentiation in the ments, which establishes a diverse repertoire of Ag receptors. This thymus. T cell precursors emerge from the bone marrow and home allows B and T cell Ag receptors to recognize Ags the host has not to the thymus, a primary lymphoid organ that exists for the pur- previously encountered. The TCRs, which recognize short linear pose of supporting T cell differentiation. Two fundamental se- peptide fragments in the context of Ag-presenting molecules lection processes occur during T cell differentiation in the thymus: by guest on September 28, 2021 (class I or II MHC), allow the host to survey both the intra- and positive and negative selection (reviewed in Ref. 3). The outcome extracellular environment. of thymic selection depends on the organ microenvironment, in- The diverse repertoire of TCRs, which are generated by genetic cluding which Ags are present within the thymus and the cytokine recombination, creates specific challenges for the immune system. milieu surrounding the differentiating cells. Positive selection cre- ates a pool of thymocytes that bind self-MHC/peptide complexes whereas T cells expressing TCRs that fail to bind these com- *Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; †Life and Health Sciences Research Institute/ plexes undergo cell death by apoptosis. T cells expressing TCRs 3B’s–Portuguese Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga/Guimara˜es, that bind self-MHC/peptide complexes with high affinity/avidity ‡ Portugal; and Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and are also eliminated through negative selection. This process of Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 central tolerance is essential to generate a repertoire of T cells 1C.N. and C.N.-A. contributed equally to this work. 2 that is self-restricted and self-tolerant, and which limits the de- S.M.B. and M.C.-N., as co-senior authors, contributed equally to this work. velopment of potentially autoreactive T cells. Thus, proper thy- Received for publication August 29, 2012. Accepted for publication December 12, mic activity is crucial for the development and maintenance of 2012. a repertoire of functional T cells. Infants born with genetic muta- This work was supported by Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology Grant PTDC/SAU-MII/101663/2008 and individual fellowships to C.N., C.N.-A., tions that abrogate T cell differentiation are profoundly susceptible B.C.-R., S.R., and P.B.-S. S.M.B. was supported by National Institutes of Health to infection, which confirms the essentiality of T cells for cell- Grant R01 AI067731. The Small Animal Biocontainment Suite was supported in mediated immunity (4). part by Center for AIDS Research Grant P30 AI 060354. Thymic activity decreases naturally with age, although the adult Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Samuel M. Behar or Dr. Margar- ida Correia-Neves, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Department thymus still supports T cell differentiation and T cells continue to of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA be exported into the peripheral T cell pool (5, 6). Coincident with 02115 (S.M.B.) or Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Health T cell differentiation and thymic activity, the developing immune Sciences, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal (M.C.-N.). E-mail addresses: [email protected] (S.M.B.) or mcorreianeves@ecsaude. system is assaulted by various microbial pathogens. In fact, thy- uminho.pt (M.C.-N.) mic function is affected during infection by several pathogens, The online version of this article contains supplemental material. including species of bacteria, virus, fungi, and parasites (7, 8). Both Abbreviations used in this article: HPRT, hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl trans- in humans and in animal models the thymus is itself a target of ferase; iNOS, inducible NO synthase; qPCR, quantitative real-time PCR; SP, single- infection (7–19). Infection of the thymus by mycobacterial species positive; wpi, weeks postinfection; WT, wild-type. has been reported both in humans (16) and in animal models (17– Copyright Ó 2013 by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc. 0022-1767/13/$16.00 19). The incidence of thymic infection during active tuberculosis www.jimmunol.org/cgi/doi/10.4049/jimmunol.1202412 The Journal of Immunology 1647 is unknown, although there are several case reports in the clinical of laboratory animals and were approved by the National Veterinary Di- literature (16). However, it is relevant that vertical transmission of rectorate and by the local Animal Ethical Committee or by the Dana Farber tuberculosis (mother to child) frequently occurs during early child- Cancer Institute Animal Care and Use Committee (Animal Welfare As- surance no. A3023-01), under Public Health Service assurance of Office of hood, at the height of thymic activity (20). Laboratory Animal Welfare guidelines. Mice infected with M. tuberculosis Although the thymus has been formerly considered an immune- were housed in a biosafety level 3 facility under specific pathogen-free privileged site (21), this idea is being reconsidered. In fact, it is conditions at the Animal Biohazard Containment Suite (Dana Farber clear that protection of the thymus from infection, particularly Cancer Institute, Boston, MA). during childhood, a time of diverse and recurrent infection, should Experimental infection be a function of the immune system. Because negative selection M. avium (strain 2447, provided by Dr. F. Portaels, Institute of Tropical of T cells depends on the Ags encountered in the thymus during Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium) infection was performed i.v. through the differentiation, infection of this organ could theoretically lead lateral tail vein, delivering 106 CFU per mouse. For each M. tuberculosis to the development of immune tolerance to pathogens. How the (Erdman strain) infection, a bacterial aliquot was thawed, sonicated twice immune system prevents or combats thymic infection to maintain for 10 s in a cup horn sonicator, and then diluted in 0.9% NaCl/0.02% M. tuberculosis the organ’s integrity and function and keep it free from microbial Tween 80.
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