DOCSLIB.ORG

The Six Day War

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Six Day War LIMUN HS 2017 25TH – 26TH NOVEMBER 2017 CRISIS: THE SIX DAY WAR CONTENTS Introduction to the Directorate ......................................................................................... 3 Introduction to the Committee .......................................................................................... 2 The Six Day War ................................................................................................................ 5 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 5 Background ................................................................................................................................ 6 Political Background ...................................................................................................................... 6 Economic Background ................................................................................................................... 8 Religious Background .................................................................................................................... 9 Current situation and aims ....................................................................................................... 10 Egyptian and Syrian cabinet ..................................................................................................... 11 Bibliography ............................................................................................................................. 17 1 INTRODUCTION TO THE COMMITTEE Dear Delegates, Welcome to the LIMUN-HS Crisis Simulation! You are now acting as decision-makers in the events leading up to the Six Day War in the Middle East, a time that can be best described as convoluted and tense. The Six Day War (also referred to as the 1967 War) began on the 5th June 1967, and the true causes of the war remain unclear to this day – the amount of theories and conclusions is simply overwhelming. Nevertheless, the 1967 War bears similarities with many of the “proxy” wars of the Cold War, as well as numerous conflicts that began after the Cold War. This conflict is a good example of the fact that diplomacy is an extremely intricate and difficult skill to master; neither side of the Six Day War acknowledged the importance of this skill. Thus, due to the lack of diplomacy, each side assumed the worst about the other, which only heightened the tension, and eventually resulted in a large-scale eruption and war, the results of which we still see in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip today. The crisis simulation will begin a little earlier than the actual war, so you will have a chance to ‘change history’ and, perhaps, avoid the actual war. Remember delegates, that wars are not all about the military. The Six Day War happened in 1967, which was still one of the hotter (more tense) phases of the Cold War, and the superpowers (USA and USSR) were greatly invested in the outcome of the conflict. Or, rather, for a long time they wished to avoid it altogether. So delegates, do bear in mind all the nuances of the build-up to war. We sincerely hope you enjoy the Six Day War crisis. No matter who wins and who loses, crisis is about exploring new possibilities and enjoying yourself. Never be shy to suggest an idea or send in a directive – you never know how it can help your bloc or your character. We are all looking forward to welcoming you at the conference in November! Katrina Marina Crisis Director 2 INTRODUCTION FROM THE CHAIRS Dear Delegates, Looking forward to meeting everyone in the Israeli cabinet as this is my fourth crisis involving the Zionist state. At WarMUN, I chaired the 1948 Israeli cabinet and had an excellent time as PM David Ben-Gurion, however for this crisis I will not have a character but will be there to support you throughout committee session. I have studied the history and diplomacy of the Arab-Israeli conflict as well as the interference of global superpowers. This crisis committee will also be an introduction to the Cold War in the Middle East and how it had monumental effect on the conflict. Feel free to ask me any questions about the Israeli cabinet, your position, your directives or rules and procedure. Also feel free to ask about my views on the Arab-Israeli conflict. Hamzah Sheikh, Chair of the Israeli Cabinet. Dear Delegates, My name is Kinza Khan and I am a second-year student at City University of London. I am delighted to introduce myself as the Assistant Chair for the Israeli Cabinet. Since the age of 13 I have been engaged in the London Model United Nations Conference (MUNC). Starting as a delegate, I won awards for my debating skills and I was soon promoted as a chair. This led me to the prestigious role of chairing the Security Council. Alongside Chairing, I became Undersecretary General which I enjoyed thoroughly and soon I was honoured to become Secretary General. Throughout the years, my passion for MUNC has flourished. I have enjoyed meeting new people, creating strong friendships, working in a team and being knowledgeable about our world. I hope you enjoy the next conference and create a lasting resolution which reflects your hard work. Good luck delegates. Kindest Regards, Kinza Khan, Assistant Chair, Israel Cabinet 3 Dear Delegates, Hello and welcome to LIMUN - HS and the Egyptian/Syrian Cabinet! My name is Ivan and I will be your chair during this crisis simulation. As members of the cabinet, it is important that you all work together efficiently, look out for details, but also don’t lose sight of the bigger picture. “Knowledge is power” and a great tool, so research is necessary for any effective cabinet. We hope you enjoy the conference and take advantage of the great opportunity presented to you. We look forward to seeing you all, and good luck! Ivan Srbulov, Chair of Egyptian/Syrian Cabinet. Dear Delegates, My name is Muslima and I am a second year Medical Geneticist at Queen Mary University of London. I have been taking part in Model United Nations since the age of 14. Since then, I have been a Delegate, Chair, Secretary General and I am currently serving as a Director for several High school conferences. I hope you all make the most out of the conference and, leave with the everlasting MUN- fever. I look forward to meeting you all! MuslimaSheikh Ummay, Assistant Chair of Egyptian/Syrian Cabinet. 4 THE SIX DAY WAR INTRODUCTION By May 31st 1967 the situation in between Israel and Egypt was very tense and war seemed almost inevitable. What happened over the past few months to raise the tension and let the situation get this far? Here are the key events between Israel and its neighbours: On the 13th May 1967, the Egyptian government was given top secret information by the Kremlin that Israel was going to attack Egypt, which subsequently led to a full militarisation (preparation for war) in Egypt. This, in turn, meant that Syria was also building up its forces, as a result of the 1966 Syria-Egypt Pact (a Pact which stated the in case of an attack on one country the other would defend it). On the 23rd May, the Israelis encountered another big problem, when President Nasser (of Egypt) declared that two islands on the Straits of Tiran would be blocked by Egypt. This inconvenience came at a great cost for the Israelis, who used the Straits for export purposes. The Israelis, extremely reliant on the support of the US, asked Lyndon B. Johnson (then President of the US) for permission to lead an offensive against Egypt. On the 26th May, Lyndon B. Johnson issued a statement prohibiting Israel from doing so; the US president declared that if Israel were to attack Egypt, they will not get any support from the US. In the meantime, the Egyptian government was acting similarly to their adversary. President Nasser sent an Egyptian delegation to Moscow, to ask Kremlin for support and permission to go to war with Israel. Moscow denied this request. The situation seems critical, as both sides are adamant in waging war against each other. The key note above is that during this period there was almost no direct communication between Israel and Egypt. They could only see the actions that the other were taking and try to guess what was happening. Israel seeing Egypt and Syria start to mobilize meant that they could only assume the other was preparing to attack them and try to make further preparations for an invasion. Overall, diplomacy is weak, and both Defence Ministers have every reason to believe that one side may attack the other in no time, not knowing that both superpowers are very afraid of sending their allies to war. Nevertheless, wars can still be avoided, if decisions are made with extra caution, and the government thinks not one, not two, but three steps ahead. 5 BACKGROUND Political Background Following the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, many Palestinians were forced to permanently leave their homes in the land that became known as Israel. Tensions remained between Israel and its neighboring Arab countries in the coming years, including during the 1956 Suez Canal crisis, wherein Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser sought to nationalise, and block Israel’s trade utilisation of, the Canal running through Egypt. This blockade, while partially successful on a strategic front, nevertheless significantly increased hostilities between Egypt and Israel. Along with regional tensions, global conflicts also increased the scope of dangerous uncertainty for the Arab countries. The Cold War tensions of the era, during the 50s-60s
Load more

Recommended publications
  • West Bank and Gaza 2020 Human Rights Report
    WEST BANK AND GAZA 2020 HUMAN RIGHTS REPORT EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Palestinian Authority basic law provides for an elected president and legislative council. There have been no national elections in the West Bank and Gaza since 2006. President Mahmoud Abbas has remained in office despite the expiration of his four-year term in 2009. The Palestinian Legislative Council has not functioned since 2007, and in 2018 the Palestinian Authority dissolved the Constitutional Court. In September 2019 and again in September, President Abbas called for the Palestinian Authority to organize elections for the Palestinian Legislative Council within six months, but elections had not taken place as of the end of the year. The Palestinian Authority head of government is Prime Minister Mohammad Shtayyeh. President Abbas is also chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization and general commander of the Fatah movement. Six Palestinian Authority security forces agencies operate in parts of the West Bank. Several are under Palestinian Authority Ministry of Interior operational control and follow the prime minister’s guidance. The Palestinian Civil Police have primary responsibility for civil and community policing. The National Security Force conducts gendarmerie-style security operations in circumstances that exceed the capabilities of the civil police. The Military Intelligence Agency handles intelligence and criminal matters involving Palestinian Authority security forces personnel, including accusations of abuse and corruption. The General Intelligence Service is responsible for external intelligence gathering and operations. The Preventive Security Organization is responsible for internal intelligence gathering and investigations related to internal security cases, including political dissent. The Presidential Guard protects facilities and provides dignitary protection.
    [Show full text]
  • Israel: Growing Pains at 60
    Viewpoints Special Edition Israel: Growing Pains at 60 The Middle East Institute Washington, DC Middle East Institute The mission of the Middle East Institute is to promote knowledge of the Middle East in Amer- ica and strengthen understanding of the United States by the people and governments of the region. For more than 60 years, MEI has dealt with the momentous events in the Middle East — from the birth of the state of Israel to the invasion of Iraq. Today, MEI is a foremost authority on contemporary Middle East issues. It pro- vides a vital forum for honest and open debate that attracts politicians, scholars, government officials, and policy experts from the US, Asia, Europe, and the Middle East. MEI enjoys wide access to political and business leaders in countries throughout the region. Along with information exchanges, facilities for research, objective analysis, and thoughtful commentary, MEI’s programs and publications help counter simplistic notions about the Middle East and America. We are at the forefront of private sector public diplomacy. Viewpoints are another MEI service to audiences interested in learning more about the complexities of issues affecting the Middle East and US rela- tions with the region. To learn more about the Middle East Institute, visit our website at http://www.mideasti.org The maps on pages 96-103 are copyright The Foundation for Middle East Peace. Our thanks to the Foundation for graciously allowing the inclusion of the maps in this publication. Cover photo in the top row, middle is © Tom Spender/IRIN, as is the photo in the bottom row, extreme left.
    [Show full text]
  • Aliyah and Settlement Process?
    Jewish Women in Pre-State Israel HBI SERIES ON JEWISH WOMEN Shulamit Reinharz, General Editor Joyce Antler, Associate Editor Sylvia Barack Fishman, Associate Editor The HBI Series on Jewish Women, created by the Hadassah-Brandeis Institute, pub- lishes a wide range of books by and about Jewish women in diverse contexts and time periods. Of interest to scholars and the educated public, the HBI Series on Jewish Women fills major gaps in Jewish Studies and in Women and Gender Studies as well as their intersection. For the complete list of books that are available in this series, please see www.upne.com and www.upne.com/series/BSJW.html. Ruth Kark, Margalit Shilo, and Galit Hasan-Rokem, editors, Jewish Women in Pre-State Israel: Life History, Politics, and Culture Tova Hartman, Feminism Encounters Traditional Judaism: Resistance and Accommodation Anne Lapidus Lerner, Eternally Eve: Images of Eve in the Hebrew Bible, Midrash, and Modern Jewish Poetry Margalit Shilo, Princess or Prisoner? Jewish Women in Jerusalem, 1840–1914 Marcia Falk, translator, The Song of Songs: Love Lyrics from the Bible Sylvia Barack Fishman, Double or Nothing? Jewish Families and Mixed Marriage Avraham Grossman, Pious and Rebellious: Jewish Women in Medieval Europe Iris Parush, Reading Jewish Women: Marginality and Modernization in Nineteenth-Century Eastern European Jewish Society Shulamit Reinharz and Mark A. Raider, editors, American Jewish Women and the Zionist Enterprise Tamar Ross, Expanding the Palace of Torah: Orthodoxy and Feminism Farideh Goldin, Wedding Song: Memoirs of an Iranian Jewish Woman Elizabeth Wyner Mark, editor, The Covenant of Circumcision: New Perspectives on an Ancient Jewish Rite Rochelle L.
    [Show full text]
  • Israel: Leadership & Critical Decisions
    The 30th Annual Conference of the Association for Israel Studies June 23–25, 2014 Israel: Leadership & Critical Decisions The Ben-Gurion Research Institute for the Study of Israel & Zionism Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Sede-Boqer Campus The 30th Annual Conference of the Association for Israel Studies June 23–25, 2014 Israel: Leadership & Critical Decisions The Ben-Gurion Research Institute for the Study of Israel & Zionism Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Sede-Boqer Campus BEN-GURION UNIVERSITY OF THE NEGEV CONFERENCE SPONSORS Ben-Gurion University of the Negev is one of Israel’s leading research universities and among the world leaders in many fields. It has approximately 20,000 students and 4,000 faculty members in the Faculties of Engineering Sciences; Health Sciences; Natural Sciences; the Pinchas Sapir Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences; the Guilford Glazer Faculty of Business and Management; the Joyce and Irving Goldman School of Medicine; the Kreitman School of Advanced Graduate Studies; the Albert Katz International School for Desert Studies and the Ben-Gurion Research Institute for the Study of Israel and Zionism's, Israel Studies Program. More than 100,000 alumni play important roles in all areas of research and development, industry, health care, the economy, society, culture and education in Israel. The University has three main campuses: The Marcus Family Campus in Beer- Sheva; the research campus at Sede Boqer and the Eilat Campus, and is home to national and multi-disciplinary research institutes: the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev; the National Institute of Solar Energy; the Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology; the Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research; the Ben-Gurion Research Institute for the Study of Israel & Zionism, and Heksherim - The Research Institute for Jewish and Israeli Literature and Culture.
    [Show full text]
  • After the Accords Anwar Sadat
    WMHSMUN XXXIV After the Accords: Anwar Sadat’s Cabinet Background Guide “Unprecedented committees. Unparalleled debate. Unmatched fun.” Letters From the Directors Dear Delegates, Welcome to WMHSMUN XXXIV! My name is Hank Hermens and I am excited to be the in-room Director for Anwar Sadat’s Cabinet. I’m a junior at the College double majoring in International Relations and History. I have done model UN since my sophomore year of high school, and since then I have become increasingly involved. I compete as part of W&M’s travel team, staff our conferences, and have served as the Director of Media for our college level conference, &MUN. Right now, I’m a member of our Conference Team, planning travel and training delegates. Outside of MUN, I play trumpet in the Wind Ensemble, do research with AidData and for a professor, looking at the influence of Islamic institutions on electoral outcomes in Tunisia. In my admittedly limited free time, I enjoy reading, running, and hanging out with my friends around campus. As members of Anwar Sadat’s cabinet, you’ll have to deal with the fallout of Egypt’s recent peace with Israel, in Egypt, the greater Middle East and North Africa, and the world. You’ll also meet economic challenges, rising national political tensions, and more. Some of the problems you come up against will be easily solved, with only short-term solutions necessary. Others will require complex, long term solutions, or risk the possibility of further crises arising. No matter what, we will favor creative, outside-the-box ideas as well as collaboration and diplomacy.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Date 01/10/2021 20:02:43
    Why has the Arab League failed as a regional security organisation? An analysis of the Arab League¿s conditions of emergence, characteristics and the internal and external challenges that defined and redefined its regional security role. Item Type Thesis Authors Abusidu-Al-Ghoul, Fady Y. Rights <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by-nc-nd/3.0/"><img alt="Creative Commons License" style="border-width:0" src="http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by- nc-nd/3.0/88x31.png" /></a><br />The University of Bradford theses are licenced under a <a rel="license" href="http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/">Creative Commons Licence</a>. Download date 01/10/2021 20:02:43 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10454/6333 University of Bradford eThesis This thesis is hosted in Bradford Scholars – The University of Bradford Open Access repository. Visit the repository for full metadata or to contact the repository team © University of Bradford. This work is licenced for reuse under a Creative Commons Licence. WHY HAS THE ARAB LEAGUE FAILED AS A REGIONAL SECURITY ORGANISATION? An analysis of the Arab League’s conditions of emergence, characteristics and the internal and external challenges that defined and redefined its regional security role Fady Y. ABUSIDUALGHOUL submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Peace Studies School of Social and International Studies University of Bradford 2012 Fady Y. ABUSIDUALGHOUL Title: Why has the Arab League failed as a Regional Security Organisation? Keywords: Arab League, Regional Security, Regional Organisations, Middle East security, Arab Relations, Middle East conflicts ABSTRACT This study presents a detailed examination of the Arab League’s history, development, structure and roles in an effort to understand the cause of its failure as a regional security organisation.
    [Show full text]
  • The Muslim Brotherhood
    ISLAMIC MOVEMENT AND DOMINANT IDEOLOGICAL TRENDS IN EGYPT: A CASE STUDY OF MUSLIM BROTHERHOOD THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF Doctor of Philosophy IN WEST ASIAN STUDIES (POLITICAL SCIENCE) BY AFSAHN UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF DR. MOHAMMAD GULREZ PROFESSOR Maulana Azad Library, Aligarh Muslim University DEPARTMENT OF WEST ASIAN STUDIES & NORTH AFRICAN STUDIES ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH (U.P.)-202002 (INDIA) 2016 DEPARTMENT OF WEST ASIAN STUDIES & NORTH AFRICAN STUDIES ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY, ALIGARH-202002(U.P) India Date: Certificate This is to certify that the Ph.D. thesis entitled “Islamic Movement and Dominant Ideological Trends in Egypt: A Case Study of Muslim Brotherhood” submitted by Ms. Afshan under my supervision is his own original contribution and suitable for submission for the award of the degree of Ph.D. It is further certified that Ms. Afshan has been engaged in fulltime research and that he has put in required attendance as prescribed by the University. (Dr. Mohammad Gulrez) (Dr. Mohammad Gulrez) Maulana SupervisorAzad Library, Aligarh MuslimChairman University i PREFACE & ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The purpose of this study on “Islamic Movement and Dominant Ideological Trends in Egypt: A Case Study of Muslim Brotherhood” is not to give a modern history and contemporary trends of all kinds of thought expressed by the Egyptian scholars since the second half of the nineteenth century. The emphasis however is on the ideological trends about politics and society within a certain context. This thought process was influenced by the growth of European and the Islamic resurgence movements calling for radical social reforms and for changes in the system of government.
    [Show full text]
  • Excluded, for God's Sake: Gender Segregation and the Exclusion of Women in Public Space in Israel
    Excluded, For God’s Sake: Gender Segregation and the Exclusion of Women in Public Space in Israel המרכז הרפורמי לדת ומדינה -לוגו ללא מספר. Third Annual Report – December 2013 Israel Religious Action Center Israel Movement for Reform and Progressive Judaism Excluded, For God’s Sake: Gender Segregation and the Exclusion of Women in Public Space in Israel Third Annual Report – December 2013 Written by: Attorney Ruth Carmi, Attorney Ricky Shapira-Rosenberg Consultation: Attorney Einat Hurwitz, Attorney Orly Erez-Lahovsky English translation: Shaul Vardi Cover photo: Tomer Appelbaum, Haaretz, September 29, 2010 – © Haaretz Newspaper Ltd. © 2014 Israel Religious Action Center, Israel Movement for Reform and Progressive Judaism Israel Religious Action Center 13 King David St., P.O.B. 31936, Jerusalem 91319 Telephone: 02-6203323 | Fax: 03-6256260 www.irac.org | [email protected] Acknowledgement In loving memory of Dick England z"l, Sherry Levy-Reiner z"l, and Carole Chaiken z"l. May their memories be blessed. With special thanks to Loni Rush for her contribution to this report IRAC's work against gender segregation and the exclusion of women is made possible by the support of the following people and organizations: Kathryn Ames Foundation Claudia Bach Philip and Muriel Berman Foundation Bildstein Memorial Fund Jacob and Hilda Blaustein Foundation Inc. Donald and Carole Chaiken Foundation Isabel Dunst Naomi and Nehemiah Cohen Foundation Eugene J. Eder Charitable Foundation John and Noeleen Cohen Richard and Lois England Family Jay and Shoshana Dweck Foundation Foundation Lewis Eigen and Ramona Arnett Edith Everett Finchley Reform Synagogue, London Jim and Sue Klau Gold Family Foundation FJC- A Foundation of Philanthropic Funds Vicki and John Goldwyn Mark and Peachy Levy Robert Goodman & Jayne Lipman Joseph and Harvey Meyerhoff Family Richard and Lois Gunther Family Foundation Charitable Funds Richard and Barbara Harrison Yocheved Mintz (Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • “A Person Cannot Walk Away from Jerusalem Unchanged….”
    “A person cannot walk away from Jerusalem unchanged….” 2000 years ago there was a Jewish Kingdom whose capital Destroyed and .ירושלים ,was Jerusalem, Yerushalayim desecrated for centuries, the Jewish People were finally reunited with the holiest of cities central to our faith, our history and our identity. Join us as we celebrate our origin, our return and our connection to Zion, the City of Gold! Yom Yerushalayim: The Reunification of A People And A Past By Elana Yael Heideman There has been a continuous Jewish presence in Jerusalem, and our connection to and passion for the city has been preserved as a memory by Jewish people around the world. Though the modern state of Israel was born in 1948, for years Jews were cut off from the Old City of Jerusalem and the Kotel, the Western Wall - the heart of the Jewish people, the axis of our collective national and historical identity, the center of our faith, and the focus of the history of the Jewish people for generations. Throughout Israel and around the world, on the 28th of the Hebrew month of Iyar, we celebrate being reunited with the city of Zion, Yerushalayim Shel Zahav, our only Jerusalem. History shows that it was the Jews who have made Jerusalem important to the world. In 1004 BCE, King David established Jerusalem as the capital of the Kingdom of Israel (2 Samuel 5:6). Following the first exile, he proclaimed: "If I forget you Jerusalem, let my right hand lose its strength. Let my tongue cling to my palate if I fail to recall you, if I fail to elevate Jerusalem above my highest joy." Three times a day, or even just twice a year, for thousands of years, Jews turn their faces towards Jerusalem and the Temple Mount and pray for a return to Jerusalem and to Tzion.
    [Show full text]
  • Memoirs of Pre-Yom Kippur War Egyptian Generals, 1967-1972 : Strategic Insights: V.4, Issue 3 (March 2005)
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Calhoun, Institutional Archive of the Naval Postgraduate School Calhoun: The NPS Institutional Archive Faculty and Researcher Publications Faculty and Researcher Publications 2005-03 Book Review. Learning and Rebuilding a Shattered Force: Memoirs of Pre-Yom Kippur War Egyptian Generals, 1967-1972 : Strategic Insights: v.4, issue 3 (March 2005) Aboul-Enein, Youssef Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School Strategic Insights http://hdl.handle.net/10945/25385 Book Review: Learning and Rebuilding a Shattered Force— Memoirs of Pre-Yom Kippur War Egyptian Generals, 1967-1972 Strategic Insights, Volume IV, Issue 3 (March 2005) by LCDR Youssef Aboul-Enein, MSC, USN Strategic Insights is a monthly electronic journal produced by the Center for Contemporary Conflict at the Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey, California. The views expressed here are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the views of NPS, the Department of Defense, or the U.S. Government. For a PDF version of this article, click here. Introduction Dr. Mohammed Al-Jawadi has made a major contribution to the understanding of the strategic and tactical thinking of Egyptian generals. His famous Arabic work, Al Nasr Al- Waheed (The Only Victory) which collects the memoirs of five Egyptian generals who planned and fought the 1973 Yom-Kippur War, was published in 2000. His 2001 volume, Fee Eikaab Al-Naksah, Muzakiraat Qaadah Misr Al-Askariyah Sabaa wa Siteen ila Ithnain wa Sabaaen (In Between the Catastrophe, Memoirs of Egyptian Military Commanders from 1967 to 1972, (Cairo: Dar-Al-Khiyal Press, 2001, 555 pages)) features the memoirs of five Egyptian generals who were involved in the reconstruction of the Egyptian military establishment after the 1967 Six-Day War.
    [Show full text]
  • THE RUSSIANS ARE GOING: SADAT, NIXON and the SOVIET PRESENCE in EGYPT, 1970-1971 by Craig A
    THE RUSSIANS ARE GOING: SADAT, NIXON AND THE SOVIET PRESENCE IN EGYPT, 1970-1971 By Craig A. Daigle* New evidence reveals that the United States was well aware of Sadat's intention to remove the Soviet military presence from Egypt and took steps over the summer of 1971 to ensure this end. We now know that President Nixon's decision to suspend the supply of aircrafts to Israel at the end of June and his decision to press for reopening the Suez Canal as part of an interim agreement between Egypt and Israel had as much to do with getting Soviets out of Egypt as it did with finding a peace agreement between Egypt and Israel. The decision by Egyptian President Anwar hurried a letter to Leonid Brezhnev, al-Sadat to remove the Soviet military claiming the United States had "no presence from his country during the advanced knowledge of the recent events in summer of 1972 has often been viewed as Egypt," and assured the Soviet Premier that the first step on the road to the October the United States would "take no unilateral War the following year. By removing the actions in the Middle East" as a result of Soviet presence, it has been argued, Sadat the recent developments.(5) was also removing the major obstacle Early scholarly treatment of Sadat's preventing him from engaging in another decision to remove the Soviet military war with Israel.(1) Though Sadat insisted at presence has generally fallen in line with the time that the expulsion of the Soviets this official account.
    [Show full text]
  • Israel 2020 Human Rights Report
    ISRAEL 2020 HUMAN RIGHTS REPORT EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Israel is a multiparty parliamentary democracy. Although it has no constitution, its parliament, the unicameral 120-member Knesset, has enacted a series of “Basic Laws” that enumerate fundamental rights. Certain fundamental laws, orders, and regulations legally depend on the existence of a “state of emergency,” which has been in effect since 1948. Under the Basic Laws, the Knesset has the power to dissolve itself and mandate elections. On March 2, Israel held its third general election within a year, which resulted in a coalition government. On December 23, following the government’s failure to pass a budget, the Knesset dissolved itself, which paved the way for new elections scheduled for March 23, 2021. Under the authority of the prime minister, the Israeli Security Agency combats terrorism and espionage in Israel, the West Bank, and Gaza. The national police, including the border police and the immigration police, are under the authority of the Ministry of Public Security. The Israeli Defense Forces are responsible for external security but also have some domestic security responsibilities and report to the Ministry of Defense. Israeli Security Agency forces operating in the West Bank fall under the Israeli Defense Forces for operations and operational debriefing. Civilian authorities maintained effective control over the security services. The Israeli military and civilian justice systems have on occasion found members of the security forces to have committed abuses. Significant human
    [Show full text]