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COLONIAL REPORTS—ANNUAL
No. i 594
ANNUAL REPORT ON THE SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC PROGRESS ()!• THE PEOPLE OF SWAZILAND, 1931
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/nid No. ) (price yd.) respectively t)
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LONDON VKiNTLl) AMI PVLLISHEO Il\ II IS MAJLSIVS STATIONERY Oil" III.
Tu be pim-Ji.wI «..;,etly frum H.M. S'lAITONERY OH ICE At 'lie follow injr :»
Price 2s. od. llct ANNUAL REPORT FOR 19 Jl ON THE SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC PROGRESS OF THE PEOPLE OF SWAZILAND.
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER. P\UE.
I. -(GEOGRAPHY, I N< LCDLN'G CLIMATE, AND Hl^ToRY 2
II. GOVERNMENT 4
III. POPULATION 5
IV. HEALTH ...... H V. liorsiNu 12
VI. PRODUCTION ...... 15
VII. COMMERCE 23 VIII. WAGES AND COST * r LIVING 23
IX. KIM-CATION AND WELFARE INSTITUTIONS 2*>
X. CoMMCNICATIONS AND TRANSPORT ...... 32
XI. HAN KIN* j, ( VRKENCV, WEIGHTS AND MEASIKES 35
XII. PCBLH WORKS 30
XIII. .ICSTJOE AND POLICE 37
XIV. LEGISLATION ... 42
XV. PerRLir FINANCE* AND TAXATION ... 43
XVI. MISCELLANEOUS . 4S
I. GEOGRAPHY, INCLUDING CLIMATE, AND HISTORY. Geography. Swaziland lies between the eastern slopes of the Drakensberg mountains, which form the eastern border cf the Transvaal, and the low-lying lands of Northern Zululand and Portuguese Kast Africa. It is ))ounded on the north, west, and south by the Transvaal, and on the east by Portuguese territory and Tongaland, now part of the Xatal Province, and is about the size of Wales, its area being 0,704 square miles. A little mor< than one-third of the territory is native area and the remainder is owned by Europeans. The territory 's divided geographically into three longitudinal regions roughly ol equal breadth, running from north to south, and known locally as the high, middle, and low or bush veid. The high veld portion adjoining the eastern Transvaal consists of mountains, part of the Drakensberg range. These mountains rise in parts to an altitude of over 3,000 feet.
* In t lis Ki*porl the Fi lanchd St;it •rmnts, which art' fur the year en le i 31st M-uvh, VX12, utv preliminary an I n>t completely au lite.1. All other detail* are for the calendar year 1931. SWAZILAND, 1931.
The middle veld is about 2,000 feet lower, while the hush veld, bounded on the east by the Ubombo mountains, has a height of from 300 to 1,000 feet rising on the? Ubombo mountains to 1,/JOO feet.
Climate. Both the rainfall and the temperature vary considerably with the altitude of the meteorological stations, which are under the control of the Chief Meteorologist of the Union (government. The average rainfall at two stations was : —
Mbabane (3,800 feet), So.OO inches over 20 years. Breniersdorp (2,17.1 feet), 30.si inches over 20 years. Tiie mean summer and winter temperatures were 07 - 1 Fain*, and .is 4 Fahr, ie*pcetivclv at Mbabane, and 73 4 Fahr. and 04 -2 Fahr. respectively at Breniersdorp.
History. The Swazis are akin to the Zulu and other tribes of the south eastern littoral. Up to about 100 years ago they occupied the country just north of the Pongola river, but a hostile Chief in their vicinity forced them farther north and, under Chief Sobhuza. they then occupied the territory now known as Swaziland. This Chief, who died in 1839, was succeeded by Mswazi II. The further order of succession has been Ludonga, Mbandeni, and Bhunu, whose son, Sobhuza II, was installed as Paramount Chief in 1021 after a long minority, during which his grandmother, Labotsibeni, acted as Regent. The many concessions granted by Mbandeni necessitated some* form of European control, notwithstanding that the independence of the Swazis had been guaranteed in the Conventions of 18 1 and 1884 entered into between the Oovernment of Her late Majesty Queen Victoria and the* Oovernment of the late South African Republic. In 1800, soon after the death of Mbandeni. a Provisional Oovernment was established representative of the Swazis. and of the British and South African Republic Oovernments. In 1S94, under a Convention between tlx* British and the South African Republic Oovernments, the latter was given powers of protection and administration, without incorporation, and Swaziland continued to be governed under this form of control until the outbreak of the Boer War in 1800, In 1002, after the conclusion of hostilities in the Transvaal, a Special Commissioner took charge1, and, under an Order in Council (1003), the Oovernor of the Transvaal administered the territory, through a local officer until the year 1007, when, under an Order in Council (1900), the High (Commissioner assumed control and estab lished the present form of administration. Prior to this, steps had been taken for the settlement of the concessions and their parti tion between the concessionaires and the natives. The boundaries 1 ( oI,<»M\L Jtl'.rnKTS-- -ANM'AL of the mineral concessions were also defined and all monopoly concessions wen4 expropriated. Title to property is therefoie now clear. In this connexion a cast* brought by the Paramount Chief was dismissed, on appeal, by the Privy Council (1020).
II. GOVERNMENT.
I>v an Order in Council dated 1st December, 11)00, Swaziland was placed directly under the control of the High Commissioner for South Africa, and a Proclamation was issued in March. 1007 (the Swaziland Administration Proclamation, I0O7), providing for the* appointment of a Resident Commissioner, a (ioveryment Secretary, and Assistant Commissioners, and th(» establishment of a Police Force. The Resident Commissioner exercises such administration and control and is invested with all such powers, authorities, and jurisdiction as are conferred upon him by the* said Proclamation, or any other law. or by the terms of his commission, subject always to the directions and instructions of the High Commissioner.
Advisory Council.
An elected Advisory Council, representative of the Kuropeans, was established in 1021, to advise the Administration on Kuropean affairs. The territory is divided into two electoral divisions, one north and one south of the (Jreat Csutu River. The fourth Council was elected in 102K, and consists of tive members for South Swaziland, and four members for North Swaziland. Meetings of this Council are held at least twice a year. A committee of the Council, consisting of four members, two from each electoral division, meets whenever convened by the Resident Commissioner himself or by him at the request of any two members. This Committee advises on any important matters which may crise from time to time between the usual meetings of the Council.
Native Council,
The Council is composed of the Indunas of the nation under the presidency of the Induna of the Paramount Chiefs Uraal. They advise the Paramount Chief on administrative < nd judicial affairs of State. Meetings of the Council with the Resident Commissioner are held from time to time.
Meetings of District Officials with Native Chiefs. The regular moot lily meetings between District Officers and native* Chiefs and their followers are an opport unity for discussing difficulties and have established a good understanding between the Administra tion and the natives. SW.\ZII.\NO, 1931. 0
Advisory Committees on Townships. Thcsr are held monthly. The Committees are elected by th< owners of stan<|s in tlx4 various townships. The Assistant Com missioner or Deputy Assistant Commissioner presides.
School Advisory Committees. Members are elected for any public .„!;:;,.»! by parents resident in Swaziland who. at the time of election, have1 one or more children on the roll of such school. When convenient one Committee1 may be elected to represent two or more schools situated in the same district. The Committees have* certain powers and duties in connexion with compulsory education under Proclamation Xo. 7 of I02o. School Boards. The members of these Boards consist of members of School Committees in the district, each School Committee having the right to elect one of its members to be on such Hoard. The Assistant Commissioner or Deputy Assistant Commissioner of the district is the chairman. The duties of Boards are laid down in the Com pulsory Kducatioii Proclamation (Xo. 7 of l!J2o). They advise the Administration in all matters connected with the provision of schools and school accommodation in each district ; also on other educational matters a fleeting Europeans.
III. POPULATION. Xo census of the population has been held since May. 1021. The figures were then : -
Kuropcaus ...... 2.1*00 Natives (Bantu) I l0.20o Coloured (other than Bantu) ... 4">l
Total 112.Ooi
The population is estimated now to be :— Mai*, Ft t/:ttlr. Total. Kuropcaus i.:wr> 2,noO Natives ( liantu) ... 57.45U
TntaN 5JIJ45 UU7.J I2:U20
About s:j per cent of the Bantu population resides in native areas and about 17 percent, on Kuropcan-owned land. Xo statistics arc available with regard to the nationality of the Kuropean races. There is no registration of births, marriages, and deaths of the Bantu population. i) (•ul/iM VI. UKroKTS-- \NM.\L,
Aima.er>t the European population On-re were : (r/) Births 77 or 29 o(i per 1,000 (h) Marriages 12 or I r>3 per 1.000 (r) Deaths ... . 21 or 7 !>2 per S.000 ( IV, HEALTH. Administration. The Emopean medical stall" consisted of the Principal .Medical ()ni FINANCIAL. The revenue earned by the Medical Department was U142 7s, Jul. The expenditure was £9,704. Public Health. The general health of the community was better than the average, but it was marred by outbreaks of enteric and an epidemic of whoop ing cough amongst native children in the northern half of the territory. (U'Heml Diseases, — Epilepsy and asthma are extraordinarily prevalent amongst the natives, and in the variable climate* of the western highlands, rheumatism and chest complaints are common. A fair number of cases of pneumonia appear here but the1 dise.se is not of a virulent type*. Scurvy occurs, especially at the end of winter and the beginning of spring when green food is scarce. With this disease is associates! occasionally a peculiar swollen, blistered, and bleeding condition of the mucous membrane of the tongue1, gums, and cheek in which the patient is unable to talk or swallow, and seems " in extremis," and \et recovers wHh amazing rapidity when i little fresh orange juice is oersi. tently dropped into the* mouth. A few cases of pc!,agra occur every year but is never seen in an aggravated form. (iast ro-intcstinal diseases amongst children, especially (luring the hot <\ Infrrlinus />/S'M/.M.S. Enteric was a source of great trouble in certain areas. Around Ihvmersdorp (here was a very sharp out break in the first three months of the year, and at Mahamba, in the Hlatikulu district, eases cropped up during the whole year; in addition, the Medical ()llieer. IIhit ikulu, reports that sporadic eases occurred all over his dist rict. Prevent ive inoeulal ion was done on a considerable scale. A few eases of amoebic dysentery occur every year but this disease is not a serious factor. Tuberculosis is increasing slowly amongst the natives. 'The Medical < Hficer at Hiatikulu coinmenls on the large number of gland eases he sees amongst children, and the medical missionaries on the* number ol bone and joint cases they see. There4 is a certain amount of lepiosy in certain areas: fortunately practically all the cases belong to the4 nerve type and spontaneous cure in the* course of turn* is common. U(hniitthic Diseases, - Taeniasis is very common, and cases of ascariasis are frequent. Schistosomiasis haematobium is common all over thfi country below the 3.000 feet levei, Infected natives com » freely for injections of antimony tartrate1 but it is more dilticult to oersuade them to complete a course of treatment than to complete a course of anti- syphilitic treatment, while any attempt to explain the life history of the helminth causing the* disease and to point out a means of preventing it is met with blank incredulity. Kortunatcly ankylo stomiasis is unknown in the territory. Hygiene and Sanitation. Most/iuto- awl insert harm iliseascs.—Malaria is tb' only one. As the native population is wielely scattered over* 'he territory effective measures of drainage* or of oiling or otherwise dealing with pools, undert d\en on such a scale1 as to benefit the whole area liable1 to inlectioi:. would be so costly as to render them prohibitive. II/'id<•••;//*• /Hs< asrs. I Nague. cholera. typhus, and relapsing lever do not occur. The incidence1 of the* enteric group of disease's eould be diminished consii|e»rably in the* townships if adequate* supplier of pure* water wesv made available*. 'This applies (/specially to Ihvuicrsdorp where* the disease* was pivvaieMit for some months. Such mea-lire's are' not feasible* in the native areas under present conditions, but fortunately use can be' made* of the- extraordinary faith the natives have in auv form of iuoe-ulatieai cither as a eaue or «is a pre\enti\e for miv form ot disease. Ahhough they will make no attempt to get a pure water ripply, or to erect >anitan* convenience or to reduce the plague of Hies at their homes. tllCV will cheerfully submit to inoculation and advantage has been fully taken of thi-> b; both the < lovvrument Medical Ollicers and the medical hiis>i( >ua »ie.. in dealing \\\\\\ outbreaks of enteric. ll< ht<, rlhii' I >i-< ff.x .N. It is |;(l>-d p. convince native, (bat measly p»»rk l> th'1 can *i of tape w man. and i'\c|i win u i on\ inee • ! they will take no piecautioMs. Their pin- ..r-1 ne\ei- kept in Mies but are allowed to .scavenge around the kraal and are invariably infect<»<| with measles. The remarks made about the control of the enteiic group of diseases apply to the control of schistosomiasis. The disease is especially prevail nt in and around Ihvmersdorp. am! the provision of a proper water supp!\ in that township would eliminate a large percentage of t he eases, General Measures of Sanitation. In townships, the common mean* of dealing with sewage is the bucket one. The system is in charge of 'Town Inspectors. A few large buildings Mich as hotels and a lew of the Ingc private1 houses have septic tanks. Outside the townships the system usually adopted by Kurop'\ms is to have deep pits suitably covered. The natives make no attempts to erect sanitary conveniences. Refuse is collected, put in pits and periodically burned. Water-supplies. The source of the Mbabane water-supply is a mountain stream from the* end of which the water is led by an open furrow four and a half miles long with an earth storage.1 dam whence the unliltered water is conveyed in pipes to parts of the1 township. It is the common supply of drinking water for resident and visiting natives and it is remarkable that then* has been no epidemic of water borne disease amongst them. The drinking supply of the European residents comes from springs which are suitably protected and cemented. These are bactcriologically tested at intervals. Medical Olheers have reported adversely on th water-supply of Bremersdorp on several occasions. The scries of dry seasons caused the complete drying up of the small reservoir which was constructed there about ten years ago. For some years the supply was adequate for the few householders in the village, but now. even if continually full, it would be inadequate for the nrds of this growing township. Wiih the drying up of the reservoir die inhabit ants have been compelled to (haw watei from the rmzimnone River which is utterly unsuitable baeteriologically and. in addition, is probably more infested by bilharzia than any other stream in the territory. It is no wonder that epidemics of water borne sW\/.IL\M>, 1931. diseases an frequent and that practically all the children sillier from schistosomiasis. A scheme has been drawn up to provide Bremersdorp with a supply of pure water and is now under eonsi< Icrat ion School Hygiene. It was unfortunate for progress in this lira* that Nr. Pilot who held a < leu lee in Pubic Health, and w ho vva- to be available lor publie health duties all o\er the tcnitory. died so soon alter hb appoint men!. It was his intention to introduce oito the native -choob some instruction on elementary hygiene and to give the native school teachers a much better knowledge of the siibje.a than they now possess and so enable them to impart this knowledge with greater authority to the children. At present all that i- attempted by the Aha heal I >epa rt men! b* a si a >rt scries of lect no - ^ to the native school teachers assembled in conference. In the large schools, especially many of th*»e conducted by (he Missionary Societies, the sanitary conditions are quite good and the authoiities in charge of 4 ,< schools are most solicitous concerning the general health and bootly welfare of the children. The establishment of the Swazi National School at Mat.ipa has given the whole territory an example of the general lines on which schools should be planned, from the health as well a^ from the educational point of view, and the influence of this example cannot fail to expand from year to year. It is hoped that next year ;t may be possible to have a course of lect ures on elementary physiology hygiene, etc.. at this institution. Maternity and Child Welfare. There is no special organization for dealing with this. buf there are a few very gratifying tendencies to be noticed in tiie att'tude of the nat i ve women. One is that native women are gradually beginning to eome into hospital voluntarily for their cor'incmcni :. until recently such a thing was unheard of. Another is the fact that still largar cumbers come to be examined during the later months of pregnancy to lind oiu whether everything is progressing normally and satisfactorily. Yet nothcr is the way pregnant women who have suffared from syp ai s come to he treated during pregnancy and bring their chil<' 'i afh.vVards lor examination a.id treatment, if that is necesN. ry. Fort una tely. most nat i ve \\ omen I avasi lee a I their children, but they have a deplorahle habit of supplementing it tram the* beginning with maize porridge even though the natural food is ample. Where artificial feeding is necessary cows" milk is usually used ami it is surprising to find how often a genuine effort is made to keep the* bottle clean. n;;;a A 10 COLON!\1. IO'IOUTS WMAI, Hospital Dispensaries and Venereal Clinics. The new hospital at Mbabane was opened early in October and has been full ever since. It n quires further additions before1 it can become a thoroughly satisfactory institution. The* Hlatikulu Hospital is handicapped very much by lack of sufficient accommndation. The increasing volume of work done there1 is indicated by the1 great increase in the' number of out patients, and if the* accomm* M lat ion were available there would be a similar1 increase in the1 number of in-patients. The work done by the Mankaiana Dispensary was practically double thr.t of the1 previous year. Kxcellent work has been done1 by the Church of the1 Nazarene .Mission, at Hremersdorp with its dispensaries at Ntcgi and Piggs IVak and by the1 Wesleyan Mission Hospital at Mahamba with its dispensary at Hluti. Hoth are- to be complimented on the high standard of the work performed, and the1 charae'tcr and professional attainments of the* members of their staff. The Venereal clinics continue te> do excellent work. The one at Mbabane1 dealt with about the same1 number of cases as last year. The clinic at Hremersdorp did a greatly increased amount of work due1 largely to many patients being sent for treatment from the Ntcgi district where little anti-venereal work is undertaken. A new clinic was opened during the year* at Oocdgcgun in the Hlatikulu district. It is visited once a month by the Medical Officer from Hlatikulu. Hv reports that the* natives do not avail themselves of this opportunity for treatment as they might be expected te> do and, like all other medical practitioners in the territory, he1 has great difficulty in convincing them e>f the necessity for continuing the1 treatment of syphilis after all outward signs of the1 disease have disappeared. Prisons and Asylums. Mental cases are sent to Cnion institutions at the1 eost of the1 Swaziland Administration. The health of prisoners was, as usual, excellent. The new gaol premises at Hlatikulu were completed. Two new cells were1 built at Stegi but further improved accom modation is sti'l required. Ret irn of Diseases and Deaths (In-patients) for the year 1931. The1 following figures show the1 prevalence and mortality arising irom the1 principal groups e>f diseases. These figure's are compiled from tin1 combined Mbabane and Hlatikulu Hospital returns. The swazimno, 1931. 11 diseases mentioned occurred almost entirely amongst the native peasants : Infectious Diseases, Total incidence ...... HO!) The principal diseases were Syphilis •IS s7 per ct Malaria 1 1 :\:\ do. Enteric s 74 do Tuberculosis 15 do Intlucn/.a ... . > is do Infective diseases of skin and cellular tissue^ do Pneumonia :j do 1 hsentcry ... 2 91 do. < )t her diseases !» :w (lo The total deaths from infective diseases were 12 divided as follows : Tuberculosis 25 per cent, Knteric 25 do. Pneumonia s • do. Inflammation of cellular tissues s xi do. Septieaeniia H Xi do. Whooping Cou^h ... s •:w do. Puerperal Septicaemia hi •<;<> do. General Systemic and Preventable Diseases. Total incidence ...... PW divided as follows : Preventable diseases 40 »>:$ per cent (ienito-urinary non-venereal 15 54 do. Puerperal state I 25 do. Disorders of the digestive system f> •70 do. (Jcncral diseases ... 5 IS do. Nervous system and organs of the senses 4 14 do. Affections of the circulatory system il (>3 do. Diseases of bones and organs of locomo tion :i 1 1 do. Diseases of the respiratory system 2 51) do. Diseases of skin and cellular tissues 2 07 do. Ill-defined and undeveloped disease's 4 14 do. 1- COLONIAL KKloKTS ANM \L. The total deaths from general systemic and preventable diseases were nine, divided as follows : Wounds by cutting or stabbing iustru ment s ...... M ILi per eent. Kpilepsy ...... Ml do Affections of infancy ...... Ill do Injuries inflicted by animals ...... Ill do. Ast henia ...... Ill do. Diabetes ...... Ill do. Diarrhoea ...... ill do. The following figures show the number of eases treated at the various centres. / ii- full ic nt ^. ( >iit-ptifiint (.OY'TintM'nt 1 iistitwt ions M kabane Hospital ... \vi'.\ Illatikulu Hospital ... 17't N.2:UI Mankaiana Dispensary Ml 1,SSS Mission Institutions Rrenieixloi p Hospital C>2 1.. 1 1 i Mahainl>a Hospital ... 214 1.717 Kndinuem Dispensary 4<» :u»i2 Pile's Peak 1 >ispensary Steffi Dispensary IS 1.177 The chief diseases amongst the out-patients were* gynecological affections in w eun .1/iscella ih'ons. Six doctors were in practice* at the end of the year. Three dentists an* registered for1 practice in Swaziland but do not reside in the1 territory. One chemist was in practice at the end of the year and twelve* nurses and midw ives. V HOUSING. Kl'KOPKANS IN TkUAN AK'I^S. The* promulgation of the IVban Areas Regulations in I!Kin set a standard for new buildings. No buildings can be erected until the plans have been submitted to and approved by the Advisory Hoards of the* various townships. The result of this can be seen in the improved standard of the new buildings. There are still many unsightly old buildings, of which some provided for Kuropean svvA/ii.wh. 1931 I> officials an* of a poor type*. At Ml>oh,,no an*! Hlatikulu most of the* Kuropran Police live in wood and iron buildings which are very cold in winte and very hot in summer. In the urban area- sanitary arrangements are good and well controlled, with the exception of one township where a propel sanitary sy>tcm is now being installed. Regular inspections are carried out by the Town Inspector-. In recent years many excellent houses have been built on farm**, but the poorer Kuropean classes, especially tho>e on smallholdings or Mpiatting on large farms belonging to other- live in ab;«*et hoxels e<»nstructed of turf walls, earthen Honrs and thatched roofs. The sanitary arrangements are defective and. in many cases, non existent . CNKIM ( \Ti:n X.VTIVKS IN Rt'H\\t Am; vs. So long as the native lives under native conditions then* is no such thing as overcrowding. Mo>t of the natives live in huts of a beehive* shape*. They e*onsM of a wattle' framewvork covered with thatch, the* only epeaiing heino a very low door. The earthen floors are* hammereel and polished and impervious to damp. Kach married woman has her own hut and. in a kraal or collection of these huts, there are huts alle>tted te> the1 youths and unmarried males and others to the* unmarried females above the1 age1 of puberty. A kraal usually consists of the1 huts of one1 man. his wives, his unmarried daughters and his sous, both marriikei and unmarried, ami the1 wives and children of married sons. That then* is a con siderable amount of ventilation is shown by the* amount of smoke1 that can be seen passing through the thateh from the1 tire* within. The* huts, however, have1 the* defee't of not admitting sunlight, but as the^y are* used only as sleeping places and shelters from the* rain, and as every possible minute* of the daylight is spent in the* e>pen. this is not a very great drawbae'k. A regrettable change for the worse takes place* in cases when the native* begins te> rise* a little* in the* social scale* and to imitate* Kurop<\m housing eruditions. He* then eavets a small rectangular building of sundricd bricks or of wattle* and daub : the1 walls are toe> low : the floor is of earth anel cannot be kept clean and is damp in wet weather; the* windows are* small holers and frequently boarded over. These small buildings are divided into a living room and a sleeping room, both toe* small, anel the1 inhabitants lie* e-ithcr em the1 damp earthern floor or on home-made wooelen beelste*ads under conditions far more* liable* to harbour biting inserts than the* polished impervious floor of the* grass hut, the sleeping mat. and the blanket of the ordinary native*. Two either points in favour of the grass huts are ; --first, wheal the* native^ for any reason, often the* occurrence e>f an unusual amount of sickness in his kraal, wishes to move*, this Is a simple* matter as he* simply eonstructs new huts in another place- ; and sce'omL as there is practically always a small fire* in the sleeping huts, there* is a errtain amount of smoke' and tin- iovps off mos 1 b CO I ON I \L K I rolClS ~- ANN'I'AL, of grazing and watering, it was impossible to continue dipping at intervals of seven da\s and. hi most parts of the territory, dipping; was only carried out at intervals of fourteen days. This is not sullicicut to keep east coast fever in check and as no outbreaks occurred it is further proof that unknown areas of infection do not exist. Scah. Dining the year four outbreaks of scab were repealed. Dining the mouths of March. April, and May all the native sheep in the midlands and highland- were dipped. A large number of native owned sheep and goats arc dipped ivularlx every seven or fourteen davs with the cattle. This keeps scab in clack and also gets rid of a large number of ticks. The improvement in these regularly dipped animals is marked. Anthrax. Forty seven deaths occurred. Outbreaks of thi < disease have become more frcepicnt during the last tew years, the reason being, in the opinion of the Principal Veterinary Oflicer. the ahnnrmalk low rainfall which has caused large4 areas to become denuded of grass, ivsulting in soil erosion which probably exposes mon* easily the1 spores lying m the ground and thus favourable eonditions for their development «>ccur. Fortunately with the present day method of vaccination the* outbreaks are easily controlled arid the mortality kept low. cattle were vaccinated free* of charge1. Contagions Abortion. Very few cases of this disease occurred. It dot's not assume* alarming proportions and very little is done: in fact in a native4 country where* there are4 common grazing areas and drinking pools, where cattle1 from a large aiva gather, it is impossible to do \(TV muedi against this ilisease. No other contagieais diseases have* occurreel, XoM ( ''WtHijinils I)is((tses, lilac/, (/nartcr. This elise; sc was not so ptvvalemt during this 1 war. probably elue to the v ry elry conditions. o.;$4o de>se*s e>f black-epwirte'r vaccine*- we-re issued. Nat ive-envned cattle1 a re 1 inoe-ulate'd fre'e1 of charge . Hearhraler Ibis appe*ars to be on the increase and the Principal Wterinary Officer thinks it is elue te> the1 increase* e>f cattle*. Th(*re were ineiiv eleaths. but the1 pearemtage e>f deaths is ne> great e*r. Ste( Hippintj Tanks. Theae* we*re* Hi!) elippiug tanks in operation eluring the* year. cemsisting of 1M < Ie»\'erumemt tanks, Hi private* tanks unele*r the* eaaitrol «>f the* ( h>\eanmeut, anel bO private tanks under the* contre>l of the owners. SWAZILAND, 1931. 17 Cattle, There were* :J72Jb2 head of eat lie in the territory at t ti I'J.c/tocf e/' CfttfhT.lHis head of cattle were exported lor slaughter during t he year. viz. : To Johannesburg ...... 121 To Durban ...... 1.770 To Durban (old Storage (the beef being ex ported overseas) ... ,. ... 2.70v The average price obtained on the Johannesburg and Durban markets was approximately lo per head and the average place for scrub cattle sold to the (old Storage was r.'L The market for scrub, or underweight cattle, was closed towards t he end of the year as the oversea contract had been fu,tilled. It is hoped that South Africa will again obtain a contract for ti e supply of meat to some of the* Kuropean countries and thus enable markets for t his cla-is of annua I to be found. Stock-mi*in*j hjf l*( rsotrs of A'o//-/v///ioy/cf/// /h'^ctitt,—While* many native's own large* numbers of sten-k eemsistin j. e>f hnvinexs anel goats, there is as yet little improvenuMit in the* met henls of ste>ck-raising. In the* native* mind wealth is re orescnteel bv cattle. (Iciicrai, —The oversteudving of cattle, affecting the grazing and the watering fae*ilitie*s of the territory, is becoming a serieuis matter. I 'nfortunate! v a g re sit numbe*r of poe,|s which wen* formerly con>ide*red to be* permanent, have elrievn up. This is not due* emtircly to the* rainfall being below* the* average* but also te> the extra drain on the* water by the inere*ase*el herds e>f ttlo and. in the* bush vcdel. to the* enormous number of wildebeest A start has be*em mad'1 em the* cemstrueii'm *>f dams for the <»onscrvati Agriculture. The principal agriemltural oe-eupations arc* e*attle breeding and the* growing of maize*, kailir earn, tobacco, and cotlem. In the winte*r the* high veld pe>rtion of the1- territory is largely use I by sheep graziers who bring in th- *r lioeks fmm the* Transvaal where the1- climate1 is more* se*ve*rc\ I mprove'd methods in agrieult ur<* are* boe< uning more* ge*ne*ral amongst the* Kuropean farmer's. KtTorts are* being made to heip the* n mves to improve their methods in agriculture1 and. for* this purpose*, trained native* demonstrator- have' heem e*ngage*d. The*se are* meat who have renvived (raining 18 C0T,()XIA L It KI*()HTS—A N NI! A L. at native agricultural sehnols in the* lTnion and have obtained diplomas in agriculture. A eliflieulty at presian is to obtain men who know the Swazi language4. It is hoped to get over this by sending some natives from Swaziland to be trained in the Cnion and also to train others locally. Maize -The principal crop grown by Europeans and natives in the* highlands and midlands is maize. The European return of an average* of 21 muids (bags of 200 lb.) per acre* is very low but this may IK* partly due to the abnormally low rainfall experienced during the growing season. The return per acre for the natives is even lower. The price* of maize elroppeel to the lowest level known for many years. This was due te> an over-production in the Union and to Swaziland being declared an export country miner the Maize Control Act, Kaffir Co/v/. -This is the principal crop grown by the natives, especially in the bush veld. It is more* resistent te> drought than maize. The* yield per acre* was very low. Cotton.- The return of this crop was 1,532.132 lb. of seed cotton, the lowest return for the past three years ; this was due not only to a bad season but chiefly to the smaller acreage planted on account of the very low price of cotton in the world's markets. Tobacco.- -During the year the Swaziland Co-operative Tobacco Company was established, but it was not until the* 1st June that it was in a position to receive, tobacco at its warehouse*. Krom that date until the end of the* year 5(50.379 lb. of tobacco were* delivered or otherwise dealt with. The intake* price of leaf te>baceo amounting to 422,1)33 lb. was £lO,77l>, The tobacco sold by the* Company to the end of the year realized 1:5.711. while the value* of the* tobacco on hand on the 31st December was £7,052. In adelition, roll tobacco amounting to 134,851 lb. was exported by growers and realized approximately £3,771. The c; <. p was an average one. An encouraging featme was the extent to which natives have taken to producing te>bacce>. Their total production was 15.000 lb, and it was valued, on the average, to within a farthing per lb. of the; tobacco grown by Kumpcuns. The only kind of tobacce) for which the Company did not g«*t a prompt demand was the* highest gnule of snuff tobacce), which is principally consumcel by the* uatixes. It is a!s.) the* highest pricce! tobacco. Native* unemployment and a famine in Zululand were two factors givem lor a falling away in demand ba this type* of fe>bae*e.e>. During the* ye*ar the* planting of teibaero (or the 1032 crop was on a greater scale than lor the* 1031 ere>p but. owing to aelverse weather conditions anel destructive*, bail storms, it is estimates! that the yh*ld will be b(*low the* average*. Other Crops. Other emps grown are* beans of all kinels. peanuts, anel other oil producing erops, SWVXILAM). 1931. 19 Fruit.—The export of citrus fruit has been carried out by a few fanners and excellent reports have been received about the quality of the fruit but depressed markets have1 been disappointing to the glowers. Dairyhaj. This branch of farming is increasing. 21,(170 lb. butter fat, valued at approximately tS43. were* exported to the Union during the year. Native Dairying. -f\\xo dairies, to which natives supply the milk, were started in 1030, and have proved a success. They are under the supervision of a native agricultural demonstrator. It is hoped to establish other dairies on bus routes where a. demonstrator is available to supervise them. It is proposed to give instructions in dairying to native scholars who wish to take* it up. If the dairying branch of farming increase's amongst the Europeans, trained natives should have ne> difficulty in obtaining employment with farmers at a higher wage than the ordinary labourer. Vegetable gardening is also being taught at all schools in the territory. The Ins|>ector of Education has arranged that at five native schools all scholars who have passed Standard IV, and who desire it. can take a course in agriculture for a period of two years in Standards V anel VI under a native demonstrator. At the end e)f that period a native who desires to do se> will be given a further special course? e>f twe> years, when he should be* able to do the work of an agricul tural demonstrator. This will assist the* natives by giving them a knowledge of elementary agriculture which they can apply to their own fields when they leave school. It will also give*, the* better trained native an opportunity of another Helel of employment as a demonstrator. Cultivation by persons of non-European descent. The only inhabitants falling >* ithin this category are the natives. In about half e>f the area the cultivation is by hand with hoe*s made specially fir native1 use*, and is carried out principally by married women. In the* other half, ploughs drawn by oxen are used. Marrows and cultivators are* seldom used. The food-stuffs grown by native's are only about one-fifth of their requirements, the remain ing tour-fifths being supplied by European farmers anel by traders who import grain from the* Union. In the areas most favourable to the* cultivation of grain the* natives often sell grain but are* not infrequently found buying it back later on in the season at enhanced prieew X umber of persons ojf non-European descent vultiratin 1 '20 COLONIAL \lI;iN> 1 ITS — AXN VAr,. themselves. Approximately 2.10 are in the employment of Kurafrieans. I'snally tliese natives work as servants receiving wages in money together with food and quarters. The progress which litis hcvn \nadi\ and the co)nparaticc influence of instruct inn and of emplojpuenl icith Europeans, There are approximately Mo natives who are really progressive farmers and whose methods compare favourably with those* of Europeans. These include* the tobacco growers anel a few grain farmers. Ploughs are* replacing hand labour to an increasing extent every year anel the* methexls of planting, cultivation, anel use of fertilizers are showing steady improvement. Most of the* progress is due to their employnumt by and the* association with Kuropeans, Labour. Labour was plentiful for farming, mining, road-making, and domestic purposes. There was no recruiting for labour for estate's or mines in the territory. The tin mine's at Mbabane anel the asbestos mine near Pigg's Peak cmple>ycd about. r>00 natives. These mines are situated in a healthy part anel there is no underground work. The other employers of native labour are the* ranches, two cotton plantations, the Kuropean farmers, anel the* Adminis tration. The labourers are housed in grass huts of the type described in Chapter V. Farmers9 Associations. There are* three of these Associations in the territory, the Swazi land Farmers' Association, with headquarters at hremersdorp ; the Ntcgi Farmers' Association, anel the Southern Farmers' Associa tion, with headquarters at Hlatikulu. These Associations have been in existence for many years anel are* the avenues through which all matters dealing with farming anel stock-raising are; communicated to the* (Jovcrnment. Agricultural Show's have* been held annually for a number of years at Hremersdorp anel Hlatikulu. Kxhibits at these shows for the past three years are as follows : - llmncrsdorp. Hlatikulu. .ISO 72!) WYM) f>:tt 721 imi r>7 Crops. The following is a summary of agricultural products raised by Europeans and natives during the year : - liy Europeans. Avfi ••>• .1 j)jtrojiijntf( . 1 mount hurecxletL n turn per nr/'f. Maize 10,2*7 2I,0(U maids of 200 lb. or 4.332'200 lb. 2- I inuids. Collon 7.l2f, 1,532,132 lb. seed cotton 2I5 lb. Tobacco \1~> 500,270 lb. I,ISO lb. Kaffir (Wn l.(is:$ 2.SI0 muids or 503,800 lb. I «7 inuids. beans S00 772 ba-s of 2(M) lb. I75 lb. Peanuts ... MTU 2.050 ba.L's of 70 1!). eacb or 144,130 lb. 5 • 5 baiis. Sweet potato*! 'S ... :{ti 1(12 ba-s of 120 lb. I -5 baps. Potatoes ... 21 3S0 ba;/s of 150 lb. Hi baus. Pumpkins ... •tf 50.200 lb. L5ID lb. liy Satires. Maize . . . •Mu,:\r>27,32 S inuids of 200 lb. or 5.405.000 lb. I mind. Tobacco If, 1 o,000 lb. 1,000 lb. Kaflir Corn 42,«!K» 42,535 inuids of 200 lb. or 8,507,000 lb. 1 muid. beans !,000 703 bays of 200 lb. 152 lb. Peanuts ...... CO 300 bai/s of 70 lb. 5 ba^'s. Sweet potatoi \S ... 42r, L42o ba/is of 120 lb. 11 bans. Potatoes ... f> IS ba;xs of 150 lb. 3-0 ba;is. Pumpkins ... 720 150,000 lb. 20S lb. PASTORAL PRODUCTS. Quantify. Value. C Milk . . . 2,02* gallons 243 1 Butter ... I3.0SI lb. N50 31.034 dozen 202 Bacon ... 755 lb. 50 Beef 1.500.000 lb. 25,000 These are consumed locally. No reliable estimate can be given at present of the pastoral products of the natives. 0-> COLONIAL Jl H I'O I IT S—A N N UAL. The following is a summary of the products, quantities in pounds and values, exported during the five years ended on the 31st Decern her, IWM : - Shuiijht'r Cattle. IIL'S. Iit'4'.t. MM. mi. 4.707,000 3,039,0 Tobacco. lb. 1,202,500 1.283.250 i.oos.too 578.330 298.413 £ 30.825 37,428 35.0 i» 14.397 9,082 ('otton Seed. 11- 530,5(H) 850.814 2.(ilH.»i:i 3,224,182 1.532,132 11,270 I3.7S5 37.901 20.808 9.578 Hides. 243,770 3(18,400 434.840 208.140 143.(100 10,157 13,047 7.250 3.40!) 1,589 Ski iix. 5.590 144 Wattle I lurk. ,I94,(HH> .239,000 2.274.500 9,000 0,570 4,920 9,108 37 Wool. lb. 9,500 9.01 H) 3,(100 27,091 72,134 4 nutter. 4.5(H) 8,400 1.748 794 £ 250 420 130 52 lintler Fal. lb. I.SIM) 4.4(H) 33,870 21.070 £ 90 220 075 843 tillll tOII. Value ... £1.795 £1.475 £3S2 Nil. Nil. Mttallic Tin. II.. 313.034 410.438 415,093 3(10,092 171.4s 1 £ 42,77(5 39,700 3S.092 23,414 s.875 All the ahove products with the exception of cotton and metallic tin. were exported to the Cnion of South Africa. Cotton was exported to Kngland and the tin to the Straits Settlements. Wool is shorn from sheep brought into the territory for winter grazing by farmers living in the Cnion. The only produce exported by the natives is tobacco and. at present, a small quantity of butler SWAZILAND, 1931. -3 fat. Seventy-five's per cent, of the hides ate sold by natives to Kuropean traders who export them. The production, in the cast4 of agriculture and live stock, is by individual agriculturists except in the ease of cotton, of which approximately 30.r>00 lb. of seed cotton were produced by two cotton companies. 'The tin is won by companies from alluvial workings in the vicinity of Mbabane4. VII. COMMERCE. Jiy *m Agreement with the (Jovernment of the* Union of South Africa, dated 2!)th June, I!) 10, Swaziland is dealt with for customs purposes as part of the Union, and a fixed percentage of the total collections in the Union is paid to Swaziland annually. Payments <\uv to Swaziland are assessed on the proportion which the average of the collections for the three years ended 31st March, l!)l I. bears to the total customs collections of the Union in each year. No statistics of imports a.re kept. The amounts received by Swaziland under the Customs Agreement during the last three1 financial years were as follows — 1029-30. 103031. 1031 32 .£15,738 .£12.802 £13,320 Collections in Swaziland in respect of spirits anel beer manu factured in the Union, are4 as follows ; - 102!) 30. 1030 31. 11)31-32. £ 1,300 u,3sr> .1:1,104 The sum of £1,315 was collected in respect of a temporary special duty on imported maize anel maize* products. The imports consist prima pally of maize, flour, groceries, wearing apparel, kaflir truck, hardware, machinery, buiidaig materials, etc.. most of which are imported from the Union of South Africa through wholesale firms established there. The principal exports are4, enumerated under section VI above. Cotton is exported te> the United Kingdom, tin through the Union to the Straits Settlements, anel all other commodities te> the Union of South Africa. The volume of track4 was reasonably good during the year under review. Average native crops we're1 ivapcul. Farmers obtained a fair price4 for their maize. The prices e>f food-stuffs weir not excessive. VIII. WAGES AND COST OF LIVING. Europeans v.m nlojfed on (lorvnunent Motor Sereiees. There are4 no railways in the; territory but the lioael Moteir Service of the4 Cniem (JovTrnmcnt and of the Portuguese; Mast African Administration continue*- te> eipcratc in Swaziland ove;r certain routes. The* average rate»s e>f wages in these4 servicers were, elriveM's £22 per month anel assistant drivers £11 per* month. The average4 cost 1M COLONIAL HIJ'OHTS -ANNUAL. of living for a single* man was tin per month, and for a married man with one young child £10 |>er month made* up as follows : r Kent ...... 42 per annum. {Jroecrics meat, milk. 00 do. ('lothiiiijc. hoots, etc. ... 40 do. Poll Tax 2 do. Wage.**, of servants ... 12 do. This docs not include the cost of education. The* average hours of work were Europeans employed in other works. [Stock Inspectors employed by the Administration receive salaries at the rate of £20 per month rising by annual increments of £15 to £30 per month. Europeans employed in build iny. These were paid at the rate of 15s. to £i per diem. The* average hours of work were* 48 per week. Europeans employed on mines, Kuropean none* managers were paid at the* rate* of £35 per month. (Quarters were provided. Kuropcuu mini* oxersecrs wore paid at the rate of £30 per month. Quarters were not provided. The cost of living iti the case of married men was approximately £20 per month, and in the* case1, of a single* man approximately £12 per month. Kuropean miner?; and prospectors were paid at the* rate* of £25 per month, without quaiters. The cost of living in the ease oi married men was approximately £14 per month anel in the1, case of single* men approximately £10 p<»r mouth. The average hours of weak we*re* approximately 50 per week. SWAZILAND, 1931. Natives employed on mutes. Natives in charge* of labourers employed on the mines were paid at the rate* of Is. sd. to 2s. per diem. Native labourers on mines wen* paid at tho rate of Sd. to Is. per diem depending on their age and ellieieney. In all ease's they received quarters and lid. per diettt for food. Satires em ployed on other troth*. The average rates of wages per annum of native non-commissioned officers and men of the Swaziland Police* were : Sergeants £72 to £S4 ; Corporals £00 to £72 : Constables £30 to £54 according to length of service*. In addition, quarters are provided. The* average hours of work we're* 00 per wevk. The native cattle guards in e-ha.ge* of Cnvcrnmcnt dipping tanks received average wage*s of £30 to £3!) per annum according to length of service*. The average hours of work were* 00 per week. Europeans eta ployed in agriculture. The rate's of wages of Kuropcans employed in agriculture vary from £5 to I" 10 per month with a share* in the* crops, estimated to be of the* value of £10 to £S0 per annum. Others are provided with food anel quarters. In other case's farm managers we're* paid at the* rate e>f £20 to £25 per month anel quarters. The average hours of work were 0*0 per week and the average* cost of living for a single man was £10. anel for a married man £14. per month. Natives employed in agriculture. The rates of wages of native labourers varied from J5s. to £2 per month, depending on their age* anel efficiency, the higher paid being plowmen, wagon drivers, anel natives experienced in farming we>rk. The average4 hours of labour were* (10 per week. Natives employed in domestic service. Native*s in domestic service were1 paiel \vage*s varying from 10s. per month te> £3 10s. according to age* anel e xperie*ne*e*. Mousehold servants, waiters, etc\. ?vee*ivcel from vl0s. to 30s., grooms 15s. to £1. cooks £2 te> £3 I Us, In addition feiod anel quarters are1 supplier). The* average*, hemrs of service* were (JO pe*r weed*. The staple* food-stuffs of the1 native* labourers in t Jovernnumt and other employment are1 2.1 !b. of maize1 meal per diem e>r abend 75 lb. pea* month, and I \ lb. of meat per weu'k or a bout 0 lb. pea* month. The average e#ost of me'al throughout the1 ye*ar was 14s. per I S3 lb. and of me'at 4 Ad. per lb. The average* cost of living was Ss. pe*r month. The average1 e«ost of living e>f e*dtte'ate»el native's was approximately £2 per he*ael per month. 2 G COLONIAL K P CO FITS— \ N N I'A L. The average* cost of living for officials vis approximately as follows (1) Ihichelors (Juniors) ...... I'12 to £13 per month. (2) Married couple with two young children ... £25 per month. (3) Married couple with three young children... £28 per month. (4) Married couple with four young children ... £32 per month. This does not include the cost of education which, in the ;ase of oflicials living at a distance from Hcaehpiartcrs. is approximately £00 per anrmu |)er child. In the. last mentioned case the* cost of living per annul"* 'is as follows :— i (Jroceries. meat. milk. etc...... 200 Footwear 24 (Tothing ...... 74 Lights K' 24 Poll Tax 2 Wages of servants ...... 52 Sundries ...... 8 IX.—EDUCATION AND WELFARE INSTITUTIONS. European Education. In December, 1028. Mr. H. J. F. Dumbrell, 15.A., was appointed as Inspector of Education for Swaziland and the* Bcchuanuland Protectorate;. During his absence from this territory, the direction and superintendence e>f educational work is in the hands of Mr. W. A. Elder, O.B.F., F.R.O.V.S.. IVincipal Veterinary Oflicer and Agricultural OHicer. The expenditure on education during the past five; financial years was as follows A mount sj) During the year under review two small se'hools in southern Swazi land have1 been closed down anel the pupils are* now attending other schools. There are only ten (Jovernment schools for Kuropean children where primary education is taught, o\u> of which, the (loedgegun school in southe'rn Swaziland, does, in addition, work of a secondary tvpe. SWAZILAND, 1931, 27 In addition, secondary education is given at St. Mark's School, Mbabane, which is aided by an annual grant of 11,450 from the Oovernment. This school is controlled by a Council on which the Administration is represented bv two nominees. The school is examined every year by the Inspector of Education. The new buildings at this school, mentioned in the Report for I OHO, have now been completed. These include an excellent dormitory for boys. A commercial class has been formed for such pupils as are destined to take the ordinary Matriculation Kxamination of the University of South Africa. Afrikaans is taught by a qualified teacher and music is taught by a mistress possessed of the L.R.A.M. degree. During the year, a school for Kuropean children was opened at Breniersdorp by the Dominican Order, and an attendance of approximately twenty was maintained throughout the year. The work done at this school is mostly of a primary nature, but a few of the older pupils are being prepared for the examinations conducted by the College of Preceptors, KnglancL This school, which receives no direct aid from the Administration, has in being courses for adults and others desirous of studying shorthand, typing, book keeping, etc., and there are a few adults who are taking special work in connexion with music. Towards the end of the year a new school building for Kuropean children was completed at Rremersdorp. It comprises two up-to- date class rooms, specially designed for educational purposes. It stands amidst ample space for playgrounds, gardens, etc. At the Driefontcin school in the Mankaiana District an abandoned farm house near the school, lias, with aid from the Administration, been rented ; a suitable woman has been placed in charge, and the people have provided furniture. Kighteen children are being boarded here. They came from outlying farms more than three miles distant from the school. Small grants of tl per month per child are given by the Administration, and the money is paid to the hostel. This hostel has been visited on several occasions, and the benefit to children of proper and regular food and hours is reflected in their school work. The average attendance at the ten Oovernment schools for European children during the last three years was as follows :- 1<>20 502 1! 130 435 1031 400 The average attendance at St. Mark's School for 1031 was 1)0, while the average attendance (baring the same period at the Dominican School, Rremersdorp, was 20. The average attendance of Kuropean scholars at all schools was therefore 510. Public examinations arc* limited to the Matriculation and Junior Certificate Kxaminations held annually by the* Cniversify of South Africa. The School Leaving Certificate (Standard VI) and the *2* i OLOMAL HKTONTS AXNTAL. High School Knfranct Kvamination (Standard V) arc also hclel annually by tin* Department of Kducation of the Transvaal : and the syllabus of this Department is used in the Swaziland schools. The results obtained at the examinations held towards the end of last year were three passes in the Matriculation out of lour candidates from St. Marks School, and tour passes in the Junior Certificate out of four candidates also from St. Mark's School. Seventeen entered from (lovernmcnt schools and axtecn passed the School Leaving Certificate, while thirty-four entered from Oovern ment schools for the* High School Entrance Kxamination and twenty- five passed. The staffing of the (Jovernment schools shows some improvement in regard to the professional qualifications required for teachers. Kive of the teachers possess proper professional qualifications. The* school buildings have been repaired and improved. The schools have all been visited by a medical officer. During the year a considerable amount of progress has been made in connexion with the introduction of the boy scout and girl guide movements throughout the territory, and at several schools there are troops of both kinds. A very good library has been built up at the Ooedgegun School. The Inspector of Kducation states that the general standard of work in the Kuropean schools has distinctly advanced. Eurafrican Education* There* are in existence* two institutions for Kurafriean children which are aided by the Administration. The nveragc attenelance at these two institutions for the last three years was as follows 1020 Ill 1030 125 1031 50 1 They receive £700 as grants-in-aid. At the Klorencc Mission, the; pupils are taught by a epialified Kuropean lady te*aeher and a qualified Kurafriean woman. In addition, the missionary in charge teaches the boys woodwe>rk and building. Besides these there arc Kurafriean children scattered throughout the territory who are taught in the* native schools. Native Education. At presemt there- an* three Oovernment schools for natives and S(> native* Missiem sclmols in lvceipt of Oovermnemt aid and uneler (lovernmcnt supervision. There is a Supervisor of Native Schools, who does valuable weak in his visits of supervision maele at all sche>e>ls throughout the country. He elemonstrates impreiveel methods e>f te*aching, and pmmotes ge*neral inteivst amongst Kurope'ans and native's in the welfare anel elevelopment of the Swazi ehihlrem. SWAZILAND, 19:{L iM) A Hoard of Advice on Native Ivlucatinu. which is composed of representatives of the* Kuropean Advisory ( 'ouucil. missionary s. and certain (Jovermnent ollicials met twice* during the year. Many of the Mission Societies receive help from overseas and the curtailment of such help has had its effects on educational activities. Karly in the year the " World Service* Exhibition " was held in •Johannesburg at St. Mary's Hall. The' Paramount Chief, the Mission schools, anel the* (.nvcrnmcnt native* schoe>ls co-operated under the* direction of the* Inspect or of Schools in staging' an exhibit from Swaziland that attracted much attention. Exe'client specimens e>f irrass work, clav work, woodwork, and brasswork were* exhibited. Practically all the articles marked for sale* were sold and orders were taken for similar article's to be* mad(\ The total e*ost of staging the exhibit eliel not exceed VM). This was due* to the* voluntary aiel of several ladies closely associated with Swaziland, and of the* Paramount Chief who was in elailv attendance* at the* Exhibition. During the1 year a new school building was ejected near Lobamba. the* home of the Xdhlovukazi Lomawa. the* mothe*r of the* Paramount Chief. It is e)f the ope*n air type*, commodious and airy, anel very suitable* for school purposes. General Welfare Work. Two subsidiary training courses for native* teachers were* held, one in northern anel one in southern Swaziland. Lectures were* given in community work, the teaching of the* ordinary school subjects, the aims anel objects of native* education, agricultural work, craft work, hygiene, anel other kindred subjects. They proved to be of great value to the teachers anel have resulted in improved methods of teaching at the* scimols. The subsidized native* schools aie of three; types which are known as classes L I L and III. The class I se-hools work up to and include* Standard 11, anel are mostly in the charge of uucpialificd teachers. Class II schools work up to and incluelc Standard IV and the hcael- teachcrs must be* epialifie*el. Class HI sche>ols receive* only pupils who have passed Stanelard IV anel prepare* such pupils for the School Leaving Certificate (Stanelard VI) of the Xata! Province, anel possession of that certificate admits them te> Colleges and Institutions in South Africa where training in teaching .'an be* obtained. The following statement shows the* number of pupils in average attendance on the closing day o\ term. *;cecmbcr. HUH. It also includes the children attending the three (Jovermnent native sclmols at Lobamba, Zomhode. anel Matapa : Class of School. Arcraf/c Alh ndancc. Xanther of Schools. (lass I I.IWO fiO (lass II S72 211 (lass 111 anel Matapa VM) i\ 30 COLON I AL Kl TOUTS AN N LA L. fThc introduction of a- definite salary scale lias accomplished much good so far as the employment of better qualified teachers is concerned. The results are to oe seen in greatly improved school work. There is now no native teacher at work in controlled schools with a lower qualification than a pass out of Standard IV. There arc also teaching at the native schools eight full time Kuropean teachers and two who give part time service. There are about 130 other schools, not in receipt of grants. The Kducation Department gives them all possible* help by supervising their work and providing them with a code, registers, etc. There is an enrolment of approximately 3.230 children at these* schools. Kvening classes arc held at some of the Mission schools. At a number of centres where there may be one or two controlled schools, with possibly two or three small but unaided schools in the immediate vicinity, the Missions arc discussing the possibilities of amalgamating their schools to form one strong central school. The IJoard of Advice is g'ving the matter its attention and tentative regulations to govern such amalgamation schools have been drafted. At the Swa/.i National School at Matapa good progress has been made in the building up of this (.lovcrnmcut institution. There have been approximately to pupils in attendance throu ' >ut the year from various parts of Swaziland. 'The work includes : (1) Academic courses, with courses in elementary woodwork and agriculture for pupils who intend later on to take up professional training as teachers ; (2) Part training in agricultural methods. It is intended that all work at this centre* shall ultimately be* past Standard VI. In cemnexion with the* native* schools there are held eaedi year twe> e>lticial examinations, covering, amongst other subjects, art and craftwe>rk. neeellework, agricultural work, the vernacular, and e>ral Knglish. The*, second examination is he*lel at the enel e)f Standard Vi year anel is the same* examination as that helel by the Department of Kducation, Natal. The following schedule sets out the* number of entrants at e*ach exHi•••'nation helel in December. 1031, and the number of passes obtained :— Entries. Passes. Stanelarel IV Kxamination ... SS 70 Standard VI Kxaminntiem (School heaving (Vr t ifieatc*) 35 27 Welfare Institutions. The* Principal at St. Mark's, the* P<*vcrenel <\ (\ Tugman, 15.A., has worked ind<*fatigably for a number of yesirs to encourage* the* presentatica1 of ge»e>d drama in Mbabane*, and Swaziland generally. SWA/I LAM), 1931. and an open air theatre, situated at Mbabane amidst ideal surround ings, has just been completed. At this theatre it is intended to act sonic of Shakespeare's plays, and under certain conditions it will be possible for other bands of players to use the facilities afforded. At Mbabane and IJoanersdorp there .ire amateur dramatic societies which are in a flourishing state, and from time to time entertainments are given which receive strong support from the public. (lenerally. at the end of the school year, breaking up entertain ments arc held at I lie Kuropean schools at which simple and suitable plays arc staged, or at which the children give of their best in connexion wit h singing, recit.it ion. and dancing. Some1 what similar entertainments are given at a number of native schools. Welfare- work is engaging the serious attention of the* Adminis tration, and towards the end of the year, Mr. Rheinallt Jones. M.A.. together' with Mrs. dones. visited the territory, at the imitation of the Resident Commissioner, and conferred with him as regards act ion that might be taken towards the improvement of welfare work amongst t he nat i ve people. As a result of this meeting, a spoils club for natives has been started at Mbabane. The epicsiion of the introduction of the pathfinder and wayfarer1 movements is also being considered. Shortly after his arrival in Swaziland, the1 Resident OommissioneT took action which has led to t lie civet ion of an excellent hall for1 the* use1 e>f the* natives living in and about Mbabane*. This hall has been in full use* throughout the* \ear, and is used by the nati\v> for concerts, elebates. and general entertainments. Close to the4 hall there is a tennis court, on which tennis is played almost daily. In southern Swaziland, the* boy scout and girl guide* movement has just been started, and there are4 gooel troops established at (!oedge*gun, and at Schurwckop. It is to be* hoped that this work will receive eve*ry cneourageuncnt. as its good elfeet on the* children is already notic<*able. Karlv in the* year, thanks to the4 action of the4 Headmaster e>f the* Hremersdorp (!o\-eminent Kuropean School and to the4 generosity of the people of Mremersdorp. it was possible* to send a large* party of cMldrvn to lourenco Mar<|ue*s where* they spent several days at the sea. Singing is be*ing encouraged amongst the4 native*s anel graduaPy choirs are* being (istablisheel in each elistried e>f Swaziland. It is Imped shortly to secure* a cup which will be* competed for annually. Kootball clubs are* being formed in conne*xion with the* leading schools, and also in the various districts. A challenge* cup has been presented, anel when once* the* organization of the* native4 football clubs is on a satisfactory basis, this cup will be competed for annually. 3 'J COLONIAL \\111 HI RTS—A N N C AL. Throughout Swaziland, the Kuropeans have well e>rganize*el foot ball and cricket clubs, and there are the usual tennis, gymkhana, and golf clubs, etc. There is no provision made1 by means of insurance in the event of accident, sickness, and old ago. but the* question is being discussed as to whether it may not be possible to provide by some form of insurance4 for the old age* of teachers who are* not em the pe*rmanemt stalT. but who have* given lemg service in aiele*el anel (government schools. There* are* ne> orphanage*s in the* territory. Xat ive wi*lfare* weak ;s only in its early stage* in Swaziland, but the* future is bright with promise, E wry where there are* signs erf ele*\elopment. anel there1 are* many schemers afoot, such as the institution e>f librarie*s. thrift clubs, a Native* Welfare* Association, etc. X COMMUNICATIONS AND TRANSPORT. Roads. All transport, both into and out of the* territory, is by road, and connects on the* south, southeast, west. north, ami north-cast with railhe»aels in the rnion of South Africa at (JolleL Pie*t Reticf. Rreytcn. Hectorspruit. anel Komatiponrt respectively. The main roaei from .Johannesburg to Le>ure*ne*o Manpie*s runs through Swazi lanel from west te» east. There are* approximately 400 miles of main roads anel the same* numbe*r e>f secondary roi.ds in the* territory. No new roads have* be*e*n proclaimed eluring the* period unele*r review but an olel road connecting the* Mankaiana anel Hlatikulu districts via Mshengu's Drift em the Mke>ndo river has been re-opened anel is passable* for motor trallie eluring the* dry season. The Mushroom Lands Settlements. Limited, constructed privately a road from Mbabane: to tlie*!r Hlambanyati estate* involving some 10 miles of heavy work and the construction of a 5-span low level reinforceel concrete bridge* across the* l\sutshwana River. Railways. There are no railways or tramways in Swaziland, Motor Transport. The* Motor Transport Srivic<\s of the* South African Railways Administration and the Portuguese East African Admiuistration. •urying be>th goods anel passengers, continue to ope1 rate over the* sane* route's as forme*rlv be*twe*e*n Swaziland anel the* railheads in the neighbouring territories. The* e'ost of maintaining these* services is be>rne entirely by the Administrations operating them anel the* revenues derived there from are1 regained by the* re*spe*etive* Aelministrations. SWAZILAND, 1931. ^3 The following tables show the trvfhe handled since the commence ment of the services :----- SOOTH AFRICAN RAILWAYS AIOTOU TRANSPORT. Area with depot at Hremersdorp. Passenip'•/•*• carried, (I nods handled Year. European. Satires, in tons, 192s LSLS 13,75!* 5,3*s 1929 4.499 19,730 0\S75 1930 ...... 3.094 23,os2 sm\) 1931 ...... 3,071 34,241 7,252 Area with depot at Hlatikulu. Pass* tajers carried. floods handled^ \ POIRRNA I:SL ( H>VI<:R\\IKNT MOTOR TRANSPORT. Area with depot at Eft >*.sv n(j( rs carried. floods handh »7, ) utr. European. Satire. in tons. 1930 (I | months) ... |S5 2J3 L20I 1931 ...... 2I4 1.550 L709 The charges made by both motor transport services are the same4, namely : Passenger fares 3el. per mile* for Europe*ans and I.Id. per mile for natives. Charges tor goods carried are e>n a slieling scale and aeroiding to classification namely, at from 3d. for "> miles to 2s. 0d. for I00 miles per 100 lb. Motor Vehicles. The* following motor vehicles were registered in the territory eluring tin* year : Ei dish mah s. Otht r tnakis. Total. I'rivateM-ars ...... 29 203 292 ( omme'rvial vehicles ... 21 33 54 Motor e*vclcH 4S Is 00 •III? Postal. The* Postal. Telegraph and Telephone Services continue, as formerly. te> be* controlled by t he* Postmastcr-t Jeneral of tbe* t'nion of South Africa. The* e*.\peinelit.tire is * » t from, anel revenue paid into. Swaziland funds. 31 COLONIAL KKPOKTS—ANNl'AL. There are 2!>S tniles of trunk lin(is on the me*tallie; circuit system connecting all district offices, except Mankaiana. with the Ad mi nisi ration headquarters at Mbabane. ( ommunicat ions with the Pigg's Peak olliee is through Barhe*rt In south Swaziland a telephonic service* only is provided and the* Ulatikulu district is conneetcMl up with Pied Hcticf in tin* Transvaal as well as with headquarters at Mbabane*. A te*lc*phono trunk line* connects (Jolle*l. winch is the* Swaziland bonier terminus of the* Natal North (oast Railway Line*, with Breniersdorp and Ulatikulu. passing agc*ncie*s at Nsoko. Maioma. and Kuhuta. A branch line frean Ulatikulu runs to the' Mooihoe*k Valley. A telephone* line* from Pict Relief to the* Mankaiana elistriet is terminated at an ageney seane* two anel a half mile's insiele the* Swaziland borele*r. The* EPICSTION OF continuing the* latter line* te> the* Mankaiana district oflieevs. anel of erecting lines bed we*en Mankaiana and Mbabane*. alse> betweem Ste*gi anel (ioha em the Portuguevse* be>reier. I< still under consieleration. The ceist of running the* postal se*rvice* with the* ivvcnuc elerived therefrom for the past ele*caele are* as follows : Yntr. Expenditure. Keren na. t t 1922 2I{ ...... :i:mi 2.4 ir> I«>2:t 24 .. ... :i2'M 2 721) n>24 2.->. ... :t.:ts4 :U7(> I!>2f> 2r> ...... :j.2ir» :{.:?.v. > \\m 27 ...... :{.:r>4 :*.2i:i 1927 2S ... :{.:{7!> 1 <»2S 2!» ...... :$.:W2 H.S42 \U2U 'Mi ...... :j.si"> 4.144 IMO-tfl ... 4.HW MWI :$2 ...... 4.S.H 4.0;>2 lnerc*asc* of e*xpenebture* is elue* mainly m the* employment e>f a full time* electrician who is responsible* tor the* maintenane'c* of all telegraph anel telcplmne* line's anel local (*xchanges. Following the* policy adopted by the* rnion of Soulh Africa an inore*asc* in the* postage* rates from I .lei. to lid. pe*r emnce came* into fe>rce* on 1st May. It is satisfactory to be* able* 1o re*port that the* re*ve*nue* ele*rive*el from the postal service eemtinuevs to exce*e*el the* cost e>f maintenance, fFhe*re* are* no wbvless stations in the* territory but licences have* been issued to twenty-six holders e>f wirele*ss re*ceiving se*ts. SWAZILAND, 1931. XI. BANKING, CURRENCY, WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. There are two Hanks in the territory, namely, Barclays Hank (Dominion, Colonial, and Overseas) with three branches and one* agency, and the Stanchr d Hank of South Africa. Limited, with one branch and one agency. rnder the Swaziland (Coinage1) Order, 1911. as amended by the Swaziland (Coinage) Order of 1920, all British coins which are. for the time* being. legal tender in the Cnited Kingdom, and all coins of the late South African Republic which are of equivalent value to the British coins, are* current in the* territory and are* legal tender ; in the* case of ge>ld coins, lor payment of any amount; in the* ease* e>f silver coins, for the* payment of an amount not excevding forty shillings : and in the* case of bronz** coins, for payment of an amount not exceeding one shilling. The Coinage Orders of l!HI anel 1920 were amended by the* Swazilanel (Coinage) Order, 1931. which gives the* High Commissioner the* power by Proclamation te> make* provision for the gulatiem of currency in the Protectorate anel tor all matters connected therewith, including the power of amending or repealing wholly or in part the provisions of the Orders of 1911 anel 1020. The amount at fixed deposit at Barclays Bank on .'J 1st March, 1032, was 113,730, anel the amount on current account amounted to C20.S92. At the* Standard Bank of South Africa, Limited, the amemnts were CL02I anel I2.f>03 respectively. The deposits in the savings departments of these two banks were CO.030 anel toll respectively. The only notes in circulation are those of the South African Reserve Bank, anel though these are not legal tender in the* territory, nevertheless, they are dealt with as such for all purposes. There are* no agricultural or co-operative banks in the territory. Loans to settlers are* granted under the* provision of the* Swazilanel Land and Agricultural Loan Fund Proclamation. 1020. dealt with in Chapter XV. The Swazilanel Co-operative Tobacco Company, Limited, in the Hlatikulu district, is a limited liability company registered under the* Ce>-opcrativc Soe*ieties (Swazilanel) Proclama tion. .1031. It was finance1*! by the* Administration te> the* extent of C2,000 as a capital loan expended upon buildings anel plant, anel to an amount not exceeding K 10.000 as a seasonal loan for the* pay ment of working expenses anel for making advances te> growers upon the* delivery of their tobaceo. In these1 respects the practice in the case of similar societies in the l:nion of South Africa was followed. The above-mentioned loans were granted on conditions laiel down in the* Loan Funel Proclamation, 1020. as amended by Proclamation No. 7 of 103L COLONIAL KLI'Ol'TS— ANM'AL. Weights and Measures. With the following exceptions. Imperial weights and measures arc* in use :— Dry measure ... I ton 2.000 lb. Linear me*asure I rood I 2 ('ape feed. I Cape foot HUM English feet. Licpiiel me*asure ! league* :l Imgshcads. Surface or Land I inorgen <>00 sepiare roods. measure* I sijuaiv rood 144 sepiare* feel. 1.0(H) Cape feet UMt Fnglish feet. 1.000 inorgen :UIf>J Fnglish aeavs. 1.000 ynvds 014 metres. 1.000 mctrvs I.OOIJ-02 yards. 1.000 (ape fee*t :H4 Sf)f> metres. I me>rgen o • No(>o hectare**. XII. PUBLIC WORKS. Roads. Asa result of the* rainfall this year being much bedew the average, very few washaways occurred on the roads and it was. therefore. ])<>ssible* to unelertake a consielerable amount of grave*lling with a view to making the main roads serviceable* during all weathers. The* twenty mile section le*ading to (Jollel, on which work has be*e*n re*gulai during the winter months for the* last four yc*ars. has bee*n completed. Buildings. lire* necessity for the strictest e»cone>my limite*d the* construction programme to a few minor buihlings including a Furope*an school at Kreunersdorp. additional gaol cells at Stegi. and additional acconimoelation at Schurweke>p School. rriu* buildings providc*el for in 10IJ0 out of the Colonial Develop ment Fund, -which we*ie* unfinished at the* e*nel of March. ML'JJ. we*re* comple*te*d. rriu*se* were* the* ne*w hospital at Mbabane*, the* erection of which cost to,044. anel thre*e venere*al dise*ase* clinics at Mbabane;. Mi'emersdorp. anel (Joedgegun. respectively, costing U.2LL Water-Supplies. A sum of 11.10 was provided from the* Colonial I)e*velopment Fund for the* erection of a storage dam in the hills at Collcl. anel later tIJ.000 was provided from the same* Fund for the conservation of wate*r in native* areas by the* construction of additional dams. A comme*nce*rne*nt has hern made* with six of the*se. live* of which have* e*arthwork embankments anel one* has a reinforced concre*te wall, ddie* storage* provided by these six clams will amount to 8,000.000 gallons. SWAZILAND, 1931. Staff. The strength of the Department remains as last year and consists of the (Jovcrnment Kngineer with a clerk at Mbabane, and an Inspector of I toads and Works stationed at Hlatikulu. A Kuropc-an overseer with six natives is in charge of the large pont on the lTsutu River. Two natives operate tin* small pont on the Komati River on the* road between Mbabane* and Pigg's Peak, and there is a native* boatman in charge of a boat on the Komati at P>alegane. Mil JUSTICE AND POLICE. Administration of Justice. The Roman Dutch Common Law." save* in so far as the same* has been heretofore en* may from time to time be* modified by statute1/5 was de*elareid to be* in force* in Swaziland under Section 2(1) of the* Swaziland Admiuistratie>n Proclamation. inoT. All statute* laws of the* Transvaal in force at the elate* of tins Proclamation were' elee*lared to be in force*. Subsequent i iws liave be*e*n promulgated by the* High ( ommissioner unele*r the* authority e>f Orders in Council of 1!MW, 1000. and 1000. Si*i;e LVL ConiT or SWAZILAND. In 1012 a Special (ourt. which has the* powers anel jurisdiction of a superior Court, was e*stablished. with an Aelvocate of the* Transvaal Provincial Division of the* Supreme* (ourt as President. ] he* other me*mbe*rs consist of the* Resident ('ommissioner, the Deputy Resielent Commissioner, anel the* Assistant (Vunmissioners of the* various (listneds. The (ourt hotels sessions twice a year. All cases are* ele*alt with by three* members sitting without a jury. This (ourt has jurisdiction in civil and criminal cases. When it is not in session, the* Resident (oinmissioner e>r the* l)e*puty Reside*nt ( ommissioner in his capacity as a member of the* (ourt has power to exercise the* civil jurisdiedion of the* Spe*cial (ourt in all motions and applications anel in all actions for provisional sentence. This (ourt has the* power of reviewing the proceedings of and hearing appeals from any inferior (ourt ed Justice in Swaziland. Reviews of criminal cases when the* (ourt is not in session are* ele*alt wit)) by the* President of the* Court, or if so deputed by him. by the* Resident (Vmunissioner. or the* ! )eputy Resident ( ommissioner. I)e*ath sentences can be carried out only upon the* speeial warrant of the* High Commissioner. There* is a right of appeal to (lie* Privy Council against any final judgment of the* Speeial ('ourt when the* matter in dispute* is of the value* of toon or upwards. The Crown Prosecutor, who prosecutes for crimes and offences before the* Special Court, was appointed under the* Swaziland Administration Proclamation. I 007. COLONIAL H K I >() RT S—A N N C A L COURTS OC ASSISTANT COMMISSIONERS. Courts of Assistant Commissioners were established under Section 9 of the Swaziland Administration Proclamation, 1907. These Courts have jurisdiction in all civil proceedings in which neither party is a Kuropean, and in criminal proceedings in which the accused is not a Kuropean ; but Assistant Commissioners do not have jurisdiction to try summarily any person charged with treason, murder, attempt to murder, culpable homicide, rape, attempt to rape, or sedition. In the cases last mentioned and in other serious cases, the Assistant Commissioners hold preparatory examinations, and if a prima facie case is made* out the* accused persons are committed for trial before* the Special Court. In civil and criminal eases where* the* accuse*d is a Kuropean, Assistant Commissioners have* the jurisdiction conferred on Courts of Resident Magistrates in the* Transvaal, or the* jurisdiction estab lished by any special Proclamation. All sentences of imprisonment exceeding three months, or a Hue of C2.">, or whipping are* subject to review by the* Special ('ourt. There are* four Assistant Commissioners in charge* of districts and three Deputy Assistant Commissioners, two in charge* of sub-districts and one* at district Heaclepiarters in the* Ulatikulu district. Deputy Assistant Commissioners have* the* same jurisdiction as Assistant Commissioners. NATIVE Courrs. The Paramount Chief anel other native Chiefs continue to exercise jurisdiction according to native* law and custom in all cavil disputes in which natives only are concerned. An appeal lies to the Resident Commissioner, wdiose decision is filial. CRIMINAL ST A TLSTI e \s. Civil eases tried in the Special Court of Swaziland during the last four years were* as follows ;•— 10:28. 1020. 1930. 1931. At sessions of Special <'ourt ... 3 2 2 5 Before Judge in Charubers ... 10 19 28 45 Police and Prisons. The Swaziland Police* Force* was established under the* Swaziland Administration Proclamation, 1907, The personnel consists of :-— Kuropean ; 1 Inspector, 23 Non-Commissioned Officers and men. Native : I Id Non-Commissioned Officers and mem. The* principal prisons are* at Mbabane, Hlatikulu, and Rremerselorp. There are also prisons at Stegi, Mmkaiana, and Pigg\s Pe*ak. The* Rremerselorp prison is a substantial masonry building eaeeted before 1899. The* other prisons arc* masonry buildings with corru gated iron roofs anel concrete floors. SWAZILAND, 1931. MO The* Stegi prison is being rebuilt but has not yet been completed. There are still two wood and iron cells which will be replaced by more* suitable ones as soon as possible. At the Mbabane prison, which is typical of the other prisons, the prisoners sleep on glass mats and are provided with sufficient blankets. The prison is examined once a week by a medical oflieer. 'Faking the average* number of prisoners in gaol throughout the year there were, for each prisoner during the hours of sleep. 102 cubic feet of space*. There are five* large cells for natives anel two smaller ones for European prisoners, anel twe> cells for se>litary confinement. Two more cells are* being erected. There are* tour lavatories, one work shop, three* kitchens, anel three bathrooms. This prison is enclosed in a masonry wall. Female prisoners are* isolated from the others anel are houscel in a separate building with a separate yard. The*re* is a kitchen, bathroom, lavatory, two cells tor the prise>ne*rs. anel one room for a wardress. FIe*etric lights have* been installed in the cells. Convicted male* prisemers are* employed upem ge*ne*ral public works. h.:ilding. and road making. Ministers of the various Mission Societies hold periodical services in the* prisons. Juvenile Offenders. Provision is maele for the* detention of juvenile offenders in separate cells anel they are* isolated from adult prisoners. During the year thre*e juvenile offenders were convicted in the Special Court e>f Swaziland, anel fifty-four in Courts e>f Assistant Commis sioners, for the following offences ; Culpable Homicide 1 Rape 2 Housebreaking with intent to steal and theft ... !> Malicious injury to property :j Stock theft ' ' \2 Theft 17 Assault ... lo Other OfVenco f>7 11 HALTII Oly PKISOXKKK. Hie Principal Medical OHicer repents that the health of prisoners was, as usual, excellent, anel undoubtedly better than that of similar people living outside prison. 10 COLONIAL ItKCOKTS —AN NT A L PAVMKNT OK FINKS HV INSTALMLNTS. Provision is made in tin* Criminal Procedure Code. I90.L of the Transvaal, as in force in Swaziland, and in Proclamation Xo. II of 1011 tor the payment of fines by instalments. Monies OK I)i:ALi.Ne; WITH ('ONvie run PKKSONS. Any person who has be*eu convicted on two ov mow separate oeeasious of certain serious crimes such as rape1, robbery, house breaking, etc.. shall if he* is thereafter eonvictcel before* the* Special Court of Swaziland of any of these offences, be* liable te> be* declared by the* Court an habitual criminal, such declaration being subject te> e'onfirmation by the* High ( ommissieme*i\ An habitual criminal is detaineei with hard labour eluring the High Commissioner's pleasure anel is not released until the* High Commissioner cnnsielcrs that there is a re*ase)nable probability that the prisoner will in future* abstain from crime, or that he is no longer capable e>f engaging in crime*, or that for any either re*asoii it is desirable* te> re*le*ase* him. Puo NATION SVSTKM. The* High Commissioner may release on probation, for any period, an habitual criminal, and impose4 conditions as to supervision or e)therwise. If a person so re*Ieased on probation fails to observe any condition of his re*le*ase* he* may be* arresteel anel re-committed to prison. If a person so released on probation complete the period thereof witlmut breaking any condition e>f his release he shall no longer be deemed an habitual criminal. The Hesielent Commis sioner is rctjuircd te> furnish to the* High Commissioner at le*ast e>nce a year, a written report conta.ini.ng detailed particulars relative* to the* history, conduct, and industry of every convict detained in Swaziland who has <*omplctcd two years of his sentence, Cpem receipt e>f the report the* High Cemnnissioncr may. if the* same be* favourable in regard to any such convict-, release him on probation or re*mit the* re*maineler of his sentence*. S VSVK N I) K F > S E N TIC SO ICS. Any Court in Swaziland before which a pe*rsou may be* convicted anel sentenced for flu* first time* for an offence against property or against the* pe*rse>n (other than murder, or rape*, or assault with inte*nt to e*e>mmit these* offerees, or indecent assault) may suspend the* operation of the* sentence for such reasonable time* as will allow such person te> compensate1, the* person to whom damage* or injury has been e*auseel by the* offence. The Court shall proceed forthwith to determine the* amount of eemipemsatiem. anel, if the* coiiclition upem whie*h the* se*nfe*ne*e* was s\v \/ii,\M), 1931. 41 suspended be fulfilled. Hie offender shall be deemed to have received a free pardon for the offence. If the condition be not fulfilled the offender may be arrested and committed to prison ana undergo the sentence*. Whenever a person is convicted of an offence, not punishable with death, the Court before which he is convicted may order the* operation of the sentence to be suspended on conditions to be mentioned in the order. A failure* te* observe any condition of his release renders him liable te> be* committed te> prison to undergo the* sentence passed upon him. During the* year, suspender] sentences were imposed on 1(55 pe*isems ; of these 21 failed te> comply with the eemditiems mentioned in the order anel we*re* commiUcel to prison. The above pmvisions are contained in Proclamation Xo. 41 of I It 11. REMISSION OV SnXTKNCKS. ruder the Oae*l Regulations in force in .Swazilanel, any first offender, e>f good conduct, with a sentence* of not less than eighteen mouths is permitted fe> petition for a mitigation of one-fifth of his sentence*. < 'KIMJNAL STATISTICS. Persons proceeded against on charge of crime. During the* year. 3.50I persons were proceeded against in Courts of Assistant Cemunissiemers for the following crimes:— Culpal>lc homiciele ...... 4S Other offences against the person ... 510 Offences against property ...... 3Sl Other crimes ...... 2.50:2 Of these* 3.J3S wore males anel 123 females. Pet sops dealt with in Summitry Courts r crimes and offences. In the Assistant (Vmmiissioners' Courts 184 persons were* convicted summarily, and were sentenced as follows Imprisonment ...... I .420 Whipping ...... 47 lune* ...... 1.44!) Beamd over e>r cautioned and elisrdiarged ... 202 Persons for trial in the Superior Court. Seventy persons were committed for trial in the Special Court of Swazilanel for the* following crimes :— Murder 13 Culpable homicide 25 Attempted murele*r 1 Rape* 0 lTnnatural crime ... 1 Other offences against the person 1 1 Offences against property 7 Other crimes 3 Of these twenty-one weir remitted fur trial in the ('uurts of .AssistMIII ( ommissioners. The ( Vow n ! 'rosecul ur declined tu prosecute seventeen persons. Of the remainder two were acquitted thirty convicted; ol the latter, three were sentenced to death hut their sentences were commuted to terms of imprison ment, twenty-two writ* imprisoned, and five were lined. ( "nMIMUATlVI-; T.VIU.K. The following table shows the number of convictions for various crimes a. ! offences fur the hsi four years: - ill ('(nif'lsnj . 1 -V.V/A'W/.'/ ( * 'it( an.*'*!! >//* /">'. am/. mi. (*n 11»af.H'a.icicle ... •» II C )!leri.*es against the prison :57i :u«.t :;:>:» -HiS Malieioiis injury to property in IT :;I 21 < Mlaa* oilenees against property ... 274 :{<)<» ()\hrv crimes :ins •nil 4ITi ( Ml'enees a«...iusl TOoci' Mild servant laws |s5 171 111 Mi ()il'i'iHM s a.:ainsl revenue laws, etc, 2.li>7 I.CI:; Misecllamoils minor ollenees 217 ^<> 2s«.» Totals :{.r>:,s :;.ISI Xunilif r nf i-nnrhiitnis in Superior ('oitrfs rial Court of Swtrjlawl). Muider ...... 7 t f ('ulpahle Isonueiih ...... S (i 4 s Attempted muia Total; IT, 24 II :>U XIV. LEGISLATION. The principal legislation coc.se fed of the following I Voc|e mat ions : (1) No. 7 of P.WI.---The Land and Agricultural Loan I'und ru.'fh'T Amendment. This law authorizes advances for the pur|M»S.'» of the establishment of aurieuh era I and ruraI inuust ries including tobacco, dairy, and the exportation of fruit, and for the linancing of Co-operative Societies or' Companies. (2) Xo. S of P.h'iL dealing with t ho format ion of ( o-operat i\e Societies anel Companies. 'This law was issued to enable the foimaiiou of a Co-operative Tobacco Company. Xo. 12 of P.KU. providing for the control or regulation of tic importation of wheaten Hour and wheaten merd. (4) Xo-. lo ol l.h'JI. amending the* Co-operative Societies Proclamation (Xo. N of l!**{l) by making eo operation compulsory i ; the ense of t hi4 marketing of tobacco. SWAZILAND, 1931. 4:> (.">) No. 24 ol' 10.31. Dairies and Dairy Produce. This makes orovision for the control ol" the dairy industry. (<>) No. ;>s of 1031. consolidating and amending the laws relating to stamp duties and tecs. (7) No. 40 of 10,31, consolidating and amending the laws relating to public roads and outspans. (S) No. !3 of 1031. providing for the collection of statistics relating to agricultural, horticultural, dairying, industrial, commercial, and other business undertakings. (0) No. o!i of 10.31, consolidating and amending the law relating to revenue licences. The following High ('ommissioners Notices were issued : ((f) No. 39 of 1931. Model Regulations lor Co-operative Tohaeeo Companies. (h) No. f>(* of 1931.----Alteration of rales of postage and other charges. (r) No. (>S of 193i.- Regulations under (he Flour and Meal Importation Restriction Proclamation (Xo. 12 of 1931). (//) No. 97 of 1931. Regulations under the Dairies and J Miry Produce Proclamation (No. 24 of 1931), for the genera! control of the daily industry. Cnder these regulations a levy of Id. per Il>. is imposed on creamery hutter and all hutter suhstitutes manufactured in or imported into tlu* territory from territories other than those under the Cnion Dairy Control Act. (r) No. 122 of !93l. imposinga levy of Id. per Ih. on all cheese manufactured in or imported into Swaziland from territories other than those under the Cnion Dairy Control Act. The Administration is represented on the Cnion Dairy ('out rol Hoard which cent rols the export of hut ter, etc. (/) No. 107 of 1931. Modifying the Customs Agreement hetween the Cnion of South Africa and Swaziland in regard to maize and maize products. ((/) No. lUSol 1931, Regulations regarding the importations of maize and No. 109 ot 1931, and maize products, and fixing a duty on maize the product No. 133 of 1931. of the Cnion of South Africa. (h) No. 121 of 1931. Regulations under the Swaziland Roads and Outspans Proclamation (No. 40 of 1931). (/) No. 131 of 1931.- Regulations under the Statistics Proclamation (Xo. 43 of 1931). There is no legislation in force* dealing with factories, compensation for accidents, or legislative provisions for sickness, servants, or for old age, except in the case* of sickness of domestic or agricultural servants. XV. PUBLIC FINANCE AND TAXATION. Revenue and Expenditure. The revenue for the financial year ended on 31st March. 1032. amounted to .LNC907 which is 14.70b less than the revenue for the preceding year, and 10.10.3 less than the estimate. The expenditure for the year amounted to 1113.0(50 which is V.M70 loss than the expenditure for the preceding year, and CI. 133 more than the estimate. 44 COLONIAL RLCOKTS—ANNUAL. The following table shows the revenue and expenditure for the past five years :— Keren ue. 1V27-2S. 192S-29. 1020-30. 1030-31. 1031 32. £ £ £ £ £ Ordinary 85,110 91,707 102,923 80,700 82,730 Extraordinary ... 0,217 4,592 8.108 2,913 2,177 Expenditure. 1027-2S. 102S20. 102030. 1030 31. 1931-32. £ £ £ £ £ Ordinary 88,(131 104,088 109,047 114,280 113,009 Extraordinary ... 15,022 27,943 9.570 2,259 The reduction in the revenue compared with the previous year is due mainly to the falling off in the proceeds of native tax, dog tax, and income-tax. (!rants in aid of ordinary and capital expenditure amounting to £22,000 were received during the year from the Imperial (Jovernment. Income-tax. The receipts from normal income-tax and super-tax amounted to £1.213. The following shows the classification of the sources of the incomes subject to the tax :— Mining 15 per cent. Trading and farming ... 40 do. Civil Servants 31 do. Professions ...... 14 do. Colonial Development Fund. Expenditure amounting to £5,080 was incurred during the year under this head. This sum was expended upon the remainder of the works authorized in 1030-1, the construction of dams for the conservation of water, and the cost of the Economic and Financial Commission. Loans and grants amounting to £4.81(5 were received. Loans to Settlers, Under the Swaziland Land and Agricultural Loan Fund Proclama tion. 1920, thirty one applications for loans amounting to £12,480 were received during the vear. The sum of £7.805 was issued to eighteen borrowers. The loans varied in amounts from £50 to £1.000 and were* for the purpose of fencing, boring for water, erection of cattle dips, purchase of land, and release of mortgages. Swazi National Fund. Expenditure amounting to £3,380 was incurred out of the Swazi National Fund which was instituted in 1011 for the purpose of carry ing out projects for the direct benefit of natives. This sum includes £2,425 which was spent out of the fund on native education. SWAZILAND, 1931. 45 Public Debt. The Public Debt amounted to .Er>5,000? consisting of;—(1) Swazi land Consolidated Loan amounting to £35,000 bearing interest at 3i per cent, per annum, and repayable* by a sinking fund in nineteen years from 1st April, 1024. The* amount standing to the credit of the Sinking Fund on 31st March, 1031, was £12,630. (2) The Swazi Nation Trust Fund £20.000 bearing interest at the rate of 4 per cent, per annum. Assets. On 31st March, 1031, liabilities exceeded assets by £75,587 inclusive of the Swazi Nation Trust Fund mentioned above, an increase* of £0,017 during the year. There are no assets specially ear-marked, except the sinking fund referred to in the preceding paragraph. TAXATION. The main heads of taxation and the amounts collected in 1031 2 are as follows Native tax 30.037 Customs and Excise lo.Ti)!) Licences o,000 Income-tax 1.213 Dog tax ... 3,023 Kuropean poll tax 1.7IKS Native Tax.—A tax of 35s. per annum is paid by each adult male native who is unmarried or who has one wife. Natives with more than one wife pay 30s. in respect of each wife with a maximum of £4 10s. The Assistant Commissioners of each district collect most of this tax at various tax camps selected for the convenience of the natives. Customs and Excise.—No Customs duties are collected except on importations of spirits and beer manufactured in tin* Cnion of South Africa, and on maize and maize products. Cnder an Agree ment made in 1010 a fixed percentage of the total Customs and Kxcise duties collected in the Cnion is paid to Swaziland and the sum of £13,320 was received in 1031 2. The balance of the sum of £15,700 shown above* was collected in respect of importations of spirits and beer manufactured in the Cnion, and of maize and maize products.. Licences,-—The revenue under this head is composed mainly of sums paid for trading, motor, labour, recruiting, hotel, and banking licences. 4() COLONIAL UECOUTS —ANNt'AL. The following arc the annual charges math* for these licences : (lencral dealers ... £10. Agents for foreign linns £10. ommerciai Travellers, • ic). Motorcars ...... £2. plus Is. for each unit of horse-power and 2s. for each loo pounds weight. Labour Recruiting Agents £25. Liquor ...... £12 10s. od. to £50. Ranking ...... £5 to £50. Licences are also issued in respect of the hunting of game, the possession of fire-arms, and prospecting. Income-tax is charged at the rate of Is. rising to a maximum of 2s. in the £ on all incomes. An abatement is allowed of £400 in the ease of married persons, and £300 in the ease of single persons. Abatements are also allowed in respect of children, insurance premiums, and dependants. There is also a super-tax of Is. rising to a maximum of 5s. in the £ on incomes over £2.500. J Joy Tax. -A tax of 5s. is payable in respect of each dog. Poll Tax.—A tax of £2 per annum is paid by every European male* who shall have attained the age of twenty- me years. This tax is also paid by those natives who have been exempted from the law relating to passes and the payment of native tax under the provisions of the Coloured Persons' Exemption (Relief) Proclamation. 1001. of the Transvaal as in force* in Swaziland. CUSTOMS TARIFF AND EXCISE DTTV. By an Agreement with the (Jovernment of the Union of South Africa, dated 30th June, 1010, Swaziland is dealt with for Customs purposes as part of the Union. Payments due to Swaziland are assessed on the proportion which the average of the collections for the three years ended 31 st March. 1911, bears to the total Custjns collections of the Union in each year. No statistics of imports are therefore kept. The Customs tariff and Excise duties arc the same as those in force in the Union. STAMP DUTIES. The following is a summary of the stamp duties in force under Proclamation No. 38 of 1931 :-~ 1. Affidavit or Solemn or Attested Declaration 2s. (id. 2. Antenuptial or Postnuptial Contract ... £1. IL Agreement or Contract ...... Is. 4. Arbitration or Award : according to amount in dispute ...... 2s. Od. to 5s. 5. Authentication Certificate ...... 10s. SWAZILAND, 1931. 0. Bill of Exchange or Promissory Note : (1) Payable on demand ...... 2d. (2) Payable otherwise* than on demand- varying according to amount ... Id. to bd. 7. Bond : (1) Any mortgage bond hypothecating immovable property? etc.— varying according to amount of debt Is. to 5s. (2) Auxiliary or collateral bonds at duty at rates mentioned in (1) but not exceeding ...... 10s. (3) Cession of such bond as mentioned From Is. in (1)— varying according to amount. 2s. (kl. S. Broker's Note : Varying according to amount of con sideration ...... Id. to Is. 9. Certificate by any person in a public or official capacity ...... Is. 10. Company Capital Duty : Five shillings per cent, on amount of nominal capital. 11. Customs documents : On each original bill or document of entry, etc...... (kl. 12. Duplicate original of any stamped instrument ...... Is. 13. Lease or Agreement of Lease : Varying according to monthly rental (id. to £1. If the lease be for a definite period of one year or longer, duty varies according to period lease ...... 5s. to 15s Cession or Assignment of Lease* ... 5s. 14. Marketable Security : (a) If transferable only by registration for every £10 or part thereof ... (kl. (6) if made out te> bearer or in any manner so as te> be transferable by delivery only—for every £10 or part thereof ... 2s. 15. Notarial Act or Instrument ...... fc2s. 10. Partnership : Agreement of Partnership £1. 48 COLONIAL REPORTS—ANXl'AL. 17. Power of Attorney or any instrument of like kind ; (1) Proxy to vote at any specified meeting or adjournment thereof ... Id. (2) Any speeial power or substitution under any power of attorney ... Is. (3) To act generally for the grantor1 ... .Is. (4) Of any kind not comprised in the foiogoing ...... Is. Is. Description of Instrument : Receipt — (a) £1 or upwards but not exceeding £5 Id. (b) Exceeding £5 ...... 2d. If given in respect of any fixed deposit made with any bank, for every £100 (or part thereof) and for every period of twe've months (or part thereof)... (kl. 10. Security or Suretyship : Varying according to sum ...... Id. to Is. (2) Where no amount is stated ... 2s. (id. (3) Not comprised in the foregoing 2s. (kl. 20. Transfer Deed : Relating to immovable property—for every £10 or part thereof ...... Od. XVI. MISCELLANEOUS. Land in Swaziland is held under freehold title subject to the mineral servitudes. Registration is effected in the Swaziland Deeds Ofliee, and surveys are controlled by the Sui veyor-Cencral for the Transvaal. All land and mineral concessions and the native areas were surveyed during the years 1004 to 1008. At the five townships. Mbabane. .Breniersdorp, Hlatikulu. Coedgegun. and Stegi, several lots have been sold for residential and trading purposes. No surveys of importance were undertaken. No geological survey of the territory has been made. Mining. Mining is carried out under the authority of concessions granted by the late Swazi King Mbandeni and under the Crown Minerals Order in Council. Alluvial tin mining continued in the vicinity of Mbabane but on a small scale owing to the low price of the metal. Cp to the present, the Government has thrown open for prospecting, areas aggregating 2.475 square miles, partly as Crown mineral areas and pa illy by consent of concessionaires under the Mineral Concession Areas Proclamation No. 47 of 1027. SWAZILAND, 1931. 49 The general depression of the mining industries has continued to have a deterrent effect on all mining and -prospecting. Patents and Trade Marks. The following return shows the number of Patents and Trade Marks registered during the past four years : — Patents. Trade Marks. 102s. am. mm. 1031. 102s. 1020. mo. 1031. 1 5 — 7 50 33 3» The following return shows the number of companies registered (hiring the last four years 102S. 1020. 1030. 1031. i - 2 3 Financial and Economic Enquiry. During the financial year Sir Alan Pirn. K.C.I. E.. C.S.I.. assisted by Mr. S. Milligan, the representative in South Africa of the Empire Cotton (Jrowing Corporation, conducted a financial and economic enquiry into the position of Swaziland. Deferred Pay. The following table shows the sums paid out in the territory eluring the last four years, to native labourers engaged on the deferred pay system, on their return from the gold mines in the Cnion. viz. :— 102S. 1020. 1030. 1031. £7.704 £7,774 £S,251 £!4,S10 Passes. During the same period the number of passes issued to recruited labourers and to those desiring to travel outside the territory, generally to seek work on farms, was as follows, viz. :— I02S. 1020. 1030. 1031. Recruited labourers ...... 4,9*2 4,030 5,405 5,954 Others 7,832 7,785 8,a93 5.458 12.774 12,415 14,058 11,412 B. NICHOLSON, (lorennnent Secretary. MBABANE. 2nd August, 1032. 0«»77i,-^» Wt. H7i;7~841 i/J". ll/iVJ P. St. (..7;* Reports, etc., of Imperial and Colonial Interest IMPERIAL ECONOMIC CONFERENCE AT OTTAWA. 1932. Summary of Pnxvi dings :i ml Copies of Trade Agreements, j (.'mil. 1171.] I .v. <»/. (l.s. 8 COLONIAL OFFICE CONFERENCE, 1930. Sumimiry of Proceedings. [Cmd. M2S.] 2s. (2s. 2d.). Appendices to the Summary of Proceedings. [Cmd. Mt'cll.] As. (.'J.-. 3d.). COLONIAL OFFICE CONFERENCE, 1127. Summary of Proceedings. [Cmd. l.v. iW. (l.v. h/.). Appendices, to the Summary of Proceedings. [Cmd. L'SM.J 4s. C SYSTEM OF APPOINTMENT IN THE COLONIAL OFFICE AND IN THE COLONIAL SERVICES. Report of a Committee appointed ly the Secretary of State for the Colonies. [Cmd. tf;Vil.] Is. tU Id.). TANGANYIKA TERRITORY. Report by H.H.M. Government to the Council of the League of Nations on the Administration of, 1!>.'1. [Colonial No. 71.\ is. 0 PAPERS RELATING TO THE HEALTH AND PROGRESS OF NATIVE POPULATIONS IN CERTAIN PARTS OF THE EMPIRE. [Colonial No. (>.'>.] As. (As. [id.). HONG KONG CURRENCY. Report of a Commission appointed bv the Secretary of State lor the Colonics, May, 1JK31. " [Cmd! A\,A2.] Is. (\s. 2d.). CLOSER UNION IN EAST AFRICA, Joint Select Committee on. H.C. loO. Vol. I.— "eporl and Proceedings ... l.v. !). Vol. TL—Minutes of Evidence £ l l().s. (£ I l().v. <),/.). Vol. III.- Appendices l.v. (5./. (l.v. IK/.). REPORT AND PROCEEDINGS OF CONFERENCE OF COLONIAL DIRECTORS OF AGRICULTURE, JULY, 1931. [Colonial No. 07.] l.v. 3f/. (l.s. Zd.). CONSTITUTION OF CEYLON. [Cmd.-W2.J l.v. G,l. (1*. 8,7.). INFORMATION AS TO THE CONDITION AND COST OF LIVING IN THE COLONIES, PROTECTORATES AND MANDATED TERRITORIES. [Colonial No. 50.] As. [As. Ad.). FINANCIAL SITUATION OF BRITISH GUIANA. Report of a Commission appointed bv the Secretary of State for the Colonies. ' [Cmd. .TO?.] l.s. All /jri< Obtainable from the Sa-le Offices of HIS MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE, At A Note cm the work of the board and Statement of Research and other (Jrants approved hv the Secretary of State? from Julv, 19*20, to March, 1932. Cmd. 4I2J. * Vd.(\()d.). The Growing Dependence of Uritish Industry upon Kmpire Markets. December, 1929. (K.M.U. 23.) Ls. (IN. lf/.l Insert Infestation of Stored Cacao. December, 1929. (K.M.U. 21.) Ls. (W. (Ls. &/.). Uritish Industries and Kmpire Markets. March, 1930. (K.M.U. 20.) Ls. (Is. Mil). Canadian Fruit Shipments. .Report of an investi OHTAINAULE VIX'JXL TOJ; SALE OIKICKS OK HIS MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE, AT THE AlUHlKSSl.S SHOWN ON T1IK FKO.NT Co Visit Ol- THIS RiJ'OKT, OH T1IUOUGII ANY UOOKSKLLF.K. COLONIAL ANNUAL REPORTS H.M. Stationery Office publishes the Annual Reports on British Colonies and Protectorates. These Reports appear each year and they are supplied at the Subscription price of 40s. per annum. (This rate does not include Mandated Territories.) Individual Reports may also be purchased and standing orders placed for their annual supply. BAHAMAS. JOHORE. BARBADOS. RED AH AND PERLIS. BASUTOLAND. KELANTAN. BECHO. 1 \.1 L \ NO PROTECTOR A TE. KENYA COLONY & PROTECTORATE BERMUDA. LEEWARD ISLANDS. BRITISH GUIANA. MAURITIUS. BRITISH HONDURAS. NEW HEBRIDES. BRITISH SOLOMON ISLANDS PRO- NIGERIA. TECTORATE. NORTHERN RHODESIA. BRUNEI. STATE OF NY A SAL A NIK CAYMAN ISLANDS (JAMAICA). ST. HELENA. CEYLON. ST. LUCIA. COLONIAL SURVEY COMMITTEE REPORT. ST. VINCENT. CYPRUS. SEYCHELLES. FALKLAND ISLANDS. SIERRA LEONE. FEDERATED MALAY STATES. SOMA LI LAND. FIJI. STRAITS SETTLEMENTS. GAMBIA. SWAZILAND. GIBRALTAR. TONGAN ISLANDS PROTECTORATE. GILBERT & ELI ACE ISLANDS. TRENGGANU. GOLD COAST. TRINIDAD & TOBAGO. GRENADA. TURKS & CAICOS ISLANDS. HONG KONG. UGANDA. JAMAICA. ZANZIBAR PROTECTORATE. MANDATED TERRITORIES. Annual Reports are published on the undermentioned territories administered by H.M. Government under mandate from the League of Nations. BRITISH CAM ERGONS. PALESTINE AND TRANS-JORDAN, BRITISH TOGOLAND. TANGANYIKA TERRITORY. 'IRAQ. For further particulars as to the latest reports and prices apply to any of the SALE OFFICES OF H.M. STATIONERY OFFICE. CROWN AGENTS FOR THE COLONIES. Publications issued by the Governments of British Colonies, Protectorates, and Mandated Territories, can he obtained from the Crown Agents for the Colonies, 4, Milibank, Westminster, S.W.I. They include Departmental Reports, Laws, Handbooks, etc. the value of CI OS tit the* Hlatikulu Show. SWA/11. AM), 193.1.