3D Visibility: Analytical Study and Applications

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3D Visibility: Analytical Study and Applications Universit´e Grenoble I – Joseph Fourier Sciences et G´eographie 3D Visibility: Analytical Study and Applications Fredo´ DURAND Dissertation presented in partial fulfillement of the requirements for the degree of Docteur de l’Universite´ Joseph Fourier, discipline informatique Arrˆet´e minist´eriel du 5 juillet 1984 et du 30 mars 1992 prepared at iMAGIS-GRAVIR/IMAG-INRIA. UMR CNRS C5527. to be defended on July the 12th, 1999 Comittee : Dinesh MANOCHA Reviewer Michel POCCHIOLA Reviewer Seth TELLER Reviewer Jacques VOIRON Examiner Jean-Claude PAUL Examiner Claude PUECH Advisor Georges DRETTAKIS Co-advisor 2 Acknowledgments Je d´edie cette th`esea ` mes parents eta ` l’ensemble des professeurs qui m’ont subi pendant ma longue scolarit´e. Claude aet´ ´ e plus qu’un directeur de th`ese pour moi. Il m’a fait profiter de sa grande exp´erience, tant du domaine que de la recherche en g´en´eral, et plus encore. J’ai particuli`erement appr´eci´e les voyages que nous avons fait ensemble, Barcelone et la Californie. L’ambiance qu’il sait faire r´egnerauseindel’´equipe est une richesse rare. Il a vraimentet´ ´ eun“p`ere spirituel” durant ces cinq ann´ees pass´ees ensemble. George a su m’arracheramesrˆ ` everies th´eoriques quand il le fallait. Il n’a pas h´esit´e`a mettre les mains dans le code, je n’en aurai jamais fait autant sans lui. Il a effectu´e un travail consid´erable pour transformer ce que je r´edigeais en phrases anglaises. Ils ont tous deux eu le m´erite de supporter ma tˆete de mule et mon caract`ere de jeune coq... Il m’´etais impossible d’imaginer mon jury de th`ese sans la pr´esence de Seth Teller tant son travail fait r´ef´erence en visibilit´eettantsath`ese aet´ ´ eunmod`ele pour moi. La gentillesse, la disponibilit´e et l’enthousiasme dont il a fait preuvea ` chacune de nos rencontres ontet´ ´ e une motivation puissantea ` mes travaux. J’aiet´ ´ etr`es honor´e d’avoir Dinesh Manocha pour rapporteur. Il repr´esente pour moi un exemple de ce que la bonne recherche en g´eom´etrie peutetre ˆ : des bases th´eoriques sans faille au service de probl`emes tr`es concrets, avec des validations pratiques impressionnantes. Les travaux de Michel Pocchiola ont constitu´e l’inspiration initiale de cette th`ese ; sa pr´esence dans mon jury me semblait donc indispensable. Je le remercie pour nos discussions toujours amicales et constructives. Jean-Claude Paul est un m´elange rare d’excellence et d’humilit´e. L’int´erˆet qu’il a montr´e envers mes travaux m’a r´eellement touch´e. Travailler avec Jacques Voiron pour La Lettre de l’Imag avaitet´ ´ e un vrai plaisir, je n’en aiet´ ´ e que plus honor´e qu’il accepte de pr´esider le jury de cette th`ese. Que le v´en´erable professeur Sillion veuille bien excuser mon humour parfois douteux. Au del`a des discu- tions scientifiques fructueuse, j’aiet´ ´ e ravi de son amiti´e. Que les chaises portugaises nous pardonnent. Leo Guibas m’a invit´e`a l’universit´e de Stanford o`uj’aipass´eun´et´e`alafoisagr´eable et riche en inspiration. C’est grˆacealuiet` ` a Mark de Berg que sont n´ees les id´ees du chapitre 5. Leo m’a impressionn´eparl’´el´egance de sa r´eflexion g´eom´etrique et par son ouverture. L’esprit critique et l’intuition g´eom´etrique de Mark m’ont grandement aid´e`aaffinermesid´ees. Les rencontres avec Dani Lischinski ont toujourset´ ´ e illumin´ees par sa bonne humeur. Je le remercie pour tous ses conseils et ses encouragements, et demande une fois de plus pardonaluiet` ` a Daniel Cohen-Or pour avoir oubli´elamoiti´e du pic-nic lors d’une balade autour de Grenoble La th`ese de masters de Sylvain Petitjean m’a appris tout ce que je sais des singularit´es. Lesechanges ´ de mails et la rencontre que nous avons eus me font souhaiter travailler un jour avec lui sur la visibilit´e ou sur un autre sujet. Je remercie Pierre Poulin pour ses critiques efficaces et constructives et James Stewart pour toutes les 3 4 discussions avec le sourire. Outre leur aide scientifique ind´eniable, lou´es soient Yorgos Chrysanthou pour sa gentillesse ; Xavier Pueyo pour l’excellence de son franc¸ais, son invitationa ` Girone et les conversations non informaticiennes ; Eugene Fiume pour son soutien et Nina Amenta pour son extraordinaire enthousiasme. Csol m’a fait profiter de sa profonde compr´ehension de la radiosit´e et des convolutions, de son humour dis- cutable et des sourires amicaux de son Lampropeltis. Mercia ` Clairette d’avoir parfois r´eussia ` nous empˆecher de parler informatiqueatable. ` Les discussions avec Nico me manquent, il aet´ ´ e un co-loc’ et un coll`egue id´eal. Vivement que j’aille squatter a New-York ! A` Agata, je dois trop de choses pour en parler ici. Jean-Dominique Gascuel est le gourou indispensable du labo, je n’aurais pu m’en sortir sans son aide technique. En plus son tarama est excellent. Mathieu a apport´e dans mon bureau sa curiosit´e, sa culture et son ardeur scientifique. Ses succ`es ne me surprennent pas du tout. Merci a Rara d’avoiret´ ´ e la maman de tous les th´esards. Pardon pour les retouches d’image et pour le calimero. St´ephane et elle ont partag´e mes premi`eres publis dans un contexte pas toujours facile. Merci a Fred Cazals pour son dynamisme, le confit de canard de sa m`ere, les discussions boulot, les discussions pas boulot, etc. La th`ese d’H3 m’aenorm´ ´ ement aid´e a comprendre intimement la radiosit´e, sa cave et sa cuisine m’ont ravi. S’il existe des types bien sur terre, JC en fait partie, je l’admire pour beaucoup de chose, puisse-t-il m’apprendre l’humilit´e(maisc¸a parait pas gagn´e). Pardon Alexiiiis pour ta salle de bain, merci pour toutes les soir´ees, ainsi qu’`a FF, deux incontournable des discussions politiquesaiMAGIS.Jed´ ` edie a` Ponpon les FFT qui ont servia ` faire les convolutions du chapitre 5. Je te promets que je ne tournais pas au Boulard hors d’ˆage quand j’ai cod´ec¸a. Bichont et Bichond sont toujours prˆetsa ` rendre service, une mention sp´ecialea ` Bichond que j’ai beaucoup sollicit´e pour boucler ce m´emoire eta ` qui je pardonne ses goˆuts musicaux. Je demanderai sa canonisation. Mercia ` Jean-Marc et Jo¨elle pour la relecture et pour le reste. BisesaGaspard.J´ ` er´emie tu viens quand tu veux me faire du Rouga¨ı. Mercia ` Xadec pour l’aide sur Ville (l’ancien et le nouveau...). Je n’oublie pas tous les autres imagiciens, l’ambiance dans ce labo est trop top cool g´eniale, comme on dit en franc¸ais soutenu. Je n’aurai jamais tenu physiquement et moralement sans les vins de l’Echanson, le fromage de la Fro- magerie des Alpages et les kebabs du Cesame. Je demande pardona ` tous mes potes que j’ai trop d´elaiss´es ces quatre derni`eres ann´ees. Je d´ediea ` Jojo tous les “trivial” de cette th`ese eta ` Isa le mot “exotique” de la page 69 et les “mouais” que l’on peut parfois lire entre les lignes. Mercia ` Reno, Aude et Olivier pour m’avoir choy´e quand je venaisa ` Paris, pour les chipsters et Martini et pour bien d’autres chose. L’amiti´e et les coups de fil de Fouabulle, Sandrinette et Bruno m’ont aid´e`anepasp´eter trop les plombs. Mercia ` ma “grande sœur” Val´erie,a ` Guitemie, Lola, Annick, Claire, Anne Roumier ch´erie, El´´ e, Pierrot, Anne-Claude, Chucky, Tom, Emmanuelle, Fred, Thierry et Pascal. Enfin un immense pardona ` Manue qui a dˆu souffrir de la concurrence de cette th`ese, de mon manque de disponibilit´e et de mon stress. TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 7 I Contributions 15 1 Previous work 17 2 The 3D Visibility Complex 29 3 The Visibility Skeleton 57 4 Visibility Driven Hierarchical Radiosity 79 5 General Occlusion Culling using Extended Projections 113 II A Multidisciplinary Survey of Visibility 137 6 Introduction 139 7 Visibility problems 141 8 Preliminaries 157 9 The classics of hidden part removal 165 10 Object-Space 173 11 Image-Space 191 12 Viewpoint-Space 199 13 Line-Space 213 14 Advanced issues 225 5 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS 15 Conclusions of the survey 231 Conclusions 235 A The 3D Visibility Complex 239 B The Visibility Skeleton 245 C Efficient extended projection using Open GL 249 D Some Notions in Line Space 251 E Online Ressources 253 Contents 255 List of Figures 263 Index 269 References 275 Introduction Des sciences d´emonstratives, la plus belle est celle a` laquelle participe la science physique et la sci- ence g´eom´etrique, car de la science physique elle em- prunte la perception, et de la science g´eom´etrique les d´emonstrations g´eom´etriques. Je n’ai rien trouv´eo`use r´eunissent ces deux arts de plus beau ni de plus parfait que la science des rayons... Ibn LUQA (math´ematicien arabe du IXe si`ecle) isibility computations are central in many computer graphics methods. Some of the most com- mon include the computation of the objects visible from a viewpoint, the computation of umbra and penumbra. Recent techniques such as global illumination simulations require a more global information, since the mutual visibility of all pairs of points of a scene must be determined.
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