IRIX® Admin System Configuration and Operation
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IRIX® Admin System Configuration and Operation Document Number 007-2859-005 CONTRIBUTORS Written by Charlotte Cozzetto, Jeffrey B. Zurschmeide, and John Raithel Production by Heather Hermstad St. Peter’s Basilica image courtesy of ENEL SpA and InfoByte SpA. Disk Thrower image courtesy of Xavier Berenguer, Animatica. © 1992 - 1998 Silicon Graphics, Inc.— All Rights Reserved The contents of this document may not be copied or duplicated in any form, in whole or in part, without the prior written permission of Silicon Graphics, Inc. RESTRICTED RIGHTS LEGEND Use, duplication, or disclosure of the technical data contained in this document by the Government is subject to restrictions as set forth in subdivision (c) (1) (ii) of the Rights in Technical Data and Computer Software clause at DFARS 52.227-7013 and/or in similar or successor clauses in the FAR, or in the DOD or NASA FAR Supplement. Unpublished rights reserved under the Copyright Laws of the United States. Contractor/manufacturer is Silicon Graphics, Inc., 2011 N. Shoreline Blvd., Mountain View, CA 94043-1389. Silicon Graphics, the Silicon Graphics logo, CHALLENGE, Indigo, IRIS, IRIX, and Onyx are registered trademarks, and Crimson, Extent File System, Indigo2, IRIS FailSafe, IRIS InSight, IRIS WorkSpace, IRIX Networker, Origin, Origin2000, POWER CHALLENGE, POWER Indigo2, POWER Onyx, and XFS are trademarks, of Silicon Graphics, Inc. Indy is a registered trademark, used under license in the United States and owned by Silicon Graphics, Inc. in other countries worldwide. CRAY is a registered trademark, and CrayLink is a trademark, of Cray Research, Inc. R4000 and R8000 are registered trademarks of MIPS Technologies, Inc. Adobe Illustrator, FrameMaker, and PostScript are trademarks of Adobe Systems, Inc. Documenter’s Workbench is a trademark of AT&T. Centronics is a trademark of Centronics Data Computer Corporation. IBM 3270 is a trademark of International Business Machines Corporation. LFS is a trademark of Platform Computing Corporation. NFS, RPC, and Sun are trademarks of Sun Microsystems, Inc. Tektronix is a trademark of Tektronix, Inc. Versatec is a trademark of Versatec Corporation. UNIX is a registered trademark in the United Sates and other countries, licensed exclusively through X/Open Company, Ltd. IRIX® Admin: System Configuration and Administration Document Number 007-2859-005 Contents List of Figures xxiii List of Tables xxv About This Guide xxvii IRIX Admin Manual Set xxviii Related Manuals xxix What This Guide Contains xxx Conventions Used in This Guide xxxii Audience for This Guide xxxiii Additional Resources xxxiii IRIX Reference Pages xxxiii Release Notes xxxiv IRIX Help System xxxv Silicon Graphics World Wide Web Sites xxxv 1. Introduction to System Configuration and Operation 3 Principles of Good System Administration 4 Account Passwords 4 Superuser (root) Account Access Restriction 4 User Privacy 5 Password File Check 5 Hardware Change Check 5 Software Upgrade Check 6 System Unavailability Notification 6 Malicious Activity Policy 7 System Log Book Maintenance 8 User Request Service 9 iii Contents System Administrator Task List 9 Administration Tools Overview 10 2. Making the Most of IRIX 13 IRIX Shells 13 Using Regular Expressions and Metacharacters 13 C Shell Shortcuts 16 About the tcsh Shell 19 About the Bourne Shell 19 Korn Shell Shortcuts 20 Displaying Windows on Remote Workstations 21 Creating a Custom Shell Window 22 Finding and Manipulating Files 24 Locating Files With the find Command 24 Using find and cpio to Locate and Copy Files 26 About the sed Editor 26 Recursive Commands in IRIX 27 Task Scheduling With the at, batch, and cron Commands 27 Scheduling Tasks With the at Command 28 Scheduling Tasks With the batch Command 29 Scheduling Tasks With the cron Command 29 Disabling Login With the /etc/nologin File 30 Using Mouse Shortcuts 30 Copying and Pasting Text With the Mouse 31 Creating a Shell Window With the Mouse 32 Creating Reference Pages 33 Creating ASCII Reference Pages 33 System Monitoring Tools 34 About Saving a Crash Dump With savecore 34 About the icrash System Crash Analysis Utility 35 About the fru Hardware Error Analysis Tool 36 About sysmon, the System Log Viewer 38 iv Contents About availmon, the System Availability Monitoring Tool 39 Registering availmon 40 Configuring an availmon Site Log File 41 Administering availmon 42 Using availmon With Automatic Reporting 42 Using availmon at Secure Sites With Internal Report Mailing 43 Using availmon at Secure Sites Without Report Mailing 43 About availmon Reports 44 Mailing availmon Reports With amsend 45 Viewing availmon Reports With amreport 45 3. System Startup, Shutdown, and Run Levels 49 Starting the System 49 Shutting Down the System From Multiuser Mode 50 Shutting Down the System From Single-User Mode 52 About IRIX Operating System Run Levels (System State) 52 How init Controls the System State 54 How IRIX Enters Multiuser State From System Shutdown 57 init Process: Early Initialization 57 init Process: Run-Level Preparation 57 init Process: getty 58 Changing System Run Levels 58 About Run-Level Directories 59 Modifying Run-Level Files 60 Changing From Multiuser Mode to Single-User Mode With the shutdown Command 60 Powering Off the System Using /etc/inittab 61 v Contents 4. Configuring the IRIX Operating System 65 System Configuration Check 65 Checking Installed Hardware With hinv 65 Checking Installed Hardware in /hw 68 How IP Network Interfaces Are Assigned to Hardware Devices 68 Checking Installed Software With Versions 69 Checking Installed Graphics Hardware With gfxinfo 70 Checking Basic System Identification With uname 71 Getting Printer Status With lpstat 71 Checking Software Configuration Options With chkconfig 71 Configuring Software 74 Setting Software Configuration Options With chkconfig 74 Setting and Changing System Defaults 76 Changing the System Display 76 Changing Processor Assignment on Multiprocessor Systems 77 Changing the System Name 78 Setting the Network Address 79 Setting the Default Printer 80 Setting the Time Zone 80 Changing the System Date and Time 83 Changing File and Directory Access Permission 84 Directory Permissions 86 File Permissions 86 Changing Permissions 87 Setting Permissions With umask 88 Access Control Lists (ACLs) and Capabilities 89 vi Contents Partitioning Your System 89 Advantages of Partitioning 90 Disadvantages of Partitioning 91 Networking Setup Between Partitions 91 Connecting the System Console to the Multi-Module System Controller (MMSC) 92 Partition Setup 92 mkpart Partition Configuration Command 93 Partitioning From the PROM 94 Supported Configurations 95 Partitioning Guidelines 96 5. System Administration in a Multiuser Environment 99 User Account Administration 99 User ID Numbers 99 Group ID Numbers 100 Adding User Accounts Using Shell Commands 101 Editing the /etc/passwd File to Add a User Account 101 Editing the /etc/group File to Add a User 103 Setting Up a Home Directory for a New User 104 Verifying a New Account 105 Adding User Groups Using Shell Commands 106 Changing a User’s Group 106 Deleting a User From the System 107 Deleting a Group From the System 108 Locking a User Account 108 About Changing User Groups With newgrp and multgrps 109 Changing User Information 110 Changing a User’s Login Name 110 Changing a User’s Password With the passwd Command 111 Changing a User’s Login ID Number 112 Changing a User’s Default Group 113 Changing a User’s Comments Field 113 Changing a User’s Default Home Directory 114 Changing a User’s Default Shell 115 vii Contents About the User Environment 115 About Login Shells 116 About C Shell Configuration Files 117 Bourne and Korn Shell Configuration Files 119 Configurable Shell Environment Variables 121 Viewing the Shell Environment 121 Default Environment Variables 122 Defining New Environment Variables 122 Changing the Prompt in IRIX 123 About Default File Permissions (umask) 123 Changing Default File Permissions With umask 124 Special Login Shells 124 Sending Messages 125 Electronic Mail 125 Message-of-the-Day Facility 125 Remote Login Message 127 Sending Messages With the news Command 127 Sending Messages With the write Command 129 Sending Messages With the wall Command 130 6. Configuring Disk and Swap Space 133 Disk Usage Commands 133 du (Disk Usage) Command 133 df (Free Disk Blocks) Command 134 quot (Disk Usage by User) Command 134 diskusg (Disk Accounting) Command 134 Managing Disk Space 134 File Compression and Archiving 134 Disk Space Management With the quotas Subsystem 135 Disk Quota Guidelines 135 Disk Space Management With NFS 137 Disk Space Management With Disk Partitions 137 Wasted Disk Space 138 viii Contents Swap Space 138 Monitoring Paging and Swap Space 139 Adding Virtual Swap Space 139 Listing Swap Space With the swap -l Command 140 Checking Swap Activity With the swap -s Command 140 Negative Swap Space 141 Turning On Virtual Swapping 142 Increasing Swap Space on a One-Disk System 143 Increasing Swap Space on a Multidisk System 144 7. Managing User Processes 149 Monitoring User Processes 149 Process Monitoring With top 150 Process Monitoring on an Array 150 Process Monitoring With osview 150 Process Monitoring With sar 151 Process Monitoring With ps 151 Prioritizing Processes 152 Prioritizing Processes With nice 152 Prioritizing Processes With npri 153 Changing the Priority of a Running Process 154 Terminating Processes 154 Terminating Processes With the kill Command 155 Killing Processes by Name With the killall Command 155 ix Contents Scheduling Processes With the Miser