IRIX® Admin System Configuration and Operation
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IRIX® Admin System Configuration and Operation 007-2859-017 COPYRIGHT © 1992-2001 Silicon Graphics, Inc. All rights reserved; provided portions may be copyright in third parties, as indicated elsewhere herein. No permission is granted to copy, distribute, or create derivative works from the contents of this electronic documentation in any manner, in whole or in part, without the prior written permission of Silicon Graphics, Inc. LIMITED RIGHTS LEGEND The electronic (software) version of this document was developed at private expense; if acquired under an agreement with the USA government or any contractor thereto, it is acquired as "commercial computer software" subject to the provisions of its applicable license agreement, as specified in (a) 48 CFR 12.212 of the FAR; or, if acquired for Department of Defense units, (b) 48 CFR 227-7202 of the DoD FAR Supplement; or sections succeeding thereto. Contractor/manufacturer is Silicon Graphics, Inc., 1600 Amphitheatre Pkwy 2E, Mountain View, CA 94043-1351. TRADEMARKS AND ATTRIBUTIONS Challenge, Indigo, IRIS, IRIX, Octane, and Onyx are registered trademarks and SGI, Crimson, Indigo2, IRIS FailSafe, IRIS InSight, IRIS WorkSpace, IRIX Networker, NUMAlink, Origin, Performance Co-Pilot, Power Challenge, Power Indigo2, Power Onyx, the SGI logo, and XFS are trademarks of Silicon Graphics, Inc. Indy is a registered trademark, used under license in the United States and owned by Silicon Graphics, Inc., in other countries worldwide. Centronics is a trademark of Centronics Data Computer Corporation. Cray is a registered trademark of Cray, Inc. Documenter’s Workbench is a trademark of Novell, Inc. FrameMaker, Illustrator, and PostScript are trademarks of Adobe Systems, Incorporated. IBM is a trademark of International Business Machines Corporation. LFS is a trademark of Platform Computing Corporation. R4000 and R8000 are registered trademarks of MIPS Technologies, Inc. RPC and Sun are trademarks of Sun Microsystems, Inc. Tektronix is a trademark of Tektronix, Inc. Versatec is a trademark of Versatec Corporation. UNIX is a registered trademark in the United States and other countries, licensed exclusively through X/Open Company, Ltd. Xylogics is a trademark of Xylogics, Inc. Cover Design By Sarah Bolles, Sarah Bolles Design, and Dany Galgani, SGI Technical Publications. New Features in This Guide This guide contains the following new or changed information for the IRIX 6.5.14 release: The following changes were made to this guide for the IRIX 6.5.14 release: • Updated “Changing Processor Assignment on Multiprocessor Systems” on page 74 in Chapter 4, “Configuring the IRIX Operating System”. • Updated “Defining and Managing Cpusets” on page 151 in Chapter 7, “Managing User Processes”. • Updated the maxup and nprofile tunable parameters in “System Limits Parameters” on page 230 in Appendix A, “IRIX Kernel Tunable Parameters”. Miscellaneous editing and formatting changes were also made. 007-2859-017 iii Record of Revision Version Description 007 February 1999 Incorporates information for the IRIX 6.5.3 release. 008 May 1999 Incorporates information for the IRIX 6.5.4 release. 009 July 1999 Incorporates information for the IRIX 6.5.5 release. 010 January 2000 Incorporates information for the IRIX 6.5.7 release. 011 April 2000 Incorporates information for the IRIX 6.5.8 release. 012 July 2000 Incorporates information for the IRIX 6.5.9 release. 013 October 2000 Incorporates information for the IRIX 6.5.10 release. 014 January 2001 Incorporates information for the IRIX 6.5.11 release. 015 April 2001 Incorporates information for the IRIX 6.5.12 release. 016 August 2001 Incorporates information for the IRIX 6.5.13 release. 007-2859-017 v Record of Revision 017 November 2001 Incorporates information for the IRIX 6.5.14 release. vi 007-2859-017 Contents New Features in This Guide. iii Record of Revision . v Figures . xxv Tables . xxvii Examples . xxix Procedures . xxxi About This Guide. xxxiii What This Guide Contains . xxxiii Audience for This Guide . xxxv Related Publications . xxxvi Obtaining Publications . xxxvii Additional Resources . xxxvii IRIX Man Pages . .xxxviii Release Notes . xxxix IRIX Help System . xxxix SGI World Wide Web Sites . xxxix Conventions . xl Reader Comments . xl 1. Introduction to System Configuration and Operation . 1 Principles of Good System Administration . 2 Account Passwords . 2 Superuser (root) Account Access Restriction. 2 User Privacy . 3 Password File Check . 3 Hardware Change Check . 3 007-2859-017 vii Contents Software Upgrade Check . 4 System Unavailability Notification . 4 Malicious Activity Policy . 5 System Log Book Maintenance . 6 User Request Service . 7 System Administrator Task List . 7 Administration Tools Overview . 9 2. Making the Most of the IRIX System . 11 IRIX Shells . 11 Using Regular Expressions and Metacharacters . 12 C Shell Shortcuts . 14 tcsh Shell . 17 Bourne Shell . 17 Korn Shell Shortcuts . 17 Displaying Windows on Remote Workstations. 18 Creating a Custom Shell Window . 19 Finding and Manipulating Files . 21 Locating Files with the find Command . 21 Using find and cpio to Locate and Copy Files . 23 sed Editor . 24 Recursive Commands . 24 Task Scheduling with the at, batch, and cron Commands . 25 Scheduling Tasks with the at Command . 25 Scheduling Tasks with the batch Command . 26 Scheduling Tasks with the cron Command . 26 Disabling Login with the /etc/nologin File . 27 Using Mouse Shortcuts . 28 Copying and Pasting Text with the Mouse . 28 Creating a Shell Window with the Mouse . 29 Creating Man Pages . 30 System Monitoring Tools . 32 Saving a Crash Dump with savecore . 32 icrash System Crash Analysis Utility . 33 viii 007-2859-017 Contents fru Hardware Error Analysis Tool. 34 sysmon, the System Log Viewer . 36 availmon, the System Availability Monitoring Tool . 37 Registering availmon . 38 Configuring an availmon Site Log File . 39 Administering availmon . 40 Using availmon with Automatic Reporting . 40 Using availmon at Secure Sites with Internal Report Mailing. 41 Using availmon at Secure Sites without Report Mailing . 41 availmon Reports . 42 Mailing availmon Reports with amsend . 43 Viewing availmon Reports with amreport . 43 3. System Startup, Shutdown, and Run Levels . 45 Starting the System . 45 Shutting Down the System from Multiuser Mode . 46 Shutting Down the System from Single-User Mode . 48 IRIX Operating System Run Levels (System State) . 48 How init Controls the System State . 50 Multiuser State from System Shutdown . 52 init Process: Early Initialization . 52 init Process: Run-Level Preparation . 53 init Process: getty . 54 Changing System Run Levels . 54 Run-level Directories . 54 Modifying Run-level Files . 55 Changing Multiuser Mode to Single-User Mode with the shutdown Command. 56 Powering Off the System Using /etc/inittab . 57 4. Configuring the IRIX Operating System . 59 System Configuration Check . 59 Checking Installed Hardware with hinv . 59 Checking Installed Hardware in /hw . 65 How IP Network Interfaces Are Assigned to Hardware Devices . 65 007-2859-017 ix Contents Checking Installed Software with versions . 66 Checking Installed Graphics Hardware with gfxinfo . 67 Checking Basic System Identification with uname. 68 Getting Printer Status with lpstat . 68 Checking Software Configuration Options with chkconfig . 68 Configuring Software . 71 Setting Software Configuration Options with chkconfig . 71 Setting and Changing System Defaults . .73 Changing the System Display . 73 Changing Processor Assignment on Multiprocessor Systems . 74 Changing the System Name . 75 Setting the Network Address . 76 Setting the Default Printer . 77 Setting the Time Zone . 77 Changing the System Date and Time . .80 Changing File and Directory Access Permission . 82 Directory Permissions . 84 File Permissions . 84 Changing Permissions . 85 Setting Permissions with umask . 86 Access Control Lists (ACLs) and Capabilities . 87 Partitioning Your System . 87 Advantages of Partitioning . 89 Disadvantages of Partitioning . 89 Installing Partitioning Software . 89 Networking Setup between Partitions . .89 Connecting the System Console to the Controller . 91 Partition Setup . 91 mkpart Partition Configuration Command . 91 Partitioning from the PROM. .93 Supported Configurations . 94 Partitioning Guidelines . 94 x 007-2859-017 Contents PCI Hot-Plug Support. 95 PCI Bus Speed Restrictions . 96 Insertion Procedure . 96 Removal and Query Operations . 97 5. System Administration in a Multiuser Environment . 99 User Account Administration . 99 User ID Numbers . 99 Group ID Numbers . .100 Adding User Accounts Using Shell Commands . .101 Editing the /etc/passwd File to Add a User Account . .101 Editing the /etc/group File to Add a User . .103 Setting Up a Home Directory for a New User . ..