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A Ballista Retrospective
Software Robustness Testing A Ballista Retrospective Phil Koopman [email protected] http://ballista.org With contributions from: Dan Siewiorek, Kobey DeVale John DeVale, Kim Fernsler, Dave Guttendorf, Nathan Kropp, Jiantao Pan, Charles Shelton, Ying Shi Institute for Complex Engineered Systems Overview Introduction • APIs aren’t robust (and people act as if they don’t want them to be robust!) Top 4 Reasons people give for ignoring robustness improvement • “My API is already robust, especially for easy problems” (it’s probably not) • “Robustness is impractical” (it is practical) • “Robust code will be too slow” (it need not be) • “We already know how to do it, thank you very much” (perhaps they don’t) Conclusions • The big future problem for “near-stationary” robustness isn’t technology -- it is awareness & training 2 Ballista Software Testing Overview SPECIFIED INPUT RESPONSE BEHAVIOR SPACE SPACE ROBUST SHOULD VAL I D OPERATION WORK INPUTS MO DULE REPRODUCIBLE UNDEFINED UNDER FAILURE TEST SHOULD INVALID INPUTS UNREPRODUCIBLE RETURN FAILURE ERROR Abstracts testing to the API/Data type level • Most test cases are exceptional • Test cases based on best-practice SW testing methodology 3 Ballista: Test Generation (fine grain testing) Tests developed per data type/subtype; scalable via composition 4 Initial Results: Most APIs Weren’t Robust Unix & Windows systems had poor robustness scores: • 24% to 48% of intentionally exceptional Unix tests yielded non-robust results • Found simple “system killer” programs in Unix, Win 95/98/ME, and WinCE -
The Culture of Wikipedia
Good Faith Collaboration: The Culture of Wikipedia Good Faith Collaboration The Culture of Wikipedia Joseph Michael Reagle Jr. Foreword by Lawrence Lessig The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. Web edition, Copyright © 2011 by Joseph Michael Reagle Jr. CC-NC-SA 3.0 Purchase at Amazon.com | Barnes and Noble | IndieBound | MIT Press Wikipedia's style of collaborative production has been lauded, lambasted, and satirized. Despite unease over its implications for the character (and quality) of knowledge, Wikipedia has brought us closer than ever to a realization of the centuries-old Author Bio & Research Blog pursuit of a universal encyclopedia. Good Faith Collaboration: The Culture of Wikipedia is a rich ethnographic portrayal of Wikipedia's historical roots, collaborative culture, and much debated legacy. Foreword Preface to the Web Edition Praise for Good Faith Collaboration Preface Extended Table of Contents "Reagle offers a compelling case that Wikipedia's most fascinating and unprecedented aspect isn't the encyclopedia itself — rather, it's the collaborative culture that underpins it: brawling, self-reflexive, funny, serious, and full-tilt committed to the 1. Nazis and Norms project, even if it means setting aside personal differences. Reagle's position as a scholar and a member of the community 2. The Pursuit of the Universal makes him uniquely situated to describe this culture." —Cory Doctorow , Boing Boing Encyclopedia "Reagle provides ample data regarding the everyday practices and cultural norms of the community which collaborates to 3. Good Faith Collaboration produce Wikipedia. His rich research and nuanced appreciation of the complexities of cultural digital media research are 4. The Puzzle of Openness well presented. -
Introduction: Connections
Wikipedia @ 20 Introduction: Connections Joseph Reagle, Jackie Koerner Published on: Aug 22, 2019 Updated on: Jun 04, 2020 License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC-BY 4.0) Wikipedia @ 20 Introduction: Connections Image credit: William Warby, Vasco da Gama Bridge B&W, 2018. Introduction: Connections Joseph Reagle and Jackie Koerner Twenty years ago, Wikipedia set out on its path toward providing humanity with free access to the sum of all knowledge. Even if this is a mission that can’t be finished, Wikipedia has made remarkable progress toward the impossible. How so? Wikipedia is an encyclopedia built on a wiki. And never has an application, gathering the sum of human knowledge, been so suited to its medium, easily interconnected web pages. Encyclopedias have long been reliant on interconnections. In 1755, the Encyclopédie’s Denis Diderot wrote that the use of cross-references (or renvois) was “the most important part of our encyclopedia scheme.”1 This feature allowed the Encyclopédie’s editors to depict the connective tissue of Enlightenment knowledge and to dodge state and church authorities by way of facetious and satirical references. For example, they expressed skepticism about the “Eucharist” and “Communion” by linking to them from the article on “Cannibals.” At the onset of each new informational medium—from paper, to microfilm, to silicon—connectivity was the impetus. There are many examples, but consider the names of the following. Among the documentalists of the early twentieth-century, there was Wilhelm Ostwald’s Brücke, a bridge, and Suzanne Briet’s indice, an indicator. Such documentalists advanced indexing and classification schemes to improve interconnections between information. -
Introduction to UNIX What Is UNIX? Why UNIX? Brief History of UNIX Early UNIX History UNIX Variants
What is UNIX? A modern computer operating system Introduction to UNIX Operating system: “a program that acts as an intermediary between a user of the computer and the computer hardware” CS 2204 Software that manages your computer’s resources (files, programs, disks, network, …) Class meeting 1 e.g. Windows, MacOS Modern: features for stability, flexibility, multiple users and programs, configurability, etc. *Notes by Doug Bowman and other members of the CS faculty at Virginia Tech. Copyright 2001-2003. (C) Doug Bowman, Virginia Tech, 2001- 2 Why UNIX? Brief history of UNIX Used in many scientific and industrial settings Ken Thompson & Dennis Richie Huge number of free and well-written originally developed the earliest software programs versions of UNIX at Bell Labs for Open-source OS internal use in 1970s Internet servers and services run on UNIX Borrowed best ideas from other Oss Largely hardware-independent Meant for programmers and computer Based on standards experts Meant to run on “mini computers” (C) Doug Bowman, Virginia Tech, 2001- 3 (C) Doug Bowman, Virginia Tech, 2001- 4 Early UNIX History UNIX variants Thompson also rewrote the operating system Two main threads of development: in high level language of his own design Berkeley software distribution (BSD) which he called B. Unix System Laboratories System V Sun: SunOS, Solaris The B language lacked many features and Ritchie decided to design a successor to B GNU: Linux (many flavors) which he called C. SGI: Irix They then rewrote UNIX in the C FreeBSD programming language to aid in portability. Hewlett-Packard: HP-UX Apple: OS X (Darwin) … (C) Doug Bowman, Virginia Tech, 2001- 5 (C) Doug Bowman, Virginia Tech, 2001- 6 1 Layers in the UNIX System UNIX Structure User Interface The kernel is the core of the UNIX Library Interface Users system, controlling the system Standard Utility Programs hardware and performing various low- (shell, editors, compilers, etc.) System Interface calls User Mode level functions. -
Absolute BSD—The Ultimate Guide to Freebsd Table of Contents Absolute BSD—The Ultimate Guide to Freebsd
Absolute BSD—The Ultimate Guide to FreeBSD Table of Contents Absolute BSD—The Ultimate Guide to FreeBSD............................................................................1 Dedication..........................................................................................................................................3 Foreword............................................................................................................................................4 Introduction........................................................................................................................................5 What Is FreeBSD?...................................................................................................................5 How Did FreeBSD Get Here?..................................................................................................5 The BSD License: BSD Goes Public.......................................................................................6 The Birth of Modern FreeBSD.................................................................................................6 FreeBSD Development............................................................................................................7 Committers.........................................................................................................................7 Contributors........................................................................................................................8 Users..................................................................................................................................8 -
From Warwick University to Apple Inc California…
DCS News Online January 2009 From Warwick University to Apple Inc California… infancy and development environments consisted Less than ten years after graduating from the of nothing Department of Computer Science (DCS), Hugo Fiennes was head hunted by Apple Computer Inc California to manage the hardware team responsible for a little known device called an ‘iPhone’. One year later the ‘iPhone’ is named Time magazines invention of the year, selling by conservative estimates over half a million units in its first weekend…So how did a relatively unknown student go from hacking code in the “Fyshbowl” to working on one of the most iconic multimedia smart-phones of the 21st Century? Rewind to 1994 Chandler, Monica and Friends have just premiered on US television, the first web browser “Netscape Navigator‟ is circulating the information super highway and a young Hugo Fiennes has arrived at the University of Warwick Hugo Fiennes outside his Apple HQ office in California to begin his undergraduate studies. At 23 Hugo more than text editors, compilers and low level was older than almost everyone else when he optimizers. For many DCS students, the first burst in on the infamous Warwick bubble. fyshbowl was home: it engendered a truly He didn't take a gap year after A-Levels; he took collaborative liberal atmosphere, supported in five, during which he built up his own company part by a AM-radio quality jukebox that students selling communications software and expansion had fashioned from a homebrew multi-user chat cards for the now legendary Acorn Computers. system. Sitting in the kitchen of his halls of residence, surrounded by a group of teenagers Hugo is Third Year Project feeling a little bit shocked at first, but trepidation In 1997, after years spent building everything soon turns to excitement as everyone becomes from a barcode reader to ping pong on a scope, intimately acquainted with the student union Hugo was ready to put everything he had learned and the tremendously potent wine & cider into practice building a networked webcam. -
A Case Study of the Reddit Community
An Exploration of Discussion Threads in Social News Sites: A Case Study of the Reddit Community Tim Weninger Xihao Avi Zhu Jiawei Han Department of Computer Science University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Urbana, Illinois 61801 Email: fweninge1, zhu40, [email protected] Abstract—Social news and content aggregation Web sites have submission. These comment threads provide a user-generated become massive repositories of valuable knowledge on a diverse and user-curated commentary on the topic at hand. Unlike range of topics. Millions of Web-users are able to leverage these message board or Facebook-style comments that list comments platforms to submit, view and discuss nearly anything. The users in a flat, chronological order, or Twitter discussions that are themselves exclusively curate the content with an intricate system person-to-person and oftentimes difficult to discern, comment of submissions, voting and discussion. Furthermore, the data on threads in the social news paradigm are permanent (although social news Web sites is extremely well organized by its user-base, which opens the door for opportunities to leverage this data for editable), well-formed and hierarchical. The hierarchical nature other purposes just like Wikipedia data has been used for many of comment threads, where the discussion structure resembles other purposes. In this paper we study a popular social news a tree, is especially important because this allows divergent Web site called Reddit. Our investigation looks at the dynamics sub-topics resulting in a more robust overall discussion. of its discussion threads, and asks two main questions: (1) to In this paper we explore the social news site Reddit in order what extent do discussion threads resemble a topical hierarchy? and (2) Can discussion threads be used to enhance Web search? to gain a deeper understanding on the social, temporal, and We show interesting results for these questions on a very large topical methods that allow these types of user-powered Web snapshot several sub-communities of the Reddit Web site. -
High-Performance Play: the Making of Machinima
High-Performance Play: The Making of Machinima Henry Lowood Stanford University <DRAFT. Do not cite or distribute. To appear in: Videogames and Art: Intersections and Interactions, Andy Clarke and Grethe Mitchell (eds.), Intellect Books (UK), 2005. Please contact author, [email protected], for permission.> Abstract: Machinima is the making of animated movies in real time through the use of computer game technology. The projects that launched machinima embedded gameplay in practices of performance, spectatorship, subversion, modification, and community. This article is concerned primarily with the earliest machinima projects. In this phase, DOOM and especially Quake movie makers created practices of game performance and high-performance technology that yielded a new medium for linear storytelling and artistic expression. My aim is not to answer the question, “are games art?”, but to suggest that game-based performance practices will influence work in artistic and narrative media. Biography: Henry Lowood is Curator for History of Science & Technology Collections at Stanford University and co-Principal Investigator for the How They Got Game Project in the Stanford Humanities Laboratory. A historian of science and technology, he teaches Stanford’s annual course on the history of computer game design. With the collaboration of the Internet Archive and the Academy of Machinima Arts and Sciences, he is currently working on a project to develop The Machinima Archive, a permanent repository to document the history of Machinima moviemaking. A body of research on the social and cultural impacts of interactive entertainment is gradually replacing the dismissal of computer games and videogames as mindless amusement for young boys. There are many good reasons for taking computer games1 seriously. -
Introduction
CS307 Operating Systems Introduction Fan Wu Department of Computer Science and Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University Spring 2020 Operating Systems Operating Systems 2 Operating Systems UNIX-family: BSD(Berkeley Software Distribution), System-V, GNU/Linux, MINIX, Nachos, OS X, iOS BSD-family: FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD System-V-family: AIX, HP-UX, IRIX, Solaris Linux-family: Red Hat, Debian, Ubuntu, Fedora, openSUSE, Linux Mint, Google's Android, WebOS, Meego MS-DOS, Microsoft Windows, Windows Mobile, Win-CE, WP8 AmigaOS Symbian, MeeGo Google Chrome OS OS/2 XrossMediaBar(XMB) for PS3, Orbis OS for PS4 Input Output System for Wii Tiny-OS, LynxOS, QNX, VxWorks Operating Systems 3 Four Components of a Computer System People, machines, other computers Application programs define the ways in which theSystem system programs resources are arecomputer used to software solve the computingdesigned to problems operate theof thecomputer users hardware and toControls provide and a platformcoordinates for runninguse of hardware application among programsvarious applications and users provides basic computing resources Operating Systems 4 Computer System Structure Hardware – provides basic computing resources CPU, memory, I/O devices Operating system – Controls and coordinates use of hardware among various applications and users System programs – are computer software designed to operate the computer hardware and to provide a platform for running application programs BIOS and device drivers Application programs – define the ways in -
Vintage Filings, LLC (A PR Newswire Company)
PART I ITEM 1. Business Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements This Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Words such as ‘‘may,’’ ‘‘could,’’ ‘‘anticipate,’’ ‘‘potential,’’ ‘‘intend,’’ ‘‘expect,’’ ‘‘believe,’’ ‘‘in our view,’’ and variations of such words and similar expressions, are intended to identify such forward-looking statements, which include, but are not limited to, statements regarding our expectations and beliefs regarding future revenue growth; and sources of revenue; gross margins; sales and marketing expenses; research and development expenses; absence of cash flows from discontinued operations; bearer risk associated with our ARS Right with UBS; financial performance and results of operations; technological trends in, and demand for online advertising; changes to our relationship with third-party vendors; management’s strategy, plans and objectives for future operations; employee relations and our ability to attract and retain highly qualified personnel; our intent to continue to invest in establishing our brand identity and developing of our web properties; competition, competitors and our ability to compete; liquidity and capital resources; changes in foreign currency exchange rates; the outcome of any litigation to which we are a party; our accounting policies; and sufficiency of our cash resources and investments to meet our operating and working capital requirements. Actual results may differ materially from those expressed or implied in such forward-looking statements due to various factors, including those set forth in this Business section under ‘‘Competition’’ and in the Risk Factors contained in Item 1.A of this Form 10-K. We undertake no obligation to update the forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances occurring after the date of this Form 10-K. -
Antitrust, Intellectual Property, and the Itunes Ecosystem
533 ANTITRUST, INTELLECTU AL PROPERTY, AND THE ITUNES ECOSYSTEM: A STUDY OF THE ANTITRUST IMPLICATIONS OF APPLE’S FAIRPLAY TECHNOLOGY WITH A NOD TO THE PECULIARITIES OF • INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY WILLOW NOONAN* I. INTRODUCTION In December 2008, Apple’s iTunes online music store surpassed Wal- Mart as the largest music retailer in the world.1 In the closely related portable music player market, Apple’s iPod enjoys similar success.2 Undoubtedly, Ap- ple’s insight and innovation won much of this eminence. However, a close look at Apple’s business practices reveals some conduct that draws a suspicious eye from antitrust and intellectual property laws. The first part of this article traces the development of online music and the subsequent proliferation of copyright infringement. The next part outlines the technical details, benefits, and drawbacks of Apple’s iTunes ecosystem, a notable combination of Apple products and services. The third part undertakes a traditional antitrust analysis of Apple’s conduct and suggests the need for dee- per inquiry. The next part investigates how Apple’s conduct implicates intellec- tual property law. The fifth part reviews the doctrine of intellectual property misuse and how it might apply to Apple. The final part revisits the antitrust • 2009 IDEA Student Intellectual Property Writing Competition Winner. * Candidate for Juris Doctor, 2010, The George Washington University Law School. 1 Press Release, Apple, Inc., iTunes Store Top Music Retailer in the US (Apr. 3, 2008), http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2008/04/03itunes.html [hereinafter iTunes Store]. 2 Jessica Hodgson, Leap Year Trips Zune in Black Eye for Microsoft, WALL ST. -
UNIX and Linux Fundamentals
UNIX and Linux Fundamentals Workbook December 2004 © Alan Johnson Revision 1.38 i UNIX Fundamentals Disclaimer The information provided in this manual is provided with the best intent. No responsibility is assumed for any errors or omissions resulting from the use of this document. The document is a work in progress and will be updated regularly. All trademarks acknowledged. Copyright © Alan Johnson http://www.alan.johnson.org ii UNIX Fundamentals Typographical Conventions This document uses the following typeface conventions: • The default font is Times New Roman. • Keywords and important concepts are introduced with italicized text. • File names, commands and computer output is shown in Courier font. • Bold type is used for emphasis • Shell prompt changes to reflect user - # for root and $ for ordinary user. • Angled brackets <> denote an option such as # mount /dev/sda1 /mnt/<mountpoint> iii UNIX Fundamentals Edit History • Version 1.0 June 2001 o Section 1, 2 and 3 added • Version 1.1 Feb 2002 o Added in section 4 to cover Solaris 2.8 disk admin and other miscellaneous functions o setuid information added to section 2. • Version 1.2 Sept. 2002 o Minor edits • Version 1.3 Nov. 2002 o Added in a new section involving advanced topics such as driver modules and kernel compiling • Version 1.31 Dec. 2002 o Added exportfs command after nfs section o Added in section to load device driver modules and creating new ramdisks • Version 1.32 February 2003 o Added in more kernel/ramdisk topics • Version 1.33 March 2003 o Minor kernel/ramdisk edits • Version 1.34 May 2003 o Minor edits • Version 1.35 July 2003 o Added section on Red Hat Advanced Server 2.1 Clustering • Version 1.36 July 2003 o Added section on client server operation with X • Version 1.37 May 2004 iv UNIX Fundamentals o Added in Appendix A to show SuSE installation screenshots • Version 1.38 Dec 2004 o Added example showing how to pass multiple LUN support with the insmod command.