Proceedings Vol. 1

Book of Proceedings EighthFifth InternationalInternational ConferenceConference on:on: “Education“Education andand SocialSocial Sciences-Sciences- ChallengesChallenges towardstowards thethe Future”Future” 20182018 (ICES(ICES VIII- V- 2018)2018) 15 DECEMBER 2018 Bialystok 10 MARCH - Poland 2018 Organized by International Institute for Private- Commercial- and Competition Law(IIPCCL) in Partnership with University of Białystok (Poland), Institut za naučna istraživanja (Montenegro), Institute of History and Political Science of the University of Białystok (Poland), Tirana Business University (Albania), University College Pjeter Budi of Pristina, (Kosovo) Edited by: Dr. Lena Hoff man 1 Eighth InternationalFifth International Conference on: Conference “Education on: and “Education Social Sciences- and Challenges Social Sciences- towardsChallenges the Future” towards 2018 the Future” 2018 (ICES(ICES VIII- V- 2018) 15 December 2018 Vienna, 8 April 2017 Editor:Editor: Dr. Lena Lena Ho Hoff manff man Endri Papajorgji Tirana ISBN: 978-9928-259-40-0 ISBN: 978-9928-259-05-9 Bialystok - Poland Disclaimer Every reasonable effort has been made to ensure that the material in this book is true, correct, complete, and appropriate at the time of writing. Nevertheless the publishers, the editors and the authors do not accept responsibility for any omission or error, or any injury, damage, loss or financial consequences arising from the use of the book. The views expressed by contributors do not necessarily reflect those of University of Bialystok (Poland), International Institute for Private, Commercial and Competition law, Institut za nau na istra ivanja (Montenegro), Tirana Business University (Albania) and University College Pjeter Budi of Pristina, (Kosovo). 22 2 International Scientific Committee ICBLAS III 2015 (ICES(ICES VII V-2018) 2018) Prof. Dr. Jürgen Wolfbauer, Montanuniversitaet Leoben (Austria) Prof. Dr. John Rowley Gillingham, University of Missouri (USA) Prof. Dr. Lindita Milo (Lati), University of Tirana (Albania) Dr. Hans-Achim Roll, Rechtsanwalt (Germany) Prof. ass. Dr. Evis Kushi, University of Elbasan (Albania) Prof. Dr. Horst-Dieter Westerhoff, Universität Duisburg-Essen (Germany) Prof. Dr. Francesco Scalera, Università degli studi di Bari Aldo Moro (Italy) Prof. Dr. Lavdosh Zaho, Tirana Business University (Albania) Prof. Dr. Thomas Schildbach, Universität Passau (Germany) Prof. Dr. Lisen Bashkurti, Director of the Albanian Diplomatic Academy (Albania) Dr. Angelika Kofler, Europäisches Forum Alpbach (Austria) Prof. Em. Johannes Bronkhorst, University of Lausanne (Switzerland) Prof. ass. Dr. PhD (Uni Graz) Endri Papajorgji, Tirana Business University (Albania) Prof. Dr. Joseph Mifsud, University of East Anglia, London, (UK) Prof. Dr. Nabil Ayad, University of East Anglia, London, (UK) Dr. Mladen Andrlic, Director of the Diplomatic Academy (Croatia) Dr. PhD (Staffordshire) Entela Shehaj, Tirana Business University (Albania) Prof. Em. Winfried Mueller, University of Klagenfurt (Austria) Prof. Dr. Juliana Latifi, Tirana Business University (Albania) Prof. Em. Hans Albert, University of Mannheim (Germany) Prof. Dr. Ilia Kristo, University of Tirana (Albania) Prof. Dr. Bektash Mema, University of Gjirokastra (Albania) Prof. ass. Dr. Makbule Çeço, Tirana Business University (Albania) Prof. Dr. Fabrizio Baldassarre, Università degli studi di Bari Aldo Moro (Italy) Prof. Em. Johann Götschl, University of Graz (Austria) Prof. Dr. Rajmonda Duka, University of Tirana (Albania) Prof. Em. Robert Müller, University of Salzburg (Austria) Prof. Dr. Mimoza Karagjozi Kore, University of Tirana (Albania) Prof. Dr. Malyadri Pacha, Osmania University (India) 33 33 TABLE OF CONTENTS Translation and Pragmatics: Breaking a Maxim Brings Misunderstanding or Entailment? ......................................................................................6 Anejda Rragami SMEs capital structure approaches –a neural network analysis from Albanian construction sector ..............................................................................................12 Ardita Todri Il Thema decidendum in the incidental constitutional control. Comparative overview ..................................................................................................................................20 Anton Gera What can public policies do to encourage job incentives among young people .......26 Arlinda Ymeraj A review on audit quality ....................................................................................................39 Elsa Tanushi Orthographic mistakes of student - a result of the missing knowledge .....................46 Eneida Pema Entry requirements to the auditing profession and continuing professional education of auditors in Albania ........................................................................................58 Elsa Tanushi Recognition of judicial decisions under the Brussels and Lugano Conventions on Jurisdiction and Enforcement of Foreign Decisions in Civil and Commercial Matt ers ..............................................................................................................64 Ermira Shtino Rural economic development through medicinal and aromatic plants cultivation (case study Malësia e Madhe, Albania) ............................................................................67 Florina Pazari Recognition of foreign judicial decisions under Regulation on Jurisdiction, Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Judicial Decisions in Civil and Commercial Matt ers ..............................................................................................................74 Ermira Shtino Extension of ECHR competence to matt ers of Community law ...................................79 Sara Hoxha 4 The EU Charter of Human Rights. Purpose and rights that it guarantees ..................82 Sara Hoxha Connecting the Cox, Ross and Rubinstein and Black-Scholes Option Pricing Models ........................................................................................................................85 Enkeleda Shehi Albania’s relations with the organization of Islamic cooperation - The process and advantages of this cooperation .................................................................................93 Astrit Zharri Artistic transposition through contemporary art expression in Xhevdet Xhafa’s art ....103 Shpresa Tolaj-Gjonbalaj 5 Translation and Pragmatics: Breaking a Maxim Brings Misunderstanding or Entailment? Anejda Rragami University of Shkoder Faculty of Foreign Languages Abstract Pragmatics is considered to be the study of markings and the system of signs in relation to their users while semantics is the study of markings with the markings, and the syntax is the study of signs or expressions in relation to each other. All three of these areas are subdivisions of semiology, a fi eld that deals with the study of markings and marking systems. Pragmatics has the closest links to semantics. It would be perfectly correct to say that semantics studies the meaning of words, while pragmatics studies the meaning of the sayings. However, in the above statement we must bear in mind a very important aspect, especially in the translation fi eld, that is the context. If we refer to semantics, this fi eld makes the link between the signifi ed and the signifi er (based on this and in Jacobson’s theory), which means that for any given word or word there is a referent who is extraneous. So, the semantic link passes from the signifi ed to the signifi er regardless of the context. While pragmatics is the study of what is communicated more than it has been said. (Yule, pg.3) The statement, which is the study of pragmatism, cannot be fully understood without taking into account the current context in which this statement is integrated. Considering the studies that have been made in the fi eld of pragmatics, as one of the newest areas of linguistics compared with syntax or semantics, there are many aspects of that can be considered. In spite of this fact, this study will focus on examining the maxims in translated versions, their types, and in the event that the maxim is broken, what happens? Do we have a misunderstanding or an entailment? Key words: translation, pragmatics, semantics, maxims, misunderstanding, entailment. I.1 Introduction Compared to other branches of linguistics, pragmatics is among its most recent branches. There are still doubts as to whether pragmatism is a branch of linguistics and if there really is such a branch called "pragmatic". However, despite these contradictions, pragmatism was an important factor in language studies of the 1970s. From this period onwards, pragmatics developed and occupied an important place in linguistics and became an important fi eld of research, thus shift ing from pragmatics as a complementary superfi cial sound that lies in the boundaries between philosophy and linguistics, in the pragmatics of the day which plays an essential role in the fi eld of language communication in the social and cultural context. Initially, the pragmatic term was used by Ch. Morris in 1938, who in his studies distinguished: syntax, semantics and pragmatics. The point of orientation for pragmatics is the user's viewpoint. According to Morris, pragmatism would be for all human beings in the communication process, namely: psychological, biological and sociological. This was a very broad defi nition of pragmatics. (Lloshi, pg. 292) 6 Carnap called it the study that requires reference to language users. Whereas, according

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