20. Juli 1944 Legende Und Wirklichkeit
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Republic of Violence: the German Army and Politics, 1918-1923
University of Calgary PRISM: University of Calgary's Digital Repository Graduate Studies The Vault: Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2015-09-11 Republic of Violence: The German Army and Politics, 1918-1923 Bucholtz, Matthew N Bucholtz, M. N. (2015). Republic of Violence: The German Army and Politics, 1918-1923 (Unpublished doctoral thesis). University of Calgary, Calgary, AB. doi:10.11575/PRISM/27638 http://hdl.handle.net/11023/2451 doctoral thesis University of Calgary graduate students retain copyright ownership and moral rights for their thesis. You may use this material in any way that is permitted by the Copyright Act or through licensing that has been assigned to the document. For uses that are not allowable under copyright legislation or licensing, you are required to seek permission. Downloaded from PRISM: https://prism.ucalgary.ca UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY Republic of Violence: The German Army and Politics, 1918-1923 By Matthew N. Bucholtz A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY GRADUATE PROGRAM IN HISTORY CALGARY, ALBERTA SEPTEMBER, 2015 © Matthew Bucholtz 2015 Abstract November 1918 did not bring peace to Germany. Although the First World War was over, Germany began a new and violent chapter as an outbreak of civil war threatened to tear the country apart. The birth of the Weimar Republic, Germany’s first democratic government, did not begin smoothly as republican institutions failed to re-establish centralized political and military authority in the wake of the collapse of the imperial regime. Coupled with painful aftershocks from defeat in the Great War, the immediate postwar era had only one consistent force shaping and guiding political and cultural life: violence. -
Vierteljahrshefte Für Zeitgeschichte Jahrgang 32(1984) Heft 3
VIERTELJAHRS HEFTE FÜR ZEITGESCHICHTE Im Auftrag des Instituts für Zeitgeschichte München herausgegeben von KARL DIETRICH BRACHER und HANS-PETER SCHWARZ in Verbindung mit Theodor Eschenburg, Helmut Krausnick, Werner Conze, Karl Dietrich Erdmann, Paul Kluke, Walter Bußmann, Rudolf v. Albertini, Dietrich Geyer, Hans Mommsen, Arnulf Baring und Gerhard A. Ritter Redaktion: Martin Broszat, Ludolf Herbst, Hermann Graml, Hellmuth Auerbach, Wolfgang Benz Geschäftsführender Redakteur: Hermann Graml Anschrift: Institut für Zeitgeschichte, Leonrodstr. 46b, 8000 München 19, Tel. 0 89/180026 INHALTSVERZEICHNIS AUFSATZE Gerhard Schulz Nationalpatriotismus im Widerstand. Ein Problem der europäischen Krise und des Zweiten Welt kriegs - nach vier Jahrzehnten Widerstandsge schichte 331 Rudolf Heydeloff Staranwalt der Rechtsextremisten. Walter Luetge- brune in der Weimarer Republik 373 Wolfgang Benz Zwangswirtschaft und Industrie. Das Problem der Kompensationsgeschäfte am Beispiel des Kasseler Spinnfaser-Prozesses von 1947 422 MISZELLE Peter Hoffmann Warum mißlang das Attentat vom 20. Juli 1944? . 441 DOKUMENTATION Lothar Gruchmann Ein unbequemer Amtsrichter im Dritten Reich. Aus den Personalakten des Dr. Lothar Kreyßig 462 NOTIZEN BIBLIOGRAPHIE . 149 Diesem Heft liegen die Prospekte „Deutschlands Erneuerung 1945-1950" des Antiquariats Cobet, Frankfurt am Main und „Das Gewissen steht auf" v. Hase & Koehler bei. Wir bitten um Beachtung. Verlag und Anzeigenverwaltung: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt GmbH, Neckarstr. 121, 7000 Stuttgart 1, Tel. 0711/2631-0. Erscheinungsweise: -
Das Kabinett Scheidemann, Die Oberste Heeresleitung Und Der Vertrag Von Versail Les Im Juni 1919
Dokumentation HORST MÜHLEISEN ANNEHMEN ODER ABLEHNEN? Das Kabinett Scheidemann, die Oberste Heeresleitung und der Vertrag von Versail les im Juni 1919 Fünf Dokumente aus dem Nachlaß des Hauptmanns Günther von Poseck* Für Walter Heinemeyer zum 75. Geburtstag am 5. August 1987 1. Die Bedeutung der Dokumente Die Ereignisse in Weimar, nach Rückkehr der deutschen Friedensdelegation aus Versailles am 18. Juni 1919, können „immer noch nicht bis in die letzten Einzelhei ten"1 rekonstruiert werden. Eine von Wilhelm Ziegler bereits 1932 geäußerte Ansicht, ein wirklich exaktes Bild von der genauen Reihenfolge der einzelnen Aktionen sei kaum zu gewinnen2, wurde durch die Forschungen von Hagen Schulze bestätigt3. Schulze konnte eine „Aufzeichnung des Ersten Generalquartiermeisters [General leutnant Groener] über die Tage in Weimar vom 18. bis zum 20. Juni 1919" vorle gen4, die im Nachlaß Schleicher vorhanden ist5. Im Mittelpunkt dieser Niederschrift stehen die drei Sitzungen vom 19. Juni 1919 und die beiden Besprechungen Groeners am 18. Juni mit dem preußischen Kriegsmi nister, Oberst Reinhardt, bzw. am 20. Juni 1919 mit Reichswehrminister Noske. * Dem Präsidenten des Bundesarchivs Koblenz, Herrn Prof. Dr. Hans Booms, danke ich sehr für sein förderndes Interesse, mit dem er diese Dokumentation unterstützt hat. Herrn Archivdirektor Dr. Gerhard Granier, Bundesarchiv - Militärarchiv in Freiburg i.Br., bin ich für seine ergänzenden und wertvollen Mitteilungen zu Dank verpflichtet. 1 Udo Wengst, Graf Brockdorff-Rantzau und die außenpolitischen Anfänge der Weimarer Republik (Moderne Geschichte und Politik, Bd. 2), Frankfurt/M. 1973, S. 88. 2 Wilhelm Ziegler, Die deutsche Nationalversammlung 1919/20 und ihr Verfassungswerk, Berlin 1932, S. 76. 3 Akten der Reichskanzlei. Weimarer Republik. -
The Memoirs of Field-Marshal Keitel
in the service of the reich The Memoirs of Field-Marshal Keitel Edited with an introduction and epilogue by Walter Görlitz Translated by David Irving F FOCAL POINT The Memoirs of Field-Marshal Keitel © Musterschmidt-Verlag, Göttingen, 1961 English translation by David Irving © William Kimber and Co., London, 1965 Electronic edition © Focal Point Publications, London, 2003 Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 66-14954 All rights reserved 2 Contents INTRODUCTION The Background and Career of Field-Marshal Keitel, 1882–1946 MEMOIRS 1: The Blomberg–Fritsch Crisis 2: From Austria to the End of the French Campaign 3: Prelude to the Attack on Russia 4: The Russian Campaign 5: Extracts from Keitel’s Wartime Letters to his Wife 6: The Bomb Plot of 20th July, 1944 7: The Last Days under Adolf Hitler 8: Afterthoughts EPILOGUE The Indictment Notes Index 3 Publisher’s Note The memoirs of Field-Marshal Keitel were written in manuscript in prison at Nuremberg beginning on 1st September, 1946. The original is in the posses- sion of the Keitel family. His narrative covering the years 1933 to 1938 is included in the German edi- tion, but in this English edition Keitel’s life up to 1937 is dealt with in the editor’s introduction, which contains many extracts from Keitel’s own account of those years. The translation of the mem- oirs themselves here begins with 1937, on page 36. On the other hand, some passages from the original manuscript, which were not included in the German edition, appear in this translation, as for example the description of the Munich crisis and the plan- ning discussions for the invasion of Britain. -
Post-1815 Prussian and German Traditions1
The Modern Model of the Battlefield Tour and Staff Ride: Post-1815 Prussian and German Traditions1 David Ian Hall2 At the end of the Second World War, the Historical Division of the Foreign Military Studies Branch, U.S. Army, Europe, commissioned a number of Mili- tary Review studies on pre-war enemy preparations and wartime operations. One study examined the function and conduct of “War Games” (Kriegsspiele) within the German Army.3 The principal author of the study was General der Infantrie Rudolf Michael Hofmann. Several first-class experts on German training also con- tributed to the study, including General Hans von Greiffenberg, General Fangher, Feldmarschall List, General Praun, and Generaloberst Franz Halder. The U.S. Army wanted to know what types of war games had been conducted by the Ger- man Army before and during the Second World War, and whether or not these ex- ercises had fulfilled their purposes as training devices. It was an ambitious project; in the German Army of the 1914–1945 period, the term “war game” was ap- plied rather liberally to cover a wide range of training exercises that included war games proper, map exercises, staff exercises, training trips, tactical walks, com- mand post exercises, sand-table exercises, battlefield tours, and staff rides. Some Kriegsspiele were based on hypothetical scenarios while others made extensive use of historical records and included long visits to the actual sites of past battles and campaigns. Given their diversity and their large variety of objectives, were war games—and in particular battlefield tours and staff rides—an effective means for testing new ideas of command, and good preparation for future operations? The Germans clearly believed that they were. -
(1885-1918) Del Modelo Militar Alemán Y Su Pervivencia (1919-1933) En América Latina
Ferenc Fischer La expansión (1885-1918) del modelo militar alemán y su pervivencia (1919-1933) en América Latina La Guerra del Pacífico1, tenida lugar entre 1879-1883, fue una de las guerras más importantes en la historia de América del Sur. La situación de la política exte- rior y militar tras la guerra del Pacífico creó condiciones que colocaron en un primer plano el papel del ejército chileno, haciendo necesaria su modernización y creando una buena ocasión para que Alemania reafirmara su presencia en Chile a través de la influencia militar y después – principalmente a través de la mediación de Chile – también en otros países de América Latina. La "guerra del salitre"2 y el nuevo status quo resultado de la misma determinaron fundamentalmente la situación de la políti- ca exterior de Chile3. A las disputas territoriales entre Bolivia y Perú, se agregaron las disputas fronterizas entre Argentina y Chile4. Tras la victoria en "la guerra del salitre", el ejército chileno consideró de ta- rea de primer orden asegurar las ensanchadas fronteras nacionales, el status quo te- rritorial. No obstante, una condición para esto era la creación de un ejército moder- no, fuerte, de potencial bélico, del cual Chile no disponía para la década de 1880. Para alcanzar una reforma militar eficaz y relativamente rápido, Chile tenía que im- portar la competencia militar. La mayoría de la entonces dirección política y militar chilena eligieron como modelo al modelo militar prusiano5. Chile requería de exper- tos militares, quienes además de su alta capacidad teórica contaran también con ex- periencias militares. Y verdaderamente, los instructores alemanes que arribaron al país andino entre 1880-90 contaban con una gran experiencia de guerra. -
Hitler's GENERALS
W. E. HART Hitler's GENERALS LONDON THE CRESSET PRESS March 1944 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The author is indebted to Mr W. Scott for indispensable aid in bringing this book to completion TO JEAN ROTHWELL Contents Colonel General - Baron Werner von Fritsch ..........................3 Field Marshall - Karl Rudolf Gerd von Rundstedt..............24 Field Marshal - Erwin Eugen Johannes Rommel...............40 Field Marshal - Erhard Milch .................................................52 Field Marshal - Walther Heinrich A. H. von Brauchitsch.....61 Field Marshal - Wilhelm Keitel ...............................................80 Field Marshal - Fedor von Bock .............................................85 Grand Admiral - Karl Doenitz.................................................101 Grand Admiral - Erich Raeder .................................................107 Colonel General Baron Werner von Fritsch He who sups with the devil needs a long spoon. OLD ENGLISH PROVERB Von Fritsch, typical of his class, was of medium height, heavily built, square-faced and always wore a monocle. Although his intelligence was undoubted and his energy untiring, he was too consciously arrogant to be impressive. He lacked that imagination and foresight which might have enabled him to avoid his violent though not ignoble end. To those under his command he was frigid and remote in his superiority, and before N.C.O.s and men he never relaxed the dignity of his rank and position for a moment. To civilians he adopted two methods of approach. If a man was of no use to him then he was of less significance than the humblest private: the very presence of such a complete nonentity in the scheme of things was an annoyance to him. The private, the N.C.O. and the junior officer, though without interest to him as individuals, were at least units in the great military machine which bound him and them together. -
Vom Militaristen Zum Pazifisten
Vom Militaristen zum Pazifisten: Politisches Leben und Wirken des Generals Berthold von Deimling vor dem Hintergrund der Entwicklung Deutschlands vom Kaiserreich zum Dritten Reich Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors der Philosophie (Dr. phil.) durch die Philosophische Fakultät der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf von: Kirsten Zirkel Erstgutachter: Prof. Dr. Holger Afflerbach Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. Gerd Krumeich Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 06.11.2006 D 61 Inhaltsverzeichnis Einleitung 1 Biographie – ein zeitgemäßes Genre? 3 Historiographischer Anspruch und Aufbau 7 Quellenlage und Forschungsstand 12 A. Leben für den Krieg: Berthold von Deimling, 1853-1918 I. Zwischen liberaler Tradition und neuem Nationalismus: Kindheit und Jugend, 1853-1871 23 1. Familiäre Sozialisation 23 2. Politische Prägungen 28 II. Vom badischen Bürgersohn zum Paradewilhelminer: Karriere im preußischen Heer, 1871-1904 32 1. Militärische Sozialisation 32 2. „Schule der Männlichkeit“ – Leutnantsjahre und Kriegsakademie 36 3. Der Katalysator: Deimlings Generalstabslaufbahn 45 4. Erste Verwerfungen: Im Berliner Generalstab an der Seite Schlieffens 51 III. Militärische Meriten, politische Machtproben: Schutztruppenkommando in Deutsch-Südwestafrika, 1904-1907 57 1. Sucht nach dem totalen Sieg: Mitwirkung am Vernichtungskurs unter dem Kommando Trotha 59 2. Kleinkrieg auf dem Höhepunkt: „Hottentotten“-Aufstand und Südfeldzug 1904/05 71 3. Säbelrasseln im Reichstag: Deimlings Einmischung in die Berliner Kolonialpolitik 82 4. -
Preparing for the War of the Future in the Wake of Defeat: the Evolution of German Strategic Thought, 1919-1935
Journal of Military and Strategic VOLUME 15, ISSUE 3, 2014 Studies Preparing for the War of the Future in the Wake of Defeat: The Evolution of German Strategic Thought, 1919-1935 Mark Shannon Germany’s defeat in the First World War came as a profound shock. While the nation was stunned by the peace settlement that followed, the military was faced with the inescapable reality that their approach to fighting a prolonged industrialized conflict was flawed. The years following Germany's defeat found the army in search of reasons for its failure. The officer corps sought to analyze its experience with “total war” and to draw the correct lessons from it. In this way, the army could prepare for the war of the future, secure in the knowledge that any repetition of the First World War could be avoided. In short, the German armed forces began the detailed process of distilling relevant military lessons from the conflict and applying them to their perception of a future war. While many of the lessons learned and studied had to do with tactics and technology, it is the purpose of this analysis to examine the strategic debate that ensued. Regardless of how strategy would be formulated in the coming years, it maintained at its heart one simple objective that is best summarized in a conversation between General Walther Reinhardt and Colonel Albrecht von Thaer in January 1919. Thaer expressed his pessimism for the coming years but Reinhardt, a liberal officer who was about to assume command of the War Ministry disagreed. He openly stated that “the goal is and remains a free Germany, hopefully restored to its former borders, with [the] ©Centre of Military and Strategic Studies, 2014 ISSN : 1488-559X JOURNAL OF MILITARY AND STRATEGIC STUDIES strongest, most modern army with [the] newest weapons. -
Vortrag Zum AGGB-Treffen Am 24.3.2010 in Der GDW
1 Vortrag zum AGGB-Treffen am 24.3.2010 in der GDW 1. Geschichte des Bendlerblocks 1.1. Das Gebiet bis zur Errichtung des Reichsmarineamtes 1803 Erster Nachweis über eine Bebauung der späteren Bendlerstraße; Errichtung eines eingeschossigen Gebäudes an der heutigen Ecke Stauffenbergstr./Tiergartenstr. 1837 Ratsmaurermeister Johann Christoph Bendler legt eine nach ihm benannte Straße an, die eine Verbindung herstellt zwischen der Tiergartenstraße und der späteren Kaiserin-Augusta-Str. (ab 1933 Tirpitzufer, seit 1947 bis heute: Reichpietschufer, damals bis 1867 Grabenstr.) 1855 Beginn der ersten Bebauungsphase in der Bendlerstraße mit gutbürgerlichen Villen 1870 Zweite Bebauungsphase, einige Grundstücke in der Bendlerstraße bleiben unbebaut 1905-07 Dritte Bebauungsphase 1910 Der Reichsmarinefiskus erwirbt die Grundstücke Bendlerstraße 14 und Königin-Augusta-Str. 38-42 für den Neubau des Reichsmarineamtes. Bisherige Unterbringung der Marinebehörden am Leipziger Platz und in zehn weiteren Gebäuden der Innenstadt zur Miete. Wahl des Standortes getroffen wegen der reizvollen gärtnerischen Umgebung und der ruhigen Verkehrslage. 1.2. Das Reichsmarineamt 1914 bis 1919 1911 Aus einem vom Reichsmarineamt veranstalteten Architekturwettbewerb geht das Büro Reinhardt & Süßenguth als Sieger hervor. Soweit die für den Neubau vorgesehenen Grundstücken noch bebaut sind, werden Abbrucharbeiten durchgeführt. Bis 1914 entsteht an der Königin-Augusta-Str. ein fünfgeschossiger Bau, der sich über mehrere Innenhöfe nach Norden erstreckt und mit seinem Ostflügel bis zur Bendlerstr. reicht. 1914 Bis Ende März sind alle Marinebehörden in das Hauptgebäude an der Königin-Augusta-Str. eingezogen. Neben den Dienstzimmern befinden sich auch Beamtenwohnungen im Gebäude sowie eine dreigeschossige Bibliothek mit 230.000 Bänden, Zeichen- und Modellsäle sowie Druckereien, um geheime Pläne und Karten in eigenem Betrieb herzustellen. -
The Memoirs of Field-Marshal Keitel
The Memoirs of Field-Marshal Keitel Edited with an Introduction and Epilogue by WALTER GÖRLITZ Translated by David Irving First published in the United States of America in 1966 by Stein and Day/Publishers © William Kimber and Co., Limited, 1965 English translation copyright © 1965 by David Irving Classic edition Copyright © 2010 Parforce UK Ltd All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the Publisher. Inquiries should be addressed by email to Permissions, [email protected]. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 66-14954 Irving, David John Cawdell, 1938– The Memoirs of Field Marshal Keitel. © Musterschmit-Verlag, Göttingen, Germany 1961 p. cm. Bibliography: p. Includes index. ISBN 978-1-872197-20-3 1. Keitel, Wilhelm, 1882– 1946. 2. Statesmen– Germany– Biography. 3. National socialists– Biography. 4. Germany– History– 1933– 1945. I. Title. DD247.K42 A313 1966 943.086´092´4– dc19 Printed in the United States of America focal point publications Windsor SL4 6QS (UK) Focal Point Classic Edition A Note by the Translator The Memoirs of Field-Marshal Keitel were written in manuscript in six weeks in the prison at Nuremberg, beginning on September 1, 1946. The original was (as of 1961) in the possession of the Keitel family. His full narrative of the years 1933 to 1938 was included in the German edition, but in this English edition Keitel’s life up to 1937 is dealt with in the editor’s introduction, which contains sufficient extracts from Keitel’s own account of those years. -
Military Sport in Germany, 1924-1935. Michael B
University of Massachusetts Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst Doctoral Dissertations 1896 - February 2014 1-1-1977 Soldiers, sportsmen, and politicians. : Military sport in Germany, 1924-1935. Michael B. Barrett University of Massachusetts Amherst Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations_1 Recommended Citation Barrett, Michael B., "Soldiers, sportsmen, and politicians. : Military sport in Germany, 1924-1935." (1977). Doctoral Dissertations 1896 - February 2014. 1359. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations_1/1359 This Open Access Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations 1896 - February 2014 by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. For more information, please contact [email protected]. SOLDIERS, SPORTSMEN, AND POLITICIANS. MILITARY SPORT IN GERMANY, 19 24-1935. A Dissertation Presented By Michael Baker Barrett Submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Massachusetts in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY May 1977 History SOLDIERS, SPORTSMEN , AND POLITICIANS MILITARY SPORT IN GERMANY, 19 24-1935 A Dissertation Presented By Michael Baker Barrett Approved as to style and content by: (Harold J. Gordory Jr.) , Chairperson (Peter Fliess) , Member (Robert H. McNeal) , Member (Marvin Schwarz) / Member (herald McFarland) History iv ABSTRACT SOLDIERS, SPORTSMEN, AND POLITICIANS. MILITARY SPORT IN GERMANY, 19 24-193 5. May 1977 Michael B. Barrett, B.A., The Citadel M.A., Ph.D., University of Massachusetts Directed by: Professor Harold J. Gordon, Jr. This dissertation focuses on the subject of military sport training in Germany from 1924 to 1935. Through this type of instruction, which paralleled basic military re- cruit training, the Arm}/ attempted to circumvent the Ver- sailles Treaty restrictions which prohibited a military reserve force.