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Effect of Biochar Amendment and Ageing on Adsorption and Degradation of Two Herbicides

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Effect of Biochar Amendment and Ageing on Adsorption and Degradation of Two Herbicides Water Air Soil Pollut (2017) 228:216 DOI 10.1007/s11270-017-3392-7 Effect of Biochar Amendment and Ageing on Adsorption and Degradation of Two Herbicides Alena Zhelezova & Harald Cederlund & John Stenström Received: 25 November 2016 /Accepted: 10 May 2017 # The Author(s) 2017. This article is an open access publication Abstract Biochar amendment can alter soil properties, a soil historically enriched with charcoal. Biochar for instance, the ability to adsorb and degrade different amendment increased the pH in both soils and increased chemicals. However, ageing of the biochar, due to pro- the water-holding capacity of the sandy soil. Adsorption cesses occurring in the soil over time, can influence such of diuron was enhanced by biochar amendment in both biochar-mediated effects. This study examined how soils, while glyphosate adsorption was decreased in the biochar affected adsorption and degradation of two her- sandy soil. Ageing of soil-biochar mixtures decreased bicides, glyphosate (N-(phosphonomethyl)-glycine) and adsorption of both herbicides in comparison with freshly diuron (3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea) in biochar-amended soil. Herbicide degradation rates were soil and how these effects were modulated by ageing not consistently affected by biochar amendment or age- of the biochar. One sandy and one clayey soil that had ing in any of the soils. However, glyphosate half-lives been freshly amended with a wood-based biochar (0, 1, correlated with the Freundlich Kf values in the clayey 10, 20 and 30% w/w) were studied. An ageing experi- soil, indicating that degradation was limited by avail- ment, in which the soil-biochar mixtures were aged for ability there. 3.5 months in the laboratory, was also performed. Adsorption and degradation were studied in these soil Keywords Biochar. Glyphosate . Diuron . Herbicide and soil-biochar mixtures, and compared to results from degradation . Adsorption . Biochar ageing Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s11270-017-3392-7) contains supplementary 1 Introduction material, which is available to authorized users. Biochar is a carbon-rich material created by pyrolysis, A. Zhelezova i.e. incomplete combustion of biomass at temperatures Soil Biology Department, Soil Science Faculty, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-12, Moscow, Russian Federation between 200 and 800 °C under limited presence of 119991 oxygen (Kookana 2010). Biochar can be made from different organic substrates (wood, straw, manure) using A. Zhelezova a wide range of pyrolysis conditions, which results in V.V. Dokuchaev Soil Science Institute, Pyzhyovskiy lane 7 building 2, Moscow, Russian Federation 119017 highly variable properties. The feedstock usually deter- : mines the chemical composition, quantity of H. Cederlund (*) J. Stenström macropores and nutrient content in biochar. Pyrolysis Department of Molecular Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish conditions (time, temperature, pressure) determine the University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7015, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden morphology and surface structure changes in feedstock e-mail: [email protected] and C/H content (Ahmad et al. 2014). There is currently 216 Page 2 of 13 Water Air Soil Pollut (2017) 228:216 great interest in using biochar application for improving processes have the potential to reduce adsorption of the properties of agricultural soils, as it generally re- pesticides. duces soil acidity and increases soil porosity and water- In fact, while addition of fresh biochar to soil gener- holding capacity. Other potential effects of biochar ally increases herbicide sorption, a significant decrease amendment to soil include carbon sequestration and in adsorption is a common result of the biochar ageing reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, improved soil process (Hale et al. 2011;Martinetal.2012; Zhang et al. fertility, plant growth promotion and sorption and deac- 2016). For example, atrazine adsorption in soil amended tivation of agrochemicals (Ahmad et al. 2014; with biochar 32 months earlier was similar to that in Biederman and Harpole 2013; Cayuela et al. 2014; control soil (Martin et al. 2012). Thus, ageing may limit Jeffery et al. 2011). the usefulness of biochar application for remediation The high capacity of biochars to bind pollutants purposes (Zhang et al. 2016). However, there is evi- makes them useful for remediation of urban soils, waste- dence that in some cases, biochar can serve as an effec- lands and wastewaters (Beesley et al. 2011; Herath et al. tive sorbent of herbicides (indaziflam and 2016;Kookana2010). Biochar can non-selectively ad- fluoroethyldiaminotriazin) for at least 2 years (Trigo sorb different types of organic and inorganic chemicals et al. 2014). because of its large surface area and high porosity Biochar amendment also affects the degradation of (Herath et al. 2016). In addition, specific adsorption sites herbicides in soil in several ways and the effects can be on the biochar surface, such as the aromatic-rich core either stimulatory or suppressive. Biochar may contain structure and oxidised surface groups with variable available nutrients that stimulate overall microbial ac- charge and hydrophobicity, can lead to more selective tivity and thus degradation (Jablonowski et al. 2013; interactions with herbicides. Biochar-mediated in- Safaei Khorram et al. 2016). However, degradation of creases in adsorption to soil have been observed for herbicides in biochar-amended soils is most commonly many herbicides, for example diuron (Yang et al. reduced because herbicide adsorption increases 2006), bromoxyl and ametryne (Sheng et al. 2005), (Beesley et al. 2011). Biochar also sorbs dissolved or- simazine (Jones et al. 2011) and MCPA (Tatarková ganic carbon, which can contribute to co-metabolic et al. 2013). biodegradation (Lin et al. 2012). Some changes in the Although soil amendment by biochar is a promising degradation rate can be a result of indirect effects of technique for pollutant retention, biochar may lose some biochar amendment, e.g. changes in soil pH, albedo and of its beneficial properties due to ageing. Ageing is a aeration. combination of several processes occurring after the The aim of this study was to investigate how the biochar has been incorporated into the soil that may effects of biochar on adsorption and microbial degrada- have contrasting effects on its adsorption properties. tion of herbicides in soil are modulated by herbicide On the one hand, these processes can lead to increased type, soil type and ageing processes. Two herbicides adsorption, as oxidation of exposed C rings with high (glyphosate and diuron) were chosen because of their density of π electrons leads to the introduction of contrasting chemical properties and prior knowledge oxygen-containing functional groups on the biochar about differences in their sorption affinity for soil and surface (Joseph et al. 2010). Changes in surface charge, biochar. Glyphosate usually binds strongly to inorganic with an increase in cation exchange capacity, are usually soil constituents such as clay particles, iron and alumin- observed as a consequence of ageing (Cheng et al. ium oxides (Mamy and Barriuso 2005; Pessagno et al. 2008). Degradation of hydrophobic materials that have 2008; Vereecken 2005). In contrast, diuron is mostly condensed on the biochar surface during pyrolysis leads adsorbed to organic matter in the soil (Ahangar et al. to an increase in porosity and adsorption of some pesti- 2008) and has been shown by several authors to adsorb cides (Trigo et al. 2014). On the other hand, adsorption strongly to biochar (Martin et al. 2012;Yangetal.2006; of labile organic compounds and soil mineral particles Yang and Sheng 2003). may block access to many of the adsorption sites. Based on previous results (Cederlund et al. 2016), Minerals may be adsorbed on the surface of biochar, our starting hypothesis was that biochar amendment due to presence of carboxylic and phenolic functional increases diuron adsorption but decreases glyphosate groups introduced by oxidation and of previously adsorption in soil. The low bioavailability of diuron adsorbed soil organic matter (Lin et al. 2012). Such should lead to slower degradation rates, while the higher Water Air Soil Pollut (2017) 228:216 Page 3 of 13 216 bioavailability of glyphosate should lead to it being Chemical and physical properties of the three soils stud- degraded faster. To test this hypothesis, the behaviour ied (L, LB, U) were determined by a commercial labo- of the two herbicides was compared in one clayey and ratory and are presented in Tables 1 and 2. one sandy arable soil which were amended with biochar. To estimate the effect of ageing, soil-biochar mixtures 2.2 Preparation and Ageing of Soil-Biochar Mixtures were incubated at 20 °C for 3.5 months, then adsorption and degradation of the two herbicides were measured. In The biochar used was the commercial product Skogens addition, their fate was studied in a unique, historically kol, which is produced from a mixture of about 80% charcoal-enriched soil that had been amended with hardwood, mainly birchwood (Betula sp.) and 20% charred organic matter from charcoal kilns for 150 years wood from Norway spruce (Picea abies), by slow py- until the 1950s. rolysis with a maximum process temperature of 380– 430 °C (Cederlund et al. 2016). A sample of the biochar was sent to Eurofins for determination of some physi- cochemical properties and the results are presented in 2MaterialsandMethods Table 3. Soil-biochar mixtures were prepared by mixing soil 2.1 Soil Sampling and Processing (L and U) with sieved biochar (Ø < 2 mm) at a rate of 1, 10, 20 and 30% biochar per unit soil dry weight (desig- The soil samples were collected in September 2015 nated L1, L10, L20 and L30 and U1, U10, U20 and from arable fields at two locations: Länna (L) (59° 52′ U30). WHC was determined as described above and pH N, 17° 58′ E) and Ulleråker (U) (59° 49′ N, 17° 39′ E). for all mixtures was measured in a 1:2 slurry of soil and Soil sampling at L was performed, according to the distilled water (w/v) after shaking and stabilisation for scheme shown in Supplementary Fig.
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