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Development of Monitoring Applications for Refrigerated Perishable Goods Transportation”

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Development of Monitoring Applications for Refrigerated Perishable Goods Transportation” UNIVERSIDAD POLITÉCNICA DE MADRID ESCUELA TÉCNICA SUPERIOR DE INGENIEROS AGRÓNOMOS “DEVELOPMENT OF MONITORING APPLICATIONS FOR REFRIGERATED PERISHABLE GOODS TRANSPORTATION” PhD Thesis Luis Ruiz Garcia Ingeniero Agrónomo Madrid 2008 Departamento de Ingeniería Rural Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos “DEVELOPMENT OF MONITORING APPLICATIONS FOR REFRIGERATED PERISHABLE GOODS TRANSPORTATION” Doctorando: Luis Ruiz Garcia (Ingeniero Agrónomo) Co-directora: Pilar Barreiro Elorza (Doctora Ingeniera Agrónoma) Co-director: José Ignacio Robla Villalba (Doctor en Ciencias Químicas) Madrid 2008 UNIVERSIDAD POLITÉCNICA DE MADRID (D-15) Tribunal nombrado por el Magfco. y Excmo. Sr. Rector de la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, el día de de 200 Presidente: ……………………………………………………………………………….. Secretario: ………………………………………………………………………………... Vocal: …………………………………………………………………………………….. Vocal: …………………………………………………………………………………….. Vocal: …………………………………………………………………………………….. Suplente: …………………………………………………………………………………. Suplente: …………………………………………………………………………………. Realizado el acto de defensa y lectura de Tesis el día de de 200 En la E.T.S.I. Agrónomos EL PRESIDENTE LOS VOCALES EL SECRETARIO para ti,... porque sin ti no sería nada. Tú haces que me sienta vivo. PhD Tesis Luis Ruiz Garcia Acknowledgements At the beginning of this document I would like to gratefully acknowledge the help and collaboration received for those persons and organizations that have made possible the development of my PhD Thesis, and specially: A Pilar, por toda la ayuda que me ha dado durante los cuatro años que ha durado mi doctorado. A Margarita, por darme la oportunidad de trabajar en el Laboratorio de Propiedades Físicas, y confiar en mí desde el primer momento. También por crear un buen ambiente de trabajo. A José Ignacio, por facilitarme todo lo necesario para mi trabajo durante estos años. A Loredana, por todos los momentos que hemos vivido juntos. A mi madre, por su apoyo incondicional en todo momento y circunstancia. Y a Nuria, Tarik y Sofía porque son muy importantes para mí. A mi padre, por hacerme ver la importancia que tiene realizar un doctorado y escribir una tesis. También por darme la motivación necesaria para intentar superarme día a día, durante todos estos años. A Carmen por su apoyo y paciencia durante los tres primeros años de doctorado. A Pablo, Adolfo, Rosa, Tité, Maria, Eva, Belén, Ana, Natalia, Guille, Jaime, Constantino, Ian, Lourdes, Eva Cristina, Elena, Gonzalo, Borja, Miguel, José, Victor… y a todos con los que he compartido buenos momentos en el LPF. A Antonio, que siempre me ha ayudado en todo lo que ha podido y más, sobre todo en el viaje a Avignon, en el que nos hicimos 3000 kilómetros en 3 días. Sin olvidar a todos y cada uno de los compañeros del taller: José, Juan Manuel, Juanjo y Carlos. PhD Tesis Luis Ruiz Garcia A Ankit por su colaboración con los motes, también a Ismael, Daniel, Jose Maria y Tere. Alejandro Navarro, Pablo Poncela y Jorge Sánchez por su ayuda durante los experimentos en Mercamadrid. A HORTAMIRA S. COOP., especialmente a José Luis Satoca por darnos la oportunidad de realizar los experimentos en sus transportes. A Forrest por su ayuda con el inglés. A Jaro, Rodri, Turu, Juanma, Sonia, Vicky y Dani porque son mis colegas. Para Nacho y Antonio, sin esos viajes nunca hubiera podido hacer la tesis, ¿o fue al revés? To Matthias and Georg for the time we expend working and having fun together in Freising, Madrid and Glasgow. “It was a great pleasure to meet you guys”. A Victor y Helena, por las risas que nos echamos investigando en Leuven. A Javier, Dorothy y Claudia por toda su ayuda durante mi estancia en Bremen. To Cecilia, Magalie, Sharon, Erdem, Ramin, Gael, Kat and others colleagues at Frazier Rogers Hall, for all the good times we expend together at the University of Florida. Al Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Metalúrgicas (CENIM-CSIC), las estancias que realicé en laboratorio de tecnología de sensores, dirigido por José Ignacio Robla Villalba, fueron determinantes en el desarrollo de la tesis. To Josse de Baedemaeker for accept me in Leuven, to Prof. Dr. H. Auernhammer for his lectures in the TUM, to Reiner Jedermann for invited me to Bremen and to JP for teach me a lot about RFID and many more things. Por supuesto, al Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología de España por la financiación del proyecto “Desarrollo de sistemas de supervisión de la evolución de frutas y hortalizas mediante matrices de sensores basados en diferentes principios de detección. SENSOFRIGO” Referencia: AGL 2003-06073-C02-01 y por concederme una beca de formación de personal investigador (FPI). Sin olvidar a la Comunidad de Madrid, por su apoyo a través de programa TAGRALIA-CM, Metodología y Técnicas Avanzadas para mejorar la calidad en Agro-Alimentación. Ref: P- AGR-000187-0505. PhD Tesis Luis Ruiz Garcia Also I would like to thank to PRE AGRO joint research project, where the Agricultural Process Data Service was developed, at the Technischen Universität München. This project was supported by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research, Germany. The research in Bremen was supported by the German Research Foundation (DFG) as part of the Collaborative Research Centre 637 "Autonomous Cooperating Logistic Processes". The measurements at partner companies were funded by the Research Cluster for Dynamics in Logistics, Bremen. Specially thanks to the CCG Cool Chain Group Holding AG and their daughters CCG FRA and Rungis Express AG for provision of test facilities. Furthermore we thank Sealed Air Corporation for provision of the TurboTag data loggers. Al Departamento de Ingeniería Rural, y más concretamente a su director José Luis Garcia Fernández, por su trabajo y dedicación en el programa de doctorado. Finalmente, a la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, pues estoy muy agradecido por todos los conocimientos que he adquirido estudiando y trabajando en ella. PhD Tesis Luis Ruiz Garcia PhD Thesis Luis Ruiz Garcia Contents Contents Pages List of Symbols IV Resumen 1 1. ABSTRACT 5 2. INTRODUCTION 9 3. PROBLEM STATEMENT 11 3.1. Perishable goods transportation 11 3.2. Monitoring systems 12 4. LITERATURE REVIEW 15 4.1. Intermodal freight transport 15 4.2. Refrigerated containers. Reefers 16 4.3. Tracking, tracing and monitoring 17 4.4. Vehicle location systems 18 4.5. Fieldbus networks 19 4.5.1. SAE J1939 21 4.5.2. ISO 11992 22 4.5.3. NMEA 2000 23 4.5.4. External interface for data recorder/monitor 23 i PhD Thesis Luis Ruiz Garcia Contents 4.5.5. CAN gateways 23 4.6. Wireless communications 24 4.6.1. Wireless wide area networks 25 4.6.2. Wireless local area networks 26 4.6.3. Wireless sensor networks 27 4.7. Radio frequency identification 31 4.8. Recent IT applications for transport 32 4.9. Conclusions 37 5. PRIOR KNOWLEDGE AND OBJECTIVES 39 5.1. LPFTAG background on food logistics and postharvest 39 5.2. Objectives 42 6. PUBLISHED WORKS AND STUDIES 43 6.1. Spatial temperature profiling by semi-passive RFID loggers for perishable food transportation 47 6.2. Performance of ZigBee based wireless sensor nodes for real-time monitoring of fruit logistics 66 6.3. ZigBee based wireless sensor network in refrigerated fruit transportation 88 7. DISCUSSION 105 7.1. The role of RFID in cold chain monitoring 105 7.2. ZigBee based motes and WSN 106 7.3. Integration of RFID and WSN 109 8. CONCLUSIONS 111 8.1. On the RFID systems for temperature monitoring 111 8.2. On the performance of ZigBee motes under cooling conditions 112 8.3. On the WSN in refrigerated transport 113 9. SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH 115 ii PhD Thesis Luis Ruiz Garcia Contents 10. REFERENCES 117 A. APPENDICES 137 A.1. Specifications of a CANbus system for monitoring fruit transport 137 A.2. Application of LVF-IR specific sensors for volatile assessment in bananas and other fruits 145 A.3. A model and prototype implementation for tracking and tracing agricultural batch products along the processing chain 161 iii PhD Thesis Luis Ruiz Garcia Contents iv PhD Thesis Luis Ruiz Garcia Symbols List of symbols Latin Description Units ΔTnij Normalized temperature difference for experiment i and logger j ºC Ea energy of activation J/mol G acceleration G H absolute humidity g/kg air k quality reaction rate KQ keeping quality s KQref keeping quality at reference temperature s kref quality reaction rate at reference temperature Patm atmospheric pressure Pa Ps saturation vapour pressure Pa Pv vapor pressure Pa SE standard error - SORH sensor output relative humidity % RH relative humidity % T temperature K R Gas constant J/mol/K Tij Temperature for experiment i and logger j ºC Tref reference temperature K or ºC Tsi Set point ºC Tai Ambient temperature ºC v PhD Thesis Luis Ruiz Garcia Symbols Abbreviation Description AAR Association of American Railroads ABS anti-lock braking systems ANOVA analysis of variance ASABE American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers ATMS authenticated tracking and monitor system ATP agreement on the international carriage of perishable foodstuff and on the special equipment to be used for such carriage BID batch identification CAN controller area network CAT web catalog service CDMA Code Division Multiple Access CENELEC European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization CIA CAN in Automation CID company identification CIGR Commission Internationale du Genie Rural CMOS complementary metal oxide semiconductor CWC commercial wholesale chamber DSSS direct sequence spread spectrum EC European Commission ECMT European Conference of Ministers of Transport ECU electronic
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