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Karl Aiginger ment). Mr. Beyrer was a member of the Karl Aiginger, born in 1948, has been EU-Expert-Team („EU-Cadett“) of the Director of the Austrian Institute of Department for European Integration- Economic Research (WIFO) since and Trade Policy in the Austrian Fed- March 2005. He is a professor of eco- eral Economic Chamber from 1992 to nomics at the University of Linz and he 1994. Markus Beyrer studied law and held a position of a visiting professor at commercial sciences at the University Stanford University (1982 and 2002); of Vienna and the Vienna University of the Massachusetts Institute of Technol- and Business Administra- ogy (MIT, 1991); and the University of tion; he completed a postgraduate mas- California Los Angeles (UCLA, 1997). ter course for European Law – Euro- He has contributed to the Austrian Ad- Jus– at the Danube University Krems. visory Council for Economic and Social Affairs and the Reform Dialogue of the Josef Christl Austrian Government. He is a lead Josef Christl was born in Mattighofen, manager and contributor to the Euro- Austria, in 1952. He studied business pean Competitiveness Reports since administration at the University of Graz 1998. He is the editor of the Journal of Industry, Competition and Trade (JICT, jointly with André Sapir). Key areas of research include industrial eco- nomics, industrial policy and competi- tiveness. Markus Beyrer Markus Beyrer has been Secretary Gen- eral of the Federation of Austrian In- dustries since August 2004. After his occupation as expert for European and International Affairs in the Department for Environmental Policy in the Aus- trian Federal Economic Chamber and economics at the University of (1996–1999), he became Director of Vienna and the Institute for Advanced the Economic Policy Department of Studies (IHS). He started his career as the Austrian Federal Economic Cham- an at the Ministry of Social ber in 2002. From 1999 to 2002, he Affairs. From 1984 to 1993, Josef was working for the former Federal Christl held the position of a Senior Chancellor Wolfgang Schüssel of Aus- economist at Creditanstalt to become tria as senior economic advisor. Markus Chief Economist of Creditanstalt in Beyrer also participated in a Concours 1993. In 2001, he was appointed Chief at the European Commission (success- Economic Advisor to the Austrian Min- ful candidate) and he was employed as ister of Finance. In 2003, Josef Christl Attaché for Industrial and Commercial joined the Oesterreichische National- Affairs at the Permanent Representa- bank, where he held the positions of tion of Austria to the European Union Excutive Director Economics and Fi- from 1994 to 1996. In spring 1994, he nancial Markets and Member of the made a stage in the European Commis- Governing Board until summer 2008. sion, Directorate General XI (Environ- In addition, Josef Christl is a Professor

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at the Vienna University of Economics. Portfolio Management and Internal He is the author of various publications Services Department, and in 1998 he in the field of monetary theory, labour joined the OeNB’s Governing Board as economics, European integration and Executive Director of the Money, Pay- business cycle research. ment Systems and Information Tech- nology Department. Mr. Duchatczek Wolfgang Duchatczek holds a doctorate in economics and so- Wolfgang Duchatczek has been serving cial sciences and has been awarded the as Vice Governor of the Oester- Grand Decoration of Honor in Gold reichische Nationalbank (OeNB) since for Services to the Republic of Austria. 2003. He joined the OeNB in 1976, and the Office of the Governor in 1978. Bernhard Felderer He was appointed Chief of the Office of Bernhard Felderer (born in 1941) has the Governor in 1982 and Deputy Ex- been the Director of the Institute for ecutive Director of the Foreign Re- Advanced Studies (IHS) in Vienna, search Department in 1987. In addi- Austria, since 1991 and professor of tion, he served as Representative of the economics at the University of Co- logne, Germany, since 1995. He stud- ied law and economics at the University of Vienna, where he received his doc- toral degree in 1964. Following his studies in economics at the Faculté de Droit et Sciences Economiques of the University of Paris, he worked one year as a research assistant of professor Fritz Machlup at Princeton University, New York, and later on lectured as a visiting professor at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA. After serving six years as an assistant profes- sor at the University of Karlsruhe, Ger- OeNB on the EC Integration Commit- many, he started to lecture as a profes- tee of the Austrian Federal Govern- sor at the University of Cologne in ment. Mr. Duchatczek was appointed 1974. In 1987, he was appointed Direc- Director of the Area International Re- tor of the Economics Seminar at the lations of the OeNB in 1992 and repre- Faculty of Economics and Social Sci- sented the OeNB during Austria’s EU ences at the University of Cologne, a accession negotiations. He was nomi- position he held until 1990. In 1977, he nated Chairman of the European Com- received a six-month appointment from mission’s Committee on Monetary, the Soviet Academy of Sciences for con- Financial and Balance of Payments sulting and teaching, mainly in Novosi- Statistics (CMFB) and served as the birsk and Moscow. He serves on the OeNB’s Second Alternate on the Com- General Council of the Oester- mittee of Alternates of the European reichische Nationalbank, on the Aus- Monetary Institute (EMI). In 1997, he trian Government Debt Committee was appointed to the OeNB’s Board of and is managing editor of the German Executive Directors as Deputy Chief Economic Review (GER) and associate Executive Director of the Liquidity and editor of Empirical Economics. His

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main fields of interest are macroeco- of Austria. Alfred Gusenbauer was Fed- nomic theory and policy, population eral Chairman of the Socialist Youth economics and public finance. In addi- (SJ) from 1984 to 1990 and Vice Presi- tion to numerous other publications, dent of the International Union of So- he is the co-author of “Makroökono- cialist Youth (IUSY) from 1985 till mik und Neue Makroökonomik“ (with 1989. He then became senior research St. Homburg), which is the largest-sell- fellow in the economic policy depart- ing textbook in Germany and Austria ment of the Chamber of Labor from since the mid-eighties and has been 1990 to 1999. He has been Chairman translated into four other languages. of the Social Democratic Party in the district Melk (Lower Austria) since Charles Albert Eric Goodhart 1990 and Member of the Austrian Par- Charles A. E. Goodhart is a member of liament since 1991. Alfred Gusenbauer the Financial Markets Group at the was Chairman of the Committee for London School of Economics (LSE), development cooperation of the Aus- having previously, 1987–2005, been its trian Parliament (1996–1999). Since Deputy Director. Until his retirement 1991, he has been a Member of the Aus- in 2002, he had been the Norman Sos- now Professor of Banking and Finance at LSE since 1985. Before then, he had worked at the Bank of England for sev- enteen years as a monetary adviser, be- coming a Chief Adviser in 1980. In 1997, he was appointed one of the out- side independent members of the Bank of England’s new Monetary Policy Committee until May 2000. Earlier he had taught at Cambridge and LSE. Be- sides numerous articles, he has written a couple of books on monetary history; a graduate monetary textbook; two collections of papers on monetary pol- trian Delegation to the Parliamentary icy; and a number of books and articles Assembly of the Council of Europe. In on financial stability, on which subject addition to his other obligations, Alfred he was Adviser to the Governor of the Gusenbauer was Chairman of the So- Bank of England, 2002–2004, and nu- cial, Health and Family Affairs Com- merous other studies relating to finan- mittee of the Council of Europe from cial markets and to monetary policy 1995 to 1998. He was Secretary Gen- and history. In his spare time he is a eral of the Social Democratic Party in sheep farmer (loss-making). Lower Austria from 1999 until 2000. Alfred Gusenbauer headed the Social Alfred Gusenbauer Democratic Group in the Austrian Par- Alfred Gusenbauer, born in 1960, stud- liament until 2007 and leaded the So- ied political sciences, philosophy and cial Democratic Party of Austria from law at the University of Vienna (Ph. D. 2000 until August 2008. He was ap- in 1987). From 1981 till 1990, he was pointed Federal Chancellor of Austria executive secretary for the Socialist on January 11, 2007. Youth of the Social Democratic Party

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Jean-Claude Juncker 1992. In June 1994, Jean-Claude Jean-Claude Juncker was born in Re- Juncker was re-elected to Parliament dange-sur-Attert in the west of Luxem- and retained his Minister of Finance bourg on December 9, 1954. He en- and Minister of Labour portfolios. On rolled in the Law Faculty of the Uni- 20 January 1995, following the nomi- versity of Strasbourg in 1975 and was nation of Prime Minister Jacques Santer awarded a Master of Law in 1979, but as President of the European Commis- never practically worked as a lawyer. sion by the European Council and the His political involvement as a member subsequent approval of this appoint- of the Christian Social Party (Chrëscht- ment by the European Parliament, lech Sozial Vollekspartei/CSV) dates Jean-Claude Juncker was appointed back to 1974. A few days before his Prime Minister and Minister of State 28th birthday, he was appointed Secre- by His Royal Highness Grand Duke tary of State for Labour and Social Se- Jean. Despite heading the government, curity. Following the general elections he still continued to fulfil his functions of June 1989, Jean-Claude Juncker en- as Minister of Finance, Minister of La- tered a new chapter of his political ca- bour and Employment and Minister for the Treasury. In December 1996, the international press dubbed Jean-Claude Juncker “the hero of Dublin” for his successful mediation during delicate negotiations between German Chan- cellor Helmut Kohl and French Presi- dent Jacques Chirac on the subject of the Stability Pact accompanying the Economic and Monetary Union. The Luxembourg Presidency of the Council of the European Union during the sec- ond half of 1997 provided Jean-Claude Juncker with the opportunity to high- light his ambitions for a more socially reer when he was appointed Minister of integrated Europe. In November 1997, Finance and Minister of Labour. In the Extraordinary European Council 1991, as incumbent President of the on Employment saw the launch of the ECOFIN Council, Jean-Claude Juncker so-called “Luxembourg Process” re- became one of the principal architects quiring Member States to submit an of the Maastricht Treaty, in particular annual action plan promoting employ- of the section on the Economic and ment and to meet quantified and verifi- Monetary Union of which he drafted able criteria in the context of job cre- large parts himself. He also salvaged ation and the fight against unemploy- Economic and Monetary Union nego- ment. tiations during an informal meeting of In the same year, the European the twelve Member States’ Ministers of Council of Luxembourg was witness to Finance in Luxembourg in May 1991, the creation of “Euro 11”, the informal by creating the opting out principle group of Ministers of Finance involved for the United Kingdom. Jean-Claude in the Economic and Monetary Union, Juncker was one of the signatories of since renamed the Eurogroup. In June the Maastricht Treaty in February 1999, the Christian Social Party once

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again won the general elections and tary Fund and that of Governor of the Jean-Claude Juncker was appointed European Bank for Reconstruction and Prime Minister of a government com- Development (BERD). posed of members of the Christian So- cial Party and the Democratic Party Georg Kovarik (Demokratesch Partei/DP), thus put- After his studies of economics at the ting an end to 15 years of governmental Vienna University of Economics and coalition between the Christian Social Business Administration, Georg Kovarik Party and the Luxembourg Socialist started his professional career at Credit- Workers’ Party (Lëtzebuerger Sozialis- anstalt Bankverein in 1973. In 1985, he tesch Arbechterpartei / LSAP). Jean- began to work for the Austrian Trade Claude Juncker retained his Finance Union Federation (ÖGB), where he and Communications portfolios. On became head of the Economic Depart- 31 July 2004, Jean-Claude Juncker was ment in 1993. Georg Kovarik repre- reappointed Prime Minister, Minister sents the ÖGB in various domains as a of State and Minister of Finance in the member of the Advisory Committee government formed as a result of the for Economic and Social Questions, general elections of 13 June 2004, in which he obtained record personal votes. On 1 January 2005, Jean-Claude Juncker was elected the first perma- nent president of the Eurogroup, which brings together the Ministers of Fi- nance of the euro area Member States. His mandate was renewed for a second term in 2006 to last until December 2008. During the first six months of 2005, the Luxembourg Presidency of the Council of the European Union al- lowed Jean-Claude Juncker to secure an agreement at the March 2005 Euro- pean Council on a reform of the Stabil- member of Wettbewerbskommission, ity and Growth Pact that did not affect member of ERP-Fonds, member of the pact’s fundamental principles. Dur- Austrian Wirtschaftsservice (AWS) and ing this summit, Jean-Claude Juncker member of the Economic and Employ- also succeeded in reviving the Lisbon ment Committee of the European Strategy, in a bid to reaffirm its social Trade Union Confederation (ETUC). and environmental dimensions. After the French and Dutch “no” to the Treaty Philip R. Lane establishing a Constitution for Europe, Philip R. Lane is Professor of Interna- Jean-Claude Juncker focused all his ef- tional and Director of forts in the victorious battle leading to the Institute for International Integra- a Luxembourgish “yes” in the referen- tion Studies (IIIS) at Trinity College dum that took place on 10 July 2005. Dublin. He received a Ph. D. in Eco- After his term as Governor of the nomics from Harvard University and World Bank from 1989 to 1995, Jean- was previously Assistant Professor of Claude Juncker assumed the role of Economics and International Affairs at Governor of the International Mone- Columbia University. In addition, he is

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a research fellow of the Centre for Eco- 2006. Before coming to the Council of nomic Policy Research (CEPR) and a Economic Advisers, he was a member member of the steering committee for of President Bush’s Advisory Panel on its Macroeconomics of Global Interde- Tax Reform. Mr. Lazear is on leave of pendence (MGI) working group. His absence from Stanford University research interests include financial glo- where he is the Jack Steele Parker Pro- balization, the macroeconomics of ex- fessor of Human Resources Manage- change rates and capital flows, macro- ment and Economics (1995) and the economic policy design, European Morris Arnold Cox Senior Fellow at Monetary Union, and the Irish econ- the Hoover Institution. He taught pre- omy. His work has appeared in the viously at the University of Chicago’s American Economic Review, Journal Graduate School of Business. He is also of Economic Perspectives, Review of an elected fellow of the American Acad- Economics and Statistics, Journal of In- emy of Arts and Sciences (2000), the ternational Economics, NBER Macro- Econo metric Society, and the Society economics Annual, European Eco- of Labor . He is on leave as nomic Review and many other publica- a research associate of the National Bu- reau of Economic Research and was a member of the National Academy of Sciences Board on Testing and Assess- ment. Mr. Lazear was the first Vice- President and President of the Society of Labor Economists, as well as the founding editor of the Journal of Labor Economics and founder of two compa- nies. He developed research and ideas that became the seminal work in the area of “personnel economics,” a field that married economics and statistics to organizational behavior. He has written or edited nine books. Among tions. He is also a member of the Royal his more than one hundred published Irish Academy and the EURO 50 group. papers. His many academic prizes and He serves on the editorial boards of the awards include the 1998 Leo Melamed Journal of European Economic Associ- Biennial Prize for outstanding research, ation, International Journal of Central the 2003 Adam Smith Prize from the Banking, Open Economies Review and European Association of Labor Econo- Moneda y Credito. He is also a member mists, the IZA Prize in Labor Econom- of the scientific advisory committee of ics from the Institute for the Study of CEPII. In 2001, he was the inaugural Labor, Bonn, the Distinguished Teach- recipient of the German Bernacer ing Award from Stanford University’s Award in Monetary Economics. Graduate School of Business in 1994, and the Distinguished Service Award Edward P. Lazear from Stanford University in 2002. He Edward P. Lazear was confirmed by the has an honorary doctorate from Albert- Senate on February 17 and sworn in as son College of Idaho and delivered the Chairman of the Council of Economic 2002 UCLA Commencement Address. Advisers on Monday, February 27, Edward P. Lazear has advised many

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governments throughout the world in- framework of her political career she is cluding Russia, Romania, Republic of also working for the Viennese Chamber Georgia and Ukraine and recently was of Labor as a member of the council; a member of Governor Schwarzeneg- earlier she was a member of the board ger’s Council of Economic Advisers. (2002–2006). From 2002 to 2005, Born in 1948, Professor Lazear Christine Marek was engaged as deputy grew up in Los Altos, California. He chairman for the Viennese political fac- received his A.B. and A.M. degrees tion of the Austrian People’s Party from the University of California at Los (ÖVP) and a member of parliament for Angeles and his Ph. D. in economics five years. She is the initiator of the from Harvard University. He is mar- project Ticket Junior (childcare within ried and has one daughter. companies) in collaboration with the Austrian Chamber of Commerce and Klaus Liebscher the Industrialists’ Association. Besides, Klaus Liebscher served as Governor of Ms. Marek is a regular speaker at the the Oesterreichische Nationalbank European Forum Alpbach, a member (OeNB) from 1998 until August 2008. of the council Familie und Beruf (Fam- Moreover, since the foundation of the European (ECB) in June 1998 he was an independent member of both the ECB Governing Council and the ECB General Council. He also represented the OeNB at the Bank for International Settlements Governors’ Meeting and was Austria’s Governor to the International Monetary Fund (IMF). Before joining the OeNB on June 1, 1995 and presiding the General Council of the Bank as its President un- til August 31, 1998, he started his ca- reer at Raiffeisen Zentralbank Öster- reich AG in 1968, where he was a mem- ily and Profession) and she works to- ber of the Executive Board as from gether with various panels of exports in 1980 and Chief Executive Officer and the fields of flexible working hours and Chairman of the Board from 1988 to tele working. 1995. He served as President of the Vienna Stock Exchange Council from Mathilde Maurel 1990 to 1995 and on the supervisory Mathilde Maurel, born 1966, is a for- boards of several banks and other mer graduate from Ecole Normale corporations in Austria and abroad. Supérieure and Ecole Nationale de la Mr. Liebscher earned his law degree Statistique et des Etudes Economiques. (Dr. iur.) from the University of Vienna. Her research focuses on comparative economics and transition economics. Christine Marek Her 1998 book “Régionalisme et désin- Christine Marek, born 26 January tégration en Europe centrale et orien- 1968, has been State Secretary for the tale: une approche gravitationnelle”, Federal Ministry of Economy and La- (Paris, Presses du CNRS), analyses the bor since 11 January 2007. In the collapse of the Soviet area, by focusing

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on the trade aspects. She has been work- at the Johannes Kepler University in ing extensively on the Optimal Cur- Linz in 1981. After his studies, he rency Area criteria applied to the issue started his professional career as re- of the EU-EMU enlargement and EMU. search assistant and subsequently as as- Recently, she has analysed migration sistant professor at the Department of from Eastern to Western European Agricultural Policy at Johannes Kepler countries, which constitutes one key University (1979–1981). Between 1981 aspect of the European regionalism, and 1984, he was engaged as senior her main area of expertise. A former economic advisor of the Austrian Farm- Scholar at Delta, France (1992–1996), ing Union and he then changed to visiting researcher at the William Da- the office of State Councilor Leopold vidson Institute, University of Michi- Hofinger in 1985. Afterwards, Wil- gan (2003–2004) and at the Centre of helm Molterer became advisor to Min- European Studies (Fudan University, ister Josef Riegler and in 1989, he be- Shanghai, April 2004), Professor of came Head of Franz Fischler’s Minis- Economics and Econometrics at the ter’s Office. Then he headed the High School of Economics (Moscow, Austrian Farming Union and he also was a member of Parliament between 1990 and 1994. In the following years, Wilhelm Molterer served as the Aus- trian Federal Minister of Agriculture and Forestry, Environment and Water Resources Management (1994–2003). In 2003, he was elected faction leader of the Austrian People’s Party in Parlia- ment. Since January 2007, Wilhelm Molterer has been the Vice Chancellor and Federal Minister of Finance of the Republic of Austria. Andrew K. Rose 1998–2002), at Sciences-Po and the Andrew K. Rose is a professor of the University of Sorbonne-Paris 1 (from Haas School of Business at the Univer- 2001), she has been since 1996 Re- sity of California. His research focuses search Fellow at the Centre National de on international finance, macroeco- la Recherche Scientifique, where she is nomics and trade. Professor Rose has the head of the CES-Department published approximately about 110 aca- “Développement et Mondialisation”. demic publications, including 60 in ref- Mathilde Maurel was responsible in ereed journals. His various former po- 2002 of a Phare Ace program entitled sitions include Rocca Professor of In- “Optimum Choice of Exchange-rate ternational Trade (Chair 1994–1997), Regime for the Accession Countries: Managing Editor of The Journal of In- Cost and Benefit Analysis of EMU ternational Economics (1995–2001), Membership”. Research Associate of the National Bu- reau of Economic Research (NBER), Wilhelm Molterer Acting Director, International Finance Wilhelm Molterer, born in 1955, com- and Macroeconomics Program of the pleted his studies of economic sciences NBER (1996–1999) and Primary In-

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vestigator, National Science Foundation hard, he moved into international bank- (NSF) Grant, 1995–1998. In addition, ing and economics. In 1962, he started Andrew K. Rose is engaged as a Re- his career in the Federal Ministry of search Fellow of the Center for Eco- Economics. In 1982, he became Per- nomic Policy Research (CEPR) (since manent Secretary in the Ministry of Fi- 1992) and as the Director of the Clau- nance, where he was responsible for in- sen Center for International Business ternational monetary policy, financial and Policy, U.C. Berkeley. In 1981, policy, EU matters and the preparation Andrew K. Rose graduated from the of World Economic Summits. Dr. Hans Trinity College of the University of To- Tietmeyer became a Member of the ronto (B.A.), in 1983 from the Nuffield Board of Directors of the Deutsche College of the University of Oxford Bundesbank in 1990, with responsibil- (M. Phil.) and in 1986 he obtained his ity for international monetary issues, Ph. D. from the Massachusetts Institute organizations and agreements. After of Technology. He has also been a visit- two years as Vice President he became ing scholar at a number of international President of the Deutsche Bundesbank and domestic policy agencies, includ- in 1993, a position he held until August ing: IMF, World Bank, US Treasury, UK Treasury, Asian Development Bank, and the central banks of Austra- lia, Canada, Europe, Hong Kong, Is- rael, Japan, New Zealand, Singapore, Spain and the United States. Professor Rose has also been a visiting scholar at a number of international and domestic policy agencies, including: IMF, World Bank, US Treasury, UK Treasury, Asian Development Bank, and the central banks of Australia, Canada, Europe, Hong Kong, Israel, Japan, New Zealand, Singapore, Spain, and the United States. 1999. Since his leave-taking, Hans Tiet- meyer has been increasingly engaged in Hans Tietmeyer honorary appointments, amongst oth- Hans Tietmeyer is a German economist ers he is the chairman of the New So- and regarded as one of the foremost ex- cial Market Economy Initiative. He has perts on international financial mat- published more than 100 articles on the ters. He was President of Deutsche subject of economics and is the recipi- Bundesbank from 1993 until 1999 and ent of numerous prestigious awards and remains one of the most important fig- prizes, was president of the London ures in finance of the European Union. Business School and is a member of the Hans Tietmeyer was born August 18, Pontifical Academy of Social Sciences. 1931 in Metelen (Germany) and stud- ied at the University of Münster, Uni- Jean-Claude Trichet versity of Bonn and University of Co- Jean-Claude Trichet is a graduate of the logne. After finishing his studies in Ecole nationale supérieure des Mines 1958, with an academic background of de Nancy, of the Institut d’études poli- Alfred Muller-Armack and Ludwig Er- tiques de Paris, of the Université de

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Paris (in economics) and of the Ecole of the Banque de France and Alternate nationale d’administration. He worked Governor of the International Mone- in the competitive sector from 1966 to tary Fund and the World Bank. He was 1968. He was appointed to the Inspec- Chairman of the European Monetary tion générale des Finances in 1971. He Committee from 1992 until his ap- was assigned to various posts at the pointment as Governor of the Banque Ministry of Finance in the General In- de France in 1993. He was the Chair- spectorate of Finance and later in the man of the Monetary Policy Council of Treasury Department, where in 1976 the Banque de France as of 1994, a he became Secretary General of the In- member of the Council of the Euro- terministerial Committee for Improv- pean Monetary Institute from 1994 to ing Industrial Structures (CIASI). 1998 and thereafter a member of the Jean-Claude Trichet was made an Governing Council of the European Cen- adviser to the cabinet of the Minister of tral Bank. At the end of his first term as Economic Affairs (René Monory) in Governor of the Banque de France, he 1978, and then an adviser to the Presi- was reappointed for a second term. Jean- dent of the Republic (Valery Giscard Claude Trichet was elected Chairman of the Group of Ten (G10) Governors on 29 June 2003. He was appointed President of the on 16 October 2003 by common ac- cord of the Governments of the Mem- ber States that have adopted the euro at the level of Heads of State or Govern- ment for a term of office of eight years starting on 1 November 2003. He was named “Person of the Year” by the Financial Times (2007), “Policy Maker of the Year” twice by The Inter- national Economy magazine (1991 and 2007), and has received a number of d’Estaing) in the same year. In this ca- awards, including the “Zerilli Marimo” pacity, he worked on issues relating to prize from the Académie des Sciences energy, industry, research and micro- morales et politiques (1999), the inter- economics from 1978 to 1981. He sub- national “Pico della Mirandola” prize sequently became Deputy Director of (2002), the “Prix franco-allemand de Bilateral Affairs at the Treasury De- la Culture/Deutsch-Französischer Kul- partment from 1981 to 1984 and Head turpreis” (2006) and the “Ludwig Er- of International Affairs also at the Trea- hard Memorial Coin in Gold” (2007). sury and was Chairman of the Paris He has been awarded honorary doctor- Club (sovereign debt rescheduling) ates by a number of universities. Jean- from 1985 to 1993. In 1986, he di- Claude Trichet is a Commandeur de la rected the Private Office of the Minis- Légion d’honneur and has been awarded ter of Economic Affairs, Finance and several foreign honours. Privatisation (Edouard Balladur), and in 1987 he became Director of the Arnout H. E. M. Wellink Treasury. In the same year, he was ap- Mr. Wellink has been President of pointed Censor of the General Council (DNB) since

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1 July 1997. Since January 1999, Mr. for Money and Banking Studies. Previ- Wellink has sat on the Governing ously, he has served as Associate Dean Council of the European Central Bank. for Research and Development at Also, he has chaired the Basel Commit- INSEAD and as Director of the Ph. D. tee for Banking Supervision since July program in Economics at the Ecole des 2006. Since 1997, Dr. Wellink has sat Hautes Etudes en Science Sociales in on the Board of Directors of the Bank Paris. He has also been Director of the for International Settlement, which he International Macroeconomics Pro- chaired from 2002 until 2006. Mr. gram of CEPR, the leading European Wellink is a member of the Group of network of economists. His main re- Ten Governors, the committee of cen- search areas include financial crises, tral bank governors of the G10 coun- European monetary integration, fiscal tries, and a Governor of the Interna- policy, economic transition and current tional Monetary Fund. Nout Wellink’s regional integration in various parts of many secondary functions include the the world. He is the co-author of a lead- following. He is Chairman of the Board ing textbook on Macroeconomics and of Supervisors of the Netherlands Open on European economic integration. He Air Museum, Treasurer of the Supervi- was a founding Managing Editor of the sory Board of the Royal Picture Gallery review Economic Policy. He serves on Mauritshuis and member of the Super- several boards of professional reviews visory Board of the Dutch Central Ge- and European research centers. He is a nealogy Bureau. He has been awarded a regular columnist is such newspapers as Knighthood in the Order of the Neth- the Financial Times, Le Monde, Libéra- erlands Lion. In 1982, Mr. Wellink be- tion, Le Temps, Finanz und Wirtschaft, came an Executive Director of the and Handelsblatt. Currently a member DNB. Between 1970 and 1982, he held of the Group of Independent Economic several posts in the Ministry of Finance, Advisors to the President of the Euro- starting on the economic staff, from pean Commission; President, of the 1975 as the Director General of Finan- Panel of Experts of the European Par- cial and Economic Policy and later as liament’s Economic and Monetary Af- Treasurer General. From 1965 until fairs Committee and of the “Bellagio 1970, Mr Wellink worked as an assis- Group”; Charles Wyplosz is an occa- tant, later staff member, in the eco- sional consultant to the European Com- nomics department of Leiden Univer- mission, the IMF, the World Bank, the sity. After a study in Dutch law at the United Nations, the Asian Develop- same university (1961–1968), Wellink ment Bank, and the Inter-American obtained a doctor’s degree in econom- Development Bank. He has been a ics at the Rotterdam Erasmus Univer- member of the “Conseil d’Analyse sity. He completed his secondary edu- Economique” which reports to the cation (science and grammar stream) in Prime Minister of France, of the French 1961. He was born on 27 August 1943 Finance Minister’s “Commission des at Bredevoort. Comptes de la Nation” and has advised the governments of the Russian Federa- Charles Wyplosz tion and of Cyprus. Charles Wyplosz Charles Wyplosz is a Professor of inter- holds degrees in Engineering and Sta- national economics at the Graduate tistics from Paris and a Ph. D. in eco- Institute in Geneva where he is the nomics from Harvard University. Director of the International Centre

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