luest more ence. to vmll Amendment inctimonious

Cuba’s

pendent’’ ii

pine

ree lization.

worked I tively: photos

pcople -liould ticcause, ImIi

R

lcct ii

mid

tong mision tixed )und

mm cched.”4

cilized crge

t

utnght conard trrnulate

me inquility

ers.

pital

oot ipair who

shape

weather December

patrk

become

and

amendment’s

To

the

Root

in

insurrection

good

for active

Cuban

daily

in

fhshioned

The

results.

The “When

medicine, of of is

pursued Cuba

its

of

resources kne

to

that

lynchings. the annexation order, i And

Wood

me

according

m

willing

status public the

an

began

conquest.

cc

eradicate men.

Limited

of the

independence. typical

their

occupation iid

( for

lives

tute

“to 1c occupation electoral

tail

the Taft

United

ivemi

Amerie 1

rite hypocrite

storms

said money

the us.” i “‘

the once

the

I

he industries, toilets

construction

erupted,

to

s.uiie i..e of

Wood to

terms, to

stibic

“Yankee,” “

said

the

simply

military

to ( Sonic educated dollar

protect Platt yellow of

other

President

generate

only invest

States

ub of in

the law

Whatever

President

1

one

can (

sort

about

war—ravaged iii )urinm,

thus

Independence

uba,

iovcrnnwiit

independence.

policy.

sn was Cuba

who

Amendment

by

his guaranteeiiig American

and

and

peoples foreign

that iys

Should

be

official, of

the

fever, iii

until

adequately governor

de

stressed

a

another

by reports.

but the reconstruction,

could one

thing of

borrowed

William

friend chewed moe Secretary

sensation, the

could

his

he

wealthier

frarcd

Wilson.

the Aiiiericans’

a

they

Chinese:

Americanize he

would

German

observers

(

while

te r Island,

Cuban

“the

that ser’

icy

ubami—Aiiiericaii people

Cuban

nun.

iiimlitarv

the loyally of

not

name.”42

The

of

appreciate on

that

to

tobacco McKinley

“life, order.

Working the

c

of happened

the

who

teaching (

at mel denying a “teach the they

make the

is

;ribimi

a

general

in

barbarian is

wrote War

“The adventurous

independence

a

who

lo

carried

economy,

island. condition

intentions did

isl

property, Army

(

occupation

reasonable

Those

military

st

added

become,

He

;uha

education,

imid

a il

Under

ibmhty

and

the

Elihu

people

not

our

treaty closely

had in

more

in

any even

promised of

defined

to

the

A

Appropriation in

out

South

Cuban

missionary whose

political I

in

institutions. appreciate

English

T us

conquered

)4,

Harvard isers

desire

Root,

..,o’.

United

and or

only

of added and

with

civilized science

the Root

iii (,,hi

will

Roosevelt.

with

rate

o

had

habits,

the

construct e stability

American ever his

was the months

rnor

individual

the administrations

truiers

elites

chief

Cuba

the ‘

any

never to

charged of

in

relationship

Senator

“before”

objectives achieved

Limited

States

graduate Philippines.’’-tm

ippomnte “a

better

and

dominate

paternalism

American

be interest the

Platt

“41 they North

them

nation their (I

who

amusement

boorish

Bill “free

1

599—

will

understand

agents

Iter

threatened, Wood art,

highways, public

Many

stood

I1,deJNndcnce Republics

Orville

with

market become

liberty,” compulsion

of

was spoke

and

d

the

“complete have Americans with a

that

and

and

1

conserva

902)

bigoted,

designed

brought

( fellow

9()

henefi— “oii

favored

Cubans

forniu—

schools the md

Philip

“after”

to

policy

e

might

when

inde

a

ne Platt, Eng— 1 they

been

was .

the and the

de—

the cx—

the

the id—

By ral to

he I

or

fuder

the

Platt

Anundmt’ut

41 42

Chapter

2

/

Managing,

Policing,

Guess ular fore “If Leonard

earned who Cuba Honor the Geronimo. during Cuban-Filipino helped (Mir7neapolls

Digest,

the United

and carried meddling amendment Wood

amendment Platt the signed marines

tending nual Reciprocity of at two

auguration, “more consul

General

Rough

serving

entered

wIth

specially Havana

United (1899—1902),

Cubans for

the

U.S. Senator

a govern

The

fee. 1901) the countries. and

Amendment.”44 Wood

Congressional

capturing

privately

a

Spanish-American- Cuba,

a States Riders He

plattish general

as

Reason.” treaty the control christened Extending

Wood

cartoon With

Tribune

also

first Navy or

military (1860—1927),

the War.

States cigars

army

howled.

reduced

extinguished at to

discontented

We

Platt

Treaty interference Philippines.

commanded

had

was

Indian

Later San

embodying Is

president North

in than in the

in

conceded governor

Can

over

constructed

Unpop

by Literary Medal a the

1886 of

Juan the ‘lands

Havana

General surgeon

as he leader

new

it,

Empire,

Platt

“The of 1902),

On be

tariff

and a

sugar, right American

Hill

was of

A

of

1902

Roman

necessary

constitution Good

of reluctant

himself.”45

Cuban Cuban with reported that

rates,

Cuban

leased the

mining, to 1900—1914

tobacco

the

permitted

a

intervene

“little Platt

Friday

naval

the

investments

thereby

soldier. Republic

nationalists

to

independence.

for

Calvary”

Cuban

Estrada

Amendment transportation, affairs

the

or

Following (the

on

coaling

base

1901,

no

Cuban

United

June

further

Anti-imperialist For

new

of

independence convention

Palma’s

at

of

the depicting

pouring

revolted.

these

a

or

Guantánamo

12,

Cuba,

Tobacco

products

Cuban

front

his

States

interlocking naval

on Root

1901,

utilities, inability

rigged purposes

May

page into

Tomás

the

stations in

In

government,” adopted

piously

Trust

and

to

perpetuity September

[wasi 22,

capital-starved

reelection critics

Cuban of

enter and

to

Bay:

Havana’s the

Cuba

1903. the

Estrada

quell exported

left

denied

41

cattle

the

two

charged

economies the

“Gitmo,” people

Cuba

would That

the

for measure

and

1906,

United

governments

ranching,

Palma, but

La

any

rebellion

a

90

second Cuba, under same

as Discusión

small

that

General cede

the

percent “inter-

Christ

as

of

States as

acted

year

U.S.

the

the

an ex the

the

the

to

in an

or quest. that to I)cnt’er that signed,

whom October, “desire scolded tered solutely Leonard

policy For can sary.

politics American-owned rft million Candler $722 United trained After threatened

the trines, The

Corollary, 15tpril independence, tory itself independence hived December President

protect

pink

wipe

infernal image. sugar Into “they

Under

twenty-eight

soon

Taft

by by

million.

Roosevelt

1917, Havana

provided

toward it.”51

Roosevelt

the to

Constable

toward to permitting

Cubans and

invested the

States its

out

life

U.S.

any

school

this Wood’s

leaving

plantations

and Havana,

lectured

make

should

Theodore

one

people

these

Through

3,

his

Cubans

security and

little

of

some

non-American

turmoil

Army

Wilson

1901,

Cuba U.S. in

followed

of the enunciated successor

a would

that for in

Venezuela, money, property.”46

summarily

by interests,

Cuban

behind

European behave

1900

sent the

electoral

mills

2,500

months

off

Havana, students question Taft

whereupon

employment

entrepreneurs

that Americans

officers,

punishment for Roosevelt reflexively

“dollar

that

Roosevelt

Aniencas.”

stepped

made the

“not to

equaled

produced

of

to

investments

Washington’s if

I

to republic,” American

Taft,

a

mediate themselves.”47 lie

helped

face as

by their

establish

government

Governor

found

guarantee in ordered

and named

(nistalile that the

no

nation,

in

diplomacy,” and

power.”Sn

James

President

the

Havana

and

of

May

a in

called serious

supported

“insurrectionary

$31

humanitarian the

pondered

supported in

does

feed battalion

The

the

about

between

great

Caribbean: portly helped 1896 and

under

after

troops

exploded

North Monroe

a the

of

Roosevelt 1912 Island

million, and

earth.”

any

new the the

Charles rite

not

United

that

lead

effort

Roosevelt

jumped

men

enterprises.”4 If

headed

half

the

commerce,

Caribitean:

secretary

the

the Taft’s

and

doctrine Allied state

establish

a

existing take went

American

of

should

government

the

Cubans

that

by

and

Western

founder of

in

back

to

All the

by

United

sailors

February

States,

more

E. reforms, against

warring

Cuba’s

the

1823.

would Dominican

reform by successor

most to

to

armies.

declared

habit”

1914 he

Rough

aboard

Magoon immediately

continue

The

governments,

of

“a

$220 form the missionary

an

needed

wanted

The

landed

than

particularly

of

companies.

States

however, In

Hemispheric

war,

guarantee

hallowed Roosevelt

punishment

American

sugar.

He $131

island,

“let

Cuba

factions.

1917,

persisted,

Coca-Cola)

with

his

while

of million

Rider,

ship.

5,000

war Woodrow

returned

William

a the first sought

Roosevelt

attempted

independent.”49

the at

from

million,

Cuban

“mercantile

in

marines himself

Corollary,

ostensibly

schools “I

against

Estrada

Roosevelt

ordered

acquisition

as

annual

American

of the European “that

of

Estrada

in

in civilian, by

When am

it

Republic

protector the

if

order

the

country American

sugar.

would

1913.

home North

force Howard

that, it

exports so

Wilson,

and

as

went I

Cubans

Germany

misconducts

(such

Palma’s to Venezuela, message,

commercial

angry

would

the

revolution

governor.

Palma

to

in

adminis

spirit,” in

The if By reinstate

by

publicly soldiers.

in

be

of

Ameri country

cruiser

protect ashore.

Cuban

misbe neces

of

effect,

to

as

mid

Taft,

with

tern

1920

1920 U.S. “ab

doc

like was

$50

that

re—

re

the the

and

on

in

a

the

Dominican

Republic

43

______44

Chapter

2

/

Managing,

Policing,

nile bonds livered “unspeakable December came Roosevelt eral European Luis

people ing anything Kaiser.”55 Caribbean,

Kaiser ment. Sternburg, Balfour submitted

enemies no violence” moon.”58 since

desire 1904, have of would ernments. do rope, which United nation, Monroe “may power.”63 European Doctrine cases

several more

Venezuelan The

to “what In

of

M.

TR

On

impatient.

to

worth

1899

and of a then Thereupon,

Wilhelm in

mid-January in an to

desist. Cipriano

results not

Drago State calmed swallow president

and

States in

December also

think like such Berlin

America, Extending

power.”53

Doctrine annex ultimatum

When the TR initially

and

1902,

his million

a

an this

meddling which The

sooner and have

With

policeman

more in

worried

the

Department

villainous

dispute

own He old

wrongdoing in

made privately

as

of that country.”57

the

troubled crazy?” vessels,

seemingly Britain

Ii

after president

a it,” Castro,

a the

to immediate

hemispheric

violating

friend was

this

also were acquiesced,

the porcupine

general replaced dollars, than

or

Britain

corollary, Western

as “the

may 6, act 1903.

likely

Hague

Roosevelt demanding

Empire,

into to clearing

later increasingly

elsewhere, thinking

statement 1904,

sent

bombarded

asked

in also

has $12.5 mused: intended, the

monkey,”

of public

waters an

force

a official the

loosening any

and vulnerable similar we prayed and

that

Speck

Roosevelt. or

to Permanent his

brash arbiters

Admiral rankled

unsavory future

1900—1914

Hemisphere Roosevelt

wrong-end

TR.54 which

the

million

despite German impotence, policeman.

must do.”6’ way.”

European

Germany ill-informed the

principally

[Monroej

debt

“The

by

said

immediate

the

ultimately complained

von way promise

European

Dewey

about

that

is

announcing

two

United

found

Venezuela

keep

This

at

fundamentally

of privately, cannot

Germany.”56

twenty-sixth George

By

If only the

to and Sternburg

with dictator

Venezuelan

The Court

navy

the

the described

forts,

he

the

German

spring to.”6°

time

in

the order doctrine

creditors doctrine

in later

“Chrornc held

of to

of

power

ties said

Washington, States,

Dominicans president

ambassador early

interventions occasion settlement Dominican require

favor bombarded

U.S.

the Germany

and adherence at

that Dewey

the

whom

“as boasted,

of

An by perpetually

ourselves,” that

“Hands The

1904

also

exercise

to blockaded

February interests. president

civilized which

of

this

regulation

of

than German

however Impressed

a president American

demanded defaults

transformed

Congress “the

intervention Hague.

wrongdoing, Germany averred

gorged

Argentma’s

he armed urged

on

decision Roosevelt

and of

he

as with

Republic, of

two

thought may

off’ Germany

“would

Monroe

naval of

in their

“an

would

society,”

the lifted he “I delivered to investors.52 Venezuela.

deferred

on

Prime

all

intervention.

reluctantly, boa that

an the

added

of firm Hermann by more to

be

his have

British

action told and

object

United ports.

put

him claims,

international

the

that maneuvers

the

the future.59

a

the

the Foreign

constrictor

conception by once he of

behave

claimed

Doctrine

menace or England

Minister and

revolution-torn Root.62

“a forts. about

Americas.

to

a he colonizing U.S. powers

prohibition kaiser might some a blockade

payment by

an To

lesson creditors.

quick

premium

quiet

Britain States the seized

Under proclaimed, labeled Berlin

Speck

impotence

their

in all

“Are

reaction, Minister

the so

damages

to

“would civilized . Monroe

in

have

Arthur

flagrant in of

has warn

settle to

of .

might

that

police to of

us

by sev

same early

gov

be

this de the von

and the

the the on Eu

an the

In

no the on

the in

on

to a

I I/n’ ()iii’iIr Order in Haiti and j\arania 45

I he l&ough Rider soon donned his constable’s badge. He assigned a U.S. col— ir of I)ominican customs. “The Constitution,” Roosevelt later explained, “did \phcltly givc m thc pov% r to bring ihout thc nr ssii ‘ c inc nt with S into I inmgo. But the Constitution did not forbid 4me.” Yet “policing and civiliz- the Domiiiicaii Republic by presidential order provoked nationalist resent— cut from Doiiiiiiicans who, as one naval othcer reported in )( )C ‘‘are ouieting Icir children“ with the threat Fhere conies an Aiiiericaii. Keep otiiet or he will kill Taft’s secretary of state, Philander C. Knox. applauded the ctistoiiis re—

civcrship in the I)oiiiinicaii Republic because it denied to rebels the tuiids they SO ly colko t d throu.h tho o lpturc ot ustoiiishousc s thus ctirin.,, ocntury—

Id cvi1s.” ‘The assassiiiation of the I)oniiiiican president in Noveiiiher 1<)I 1 sug—

icd that Knox spoke prematurely. And in h) 12 revolutionaries operating from

nitiguous i-lain iiiarauded throughout the I )oiiiiiiicaii Republic. furciiig the do—

ic of several ciistoiiishouscs. Jo restore order, I aft iii Septeiiiber I)l 2 sent a

ii imiSSion backed by 75() iiiarines. I he coi iiiiiissioiio’rs redo’Iiiied the I I.iitiaii—

1 ninican border. furced the corrupt I)oiiiiiiicaii president to resign, and avoided Incct interference iii a new election. His denunciation of “dollar diplomacy’’ notwithstanding, Woodrow Wilson id wnttc ii in C eh it roii( c ssions obt iinc rl bs liii mo Ic is moist bo s itoo,uirdod Iv ministers of state, even if the sovereigmitv of unwilling nations he outraged iii the ‘rilcess.’ No wonder that President Wmlsoiis search fur stability iii Latin Aiiic’r— 11)1 retraced finiilm.ir steps. W hcmi, iii Scptemmibo’r .. rc’volmmtu um agaiii threatened c Domiiimimcamigovermimiient,Secretary Bryan promimised“every legitimate iiieaiis to

cast in the restoritiomi of order and the prevention ( )f further i iisurrectioiis.

\Vhen Wilson ordered naval mnterveiitiomiafter further I)oniinican disorders iii May 16 ho s mmd it miii in w.ill not hmstcnto von ojuictls in i so it sit on his miock md ‘‘‘ ike 111111listen. As the 4(H) miiarinesot Admiral William ( aperton ‘s lauding it uce entered the city of Santo I)omningo at dawn on May 15, the’ found eiiipty

aicets, bolted doors. shuttered sviiidows. mud1)oiiiiuiican tiags festooned svith black

cpe—.m “lit/n pill/na (public miiouriimng) . “ A new treaty gave the United States

1 coil to I over I )omiii ii meanfinn ices. 1mmNovember, as U.S. partucipatiomi in the

iiropeamiwar bcci miie ii icrcasmi iglv probable, W ilsomiproclai i iied the formal mmii

ii S Or c tip itiomiof thc I)oiiimimmrin 1&cpublic o)stcnsiblv to contiul thc mctis itucs of

olutiomìimics suspo toot of mpi o ( cmiiini hi is I)cspitc in inson.,c ii \ bs pc is mnts

the cistern regioii of the I) ni iimimcan1

carfare, the U.S. Navy tormiiahlvgoverned the country until I)22. [lie imiauuilegacy

t the nec ompatuin, iii mlie IimsttirmamiBruce (,doter’s terse omdgmmient. was “a stO lug

iiti—U.S. %‘ehmmig” .imiiomigthe I )omiiinmcamipeople.

The Quest for Order in Haiti and Nicaragua

I I)omiimmimo ‘, he iii i

ution becamiie an mmicreasmmighv popular mode of chaiigmmig govermimiients. Auimerican

ivestmnemitsiii [lam ti were Immiiiteol to owi io’rshimpof .i ‘miiahhraulro,molaiul .mmine—thui’ol

hare iii the I laitm.milNational Bamik. Natiomiahsot France amid( ;c’riiiaiiV controlled 46

Chapter

2

/

M1uw1ui,

1HII1I1Il,’,

the aboti veiltioll

and harbor

Haitian custoilis it

iauiiie iliore, tial

supervised

occupiers unhappy B. ilatioil,

/Atilieril.ail routl.’, Til(’odorl.’

jointly Nicaragua

Jose Ai propertil.’s fiii Panaiii,i

one brutal, Nicaraguails and

naval iiig a

control ural United a ministration

educated, half out ple the

better

Capertoti

i

grup

treaty Ii,iii

teroat law

Puerto

t

Nil.’

Ho.’ of rebels,

at historian After Saiitos leathernecks ottlie

“tile

of

sentiment

and

of

(

Sam k 1111/

hilterveiltioli, i .

a

tuiiboat

the proposl.’d and grel.’dy ;l.’iliiIii

,

oppot receivership

ecoiioiiiic the

Att..’r

Canal States,” of

Haitians kiill.’d

Mole and

republic of with i

i’i

I

and

L..Jihitl.’l.l

iiiilitarv

lie ever

states. X1lIil/Hil,’

Zelava tliidl.’r

vairv

l& country.”°1 only k(

property—owning the

feii iiiarket.’

bankers

iii till.’ Washington

Diaz

Zelava

rl.’portl.’d

leo.

ordered disordr’r had

ordered )osevl.’it )l.’ilt

iiativr’ till.’ has

till.’

disturber Saint put

custoiiis

iiiorr’

present

Nicaragua), iii

State

of

bril.’fly

the

(whose dl.’cldl.’l.l

As

till.’ regime,

a iioiietlieless

“yanked coiiiparl.’d resistl.’Li

returned written,

1/Il

of Iroiii outbreak

Statl.’s an

position

rl.’giiile

victorious theni

an

peace

solicited

simply

‘1<12. anti

Secrl.’tarv

U.S. Nicolas.

oti

guerrillas,

all

/ xvatl.liftli than .

I that

oigv lIlp(H’. till.’

Major overwhl.’lilling

tii

)epartii

After

N dit

1

s’rvic’

tiiereattl.’r.

rl.’asoiiable the iil.’r

of(

us

forced

“iii 0 broke

capital icaragtit

which

envoy also

navy

cot sucl.’ssftiiiv iii 1

ier

rtiil.’l.1

2,25<)

illipose Mr. North

home, went he ((it)

fOr oiilv of

I br’astlv of eiitral

I

till.’

to

tipping

Wasliiiigtoii tlilil.I5

i and )oininicaii Snledley

Panaiiias 9(U)

conservatives

f.’rence

iei ret

koot State i.risiv

l.’Vl.’ of

Nicaragua

Id and intervl.’itl.’(i, World

to

\Vilicll

diploiiiatic

I k.ooseveit Zelaya Iaf

front it I

a reportl.’d. I

the

illvestiiil.’iits

he

ahead

iei

1

civilized (;eri

laiti

ete

Aniericatis

11)14

iii

govenhilient

leaving

laitiatis

ill.’ld order on

of during

dipiot Alilericati

to

au

I

iiational by Navy

vade I

ibered

the explain

State

politicai

)epartiiieiit

)k

ullajoritv

till.’ yard

to

11.111 iiiitil

build

critics until

Aiiiericaui 1).

elti V’

tile

iilto

without

fivor

ovl.’r

ii

model.

scales

on

ci

i

)iportailcl.’

I

ir

iatic outsidl.’ UIiitl.’d

Butler

one l)epartment

coiiipared small

(Oil

I ear” iliihlSl.’lf. of 1(1 .r turill.’d )epartiilellt,

rt’latioiis I ‘

t

led

l.’(i, ‘4) ito.

exile.’5 I July I, lie I&ebufted virtually a

‘434.

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labl.’led

laiti, the

luropeat

till.’

tile stood

iiiurders. <7,

ii

against sl.’l.otld to

till.’

objectives. hundred

of

supr’riiiiposl.’l.1

(

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by tiici

After

minority a

d”

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loan, and sought

i’4l

when eustol United

1 Statl.’s till.’

trl.’atv. I

Nicaraguaiis

/1 Wilson ilcl.’ss,iilt ‘4)1.3. executilig

\X/

AdolfO

against

r

For ot

Secretary

I

iii

an tilil.’e

iwii , iai

iiiiii

l.0I Subsel.lttl.’Iit

to iioii

354 the

U1’i.e

2U)(<

at

lilterocl.’aiiic

by

I i

instead

deemed

I

Noveiilbl.’r content I

l.’ill.’nly as

\iil.’ii

Lu behind Wilson Zeiaya’s i he

Isilouses,

nan tdtot

Ill.’ cruiser

1 to iat

Iii

States.”7”

newest (

till.’ will,

‘‘a

iarines

“a

ti

pressed

tunes adnii

I

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and

btiv

iiianii’ Sl.’pteulibl.’r warfare a

coiiotiiic

)Iaz,

iv ii iiid

tyrannical,

iiiaiiii’sted

two racial

U.S.

tnild ian

by

Knox

till.’ ii

of

leader

, ot

as

a is

as lift iii with representative

ilistratioli

Mexico’s could tile Roil/His IadI

I

lies revolutionary gratitudl.’, criiiie till.’ pretext

providing

grl.’atl.’r

antagonistic U.S. Aiiiericatis fighting Adi

a laiti a

regime fOr

into

Sl.’uiatl.’,

ered

l.’vl.’r war

I”.Jil.aragtia, When l’4)U).

canal, casuaitil.’s.7

Iegatioui

ailiong

Mole P

then

ii firni

bases

i subsvstl.’tii,’

an

‘s

till.’

iiposed tiral

\viloili )telltiai

btisiill.’ssiileli, stoiiiacii

I battle ot

of

sl.’lI—servIiig. bel.ausl.’

deepwater

reseul.’

‘41

iilterl.’st

American

for

than sit

tllrl.’ateill.’d

ablest negotiated hand

esp’aailv of presidetit

extr’riihi— \vl)rried Prl.’sideilt in sel.’kiiig between

Knox

2, Will

‘‘till.’

to iki

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for

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(

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i

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iii

a

ii

as

au

a iii ______

The Questfor Order in Haiti and Nicaraçua 47

U.S. Interventions in the Caribbean and Central America I ,ewOrIean ATLANTIC OCEAN

Gulf of Mexico BAHAMA U.S. Troops, 1898-1902, ISLANDS 1 1906-1909,1912,1917-1922 ‘ampico [Plan Amendment, 1902-19 (Br.) Th.i[JO,i .FU.S.Seizuii14 VIRGINISLANDS Fj PUERTO (US., 19 GuaflTañib HAl / /eracruz (U.S,Naval N p 9 (U.S., 189W JAMAIC _.j4 Br.) U.S,TroopL 19154934 GuadeIoupe,, FinancialSu ervision,1916- 1941j (Fr.) B Martinique! 4N SEA (Fr.) FJLeai11914-1971 Barbaøs ISI.ANDS (Br.) Canal Option, 1916J frmnidad U.S. Troops, 1909-19 10 s 1912-1925, 1926.1933 (Br.) Financial Supeision, 1911-1924 K PA Cl PlC

OCEAN U.S. Aquired Canal Zone, 1903 Canal Completed, 1914

Managua. The marines could prevent a coup d’etat, but “keepinga surrogate in power in Central America was often as problematical asputtinghim in 81power.” Bryan in spring 1913 dusted off a shelved draft treaty granting the United States a canal option in Nicaragua in exchange for $3 million. He hoped that this money would “give sufficient encouragement” to American bankers to lend DIaz 82more. The secretary alsoadded a clause similar to the Platt Amendment before sending the Bryan-Chamorro Treaty to the Senate, When the upper house balked, Bryan had to delete the U.S. right of intervention. Ratification in February 1916 did help Nicaragua’s finances. The treaty also effectively excluded European powers from navalbases in the Gulf of Fonseca, and to make that point stick, Wilson ordered U.S. warships to cruise offshore during the 1916 Nicaraguan presidential campaign. Al-. though nominally independent. Nicaragua remained a U.S. protectorate until 1933. of normally “Revolution

mus quiry back

sage” critical.” troops

hurriedly Loomis to peace proceeding shed. cable ensure

Americans Arango the States lend that at early however, the with had isthmian

formed from Panama armed Cathedral

State

convey

hand,

At

reported. Colombian

If “landing

not in the

Forced

them to

arrived make the intended on

to . of

his November

the success

Francis

knew, four

and the Colombian

. Severing

Loomis’s

quiet

reached they North

a construct the

drafted November

City.

landing.

railroad.

. to

the troops,

Department

living provisional moral

Plaza.

Government

to every

U.S.

his

to hours:

imminent”

the

Colombian

in Keep of selected

Colombian

Colombian

a

in Panama

B.

rely

At

for

American

fellow revolution congress

any Washington,

commanding

instructions

him,

on the

consul toomis

and But effort

anxiety

3

lured

6:00 an

They

DIPLOMATIC Panama

Department

on the “No

was

soldiers the

armed

3.

scheme

isthmian

physical

November the

CommanderJohn

their conspirators

government, [City].”

Because of

to

U.S.S. isthmus

P.M.

warned

busy at

him

will government

rejected uprising

deviously

bridled

soon steamer

revolution

seaport

State prevent

colossus,

had

Panama

force

own

occupied for

on

to

be from

aboard

for

D.C.:

officer

support.

canal.

increased not

Nashville Loomis it

acquire

promptly

had the the

the organized

the

his

wits,

4 Loomis,

was on the

yet. .

Cartagena

[Colombian]

yet

as

in separated

City,

frustrated Colombia

. consuls

“important actively

curiosity

third, cable

“Uprising

the

and would By

of

a

the treaty

had .

now

Panama.

Reported

broken the

ColOn,

Confident

train, either

a agonized the

late Atlantic

when

Hubbard CROSSROAD

anchored

date

on canal paraded

and

landed

it

from conspirators

to-night.”

the 8:20

disembarked Nashville at

that

remain

plotted was

October,

the

the

for

and in

fully of Panama Government

out

he Too

revolutionaries controlled

The

occurred

Government

message”

P.M., the for

would

their its

will Pacific far side

an

in

for Colombian

learned

on that before

sped

of

informed.”

at

overtures

perilously

revolution the hour. American more tiny

weak

the

this

another

November

the of the be

Loomis

coup

and they

ColOn

U.S.

made

have

city. Panama. him

slope:

about band in

order:

isthmus. Canal, Nashville to-night.

a that directing

by Then hectic

Colon,

to

had

d’etat,

the

or

cheering

naval

permitted

across good troops

the

hour,

expel commanding to

had had

an unfinished

of

The insurgent

“Uprising consul

arrested 400 since

become

“In night.

he

Colombia,

3, forJosé Acting

United Panamanians “important

1903

vessels Nonetheless,

To “Act done

did

miscarried use

fired troops

response

him the

1903.

Finally,

at the the

August, .

crowd

their at

not ColOn

. Situation

of

interests

the promptly”

their

no

convinced his

isthmus Secretary soldiers to off

Colon,

at

States.

would

AugustIn

so the on

As

at

interfere

prevent dismay, ColOn”

United blood

part an

general

a

would long

ColOn

came

when mes

far Isth

at from

guest, trans

new

and

in

and

he

the

of as

be to is

a

by

to

as

Diplomatic

Crossroad

33 I

34

Theodore When called cabinet of toward Pirate. accused were have have Adams, who reads Caricature paring Nankivell, Coming venture:

War

would

conclusively guilty shown

Roosevelt the Roosevelt

him

Elihu

Panama

the

author

of

Male of

The

United

Swann

and to World Chapter

of not seduction actions

Roosevelt

that

Root

Peter

rape.”

Desire

Colombian

grow

of

Cartoon)

in

differently, justified you

States

War

Collection The

observed: proved

1903,

he

Pan,

2 Michael

up.’

have

and

and

1(1990),

Great had

/

a

“the Secretary

(Frank to the

that

the minister

you Manainc,

“pirate.”

been taken

his com

of Ad

“You

C.

boy

you

C.

force, bled: Bunau—Varilla recogmzed dered Pnhcini’, barism Varilla, ernment treaty Hay to recognition tify Panama,” United in several Colombia.2 cific fleet with modore States us trol ing canal to and of Hay-Pauncefote ported

Panama chartered estimated authorizing Panama cavated reasons, Panama 1901, Cromwell,

it

Central

New

the

modify

it,”

The

renegotiation. Hay by

The of

Pauncefote Then

The

would oceans. thoroughly

victory

but

“Quiet the his both

would

after power

and

of

years

any

in

Providence,

an Roosevelt States

soil

York.

I)ewey.

the because

frantic

in

appointed canal had

Clayton_Bulwer unnecessary

troops

forbade

favor insurgents

firm

New Exiendinc, its America

engineer thereby

that

began

the

isthniian men

a

left slip

of

1888.

a

a House

earlier.

Washington

over at assets

have

two—year

to

would

canal

prevails.”

He

congratulated partner

Panama,

prohibitively sovereign

that

agreement

last of by

pace

through

signed

control

aboard

wanted.

Panama

The

understood of

Treaty

its

the

Nicaragua.

had

spearheaded

Spain,

Purchase the

spent

the

On

on

during achieved

ensuring

of

held through the as the

of

“I

fortification, gave

of

canal, build,

and Empire,

obvious

Representatives

defunct complex

remarked its

the

an

do

a

in November

isthmian

service investigation,

obduracy

a

they

it

of

the the

new

most

At

Republic President

On minister

earlier the

departing wasteful

Canal not

also

with the Treaty in isthmus

the

fortify,

seemed

February

of

Nicaragua.

waterway Colombian a

expensive 1900— noon

time

Panama’s signed

Secretary Bunau-Varilla’s

The November colonel

pact

see

recent

goal

de lesson:

of

guaranteed of

an

prestigious

the

the

process

in diplomacy

failed

Company’s Lesseps

humanity, the

much why

of

attack of

decisive of

plenipotentiary 1914

satisfactory civil

and at

set

1900.

18, William

of

company’s to

British the

steamer.

the

the

war

1830, war,”

war $109

1900

the “Better in

Panama.

by

block

we

on

Panama

operate and

1901,

wars

Hay

national

although

to

next that

of charge Hay—Bunau-Varilla

New

concession

organization with

If

his

January 18,

Walker

in

should

the the

criterion—cost—seemed

million—machinery,

New ambassador,

permitted stipulating

Roosevelt an rush

determining

continued.

and

McKinley

to

defeated “wild for

chief,

the

The

1903,

with

to

rhetoric

American

day,

to Spain,

unfortified,

Panama

dismay

“independence

a consecrate

canal rights

$8,00(>

the

to

have

rescuing

canal survival

the way.

dig York

technologically

Isthmian 8,

U.S.

a

President

panic,”

Roosevelt the

Secretary

less

progress

for

Frenchman,

1902,

Rough

Roosevelt

project.

the

the

and

the no

after of joint

expostulated.3

linking

In

Canal and

The had

Philippines in

consul

than

Sir canal

law

Roosevelt,

the

canal

lawyer, canal

treaty

December

against

gold,

Panama

United it

neutral

holdings

passed

its

Julian

fearful

directed eagerly Canal

new

Anglo—American

to

of Treaty, Rider.

Theodore two firm

route.

With

Company,

failure rights.

of the

now

if at

the

of at

civilization.”1

in

whereupon

argued,

we

Panamanian

property,

Panama

Philippe all,

weeks State any the canal

Pauncefote. easier. the

William Atlantic States

the Commission

that

destiny

of

to “from

Gallic

negotiated

president,

would

then are

Secretary

to In

The

by

exorbitant

than 1898,

Hepburn

attack

Senate, Sullivan

Republic

threat

the

cut

had

John Roosevelt,

the

November

not

which

to after

a

For

governor

company

City

the

flourish,

assigned not

and Bunau—

through French-

Spanish

and

make United

flushed

build existed

Nelson

to he

Com

from

U.S. gov

forc John

these

con

Hay

bar

give

Hay The

Hay

for

Pa or

the ca the

and

Bill

ex

re

for

in

a

a iromwell, price. wll posed I

which

l’affaires, he pened

iguan

ongress

Panama

HON

CARIBBEAN SEA

out technologically

On

-4IICARAGUA

PACIFIC

DURASFV..

The

the

postage

Hay

COSTARICA

Canal for 4 January

negotiations

N’caragua

an

bye

Toiiits

unsuitability

attorney

schenied the

Miles

removed

200

months

stamps

reduced ‘‘Canal

Proposed

JCoIOn

I

R

OCEAN ,

l—lerrin,

PANAMA

preterable

began

I

ZONE1 400

to

with

)2,

only

that

later

sd1

sum of

Caribbean

CANAL

Colombia.

AM the in

to depicted

Nicaraguan

by

the

chose

of

January

pull

Panama

Walker

delivering

4(

assets

Barranquilla

strings.

the

I

million. a

Sea

COLOMBIA

belching of

The

Medellin

I Panama passage,

(

)(

terrain

oiiiiiiission

his

P3.

an

Bogota Lobbying

annual

Panama

trench

Guided GIn

ultimatum

citing route. volcano.

by

January

rent

deluging

reversed client

hai-d,

by

the

Taboga

the

became

PACIFIC

Roosevelt

to

Canal

company

22

= =<<=

l3unau—Varilla Gulf

for

State

the

Congress

he

itself

‘Canal

the

around to/lows

Colombian

a

Railroad Locks Panama

and

Panama

I

stumbling

)epartment

Miles

Zone

hiLhest and

Zone and

s

Pa

the

Madden

willingness

Hay

OCEAN

=1=

n

Canal

iF

with 260’contour

decided

boundary

a City

Cromwell,

n

even

Dam

signed

Lake

a

possible

chargé

block,

Nica—

soon

15

ex

for

to

a

Diploniati

Crossroad

35 36

Chapter

2

/

Managii,

years, treat’ PoIici,i, The ican

Colombian

nounced ernment. Panama million The tures ment fringement TR mously owned nnmster strongly alternatives.8 then solute treaty xith strongly ists ment

recognition clmed asked tober forfeited do isthmus that waiting Hay the us control

had urged of

what aflairs

The

What

Bogota s

republic

Roosevelt United

Nashville

Colombians

In forced

evening planted in

informed

contempt

granting

with a and

intransigence

of

what 10

and soiereignty

sharply Panama swift

privilege to

Bogota

his defeated

foreign

Canal

on

against U

favor folly

Arthur

a that

that

any

Calculating

Cromwell

during

Exte’ndim

$15

can

which

Colombian

annual

S the

government

cat-rabbits

the

on

the s the

and

States ratification

a 4

rejection

On the

claim any Senate and

governmcnt

landed

we

this nuthon

Colombia story

toward

Company

Bunau-Vanlla

now

would Colombian isthmus their

United for United its

corporation

N

support

the

renewable

sshich

June

U

next had

do payment graft

The

message

plan

rite ratification

over

would

Colombian

Bcaupre upon

and

in S

considered treaty

approvcd

promptly

sovereignty

against

troops Empire,

the

S

bccomc

thc secedc

did

the

diplomat

president Roosevelt

tried

that

13

that

Statcs States

the

of thc

attempted

Ha for

NTacln

an

for

thc

steaming

B

control latter

Even the not

New

has

thc on to

by

rulers

Frenchman now at

American an

(

initial

to

the

1900— to had

increased

permitting s

and

nos Congress U

that anal

would

August

the

catch

ubiquitous

donc

lk the the

Hav—Bunau—Varill

extraordinary to cried

intoicrablc

raise

keep York

two

and

course revolutionari

S

rightfull

American thc jack believed

rulcs

warned

over

exploded ,rant takc dropped

than

“sole 1

American

the Hav-Herran Zonc pa’mcnt

company the to

and

9

time

Roosevelt

Roosevelt

options

14 usually

the

World do

foul,

cxtract

order

rabbits

12

warships at -

six—mile—wide

presidcnt

dccisi.

Panama

you aftcr

I

Colombians aftcr

predictcd to

and

one

llogota the

initial

hae

TR

that

that Bunau—Vanlla

1903 Cromwell

complained

the

and

whereupon

anchor

Navy

reporting

against

after ofSl 14

could

absolute

a urbane

tht

to

transkr a naval

seizure

vseek

intercession

replicd

meeting

regimc

no United

$10

‘Whcn

napping that

vithout ‘y

steps had would

American Treaty

Colombia

foolish

Panamanian was

ou

The

thc

0

an

i use

at nail vessels

nullion

million

later

l begun

could

Hay those

uprisim.

peppenng to of

reaty Presidcnt Panamanian

of that Colon had

option”

resentment canal

for

in

Colombian

critics States

arrive

on

Colonibia

with

currant

Secretary

Panama bring

and

its

question

As

Panama

Thc

cablcd

on a

denounced

met

were

Mirch

no

if

cash on contemptible

as

payment

to

and

assets

government

clainiinc,

early

zone

homicidal Colombia as

Bunau-Vanlla

Octoh.r b

complained

revolution more

ponder

Americans

to

the

behalf ofthe

Whcn

with

predicted

Roose jelly

$2S0

payment

heading his

by November

the

not

an

as

to

for

17

public The

junta equivalent Hay

against by

congress

correspondencc

force March

make

end

Roosevelt from

the

revolutionarics

permissibic

to

North

that 000

Bunau-Vanui

of

her one

1903

undiplomatic

presidcnt 16

the

cit

bluntly rejected

corruption

the

a a

had that

toward U little

opmion

arc

from

Roosevelt annua1l

action

an

Colombia

the

or

condition Although hundred

U

pnvatel

about Sccretan

is

30

goern S

but

on

Amer—

2 wall

unani

agree- said

instant

S

against

would gained

of

Nc

crea

go

Early

U

$1

Oc

an-

and thc

ab

the in

has in— the

his to S

0 is of the 23, “Bowery—boy” Canal The were (hanged tust “I side the through uf the cign

Fhe inony”

iieddling

shrill

took

the

canal

United

1904,

canal

Construction

the

taking 15,

policy

the

does

ineradicable

Conservative

eunuchs

the

of

Louisiana

the

1914.

zone.

ships.

sovereign

ensured

the

in

$25

also.”7

of States Canal

after

locks,

the

Senate

Panama

During

million

Although

behavior

In

who

internal

the

began “power

Zone

the

Purchase

while

1922

blots

of

approved

Spanish—American—Cuban—Filipino

consistently

the United

symbolized to

the

and

in

toward on affairs

the the

Roosevelt’s Colombia

temtor and

first

mid—1904,

and

his Shapers

let

Atlantic

United

States

authority”

year

the

of

Congress

record,”

the

Colombia,

oppose”

Colombia.

the “l6

treaty

of but

acquisition

virtual

handling

and States

and

new

operation

Later,

did

most

by

debate;

of Pacific within

the

his

activism

not

hegemony Roosevelt

paid

a

in

vote Empire fifty—mile—long

“righteous”

of

Americans

formally

Roosevelt

of

1

alone,

fleets

the

and the

“conscience 911,

Texas,

of

characteristic

Panama

zone

while

66

TR denounced of

over

1,058

apologize

War, to

the

have

himself

policies.’5

“in

reportedly

the

14.

Latin

issue

U.S.

canal

merchant

money” perpetuity”

and

applauded

debate The

of

for ranked constitutes

America. the

Nay

opened

construction

American

treaty

On

having

boasted

“small

goes

or

vessels

freely

February

TI,c

it

his

granted

as

on

“canal—

on

along

It

taken

body Cinscrvative

“one

“if

bold

Au—

that

for—

also

cx—

slid

the

of

it

after Cut Panama both of vessels.

Ohio

the

Shapers

(now

warships

the

passes

Panama

canal (Library

called

Canal.

of

through

and

opened

Empire

Canal

the

of

commercial

Congress)

Gaillard

The

the

about

to

U.S.S. Culebra

traffic—

a

Cut)

year

37 D. 182

The

Panama

for

Chapter

surefot

ening The congress

colombian less

I.

Colombia upon to

situation

pressed Colombia,

decided agreement

delay

be ttr stance Revolution copy

bia minister tualll done

2.

The 2From lows 1903. ‘Foreign

energeticalli

a

John

it

so

Spanish-American asset—$10 which

The

sot

or Theodore

[When

was

of Colombian

sent

in

to

the

senously

its The

27

the

erezgn

of

an

Harvard Among Secretary

Hay

Relations

form

upon upon Colombian revert approved

dissatisfied

The ratification pressing

Lettc

the

this

adoption

Critics

every

with isihrnian

the

Empire

envo

our

the

Twists

rs

latter

canal of

republic

pressed the verbally Co!kgi

follou

Roosevelt

this

American

of to

million

compromised of other Congress

slight

memorandum.

friend

senate

Theodore Ha

have

the the

.1 in and

Panama

colombia

asked

Government

negotiations

of Colombia’s

canal

Government

United

with

Washington

ing

the

Reprinted

Nicaragua

motives,

took

Epansion. the

War,

modifications,

pluc

contended

to

Does

canal

of

unanimously

Roocu

Hopes

friendl’

telegram

envoy

wheth the Nicaragua

reversed

the

Stales,

Colombia

route

liberties

Aicaragua

which an

s

it?

rathet

by

Isthmus

negotiations

minister that cit

it

annual

Arm

1903

in

permission

b v.

i for

If for 1890-1909

route

hoped

apparently

understanding

But that

thc

crc netted

action

Bogota

I

Colombia with to

its

(Washington,

niggardly

Revolt

(1903)

several

F would

route.

were

threat

of

had initiated the

the

rejected previous this

of

Morrison

pa

finally

the

to

Panama

afarflung

might

of

foreign

yrnent

senate

conveyed

for

US

statement

long

secure

finally

(1903)

The

Harvard

truth

regret

meant

years

does

should

financial

set

DC.:

by ed secured

the

American mimstei

been

be

judgment

of

eral

between

of

when

affairs.

Cop)

for Colombia

accepted 5ecretat

not

University

canal taken

Government

Confidential

The hostile $250

Colombia this

empire,

now

contains thefavored

yeais

right

Colombia

appreciate

a

he

terms

stern

propositions

in

If

000 by

zone

treaty

reject

Washington

was

©

stated

thc Ifavoring

measures

he

Press

In

Bogota

of

by

19

the

and

increased

Printing

message

fact offered

an

Secreta

unable State

delaycd

tv.

desires

1

treaty

Department

us.

the

from

Congress

h

route

Communicate

an that

o

wcre

intolerable

the

th.

countries

In

Washington

treaty

Ha)

Office,

Nicaragua]

against

additional thc

for

colombia

the

on

gravIt to

Presi& presented

virtue

it,

to

public

energeticalk

but

ratification Tun

Hay

answer

give capital

the

by

this August

reluctant

or

next

1904).

in

of

ft threat

9

fi4

undul

Colom

pric

of threat

thcr

vould

of

pres

1902

him and

Staft

l90

win

p.

sub

anc! he had

this

t’

Ac

$40

i

l

12,

146,

Fe!

a

J

I pany

1).

provide /br million—I the canal blocked, United

Review

to letter competent against more else

securing Panama. I and this

3.

from Statc November ders vaders. crushing The dence.

haste absent) rized terchanges niand uments

I’ore9,’n

should

The

see

past rebellion.

Official My

I moment;

to

therefore

rebels

that

issued of Paiiania

would

than cast

siigi,ested deflicto landing

States

that

had

take

l?oosevelt good

the of clear

fljty-seven A

in

Relations September and

szegrest

uititi

be

Whatever by

he

little had

the Reviews,

this

3, aside saying there

advice guaranteed in we

Connivance

delighted the to

such

sum bring.

between I)r.

supporting

would The/b/lowing

thus

the but

Revolution

Panama, I

rebellion. /903.

reco,çi the

started

more and case

endeavored

cannot territory

o/

about improper Shaw:

sent

was

US. that

for the underhand

the

deprive

Nashville that of

years

They

other

5th

is non’ l?oosevelt ii crossing

than me (Jolted

Under

the the

ition,

i’ice—consul Acting Washington

absolutely proposition 0/ten

if

the

US. I

we

say

from

the evidence/br Panama

bad enclose in encouraged (by by

to following

On

turn

great governments

connivance

an

the canal

States

had

letter

Washington complicity

which it. say

cited force

neutrality the and

Roosevelt

to

revolted

November our from

means,

Secretary guaranteed

hour

Panainanians

to

majority

so

better

secure. (Washington,

ancient

were that you,

Nicaragua, not

other

as Minister in at

without

ii

was

publicly

official macIc

the

‘as a/Icr

I’anama evidence

the

the that

the

Roosevelt

by against

purely c

have proposing by in extended

an

of

Atlantic

US. can

The count),

o/’ of

4,

(1903)

1870s, 1?oosevelt

secession. treaty receiving the Washington,

slightest

conclusion? the at independent

the

any to

documents

competent

t),C.:

State would

190.3, do,

naval

no

Panamanian

this alternatives

Colombia.

for

as

Colombia’s

that City, isthmus, neutrality of

attempt

sent

Government

canal the

oJ and porl

on

The

the

the your

Francis to

time

f’anama amount

units c chance he

the Felix 1M6 pay Noi

United

Privately,

to

ill-concealed law

anticipated Panamanians

they

of

connived

at

to and OWfl

engineers—some Dr.

news, ‘ember at

obviously

State,

to

the

I Colon to

this o/the

Jihrman.

Congress. required

with

misrule getting were think

B. were

Albert

Printing

of prevent

to foment

in States

revolution?

heirs

information,

proclaimed

time

Roosevelt Loomis or an securing

I

response

6,

Colombia,

Lcthmus

to freely

now at

to it

if

instigation

1903. prosperity of

Shau’,

Office.

a

against fifty-three

cannot

might

Panama anger,

than

it Roosevelt What the

go

treaty. They C’olomhian

the

the

frared

made

riper

(Hay

say

revolt.

to

by French to

This hastily

1903), by

go

secession

editor

do

consist interest

a

of its

a

revolted go

to

foreign

Nicaragua,

the

treaty than

having

itself copy

public there—()r

these

it of the was that City times that

indepen to

you

p.

into

Does

nseemly

United

of autho revolt,

231.

com

do

troops

183

most

0/in— ever

so

of

you

and any then the the doc that the

the

in

or tie— in— on

if

of

it

at

a 184

Chapter

and

Uprising

No

Uprising

navy

27

uprising

Empire

officials

on

occurred

Isthmus

yet.

and

taken

Reported

Expansion,

[at

reported. prisoners.

Washington,

Panama

Panama,

Mr.

Panama,

Mr.

will

Mr.

Department

(Received Loomis

1890-1909

(Received

(Sent

Ehrrnan

Keep Ehrrnan

Government be Cityl

November

November

in

November

3:40

to

tonight,

Department

the

to 8:15 Mr.

9:50 to

of

P.M.)

night.

Mr.

Mr.

Ehrman

State

P.M.)

P.M.)

will

3,

6;

3,

Hay

Hay

3,

1903

no Situation

1903

1903

be

promptly

bloodshed.

organized

is

critical.

and

[Colombian]

tonight,

fully

Loomis,

informed.

consisting

Ehrman

Acting

Army

E

The

Monroe

Monroe

hands

‘A

1906), sage

ti’as

Such

sinking

violation

creditors.

ot

The

November

structions

I.

Doctrine

open

troops

see

soldiers

fected

three

F.

‘erhorrow,

Compilation

Roosevelt

The

now

fResolute

comipt

to

vol.

Secure

that

In

Message

interventions

on,

and

consuls,

Congress

Monroe

at

the

had

of

in

10

saying

of

following

landed

But

from ColOn

he

(December

two Colon.

order

5,

interests

the

in

special

of

and

and

in

had

two

action

Launches

sent

the

the

the

Doctrine

Monroe

effect

Venezuelan

also

Washington,

that

from

of

Colon

maintained.

Messaç’es

Roosevelt

days

an

bankrupt

Order

British-German

foreshadowed

to

1904,

message

Caribbean train

6,

cabinet.

of

since

by

obligation

warned

Nashville

1904),

proceeding

after

peace

in

Doctrine.

today

Commander

a

prevails

[to

and

sketched

the

the

Corollary

pp.

Washington,

believed

gunboats

the

deliver

“banana

forced

is

Soldiers

Caribbean

Papei

Acknowledge.

make

the Mr.

[from]

United

7053—7054.

sent

to

revolutionists

to

Department

so

Sensing European

______

Loomis

a

to

do

out ColOn

(Sent

of

spanking

the

possibly message],

to

every

they

Panama.

far.

Barranquilla.

(1904)

Hubbard

so

the

States

changed.

republics’

and

Nashville

his

Colombian

himself.

Presidents

November

Situation

(signed)

11:18

could

may

famous

to

this

effort

the

u’ould

powers

permanent

Mr.

of

seized

of

The

if

danger,

not

P.M.)

of

bombardment

Supposed

properly

In

necessary.

immediately:

Ehrman

State

to

Venezuela

of

(New

the

Darling,

serious.

transit

corollary

not

short,

troops have

prevent

3,

the

in

Panama

Nashville,

permit

1903

York:

Roosevelt,

1823,

C’aribbean

foothold

been

be

of

he

to

same

Four

Acting

Act

Bureau

[Colombian]

the

sail

in

to

would

“spanked”

the

Nashville,

“Hands

City.]

of

delivered.

the

promptly.

1902

Isthmus

in

movement

away

hundred

in

powers

a

and

of

Monroe

[Secretary

response

fort

intervene

were

his

National

resulted

from

qfJ’

Loomis,

a

by

annual

and

must

Colon:

consequent

Government

to

inclined

Accordingly

[Colombian]

European

Doctrine.

Roosevelt

lay will

ColOn

to

Literature,

of

to Ehrman

village.

be

in

his

Acting

their

keep

Navy]

mes

be

kept

the

185

in

on

to ef 186

iIk’IiI//’Uill (.‘/kI/th’1’_3” be

‘ts La/ill

c(

and the ieas( vent

show the amendment, i It

tains. interference em civilized have at and eign truisili I such

irdeil 2. use

/oca/ J’o//(ihl’in,L 1 nternat (1(1(10(1 I/act /1(1(1 ci’t’diIvs

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i’

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eta

3

udial

,iitsii/

In

ma

ties A ft’litiblics It

t

II

Oti pays

is

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nt

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well

sue

.illl(’l’I((lll Quinianitia. aggressi(

nited lii’onic ut great (111 v.

is ,‘ec(’ued pr

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Latin upi

i the

(IulI/)0l’i/ieS

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to reia

it. r

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and

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lot

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evident

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1010//all’ If

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sne

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and

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if

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are

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crediioi:c

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fear

States iiflpoten(e

their

separated

t

I

of

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desires and

)

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t would constantly

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America,

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country

cut.s’touiisboiises. itithern rn/c.

affairs

Iv

social )ilt(l( in

‘lIo;ii’oe

rigl \V feels

civilization fat

their

entire

(‘)lI/N)(/U’(l

troops

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I E. TheMonroeDoctrine in the Caribbean 187

suant to the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, the marines landed and acted as international policemen, notably in Haiti, Santo Domingo, and Nicaragua. The Latin Americans, cherishing their sovereign right to revolution and disorder, bit terly resented this bayonet-enforced twisting of Monroe’s protective dictum. Below, an outspoken Mexican diplomat, with a PhD. from Johns Hopkins University, ex presses his wrath, It has been said that the Roosevelt Corollary was so radically d/ frrent from the original Monroe Doctrine (see Vol. j, p. 254) that the two should never have been associated, WasRoosevelt’scorollary a logical extension or a radical revision of the Monroe Doctrine?

No document has proved more harmful to the prestige of the United States in the Western Hemisphere [than the Roosevelt Corollary]. No White House policy could be more distasteful to Latin Americans—not even, perhaps, outspoken impe rialism. Latin Americans are usually inclined to admire strength, force, a nation muy

hombre [very manly]. This was imperialism without military glamour... . Moreover, it was a total distortion of the original Message. Monroe’s Doctrine was defensive and negative: defensive, in that it was essentially an opposition to eventual aggres sion from Europe; negative, in that it simply told Europe what it should not do—not what the United States should do. The Monroe Doctrine of later corollaries became aggressive and positive; ag gressive, because, even without actual European attack, it urged United States pro tection” of Latin America—and that was outright intervention; positive, because instead of telling Europe what not to do, it told the United States what it should do in the Western Hemisphere. From a case of America vs. Europe, the corollaries made of the Doctrine a case of the United States vs. America. President Monroe had merely shaken his head, brandished his finger, and said to Europe, “Now, now, gentlemen, if you meddle with us, we will not love you any more,” while Teddy Roosevelt, brandishing a big stick, had shouted, “Listen, you guys, don’t muscle in—this territory is ours.” In still another corollary, enunciated to justify United States intervention [in Santo Domingo], the same Roosevelt said: “It is far better that this country should put through such an arrangement [enforcing fulfillment of financial obligations con tracted by Latin American states] rather than to allow any foreign country to under take it.” To intervene in order to protect: to intervene in order to prevent others from so doing. It is the “Invasion for Protection” corollary, so much in the limelight recently, in other parts of the world. ILatin American bitterness against this perversion of the Monroe Doctrine fes tered for nearly three decades. A shaip turn for the better came in 1933, when Pres ident Franklin D. Roosevelt, implementing a policy initiated ly President Herbert Hoover, formally renounced the doctrine of intervention in Latin America. Thus what thefirst Rooseveltgave, the second Roosevelt took away.] F

188

Roosevelt

and

Japanese

Chapter Russia’s Secretary

and did the ours induced eigners. ture, that California months; mediato,ç that grossly they ground foolish the power indifferent terrible Victory our generous come them ship I. the

the prominent units. influenced sMaine lows

‘From

Japan

President

Roosevelt Russian

Philippines

Japanese The That

navy torpedo Most

they I I

of some

turned

for expect is

The in

see

hope

Senator to

If

Harvard

jealous,

27 no drunk

as

foes. that

continued

to

They

number the

ship,

feeling and

Letters we War Japan an

of

desire

respectable

certainly justice clear

wrote

if

legislature

Japanese,

to insult

historian

Roosevelt]

State

Empire

that reluctant

if

end they

conceived armt

to

behaving

boats

There regard Eugene

act

the

Roosevelt

College. of building

may is

cannot we

Japan

of

be

sensitive,

symptoms

will

and

on to

I

Theodore we the 1904—1905

if John of

and thus

are

same

believe the

had

given

encroachments

and

do would

HaIe

sometime and

the the

ships, can

Hale,

have

the following

Hawaii

can

Reprinted an was

pouerc

whose and

genuine

was

behave

Japanese

Hay,

in

this

we

performed

toard

says,

up

Pacific

Expansion,

Japanese by

is attitude

be nat

Anticipates

immoral

chairman

Roosevelt

advantages numbers

preparing

persuade

has

and

her

at

and

true perhaps be

for becoming need

the

of the

none

‘p attemptin,g

we

from

least

v to

during

handled

his

by

work head it

warlike, the

worse

Presz&

courtesy this

slope, the

navy

mind ork

letter

of

accept

in

of

show

permission

by and of

not

more

way,

degraded

as soldiers Japanese

us such

any

Japanese on Californians 1890-1909

many

and

superiority

the

E.

The turned a

our

to

us

while

efficient

Trouble

of

to

in than if which under.tandablj taking F. fear

great

to

ut

China’s

erect

Senate

hz:c

ourselves as

but

and European an to

dangerous

she Morrison.

more Lan feats

toward a Oriental his

people

Roosevelt

keep

ways.

halt well famed

Hottentot.

of

the injury.

the

and

to not

provoking

barriers which

obtained

many

close

the Harvard Naval it

of and and

as

(1905)

some

than

as European

Manchuria

from

will Japanese. as

State

otherwise.

out

Cn’ihzatzon

sailors We

ed.

Japan, the

as

on underdog

theirs,

Open

markets; Vv

“opulent,

are

theirs.

friend Affairs

nation.

of

in Copyright

bigoted

if

last

orthiess

respectable

who

University the Japanese should against the

extent several

of

These

irritated

already all

them,

the

cockj

this

Doorpolicv

and

have

for

California,

Committee.

although

one

Japanese

At

the

land-grabbing

u’as

Senator

upper

But

Moreover,

Japanese led

and

foolish

some

formidable I

present Japanese aggressive,

©

on certainly

Pacific race different

will

world. and

do

Press.

hand

shown

finally

while

doing

1951 could

to have

if,

the

with

not in

the

hand

behave

time.

Deca)

and

as

I Henry

by

through the

immigrants and to other

am

in

Coast

But

we

th

in

in

exhausting

it

at

soundly

Brooks besotted

the

themselves

drafted

I standpoints,

immigrants

as

at

act

1899-1900.

for

the

the on

It

efficiency

have

once

not

new

and

are

dangerous race

our

in

President

the a

(1895)

will

hand Cabot

badly

the

in people

the

nation

past

least China,

certain

superior

its

own

unarmed,”

same

power—a

conscious a

take no

Adams

of

thiashed as

(

seas

folly

spirit Legisla

to

sixteen

on

Russo

doubt,

deeply

to Lodge. course

and

peace

doubt

to navy,

of have l;cj wish

Why

boL.

had time

is

But

t1 for

the

are

Fel

be

its

of

[a F Rooseveltandjapan 189

2. Japan ResentsDiscrimination(I 906) The San Francisco Board of Education precipitated a crisis in 1906 by ordering all Asian students to attend a specially segregated school. The sensitive Japanese rose in instant resentment against what they regarded as a deliberate and insulting act of discrimination The Tokyo Mainichi Shimbun a reputable journal reacted asfol lows Where was Japanese national pride most deeply 2wounded The whole world knows that the poorly equipped army and navy of the United States are no match for our efficient army and navy It will be an easy work to awake the United States from her dream of obstinacy when one of our great admi rals appears on the other side of the Pacific. . . . The present situation is such that the Japanese nation cannot rest easy by relying only upon the wisdom and states manship of President Roosevelt The Japanese nation must have a firm determina tion to chastise at any time the obstinate Americans Stand up Japanese nation Our countrymen have been HUMILIATED on the other side of the Pacific Our tpoor boys md girls have been expelled from the public schools by the rascals of the United States cruel and merciless like demons At this time we should be ready to give a blow to the United States Yes we should be ready to strike the Devil s head with an iron hammer for the sake of the world s civilization Why do we not insist on sending [wariships?

3 TheGendemensAgreement(1908) The can Franctsco cchool incident revealed anew that a municipality or a state could take legal action that might involve the entire nation in war. Roosevelt soothed the Japanese but not the californians by adopting the Asians side of the dispute Hepub licly branded the action of the .schoolboard as a wicked absurdity and he brought that entire body to Washington where hepersuaded the members to come to Wrms The San Franciscans agreed to readmit Japanese children to thepublic schools on the con dition that Rooseveltwould arrange to shut off the influx ofJapanese immigrants This he did in the famous Gentlemen’s Agreement, which consisted of an understanding growing out of an extensive exchange of diplomatic notes. These were officially sum marized as follows in the annual report of the US. commissioner-general of immigra tion. In what ways did these agreements leave thefundamental issues unresolved?

In order that the best results might follow from an enforcement of the regula tions, an understanding was reached with Japan that the existing policy of discour aging the emigration of its subjects of the laboring classes to continental United States should be continued and should, by cooperation of the governments, be made as effective as possible. This understanding contemplates that the Japanese Government shall issue pass ports to continental United States only to such of its subjects as are non-laborers or are

2T. A. Bailey, Theodore Roosevelt and the Japanese-American Crises (Stanford University Press, 1934), p. 50, October 22, i906. Annual Report of the Secretary of Commerce and Labor, 1908(1908), PP. 221—222. 190 Japanese, eventual/v thence classes laborers residents.” already cue, [Mexico, the least, residents,” aapter when 6. 4. 5. 3 2. 1. Ii - [The With With hv Would LJ11 subject cccinpkte Gentlemen’s rather tiu jJ-4 tenipi I to nited the congress naI join of would 27 possessed who, Canada]. reference honor-system did respect 1 than tic laborers The issuance sI it “parents, led ‘,t.Ites The I iri’- a Empire of have lake parent, a’. 1pm 51 Fb’erJJrrrr in ‘i”tRr resulting to h.ive be cvereignt\ the ii said Areenic.nt in u.lctiuhc’d )r coming Pearl C to heen . to limited h ver entitled interest and especially a emigration the ?1F1fl1,d wives, llLiJIL&jr’ of government Hawaii, r wife, the fit American hetwr null Harbor sc Gentlemen’s passports Expansion. harvest koosevelt

qf tnd.tl to ii ‘in or to or I to in pique sLier tlie Wit the the ii) children their resent “former children receive a ‘-“-‘

Thought that and delay ;ns of ( continent, of farming tpd Japanese 1.111 than uistoirrIu has Cornll:in’ dehi’— irmn slammed to a 1890-1909 attended ill its Calitornias World id to Agreement construction will also exclusion members residing passports residents” laboring of latc eserust to enterprise cue— residents,”

Provokers had Brrti1i War been seek Government to the nat the the Ffli4W there, much discrimination n Panama 11.] h class to it exercising have of i. worked door of Monroe and wditc act imiperk’ resume the the in and or ‘\re to of to come “parents, completely c.ottp this js Pan;mia to do Congtess? stated laboring tilcic Doctrine. foreign ‘uav[1. reasonably ‘sett1ed in assume a with a country; the \\ to ‘as formerly in careful hen c.Iilleieni q Canal that, be IS3uk, wives, W the the contiguous agriculturists.” are classes active in . designated ( ertain experimentally tragic so scandal supervisi for nation% well and the Britain acquired rules or that ten control faces why . states until proceeding children events years cit did necessarv . entitled the territ “former was n nierni of domi not 1924. ut ic.’ of threu icr o’ that the the the in at of it et at ii