DOCSLIB.ORG

Add-13 Chap8

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Chapter VIII. Consideration of questions under the responsibility of the Security Council for the maintenance of international peace and security Mr. Mehmet Güney (Turkey) of the very short time which was available before the Mr. Aka Edoukou Jean-Baptiste Kablan (Côte d’Ivoire) judge’s term of office was due to come to an end, he asked if the letter and its annex could be brought to the Mr. Laïty Kama (Senegal) immediate attention of the members of the General Mr. Dionysios Kondylis (Greece) Assembly and of the Security Council for their speedy approval in the manner that they deemed fit. Mr. Bouba Mahamane (Niger) Mr. Erik Møse (Norway) At its 4006th meeting, held on 19 May 1999 in accordance with the understanding reached in its prior Mr. Yakov Ostrovsky (Russian Federation) consultations, the Security Council included the letter Mr. Cheick Dimkinsedo Ouédraogo (Burkina Faso) in its agenda. Ms. Navanethem Pillay (South Africa) At the same meeting the President drew the Ms. Indira Rana (Nepal) attention of the Council to a draft resolution prepared in the course of the Council’s prior consultations. 64 The Mr. William Sekule (United Republic of Tanzania) draft resolution was then put to the vote and adopted Mr. Tilahun Teshome (Ethiopia) unanimously as resolution 1241 (1999), which reads: Mr. Lloyd George Williams (Jamaica and St. Kitts and The Security Council , Nevis) Taking note of the letter dated 17 May 1999 from the Secretary-General to the President of the Security Council, to Decision of 19 May 1999 (4006th meeting): which he attached a letter to him dated 14 May 1999 from the resolution 1241 (1999) President of the International Tribunal for Rwanda, By a letter dated 17 May 1999 addressed to the Endorses the recommendation of the Secretary-General President of the Security Council, the that Judge Aspegren, once replaced as a member of the Tribunal, Secretary-General 63 requested an extension of the term finish the Rutaganda and Musema cases which he has begun of office of a non-elected judge of the Tribunal in order before expiry of his term of office, and takes note of the to allow him to dispose of two ongoing cases. In view intention of the Tribunal to finish these cases if possible before 31 January 2000. __________________ __________________ 63 S/1999/566. 64 S/1999/576. 6. The situation in Burundi Decision of 5 January 1996 (3616th meeting): the Red Cross (ICRC), the World Food Programme statement by the President (WFP) and most non-governmental organizations to curtail or suspend their activities following a spate of By a letter dated 29 December 1995 addressed to violent attacks against their personnel and assets. the President of the Security Council, 1 the Secretary- Furthermore, Burundi’s borders with Zaire and the General shared his deep concern about the persistence United Republic of Tanzania had remained closed for of violence and the further escalation of human rights several days. In the existing circumstances, he felt that violations. According to his report, Burundi was the there was a real danger of the situation in Burundi scene of a smouldering civil war. The situation had degenerating to the point where it might explode into continued to deteriorate since May 1995 and was ethnic violence on a massive scale. He recalled the characterized by daily killings, massacres, torture and proposals he had made in his report on 11 October arbitrary detention. The deteriorating situation was 1994. 2 He suggested the maintenance in Zaire, subject underscored by recent decisions of international to the agreement of the Government, of a military organizations including the International Committee of __________________ __________________ 2 S/1994/1152. 1 S/1995/1068. 09-25533 397 Repertoire of the Practice of the Security Council presence capable of intervening rapidly in the event of established pursuant to its resolution 1012 (1995) of 28 August a sudden deterioration of the situation in Burundi, a 1995 and undertakes to study carefully the letter from the preventive measure that could help to avoid a Secretary-General dated 3 January 1996 containing an interim report on that work. repetition of the tragic events in Rwanda. He informed the Council that he had asked the United Nations High The Council is gravely concerned at recent attacks on Commissioner for Refugees to travel immediately to personnel of international humanitarian organizations, which Bujumbura as his personal envoy in order to discuss have led to the suspension of essential assistance to refugees and displaced persons and to the temporary withdrawal of with the government authorities, at the highest level, international personnel. The Council welcomes the decision of the steps that might be taken on an urgent basis to defuse Secretary-General to ask the United Nations High Commissioner the situation and enable international organizations to for Refugees to visit Burundi to discuss with the Burundian function effectively. authorities steps that might be taken to defuse the situation. It underlines the fact that the authorities in Burundi are responsible At its 3616th meeting, held on 5 January 1996 in for the security of personnel of international humanitarian accordance with the understanding reached in its prior organizations and of the refugees and displaced persons there and consultations, the Security Council included the letter calls upon the Government of Burundi to provide adequate in its agenda. Following the adoption of the agenda, the security to food convoys and humanitarian personnel. President (United Kingdom), with the consent of the The Council welcomes the assumption of his functions by Council, invited the representative of Burundi, at his the new Special Representative of the Secretary-General for request, to participate in the discussion without the Burundi and calls upon all concerned to support his efforts. It right to vote. commends the work of the Office of the Special Representative in seeking to promote dialogue and national reconciliation in At the same meeting the President drew the Burundi, as well as the role played there by the Organization of attention of the Council to a letter dated 3 January African Unity. It welcomes the decision of the Organization of African Unity in Addis Ababa on 19 December 1995 to extend 1996 addressed to the President of the Security Council the mandate of its mission in Burundi for another three months from the Secretary-General pursuant to resolution 1012 and to strengthen the civilian component of the mission. The (1995), providing an interim report on the work of the Council also welcomes the outcome of the Cairo conference of International Commission of Inquiry in Burundi. 3 heads of State of the Great Lakes region held on 28 and 29 November 1995, supports the work of the facilitators appointed At the same meeting, the President made the by the conference and emphasizes once again the importance it following statement on behalf of the Council: 4 attaches to all States acting in accordance with the recommendations contained in the Cairo Declaration, as well as The Security Council has considered the letter dated those adopted at the Regional Conference on Assistance to 29 December 1995 from the Secretary-General to the President Refugees, Returnees and Displaced Persons in the Great Lakes of the Council on developments in Burundi. The Council shares Region, held at Bujumbura from 15 to 17 February 1995. It the deep concern of the Secretary-General about the situation in stresses the importance of continued attention by the international community as a whole to the situation in Burundi Burundi, which has been characterized by daily killings, and encourages Member States to intensify contacts and visits. massacres, torture and arbitrary detention. It condemns in the strongest terms those persons responsible for such actions, The Council notes the proposals referred to in the letter which must cease immediately. It encourages all States to take from the Secretary-General dated 29 December 1995. It will the measures deemed necessary to prevent such persons from consider these and other proposals he may submit in the light of travelling abroad and receiving any kind of support. It reiterates the reports of Mrs. Ogata’s mission and of his Special its profound concern about radio stations which incite hatred and Representative for Burundi. It also requests the Secretary- acts of genocide and encourages Member States and others General to consider what role United Nations personnel in the concerned to cooperate in the identification and dismantling of region and other support personnel might play in Burundi. them. The Council calls upon all concerned in Burundi to exercise maximum restraint and to refrain from all acts of The Council reaffirms its support for the Convention on violence. It reiterates that all who commit or authorize the Governance of 10 September 1994, which constitutes the commission of serious violations of international humanitarian institutional framework for national reconciliation in Burundi law are individually responsible for such violations and should and for the institutions of Government established in line with it. be held accountable. In this context, it stresses the importance it It calls once again upon all political parties, military forces and attaches to the work of the International Commission of Inquiry elements of civil society in Burundi fully to respect and __________________ implement the Convention on Governance and to give their continued
Recommended publications
  • The Study of Master Plan for Port Sector in the Republic of Burundi

    The Study of Master Plan for Port Sector in the Republic of Burundi

    Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Equipment Burundi The Study of Master Plan for Port Sector in the Republic of Burundi Final Report (Summary) September 2012 JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY PADECO Co., Ltd. Nippon Koei Co. Ltd. International Development Center of Japan Incorporated EI JR 12-189 Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Equipment Burundi The Study of Master Plan for Port Sector in the Republic of Burundi Final Report (Summary) September 2012 JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY PADECO Co. Ltd. Nippon Koei Co. Ltd. International Development Center of Japan Incorporated The Study of Master Plan for Port Sector in the Republic of Burundi Summary Contents Abbreviations and Acronyms ................................................................................................. v 1. Introduction....................................................................................................................... 1 2. Socio/Economic Developments in Burundi ....................................................................... 1 2.1 Trend in Socio/Economic Status............................................................................... 1 2.2 Current Plans for Economic Development ................................................................ 2 3. Current Status of Port Sector of Burundi......................................................................... 3 3.1 Bujumbura Port ....................................................................................................... 3 3.2 Rumonge Port .........................................................................................................
  • Business Ethics As Field of Training, Teaching and Research in Francophone Africa

    Business Ethics As Field of Training, Teaching and Research in Francophone Africa

    Faculty of Arts and Humanities, Original Business Ethics as field of training, teaching and Article research in Francophone Africa Liboire Kagabo Department of African Languages and Literature, University of Burundi, Burundi ABSTRACT This article has been written within the framework of the Global Survey of Business Ethics 2010. It is seemingly the first attempt to investigate Business Ethics as academic field in Francophone Africa. After a discussion of methodological considerations, the article provides an overview of how Business Ethics is distributed in Francophone Africa. Even though, it is not well established in that part of Africa, some interesting data have been found in some countries like Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ivory Coast, Rwanda and Senegal. Business Ethics has been investigated in three areas: teaching, training and research. In Francophone Africa, teaching Business Ethics does not seem to be a reality in traditional faculties of Economics, Management or Commerce. Training in Business Ethics, however, is a reality in Francophone Africa, notably with the non-governmental organizations that deal with political and economic governance, development, and women and gender issues. Research on Business Ethics can be found in journals, bulletins, consultancy reports, university term papers, seminars and colloquia as well as in books. Key words: Business Ethics, Teaching, Training, Research, Francophone Africa INTRODUCTION Madagascar. For the purpose of the survey some French speaking countries in West For the purpose of the Global Survey of Africa, namely Cameroun, Tchad, Niger, Business Ethics 2010, the world was divided Benin and Togo was however included in into nine world regions, one of which was the the West African region.
  • Burundi-SCD-Final-06212018.Pdf

    Burundi-SCD-Final-06212018.Pdf

    Document of The World Bank Report No. 122549-BI Public Disclosure Authorized REPUBLIC OF BURUNDI ADDRESSING FRAGILITY AND DEMOGRAPHIC CHALLENGES TO REDUCE POVERTY AND BOOST SUSTAINABLE GROWTH Public Disclosure Authorized SYSTEMATIC COUNTRY DIAGNOSTIC June 15, 2018 Public Disclosure Authorized International Development Association Country Department AFCW3 Africa Region International Finance Corporation (IFC) Sub-Saharan Africa Department Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) Sub-Saharan Africa Department Public Disclosure Authorized BURUNDI - GOVERNMENT FISCAL YEAR January 1 – December 31 CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (Exchange Rate Effective as of December 2016) Currency Unit = Burundi Franc (BIF) US$1.00 = BIF 1,677 ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ACLED Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project AfDB African Development Bank BMM Burundi Musangati Mining CE Cereal Equivalent CFSVA Comprehensive Food Security and Vulnerability Assessment CNDD-FDD Conseil National Pour la Défense de la Démocratie-Forces pour la Défense de la Démocratie (National Council for the Defense of Democracy-Forces for the Defense of Democracy) CPI Consumer Price Index CPIA Country Policy and Institutional Assessment DHS Demographic and Health Survey EAC East African Community ECVMB Enquête sur les Conditions de Vie des Menages au Burundi (Survey on Household Living Conditions in Burundi) ENAB Enquête Nationale Agricole du Burundi (National Agricultural Survey of Burundi) FCS Fragile and conflict-affected situations FDI Foreign Direct Investment FNL Forces Nationales
  • Burundi: Administrative Map May 2015

    Burundi: Administrative Map May 2015

    Burundi: Administrative Map May 2015 Kalehe Muhanga Rwamagana Nguzi Gishyita Kamonyi Karagwe Idjwi Karongi Muleba Ruhango EST Ngoma Birenga Kalehe Bugesera Kirehe Sengerema RWANDA MWANZA Cyesha Nyanza Nyanza Nyamasheke OUEST Nyamagabe SUD Nyamahale Kabare Kabare Kirehe Ngara Cyangugu Shabunda Bukavu Huye Rusizi KIRUNDO Butare Nyango Walungu Kibeho Gisagara Kirundo Nyabugombe Biharamulo NgaraKAGERA Itari Nyaruguru Walungu Biharamulo MUYINGA Keza Nyakahura CIBITOKE NGOZI Muyinga Geita Cibitoke Kayanza Ngozi Mu Rusagamba Nyaruonga Chato Mwenga KAYANZA Karuzi Bubanza Nyantwiga Ruamagaza LEGEND BUBANZA KARUZI CANKUZO International boundary Uvira Cakuzo MURAMVYA Kakonko 1st admin boundary Kakonko BUJUMBURA Muramvya 2nd admin boundaryMbogwe SUD-KIVU Musasa Undetermined boundary Mwenga MAIRIE BURUNDI Major road Uvira Bujumbura Gitega RUYIGI Main river Ruyigi GEITA DEMOCRATIC MWARO GITEGA Mugunzu Ocean / lake BUJUMBURA Major town REPUBLIC OF RURAL Kibondo Airport/ Airstrip THE CONGO Kasana Bukombe Shabunda Kasulu BURURI Bururi RUTANA Rutana UNITED REPUBLIC Kahama OF TANZANIA SHINYANGA Kibondo Nyange Main Map 1:1,180,000 KIGOMA MAKAMBAMakamba Makere Fizi Fizi Lake Kasulu Date: May 2015 Mbirira Sources: Boundaries (ESRI/OCHA), Tanganyika roads (ESRI), settlements (OCHA), Buhigwe rivers and lakes (ESRI) Kaliua MANIEMA Munyegera Feedback: Manyovu Mugombe [email protected] Kabambare www.unocha.org/eastern-africa www.reliefweb.intTABORA The boundaries and names shown and the Kigoma Kasulu Township Authority designations used on this map do not Uyowaimply Mgende official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. .
  • HIV DR in CENTRAL AFRICA

    HIV DR in CENTRAL AFRICA

    WHO HIVRESNET STEERING COMMITTEE MEETING, November 10–12, 2009, Geneva, Switzerland HIV DR in CENTRAL AFRICA Pr Belabbes Intercountry Support Team Central Africa COUNTRIES COVERED BY THE INTERCOUNTRY SUPPORT TEAM / CENTRAL AFRICA Angola Burundi Cameroon Central African Republic Chad Congo Democratic Republic of Congo Equatorial Guinea Gabon Rwanda Sao Tome & Principe HIV PREVALENCE AMONG THE POPULATION Legend Generalized epidemic in 10 <1% countries /11 1-5% >5% Excepted Sao Tome& Principe nd HIV PREVALENCE AMONG PREGNANT WOMEN Legend <1% 1-5% >5% nd PATIENTS UNDER ART 2005-2008 70000 2005 2006 2007 2008 60000 50000 40000 30000 20000 10000 0 Angola Burundi Cameroon Congo Equatorial Gabon CAR DRC Rwanda Sao Tome Guinea Source of data Towards universal access: scaling up priority HIV/AIDS interventions in the health sector. WHO, UNAIDS,UNICEF;September 2009. Training on HIVDR Protocols ANGOLA BURUNDI CAMEROON CENTRAL AFRICA REPUBLIC CHAD CONGO DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC CONGO EQUATORIAL GUINEA GABON RWANDA SAO TOME&PRINCIPE Training on HIVDR Protocols Douala, Cameroon 27-29 April 2009 The opening ceremony Participants to the Training on HIVDR Protocols, Douala Cameroon 27-29 April 2009 ON SITE STRENGTHENING CAPACITIES OF THE TECHNICAL WORKING GROUPS ANGOLA BURUNDI CAMEROON CENTRAL AFRICA REPUBLIC CHAD EQUATORIAL GUINEA RWANDA TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE PROVIDED TO DEVELOP HIVDR PROTOCOLS ANGOLA BURUNDI CAMEROON CENTRAL AFRICA REPUBLIC CHAD EQUATORIAL GUINEA RWANDA EARLY WARNING INDICATORS BURUNDI : EWI abstraction in 19 sites (October) using paper-based.
  • Researching Education Outcomes in Burundi, Malawi, Senegal and Uganda: Using Participatory Tools and Collaborative Approaches

    Researching Education Outcomes in Burundi, Malawi, Senegal and Uganda: Using Participatory Tools and Collaborative Approaches

    Researching education outcomes in Burundi, Malawi, Senegal and Uganda: using participatory tools and collaborative approaches Dr. Karen Edge Akanksha A. Marphatia Elise Legault David Archer The Improving Learning Outcomes in Primary Schools (ILOPS) Project | Project methodology Funding: The William and Flora Hewlett Foundation in partnership with the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation May 2010 © Institute of Education and ActionAid Table of Contents Section Page Executive summary 6 Context 8 Section 1 Current knowledge 11 Current knowledge on participatory approaches involving stakeholders to address children's learning 11 Implications of literature review on the ILOPS collaborative approach 11 Section 2 Building ILOPS partnerships 12 Recruiting the international, national and local researchers 12 The constituencies involved in multi-stakeholder research teams 13 Strategies for coordinating national-level team involvement 15 Section 3 Designing the ILOPS research framework 17 Pre-workshop activities and agenda setting 17 Workshop 1 – the Sesse cross-country research design workshop 18 Mapping expertise: what makes a good research team? 20 Developing the ILOPS conceptual framework 22 Focusing the ILOPS research 23 Generating and testing interview instruments 24 Next steps 25 Section 4 In-country data collection, analysis and validation process 26 Research process 26 In-country data analysis and validation workshops 27 Section 5 Cross-country findings 28 Workshop 2: Discussing cross-country findings 28 Section 6 Lessons learned on collaborative
  • Rumonge – Rutunga -Bujumbura Section

    Rumonge – Rutunga -Bujumbura Section

    Language: English Original: English PROJECT: MULTINATIONAL: TANZANIA –BURUNDI ROAD PROJECT. RAP summary RN3: RUMONGE – RUTUNGA -BUJUMBURA SECTION COUNTRIES: TANZANIA-BURUNDI Team Leader: J. NDIKUMWAMI, Senior Transport Engineer, PICU.1/COBI Co-Team Leader: J. B AGUMA, PRINCIPAL Transport Economist, RDGE.4 P. KANYIMBO, Regional Integration Coordinator, RDGE0 Preparation Team E&S Team Members: P. HORUGAVYE, Chief socio-economist, RDGC4 /SNSC F. KAYIGAMBA, Environmental expert, Consultant SNSC E.B. KAHUBIRE, Social Development Officer, RDGE4 /SNSC Date: July 2018 Multinational Tanzania –Burundi road project. RAP summary Project Title: Rehabilitation of Bujumbura – Rumonge Road Section Country: Burundi Department: RDGE Division: RDGE 3 Project Category: 1 1. INTRODUCTION The Rumonge - Bujumbura road section is one of the EAC roads under the Multi-National Tanzania/Burundi: Nyakanazi-Kasulu-Manyovu/Rumonge-Rutunga-Bujumbura Road Project. The Project objective is to rehabilitate and upgrade the existing Rumonge–Bujumbura road (78km) section to bituminous that conform to East African Community standards with the aim of enhancing trade, transport and tourism in the East African Region as well as improving socioeconomic conditions for the population along Lake Tanganyika. The project is being implemented by EAC through Burundian Office of Roads (Office des Routes – OdR). OdR, under the Ministry of Transport, Public Works, and Equipment is the roads authority of Burundi. The importance of the project road lays on the fact that apart from linking Burundi with Tanzania, the road provides transportation route for agricultural and mining produce to and from the Great Lakes countries in particular the eastern DRC. The project shall ultimately improve life for the population along Lake Tanganyika, this road being a driver of the economy of the Great Lakes countries and Burundi in particular, along the Central Trade Corridor.
  • World Bank Document

    World Bank Document

    ReportNo. 8694-AFR Africa The Great LakesCorridor Study March, 1990 Public Disclosure Authorized InfrastructureDivision AfricaTechnical Department FOR OFFICIALUSE ONLY Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Docwnentof the Word Bank Thisdocument has a restricteddistribution and may be usedby recipients Public Disclosure Authorized only in the performanceof theirofficial duties.Its contentsmay not otherwise be disclosedwithout World Bankauthorization. GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND ABBREVIATIONS AMI Agence Maritime Internationale (Belgian-owned forwarding and clearing company) BELBASE Former Belgian concessions at Dar es Salaam and Kigoma B/L Bill of Lading BNR Banque Nationale du Rwanda CIF Cost, Insurance and Freight C/F Clearing and Forwarding CMB Coffee Marketing Board (Uganda) CORWACO Private Rwandese trucking company DSM Dar es Salaam ECA Economic Commission for Africa EEC European Economic Community ESA Equivalent Standard Axle FOB Free On Board F/E Foreign Exchange GVW Gross Vehicle Weight ICD Inland Clearance Depot KCHC Kenya Cargo Handling Company KPA Kenya Ports Authority KRC Kenya Railways Corporation L/C Letter of Credit Liberation War Overthrow of General Amin LLC Landlocked Country MAGERWA Rwandese warehousing company, joint public-private venture NCTA Northern Corridor Transit Agreement NRM National Resistance Movement ODA Overseas Development Administration (UK) OTRABU Burundian parastatal trucking company O/D Origin/Destination POL Petroleum, Oils and Lubricants PTA Preferential Trade Area RCTD Road Customs Transit Declaration SOCABU Burundian parastatal insurance company STIR Rwandese parastatal trucking company TC Transit Country THA Tanzania Harbors Authority Transocean Ugandan parastatal clearing and forwarding authority TRC Tanzania Railways Corporation URC Uganda Railways Corporation ZBR Zaire, Burundi and Rwanda THE GREAT IA S CORRIDR STUDY Table of Contents EXECUTIVE ',UMHARY .
  • The Burundi Peace Process

    The Burundi Peace Process

    ISS MONOGRAPH 171 ISS Head Offi ce Block D, Brooklyn Court 361 Veale Street New Muckleneuk, Pretoria, South Africa Tel: +27 12 346-9500 Fax: +27 12 346-9570 E-mail: [email protected] Th e Burundi ISS Addis Ababa Offi ce 1st Floor, Ki-Ab Building Alexander Pushkin Street PEACE CONDITIONAL TO CIVIL WAR FROM PROCESS: THE BURUNDI PEACE Peace Process Pushkin Square, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Th is monograph focuses on the role peacekeeping Tel: +251 11 372-1154/5/6 Fax: +251 11 372-5954 missions played in the Burundi peace process and E-mail: [email protected] From civil war to conditional peace in ensuring that agreements signed by parties to ISS Cape Town Offi ce the confl ict were adhered to and implemented. 2nd Floor, Armoury Building, Buchanan Square An AU peace mission followed by a UN 160 Sir Lowry Road, Woodstock, South Africa Tel: +27 21 461-7211 Fax: +27 21 461-7213 mission replaced the initial SA Protection Force. E-mail: [email protected] Because of the non-completion of the peace ISS Nairobi Offi ce process and the return of the PALIPEHUTU- Braeside Gardens, Off Muthangari Road FNL to Burundi, the UN Security Council Lavington, Nairobi, Kenya Tel: +254 20 386-1625 Fax: +254 20 386-1639 approved the redeployment of an AU mission to E-mail: [email protected] oversee the completion of the demobilisation of ISS Pretoria Offi ce these rebel forces by December 2008. Block C, Brooklyn Court C On 18 April 2009, at a ceremony to mark the 361 Veale Street ON beginning of the demobilisation of thousands New Muckleneuk, Pretoria, South Africa DI Tel: +27 12 346-9500 Fax: +27 12 460-0998 TI of PALIPEHUTU-FNL combatants, Agathon E-mail: [email protected] ON Rwasa, leader of PALIPEHUTU-FNL, gave up AL www.issafrica.org P his AK-47 and military uniform.
  • Land Reform in Burundi: Waiting for Change After Twenty Years of Fruitless Debate

    Land Reform in Burundi: Waiting for Change After Twenty Years of Fruitless Debate

    Dominik Kohlhagen [email protected] Land reform in Burundi: Waiting for change after twenty years of fruitless debate INTRODUCTION Burundi is a landlocked country in East Africa, neighboring Rwanda, Tanzania and the Democratic Republic of Congo. With its 8,5 million inhabitants living on 28,000 square kilometres, it is comparable in size and inhabitants to Belgium or Catalonia. In Africa, it is the second most densely populated country after Rwanda. Its economy heavily depends on the agricultural sector and relies to a large extent on subsistence farming. Since independence from Belgium in 1962, Burundi has experienced several outbreaks of violence. Important interethnic massacres occurred in 1965, 1969, 1972, 1988 and 1991. Between 1993 and 2005, a civil war has caused hundreds of thousands of deaths. At all these occasions, people were displaced or had to seek refuge in neighboring countries, leaving behind their land and livestock. Following a relative political and military stabilization, many refugees have recently returned to Burundi and are now trying to recover their land. Demands for land or compensation by returning refugees are currently adding to many other problems caused by land scarcity and inappropriate land laws. The current land code of Burundi, which was promulgated only in 1986, is mainly a compilation of former colonial laws and retained most of the shortcomings of preceding texts. Under the 1986 code, the country saw a significant increase in land conflicts and many illegal land allocations. A reform of the land code has been discussed by government officials and international donors since the 1990s. But up to now, all these discussions proved fruitless.
  • African Elections in 2015: a Snapshot for Côte D'ivoire, Tanzania, Burkina

    African Elections in 2015: a Snapshot for Côte D'ivoire, Tanzania, Burkina

    AFRICAN ELECTIONS IN 2015: A SNAPSHOT FOR CÔTE D’IVOIRE, TANZANIA, BURKINA FASO AND SUDAN John Mukum Mbaku, Nonresident Senior Fellow, Africa Growth Initiative INTRODUCTION democratic constitution making to provide each country with institutional arrangements In 2015, many countries in Africa—including that guarantee the rule of law—where the the Burkina Faso, Burundi, Chad, Egypt, latter exists, the law is supreme; a majority of Ethiopia, Guinea, Libya, Mauritius, Niger, the citizens voluntarily accept and respect the South Sudan, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo and law; there is judicial independence; the law is Zambia—will conduct presidential and/or not administered arbitrarily or capriciously but legislative elections. Most of these countries citizens are able to expect predictable results; have struggled with transition to democracy at there is protection of human rights, including least since the mid-1980s, and some of them those of minority ethnic and religious groups; much more recently. The 2015 elections, then, and governments operate in an open and for some, could be turning points for embrac- transparent manner. ing democracy more closely, and, for others, for significantly deepening and institutional- Openness and transparency are very important izing democracy and emerging as democratic for governance in Africa. Making certain that strongholds on the continent. public policies are designed and implemented in an open and transparent manner not only re- The failure to manage ethnic and religious di- duces corruption but also improves the chanc- versity and provide institutional structures that es that these policies will reflect the values, enhance peaceful coexistence, national inte- interests and aspirations of the country’s rele- gration and nation-building, remains one of vant stakeholders.
  • Burundi's Constitution of 2005

    Burundi's Constitution of 2005

    PDF generated: 26 Aug 2021, 16:21 constituteproject.org Burundi's Constitution of 2005 Historical This complete constitution has been generated from excerpts of texts from the repository of the Comparative Constitutions Project, and distributed on constituteproject.org. constituteproject.org PDF generated: 26 Aug 2021, 16:21 Table of contents Preamble . 4 TITLE I: Of THE STATE AND THE SOVEREIGNTY OF THE PEOPLE . 5 1. Of the General Principles . 5 2. OF THE FUNDAMENTAL VALUES . 6 TITLE II: OF THE CHARTER OF THE FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND CITIZEN . 7 1. OF THE FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND THE CITIZEN . 7 2. Of the Fundamental Responsibilities of the Individual and the Citizen . 12 TITLE III: OF THE SYSTEM OF THE POLITICAL PARTIES . 14 TITLE IV: OF ELECTIONS . 16 TITLE V: OF THE EXECUTIVE POWER . 17 1. Of the President of the Republic . 17 2. Of the Vice Presidents of the Republic . 22 3. Of Government . 23 Title VI: Of the Legislative Power . 26 1. The Provisions Common to the National Assembly and Senate . 26 2. Of the National Assembly . 30 3. Of the Senate . 33 4. Of the Procedure of Adopting New Law . 36 TITLE VII: OF THE RELATIONS BETWEEN THE EXECUTIVE AND THE LEGISLATIVE . 37 TITLE VIII: OF THE JUDICIAL POWER . 40 1. Of the Superior Council of the Magistracy . 40 2. Of the Supreme Court . 42 3. Of the Constitutional Court . 42 4. OF THE HIGH COURT OF JUSTICE . 44 TITLE IX: OF THE OMBUDSMAN . 45 TITLE X: OF DEFENSE AND OF SECURITY . 45 TITLE XI: OF THE LOCAL COLLECTIVITIES .