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THE BLUE AND WHITE Vol. VII, No.V May 2001 Columbia University in the City oj New York THE ART OF VOYEURISM by Archibald Montgomery, 111 &- Sebastian Coronado CAVEAT EQUIPMENTOR A NEW KIND OF WATERING HOLE by B. Biddy Rumfold by Mephiscotcheles CONTENTS. Columns I33 I ntroduction J39 T o l d B e t w e e n P u f f s 140 B l u e J 144 B o o z e H u m a n i t i e s 148 C u r io C o l u m b ia n a !54 L e c t u r e N o t e s 160 C a m p u s G o s s i p Features i34 Thomas Hunt Morgan i37 Caveat Equipmentor 142, S afire Satire 143 Mai 146 A Room With a View H 7 To Catch a Peek i49 In Exile !5° That Useless Time Machine 1 5 * Understanding Lerner Hall 156 News From the West Bank 149 Housing Lottery $ On the Cover: “Rite of Spring” by Clare H. Ridley. <9 T ypographical N o t e The text of The Blue and White is set in Bodoni ''a Old Face, which was revived by Gunter Gerhard Lange based on original designs by Giambattista Bodoni of Parma (active 1765-1813). The display faces are Weiss and Cantoria. THE BLUE AND WHITE V o l. V II New York, May 2001 No. V THE BLUE AND WHITE N A MATTER of days, the next volume of our lives will open. Or Editor-in-Chief rather this one will close. We RICHARD J. MAMMANA, JR. C’02 find ourselves finishing the year Publisher frantically, rushing to complete papers and DAVID V. SACK, C’02 exams, to return books, pay fines and endure Managing Editor swimming tests. In between, we try to take off DANIEL S. IMMERWAHR, C’02 as much of our clothing as possible, whether Senior Editors on the Steps or in the safety of our singles, KEVIN Y. KIM, C’01 doubles and triples. After all, clothing is a MATTHEW RASCOFF, C’01 hindrance, and homework is a fire hazard, B. D. LETZLER, C’02 even in fire-proof Columbia dorms. C. ALEXANDER LONDON C’02 Rest will come soon. Editors When it does, curl up with this issue on the HILARY E. FELDSTEIN, C’01 lawn. Bask in the sun, and look back fondly on ANGHARAD L. COATES, C’02 (Conversations) a semester well finished—and if not w ell CLARE H. RIDLEY C’02 (Graphics) ADAM J. VALENSTEIN, C’02 (Literary) finished, at least finished. Let The B&W, EMILY E. VOIGT, C’02 Calgon-like, take you away to grassy Van Am MARIEL L. WOLFSON, C’02 Quad or that funny little concrete bunker D. JEFF SOULES, C’03 (Webmaster) hangout around the comer from St. Paul’s. AINSLEY H. ROSS, B’04 (Layout) Breathe in the (cleaner) air of wherever Overseas Correspondents you happen to be and welcome the amuse JEREMY A. FALK, C’02 (Paris) ment, mirth, reflection and delight of the ARIEL MEYERSTEIN, C’02 (TelA viv) pages hereafter. Contributors Those of us who leave the City for the EMILY S. CLARK, C’01 summer will be delivered from visits to Lemer JONATHAN M. FOX, C’02 Hall, but we can only comprehend the magni NICOLE KAUFMAN B’02 tude of this salvation after reading D.S. ALEX ANGERT, C’03 Immerwahr’s “Understanding Lerner.” A guest TOM P. MOSHER, C’03 appearance by William Safire of New York ANAND VENKATESAN C’03 Times fame graces our pages this issue as well. MICHAEL S. PAULSON C’04 The return of Booze Humanities, now written ACHILLE C VARZI, PH.D. by Mephiscotcheles, makes for a promising Artists new column in The B&IV, too. CLARE H. RIDLEY, C’02 Fitting it is that a volume of The Blue and CHRISTIAN W. BROWNRIGG C’04 White should close with the year. The maga MISCHA BYRUCK, C’04 zine has enjoyed a delightful year as a quasi PAUL HEYER, C’04 monthly voyeur on life at Columbia, and looks CRAIG HOLLANDER, C’04 forward to many more semesters of peeping in ADAM WOLKOFF, C’04 perpetuity. The B&W invites contributions of original work from We love you! (Yes, we were the ones the Columbia community and welcomes letters from who sent you anonymous notes from readers. Articles represent the opinions of their www.12DateMe.com). # authors. Email: [email protected] May 2001 133 Thomas Hunt Morgan: Genes, Chromosomes, &■ the Origins of Modern Biology by Eric R. Kandel hen future historians turn to examine University for work on the development of sea Wthe major intellectual accomplishments spiders, a specialized group of invertebrate of the twentieth century, they will undoubted animals, and in 1891 he accepted a teaching ly give a special place to the extraordinary post at Bryn Mawr College. achievements in biology, achievements that In 1904 Columbia University announced the have revolutionized our understanding of life’s establishment of a new chair in experimental processes and of disease. Important intimations zoology and offered it to Morgan. Arriving on of what was to happen in biology were already campus, he came under the influence of his apparent in the second half of the nineteenth long-term friend and colleague, the zoology century. Darwin had delineated the evolution of department’s chairman, Edwin Wilson, one of animal species, Mendel had discovered some the eminent cytologists of his time and a basic rules about inheritance, and Weissman, founder of the field of cell biology. Wilson Roux, Driesch, de Vries, and other embryolo convinced Morgan that the key to understanding gists were beginning to decipher how an development—how one cell, the egg, gives rise organism develops from a single cell. What was to the animal—is to understand heredity, since lacking at the end of the nineteenth century, it provides the means by which the egg and the however, was an overarching sense of how sperm carry the properties of individuals from these bold advances were related to one another. one generation to another. Later findings The insight that unified these three fields— proved Wilson correct. heredity, evolution, and development—and The modern concepts of heredity and the set biology on the course toward its current existence of alternative (allelic) forms of genes success came only at the beginning of the had been discovered in 1865 by Gregor twendeth century. It derived from the discovery Mendel, a teacher and monk of the that the gene, localized to specific positions Augustinian monastery in Brno, then part of the on the chromosome, was at once the unit of Austro-Hungarian empire. Mendel carried out Mendelian heredity, the driving force for breeding experiments with plants, especially Darwinian evolution, and the control switch garden peas, and identified hereditary traits in for development. This remarkable discovery them. These traits, later called factors, were can be traced directly to one person and to found by Mendel to account for such features one institution: Thomas Hunt Morgan and as whether peas were wrinkled or smooth and Columbia University. Much as Darwin’s for the differences between dominant and insights into the evolution of animal species recessive alleles (copies of a gene found on first gave coherence to nineteenth-century each pair of chromosomes). He did not know, biology as a descriptive science, Morgan’s however, where these traits were located or findings about genes and their location on what they were. Mendel’s findings were chromosomes helped transform biology into published in the Proceedings of the Natural an experimental science. Science Society of Brno in 1866, only to be ignored until the turn of the century. His work Morgan and the Mechanisms o f was rediscovered in 1900, just before Morgan Mendelian Heredity arrived at Columbia. Thomas Hunt Morgan was born in Kentucky In taking up his own inquiries, Morgan in 1866 to a distinguished southern family turned from Mendel’s plants to the study of whose members included Francis Scott Key. animals, but soon found that the rats and mice Morgan was trained as a developmental biologist, he was using reproduced so slowly as to be receiving his Ph.D. in 1890 from Johns Hopkins m T he B lue and W h ite impractical for studying heredity. His search white eyes—allowed him to begin addressing for a more suitable organism led him to some key questions in heredity: How did this Drosophila melanogaster, known as the fruit fly white eye color originate? What determines because it feeds on decaying fruit. Drosophila eye color? is small, about 3 mm long, and easy to raise in As the next step, Morgan bred this white the laboratory-a thousand can be collected in eyed (mutant) male to a red-eyed (wild-type) a one-quart glass milk bottle. Moreover, it is virgin sister and found that white-colored eyes fertile all year long and very prolific, are inherited in a special way. In the first producing a new generation every twelve generation of brother-sister mating, labeled days, or thirty generations per year. Not only FI, there were only red-eyed offsprings, are male and female offspring easy to suggesting that red eye color is dominant and distinguish, but embryonic development that white eye color is recessive. To prove this occurs outside the body, making it a simple idea Morgan carried out brother-sister matings matter to study the effects of mutations on with the next generation (F2) and found that development.