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Evaluating the Navigation Potential of the National Television System Committee Broadcast Signal

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Evaluating the Navigation Potential of the National Television System Committee Broadcast Signal Air Force Institute of Technology AFIT Scholar Theses and Dissertations Student Graduate Works 3-12-2004 Evaluating the Navigation Potential of the National Television System Committee Broadcast Signal Ryan J. Eggert Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.afit.edu/etd Part of the Electrical and Electronics Commons Recommended Citation Eggert, Ryan J., "Evaluating the Navigation Potential of the National Television System Committee Broadcast Signal" (2004). Theses and Dissertations. 4039. https://scholar.afit.edu/etd/4039 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Graduate Works at AFIT Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of AFIT Scholar. For more information, please contact [email protected]. AFIT/GE/ENG/04-08 EVALUATING THE NAVIGATION POTENTIAL OF THE NATIONAL TELEVISION SYSTEM COMMITTEE BROADCAST SIGNAL THESIS Ryan J. Eggert Second Lieutenant, USAF AFIT/GE/ENG/04-08 DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE AIR UNIVERSITY AIR FORCE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE; DISTRIBUTION UNLIMITED. The views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not reflect the o±cial policy or position of the United States Air Force, Department of Defense, or U.S. Government. AFIT/GE/ENG/04-08 EVALUATING THE NAVIGATION POTENTIAL OF THE NATIONAL TELEVISION SYSTEM COMMITTEE BROADCAST SIGNAL THESIS Presented to the Faculty Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Graduate School of Engineering and Management Air Force Institute of Technology Air University Air Education and Training Command In Partial Ful¯llment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Electrical Engineering Ryan J. Eggert, B.S.E.E. Second Lieutenant, USAF March, 2004 APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE; DISTRIBUTION UNLIMITED. AFIT/GE/ENG/04-08 EVALUATING THE NAVIGATION POTENTIAL OF THE NATIONAL TELEVISION SYSTEM COMMITTEE BROADCAST SIGNAL Ryan J. Eggert, B.S.E.E. Second Lieutenant, USAF Approved: //SIGNED// 12 Mar 04 Dr. John F. Raquet Date Thesis Advisor //SIGNED// 12 Mar 04 Dr. Michael A. Temple Date Committee Member //SIGNED// 12 Mar 04 Dr. Meir Pachter Date Committee Member Acknowledgements First and foremost, I want to extend my thanks to everyone who has supported me and my e®orts during this thesis. Many of you will go unnamed individually, but your support is far from unappreciated. I extend my utmost gratitude and appreciation to my ¯anc¶ee.She has encour- aged and supported all of my e®orts, and I certainly would not have experienced the success I've had without that support. She has always found the ways to make everything seem possible. No words can ever do justice to what she deserves, but I hope she knows how much it all means to me. I also thank and cherish the support from all of my family. They too have stood by my side and provided all they could. A part of everything I am is, and will always be, because of you. I owe much thanks to my advisor, Dr. John Raquet. His insights and guidance were instrumental in the success of this research, despite the frustration that has seemed to follow our meetings (especially those recently during the writing). I certainly cannot exclude my fellow students, especially the guys from the lab: Jos¶e,Jonathan, and Jacque. Working together with each of you has provided some warm memories surrounding the past 18 months. I thank and value the guidance and insights from my thesis committee. I thank the United States Air Force for providing the time and ¯nancial re- sources of my educational experiences. Finally, I cannot exclude the two gent's who have been with me through it all. Together, we made sure none of us would falter. Never did we let each other lose sight of what was truly important, no matter how bad it got. So in case I've never stated it, thanks for everything. Ryan J. Eggert iv Table of Contents Page Acknowledgements . iv List of Figures . viii List of Tables . x Abstract . xi I. Introduction . 1-1 1.1 Background . 1-1 1.2 Problem De¯nition . 1-3 1.3 Assumptions . 1-5 1.3.1 Errors . 1-5 1.3.2 Secure Data Link . 1-8 1.3.3 Synchronization . 1-8 1.3.4 Coordinate Frame . 1-9 1.4 Related Research . 1-9 1.4.1 Other TDOA Systems . 1-9 1.4.2 Other Radiolocation Position Estimation Meth- ods........................ 1-11 1.4.3 Non-Radiolocation Position Estimation Systems 1-14 1.4.4 Other Navigation Systems Using Television Sig- nals . 1-15 1.5 Thesis Overview . 1-18 II. Background . 2-1 2.1 TDOA Positioning . 2-1 2.1.1 Range Estimation Using Synchronized Receivers 2-1 2.1.2 Developing the TDOA Measurement . 2-2 2.1.3 Position Estimation Using Unsynchronized Re- ceivers . 2-6 2.1.4 Accuracy of the Position Estimate . 2-8 2.2 NTSC Television Signal . 2-10 2.2.1 General Speci¯cations . 2-10 2.2.2 Frequency Spectrum . 2-11 2.2.3 NTSC Composite Video Signal . 2-11 2.3 Signal Detection . 2-18 2.3.1 Theoretical Development . 2-18 v Page 2.3.2 Detection of Corrupted Signals . 2-20 2.3.3 Correlation Properties of Random Signals . 2-21 2.4 Multipath . 2-28 2.4.1 Multipath Concepts . 2-28 2.4.2 Television Multipath E®ects . 2-31 2.5 Summary . 2-32 III. NTSC Signal Acquisition and Algorithm Development . 3-1 3.1 Hardware . 3-1 3.1.1 Signal Sources . 3-1 3.1.2 Analog-to-Digital Conversion . 3-5 3.1.3 Signal Acquisition . 3-5 3.2 Model Development . 3-7 3.2.1 Model Creation . 3-7 3.2.2 Validation . 3-9 3.3 Algorithm Development . 3-15 3.3.1 Correlation Waveform . 3-15 3.3.2 Cross-Correlation Dataflow Reduction . 3-21 3.4 Test Environments . 3-26 3.4.1 High Multipath Environment . 3-26 3.4.2 Low Multipath Environment . 3-29 3.5 Summary . 3-30 IV. TDOA Measurement Results and Analysis . 4-1 4.1 TDOA Measurement Analysis . 4-1 4.1.1 Zero Baseline . 4-1 4.1.2 High Multipath Environment Tests . 4-3 4.1.3 Low and High Multipath Environment Compar- isons . 4-14 4.1.4 Waveform Analysis . 4-20 4.2 TDOA Processing . 4-25 4.2.1 Processing the Perpendicular Field Data . 4-25 4.2.2 Accuracy of a Simulated Reception System . 4-28 4.2.3 Determining TDOA Measurement Accuracy Re- quirements . 4-31 4.3 Summary . 4-33 vi Page V. Conclusions and Recommendations . 5-1 5.1 Summary of Results . 5-1 5.2 Future Work . 5-2 5.2.1 System Development . 5-2 5.2.2 System Testing . 5-3 Appendix A. GPS Truth Coordinates . A-1 Appendix B. Low and High Multipath Environment TDOA Measure- ments and Truth Data . B-1 B.1 Low Multipath Environment . B-1 B.2 High Multipath Environment . B-1 Appendix C. NTSC Analytical Model Generation Code . C-1 Bibliography . BIB-1 vii List of Figures Figure Page 1.1. Transmitter Location Error Scenarios . 1-6 1.2. Reference Receiver Errors . 1-7 1.3. Locus of Possible Positions from Single Time-Di®erence Mea- surement in a Hyperbolic Navigation System . 1-10 1.4. AOA Position Estimate Technique . 1-13 2.1. TDOA Range Estimates . 2-3 2.2. TDOA System with Three Signal Sources . 2-3 2.3. NTSC Bandwidth Allocations . 2-12 2.4. NTSC Picture Line Structure . 2-13 2.5. Synchronization Pulse Structure . 2-15 2.6. Composite Video Signal . 2-17 2.7. Correlation Results of Theoretical Signals . 2-22 2.8. Correlation Results, SNR = 0 dB . 2-23 2.9. Correlation Results, SNR = -10 dB . 2-24 2.10. Correlation Results, SNR = -20 dB . 2-25 2.11. Linear Fit Peak Estimator . 2-26 2.12. Correlation Results, Random Signals . 2-29 2.13. Multipath Signal . 2-30 2.14. Multipath E®ects on the Correlation Peak . 2-31 3.1. Television Antenna . 3-3 3.2. Locally Fabricated Antenna . 3-4 3.3. Signal Acquisition Flowchart . 3-6 3.4. FIR Video Signal Filter . 3-9 3.5. Bandlimited Video Signal . 3-10 3.6. Comparison Between Sampled Frame 1 and Frame 2 Synchro- nization Pulses|DVD Video Encoder . 3-11 3.7. Comparison Between Sampled Frame 1 and Frame 2 Synchro- nization Pulses|VCR Video Encoder . 3-12 3.8. Timing Accuracy of the Analytical Model as Compared to the DVD Video Encoder . 3-14 3.9. Example of Hole Punching Waveform . 3-16 3.10. Waveform Development|Correlation Peak Analysis . 3-18 3.11. Zeroed Pulse Signal Detection . 3-19 3.12. Illustration of Correlation Peak Estimators . 3-21 3.13. Potential Ambiguities From Successive Synchronization Pulses 3-23 viii Figure Page 3.14. Probability Density of Discretization Error . 3-25 3.15. High Multipath Environment . 3-27 3.16. High Multipath Environment Test Diagram . 3-28 3.17. Low Multipath Environment . 3-29 4.1. Zero Baseline Test Setup . 4-2 4.2. Spin Test Rotational Position Indicators . 4-3 4.3. Short Translation Test Translational Position Indicators . 4-6 4.4. Indoor-Indoor Rabbit Ears Spin Test Repeatability . 4-11 4.5. Multipath Tests Summary . 4-13 4.6. Multipath Analysis{Field Signal Samples . 4-21 4.7. Multipath Analysis{Data set 2 . 4-23 4.8. Multipath Analysis{Data set 3 . 4-24 4.9.
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