The Black Dwarf ======A Machine-Readable Transcription
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Plasma Physics and Pulsars
Plasma Physics and Pulsars On the evolution of compact o bjects and plasma physics in weak and strong gravitational and electromagnetic fields by Anouk Ehreiser supervised by Axel Jessner, Maria Massi and Li Kejia as part of an internship at the Max Planck Institute for Radioastronomy, Bonn March 2010 2 This composition was written as part of two internships at the Max Planck Institute for Radioastronomy in April 2009 at the Radiotelescope in Effelsberg and in February/March 2010 at the Institute in Bonn. I am very grateful for the support, expertise and patience of Axel Jessner, Maria Massi and Li Kejia, who supervised my internship and introduced me to the basic concepts and the current research in the field. Contents I. Life-cycle of stars 1. Formation and inner structure 2. Gravitational collapse and supernova 3. Star remnants II. Properties of Compact Objects 1. White Dwarfs 2. Neutron Stars 3. Black Holes 4. Hypothetical Quark Stars 5. Relativistic Effects III. Plasma Physics 1. Essentials 2. Single Particle Motion in a magnetic field 3. Interaction of plasma flows with magnetic fields – the aurora as an example IV. Pulsars 1. The Discovery of Pulsars 2. Basic Features of Pulsar Signals 3. Theoretical models for the Pulsar Magnetosphere and Emission Mechanism 4. Towards a Dynamical Model of Pulsar Electrodynamics References 3 Plasma Physics and Pulsars I. The life-cycle of stars 1. Formation and inner structure Stars are formed in molecular clouds in the interstellar medium, which consist mostly of molecular hydrogen (primordial elements made a few minutes after the beginning of the universe) and dust. -
Beyond the Solar System Homework for Geology 8
DATE DUE: Name: Ms. Terry J. Boroughs Geology 8 Section: Beyond the Solar System Instructions: Read each question carefully before selecting the BEST answer. Use GEOLOGIC VOCABULARY where APPLICABLE! Provide concise, but detailed answers to essay and fill-in questions. Use an 882-e scantron for your multiple choice and true/false answers. Multiple Choice 1. Which one of the objects listed below has the largest size? A. Galactic clusters. B. Galaxies. C. Stars. D. Nebula. E. Planets. 2. Which one of the objects listed below has the smallest size? A. Galactic clusters. B. Galaxies. C. Stars. D. Nebula. E. Planets. 3. The Sun belongs to this class of stars. A. Black hole C. Black dwarf D. Main-sequence star B. Red giant E. White dwarf 4. The distance to nearby stars can be determined from: A. Fluorescence. D. Stellar parallax. B. Stellar mass. E. Emission nebulae. C. Stellar distances cannot be measured directly 5. Hubble's law states that galaxies are receding from us at a speed that is proportional to their: A. Distance. B. Orientation. C. Galactic position. D. Volume. E. Mass. 6. Our galaxy is called the A. Milky Way galaxy. D. Panorama galaxy. B. Orion galaxy. E. Pleiades galaxy. C. Great Galaxy in Andromeda. 7. The discovery that the universe appears to be expanding led to a widely accepted theory called A. The Big Bang Theory. C. Hubble's Law. D. Solar Nebular Theory B. The Doppler Effect. E. The Seyfert Theory. 8. One of the most common units used to express stellar distances is the A. -
A Star Is Born
A STAR IS BORN Overview: Students will research the four stages of the life cycle of a star then further research the ramifications of the stage of the sun on Earth. Objectives: The student will: • research, summarize and illustrate the proper sequence in the life cycle of a star; • share findings with peers; and • investigate Earth’s personal star, the sun, and what will eventually come of it. Targeted Alaska Grade Level Expectations: Science [9] SA1.1 The student demonstrates an understanding of the processes of science by asking questions, predicting, observing, describing, measuring, classifying, making generalizations, inferring, and communicating. [9] SD4.1 The student demonstrates an understanding of the theories regarding the origin and evolution of the universe by recognizing that a star changes over time. [10-11] SA1.1 The student demonstrates an understanding of the processes of science by asking questions, predicting, observing, describing, measuring, classifying, making generalizations, analyzing data, developing models, inferring, and communicating. [10] SD4.1 The student demonstrates an understanding of the theories regarding the origin and evolution of the universe by recognizing phenomena in the universe (i.e., black holes, nebula). [11] SD4.1 The student demonstrates an understanding of the theories regarding the origin and evolution of the universe by describing phenomena in the universe (i.e., black holes, nebula). Vocabulary: black dwarf – the celestial object that remains after a white dwarf has used up all of its -
Eg Phd, Mphil, Dclinpsychol
This thesis has been submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for a postgraduate degree (e.g. PhD, MPhil, DClinPsychol) at the University of Edinburgh. Please note the following terms and conditions of use: This work is protected by copyright and other intellectual property rights, which are retained by the thesis author, unless otherwise stated. A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the author. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author. When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given. Digging up the Kirkyard: Death, Readership and Nation in the Writings of the Blackwood’s Group 1817-1839. Sarah Sharp PhD in English Literature The University of Edinburgh 2015 2 I certify that this thesis has been composed by me, that the work is entirely my own, and that the work has not been submitted for any other degree or professional qualification except as specified. Sarah Sharp 3 Acknowledgements I would like to thank my supervisor Penny Fielding for her continued support and encouragement throughout this project. I am also grateful for the advice of my secondary supervisor Bob Irvine. I would like to acknowledge the generous support of the Wolfson Foundation for this project. Special thanks are due to my parents, Andrew and Kirsty Sharp, and to my primary sanity–checkers Mohamad Jahanfar and Phoebe Linton. -
Disfigurement and Disability: Walter Scott's Bodies Fiona Robertson Were I Conscious of Any Thing Peculiar in My Own Moral
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by St Mary's University Open Research Archive Disfigurement and Disability: Walter Scott’s Bodies Fiona Robertson Were I conscious of any thing peculiar in my own moral character which could render such development [a moral lesson] necessary or useful, I would as readily consent to it as I would bequeath my body to dissection if the operation could tend to point out the nature and the means of curing any peculiar malady.1 This essay considers conflicts of corporeality in Walter Scott’s works, critical reception, and cultural status, drawing on recent scholarship on the physical in the Romantic Period and on considerations of disability in modern and contemporary poetics. Although Scott scholarship has said little about the significance of disability as something reconfigured – or ‘disfigured’ – in his writings, there is an increasing interest in the importance of the body in Scott’s work. This essay offers new directions in interpretation and scholarship by opening up several distinct, though interrelated, aspects of the corporeal in Scott. It seeks to demonstrate how many areas of Scott’s writing – in poetry and prose, and in autobiography – and of Scott’s critical and cultural standing, from Lockhart’s biography to the custodianship of his library at Abbotsford, bear testimony to a legacy of disfigurement and substitution. In the ‘Memoirs’ he began at Ashestiel in April 1808, Scott described himself as having been, in late adolescence, ‘rather disfigured than disabled’ by his lameness.2 Begun at his rented house near Galashiels when he was 36, in the year in which he published his recursive poem Marmion and extended his already considerable fame as a poet, the Ashestiel ‘Memoirs’ were continued in 1810-11 (that is, still before the move to Abbotsford), were revised and augmented in 1826, and ten years later were made public as the first chapter of John Gibson Lockhart’s Memoirs of the Life of Sir Walter Scott, Bart. -
Equation of State of a Dense and Magnetized Fermion System Israel Portillo Vazquez University of Texas at El Paso, [email protected]
University of Texas at El Paso DigitalCommons@UTEP Open Access Theses & Dissertations 2011-01-01 Equation Of State Of A Dense And Magnetized Fermion System Israel Portillo Vazquez University of Texas at El Paso, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.utep.edu/open_etd Part of the Physics Commons Recommended Citation Portillo Vazquez, Israel, "Equation Of State Of A Dense And Magnetized Fermion System" (2011). Open Access Theses & Dissertations. 2365. https://digitalcommons.utep.edu/open_etd/2365 This is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UTEP. It has been accepted for inclusion in Open Access Theses & Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UTEP. For more information, please contact [email protected]. EQUATION OF STATE OF A DENSE AND MAGNETIZED FERMION SYSTEM ISRAEL PORTILLO VAZQUEZ Department of Physics APPROVED: Efrain J. Ferrer , Ph.D., Chair Vivian Incera, Ph.D. Mohamed A. Khamsi, Ph.D. Benjamin C. Flores, Ph.D. Acting Dean of the Graduate School Copyright © by Israel Portillo Vazquez 2011 EQUATION OF STATE OF A DENSE AND MAGNETIZED FERMION SYSTEM by ISRAEL PORTILLO VAZQUEZ, MS THESIS Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at El Paso in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Department of Physics THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT EL PASO August 2011 Acknowledgements First, I would like to acknowledge the advice and guidance of my mentor Dr. Efrain Ferrer. During the time I have been working with him, the way in which I think about nature has changed considerably. -
Extreme Stars White Dwarfs & Neutron Stars
Extreme Stars White Dwarfs & Neutron Stars White Dwarfs: • Remnants of low-mass stars • Supported by Electron Degeneracy Pressure • Maximum Mass ~1.4 Msun (Chandrasekhar Mass) Neutron Stars: • Remnants of some post-supernova massive stars • Supported by Neutron Degeneracy Pressure • Pulsar = rapidly spinning magnetized neutron star 1 When electron degeneracy becomes nearly relativistic, equation of state is “softer” and star gets smaller rapidly with mass The Stellar Graveyard Question: What happens to the cores of dead stars? Answer: They continue to collapse until either: • A new pressure law takes hold to halt further collapse & they settle into a new hydrostatic equilibrium. • If too massive they collapse to “a singularity” and become a Black Hole. All of these are seen as the remnants of stellar evolution. 7 Degenerate Gas Law At high density, a new gas law takes over: • Pack many electrons into a tiny volume • These electrons fill all low-energy states • Only high-energy = high-pressure states left Result is a "Degenerate Gas": • Pressure is independent of Temperature. • Compression does not lead to heating. This means that the objects could be very cold but still have enough pressure to maintain a state of Hydrostatic Equilibrium (BIG ROCKS!, well almost…) Can such objects exist? 8 White Dwarfs These are the remnant cores of stars with M < 8 Msun. • Supported against gravity by Electron Degeneracy Pressure • M<4 Msun: C-O White Dwarfs • M=4-8 Msun: O-Ne-Mg White Dwarfs Properties: • Mass < 1.4 Msun • Radius ~ Rearth (<0.02 Rsun) • Density ~ 105-6 g/cc • Escape Speed: 0.02c (2% speed of light) No nuclear fusion or gravitational contraction. -
Chapter 1: How the Sun Came to Be: Stellar Evolution
Chapter 1 SOLAR PHYSICS AND TERRESTRIAL EFFECTS 2+ 4= Chapter 1 How the Sun Came to Be: Stellar Evolution It was not until about 1600 that anyone speculated that the Sun and the stars were the same kind of objects. We now know that the Sun is one of about 100,000,000,000 (1011) stars in our own galaxy, the Milky Way, and that there are probably at least 1011 galaxies in the Universe. The Sun seems to be a very average, middle-aged star some 4.5 billion years old with our nearest neighbor star about 4 light-years away. Our own location in the galaxy is toward the outer edge, about 30,000 light-years from the galactic center. The solar system orbits the center of the galaxy with a period of about 200,000,000 years, an amount of time we may think of as a Sun-year. In its life so far, the Sun has made about 22 trips around the galaxy; like a 22-year old human, it is still in the prime of its life. Section 1.—The Protostar Current theories hold that about 5 billion years ago the Sun began to form from a huge dark cloud of dust and vapor that included the remnants of earlier stars which had exploded. Under the influence of gravity the cloud began to contract and rotate. The contraction rate near the center was greatest, and gradually a dense central core formed. As the rotation rate increased, due to conservation of angular momentum, the outer parts began to flatten. -
Proquest Dissertations
RICE UNIVERSITY Material Fictions: Readers and Textuality in the British Novel, 1814-1852 by Duncan Ingraham Haseli A THESIS SUBMITTED EM PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE Doctor of Philosophy AppRavæD, THESIS CPMMITTEE: Robert L. Patten, Lynette S. Autrey Professor in the Humanities, Director Helena Michie, Agnes Cullen Arnold Professor in the Humanities, Professor of and Chair, English Martin Wiener, Mary Gibbs Jones Professor, History HOUSTON, TEXAS JANUARY 2009 UMI Number: 3362239 Copyright 2009 by Hasell, Duncan Ingraham INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMI® UMI Microform 3362239 Copyright 2009 by ProQuest LLC All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 AnnArbor, Ml 48106-1346 Copyright Duncan Ingraham Hasell 2009 ABSTRACT Material Fictions: Readers and Textuality in the British Novel, 1814-1852 by Duncan Ingraham Hasell I argue in the first chapter that the British novel's material textuality, that is the physical features of the texts that carry semantic weight and the multiple forms in which texts are created and distributed, often challenges and subverts present conceptions of the cultural roles of the novel in the nineteenth century. -
Walter Scott: a Legend of Montrose ======A Machine-Readable Edition
Walter Scott: A Legend of Montrose ================================== a machine-readable edition version 1.1: 1995-09-14 ------------------------------------------------------------ <titlepage> A LEGEND OF MONTROSE BY SIR WALTER SCOTT, BART <series title> THE TALES OF MY LANDLORD A LEGEND OF MONTROSE <series epigraph> Hear, Land o' Cakes and brither Scots, From Maidenkirk to Johnny Groats, If there's a hole in a' your coats, I rede ye tent it; A chiel's amang you takin' notes, An' faith he'll prent it!---Burns Ahora bien, dijo el Cura; traedme, senor hu<e'>sped, aquesos libros, que los quiero ver. Que me place, respondi<o'> el; y entrando en su aposent, sac<o'> d<e'>l una maletilla vieja cerrada con una cadenilla, y abri<e'>ndola, hall<o'> en ella tres libros grandes y unos papeles de muy buena letra escritos de mano.---=Don Quixote,= Parte I. capitulo 32. <text> INTRODUCTION TO THE FIRST EDITION. Sergeant More M`Alpin was, during his residence among us, one of the most honoured inhabitants of Gandercleugh. No one thought of disputing his title to the great leathern chair on the ``cosiest side of the chimney,'' in the common room of the Wallace Arms, on a Saturday evening. No less would our sexton, John Duirward, have held it an unlicensed intrusion, to suffer any one to induct himself into the corner of the left-hand pew nearest to the pulpit, which the Sergeant regularly occupied on Sundays. There he sat, his blue invalid uniform brushed with the most scrupulous accuracy. Two medals of merit displayed at his buttonhole, as well as the empty sleeve which should have been occupied by his right arm, bore evidence of his hard and honourable service. -
The Sizes of the Stars
Chapter 8 The Sizes of the Stars The “Plough” in Ursa Major, photographed by Nik Szymanek Look up into the sky, and you will see the stars as tiny, twinkling points. The twinkling is due entirely to the Earth’s atmosphere; from space (or on the Moon) stars do not twinkle (scintillate) at all, and if you have the chance of seeing stars while you are travelling in a high-flying jet you will find that the twinkling is much less then it is at sea level. But with the naked eye, no star appears as anything but a dot. If you use a star as an obvious disk, you may be assured that there is something wrong. Almost certainly the telescope is out of focus. This being so, it takes an effort of the imagina- tion to appreciate that some of the stars are huge enough to contain the whole orbit of the Earth round the Sun – while admittedly others are so tiny that they could fit com- fortably into the ring road of a small city. For the last the programme of 2005 I was joined by Professors Richard Harrison and Lucy Green to say something about the Sun, the only star close enough to be examined in a great deal, and then by Drs John Mason and Barrie Jones, to discuss the sizes of the various types of stars. P. Moore, The Sky at Night, DOI 10.1007/978-1-4419-6409-0_8, 29 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2010 30 8 The Sizes of the Stars If no stars show obvious disks, then how do we measure their diameters? There are various methods. -
1. the Distances to the Most Remote Galaxies Can Be Determined Using
1. The distances to the most remote galaxies can be determined using: a) galactic parallax. b) spectroscopic parallax. c) proper motion. d) Cepheids. e) none of the above. 2. Generally stars that have low metallicities are considered to be: a) near the end of their lives. b) very young. c) very old. d) a, b, or c — it’s impossible to say. 3. The evidence for the small size of quasars comes from: a) the amount of energy they release. b) their distance from us. c) the rapidity of their luminosity changes. d) comparison with Cepheid variables. e) the magnitude of their redshift. 4. Which of the following stages will the Sun definitely go through as it gets older? a) red giant. b) source of a planetary nebula. c) white dwarf. d) black dwarf. e) all of the above. 5. A star whose temperature is increasing but whose luminosity is roughly constant moves in what direction on the H-R diagram? a) to the right. b) to the left. c) upwards. d) downwards. e) none of the above, the star doesn’t move on the H-R diagram. 6. Which type of galaxy is observed to contain mostly older stars? a) spiral b) elliptical c) dwarf elliptical d) irregular e) none of the above 7. What remains after a supernova? a) a main sequence star. b) a white dwarf. c) a neutron star. d) a black hole. e) either c) or d), depending on the mass of the star. 8. The Andromeda Galaxy (our nearest spiral neighbour) has spectral lines that show a blue shift.