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Mara Monograph.Pdf (5.501Mb) NILE BASIN INITIATIVE NILE EQUATORIAL LAKES SUBSIDIARY ACTION PROGRAM Mara River Basin Transboundary Integrated Water Resources Management and Development Project Mara River Basin Monograph Final Report Water Resources and Energy Management (WREM) International Inc. December 2008 WREM International Acknowledgements WREM International wishes to thank Joseph K. Terer, Manager of the Mara River Basin Project Management Unit (PMU), and Engineer Emmanuel Olet, NELSAP Program Officer for Water Resources Management, for their cooperation, responsive technical support, and commitment to the project success. We also wish to thank the members of the Regional Project Steering Committee for their project oversight and guidance. Ms. Katherine Kishiki, PMU Finance Officer, and Mr. Omari R. Mwinjaka, PMU Project Officer, provided excellent logistical support and facilitation of our project team. We are grateful to Mr. Sven Jacobi of the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA) for his comprehensive, forward-looking, pragmatic, and constructive project reviews, comments, and guidance. Lastly, we wish to thank the staff of the Mara River Basin districts (Nakuru (Molo), Bomet, Narok, Transmara, Serengeti, Tarime, and Musoma Rural) for their cooperation, welcoming and informative discussions, and valuable project contributions. Our project approach was to leverage their knowledge and understanding of local issues, challenges, and opportunities, and develop relevant and shared recommendations and proposals. We hope that these recommendations will indeed come to life and help preserve the wonder of the Mara River Basin. Atlanta, December 2008 Dr. Aris P. Georgakakos Mara TIWRMD Project Director President WREM International Inc. Professor, Georgia Institute of Technology Intellectual Property and Copyright Notice This document was prepared by WREM International Inc. for the Kenyan and Tanzanian Governments, NELSAP, and the Donor Agencies. Document reproduction in whole or in part by any other party is not authorized without prior written permission of WREM International Inc. Furthermore, usage of the information contained herein must bear the following reference: “WREM International Inc., Mara River Basin Monograph, Mara River Basin Transboundary Integrated Water Resources Management and Development Project, Final Technical Report, Atlanta, December 2008, 446p.” 2 Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction .......................................................................................................10 1.1 Overview of the Mara River Basin ......................................................................................10 1.2 Mara River Basin Monograph Purpose and Development Approach...........................11 1.3 Outline of the Report.............................................................................................................12 2.0 Hydro-Climatology of the Mara River Basin...............................................15 2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................15 2.2 Climate of the Mara River Basin ........................................................................................16 2.3 The Mara River System.........................................................................................................37 2.4 Groundwater Resources .......................................................................................................51 2.5 Lakes in the Basin..................................................................................................................54 2.6 Wetlands ..................................................................................................................................54 2.7 Water Quality .........................................................................................................................55 2.8 Issues on Climatic and Hydrological Monitoring.............................................................61 3.0 Water Supply and Sanitation..........................................................................69 3.1 Water Supply Overview, Kenya Sub-basin ........................................................................69 3.2 Water Supply Overview, Tanzania Sub-basin ..................................................................69 3.3 Key Actors in the Water Supply and Sanitation Sector..................................................70 3.4 Provision of Water Supply and Sanitation Services (WS & SS).....................................77 3.5 Projected Water Demands in Kenya...................................................................................80 3.6 Sources and Water Supply Facilities in the Mara River Basin ......................................80 3.7 Monitoring Indicators............................................................................................................87 3.8 Water Tariff Structures ........................................................................................................90 3.9 Sanitation and Hygiene ........................................................................................................93 3.10 Solid Waste Management .....................................................................................................96 3.11 Water Sector Financing ........................................................................................................96 3.12 Role of Women in Water Supply........................................................................................100 3.13 Water Supply and Sanitation Critical Issues ..................................................................101 4.0 Agriculture........................................................................................................106 4.1 Introduction ..........................................................................................................................106 4.2 Crop Production ...................................................................................................................113 4.2.1 Features of Kenyan and Tanzanian Agriculture ........................................................................113 4.2.2 Agricultural Production Systems ..............................................................................................132 4.2.3 Major Crops and their Annual Yields........................................................................................137 3 4.2.4 Selected Farming Systems and their Impacts on Land Degradation ..........................................152 4.2.5 Crop Production Data Sheets for Selected Districts..................................................................162 4.2.6 Irrigated Agricultural Production.............................................................................................167 4.3 Livestock Production ...........................................................................................................180 4.3.1 Introduction..............................................................................................................................180 4.3.2 Livestock Population ................................................................................................................180 4.3.3 Rangelands and Livestock Production ......................................................................................184 4.3.4 Sheep and Goat Production ......................................................................................................185 4.3.5 Pig Production .........................................................................................................................189 4.3.6 Rabbit Production ....................................................................................................................191 4.3.7 The Beekeeping industry...........................................................................................................192 4.3.8 Poultry Production ...................................................................................................................196 4.3.9 Factors Constraining Sustainable Livestock Production and Key Livestock Production Issues .204 4.3.10 On-Going and Proposed Interventions......................................................................................213 4.3.11 Recommended Mitigation Measures..........................................................................................220 5.0 Fisheries and Aquaculture............................................................................223 5.1 Lake Victoria Fisheries .......................................................................................................223 5.2 Wetland Fisheries in the Mara River Basin.....................................................................233 5.3 Aquaculture in the Mara River Basin...............................................................................234 5.4 Summary of Issues and Potential Investment Opportunities......................................238 5.5 Discussion of Investment Opportunities in Fishery Ventures.....................................239 6.0 Environment, Ecosystems, and Tourism...................................................248 6.1 State of Environmental Resources....................................................................................248 6.2 Unique Ecosystems in the Basin........................................................................................254
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