AI Watch Artificial Intelligence in Public Services
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Science for Policy Report AI Watch Artificial Intelligence in public services Overview of the use and impact of AI in public services in the EU EUR 30255 EN This publication is a Science for Policy report by the Joint Research Centre (JRC), the European Commission’s science and knowledge service. It aims to provide evidence-based scientific support to the European policymaking process. The scientific output expressed does not imply a policy position of the European Commission. Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use that might be made of this publication. For information on the methodology and quality underlying the data used in this publication for which the source is neither Eurostat nor other Commission services, users should contact the referenced source. The designations employed and the presentation of material on the maps do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the European Union concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Contact information Gianluca Misuraca Senior Scientist in Digital Government Transformation and AI in the public sector European Commission’s Joint Research Centre, Digital Economy Unit Edificio EXPO, Calle Inca Garcilaso, 3 – 41092 Seville, Spain +34 95-448.87.18 [email protected] AI-Watch functional mailbox [email protected] EU Science Hub https://ec.europa.eu/jrc JRC120399 EUR 30255 EN PDF ISBN 978-92-76-19540-5 ISSN 1831-9424 doi:10.2760/039619 Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2020 © European Union, 2020 The reuse policy of the European Commission is implemented by the Commission Decision 2011/833/EU of 12 December 2011 on the reuse of Commission documents (OJ L 330, 14.12.2011, p. 39). Except otherwise noted, the reuse of this document is authorised under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). This means that reuse is allowed provided appropriate credit is given and any changes are indicated. For any use or reproduction of photos or other material that is not owned by the EU, permission must be sought directly from the copyright holders. All content © European Union, 2020 How to cite this report: Misuraca, G., and van Noordt, C.., Overview of the use and impact of AI in public services in the EU, EUR 30255 EN, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, 2020, ISBN 978-92-76-19540-5, doi:10.2760/039619, JRC120399 Contents Foreword ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2 Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3 Authors ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4 Executive summary .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 5 1 Introduction..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 7 1.1 Background ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 7 1.2 Objectives ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 8 1.3 Methodology..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 9 2 Landscaping AI in public services in the EU ................................................................................................................................................................. 11 2.1 A journey in an unchartered territory: between myth and reality ............................................................................................. 11 2.2 Results of the first mapping of AI use in public services ................................................................................................................... 18 2.3 Insights from the initial survey of Member States use of AI in public services .......................................................... 33 3 Use of AI in public services in the EU ................................................................................................................................................................................. 39 3.1 Approach to case studies prioritisation and selection .......................................................................................................................... 39 3.2 Illustrative cases of AI use in public services ................................................................................................................................................ 40 3.3 Focus on AI and data governance ............................................................................................................................................................................ 48 3.3.1 Exploring AI and data governance dilemmas and traps ................................................................................................... 48 3.3.2 Data governance regimes and regulatory tools for AI ....................................................................................................... 49 3.3.3 The need for a new paradigm on impact assessment of AI and data governance ............................... 50 4 National Strategies: focus on AI for the public sector ........................................................................................................................................ 52 4.1 Scope and approach .............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 52 4.2 A framework of analysis for AI strategies in the public sector.................................................................................................... 54 4.3 Overview of EU national strategies focus on AI for the public sector ................................................................................... 57 5 Assessing the impact of AI in public services in the EU ................................................................................................................................... 68 5.1 Theoretical underpinnings of AI use in the public sector ................................................................................................................... 68 5.2 Towards a methodological framework to assess AI impacts in public services .......................................................... 72 5.3 Proposed approach for modelling and assessing impact of AI in public services ..................................................... 74 6 Conclusions .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 80 6.1 Coming back from a first venture into the unknown ............................................................................................................................. 80 6.2 Key findings from landscaping AI use in public services in the EU .......................................................................................... 81 6.3 Policy implications and future research ............................................................................................................................................................. 83 References ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 87 List of figures ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 92 List of tables .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................