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Issue XXV-Summer, 2004.P65 World War II Chronicles A Quarterly Publication of the World War II Veterans Committee ISSUE XXV, Summer, 2004 China-Burma-India The Forgotten Theater By Becky Appledorn With the 60th anniversary of D-Day in the forefront Flying Tigers and men such as Joseph Stilwell, Claire of people’s minds it is important to remember Chennault, and Orde Wingate led the Allied mission another front in World War II. Sometimes referred to success, but were rarely mentioned in the papers to as the “forgotten back home. theater” of the war, the China-Burma- Beginning of India (CBI) Theater American Involve- played an integral part ment in the War in the victory of the Allies in the Pacific. In 1941, President Even before Pearl Roosevelt issued a Harbor, when the secret executive order United States entered to organize a volun- the war, President teer group charged Roosevelt knew the with helping the success of the Allies Chinese to defend depended greatly on their capital from the whether or not China air. The volunteer could remain in the war and continue to fight the group was called the American Volunteer Group Japanese. The primary American goal in CBI was to (AVG) and consisted of 74 pilots and 20 planes. keep the Chinese actively involved in the Allied war The AVG fought as civilians; the Chinese govern- effort, thereby tying down Japanese forces that ment paid them $500 for each Japanese aircraft they would otherwise be deployed against Allied forces in shot down. The commander of the division was the Pacific. The Japanese quickly tried to destroy all Texas native Claire C. Chennault, Air Advisor to of China’s army and blockade its ports and rivers. China. The AVG’s, later known as the Flying After ten long years of fighting, the Japanese gained Tigers, were responsible for shooting down the first a major advantage because the Chinese lacked Japanese aircraft, and became immediate heroes in modern military equipment and strategies. CBI was the United States. Even though the Flying Tigers important to the overall war effort due to early plans fought for only six months, they were responsible for to base air and naval forces in China for an eventual shooting down 286 enemy planes. After the U.S. assault on Japan. Units like Merrill’s Marauders, the 1 The Forgotten Front Continued on Page 6 Merrill’s Marauders Heroes of the Burma Jungle By Scott Wentland Stopping every hour along the sweltering trails of be closely coordinated with the Chinese 22nd and 38th Burma to burn the leeches off their legs with the Divisions to engage the veteran Japanese 18th Divi- ends of cigarettes, these men fight through extreme sion in Burma, around the strategically important exhaustion to complete their mission. The unit hears Burma Road to China. From February through the enemy within spitting distance as they march August 1944 the Marauders fought five major battles quietly, single file through the narrow paths of the (Walawbum, Shaduzup, Inkangahtawng, Nhpum Ga, jungle, up and down steeply inclined hills. Forgetting and Myitkyina) and 30 minor engagements. they were in a remote corner of the world, they have one thing on Many volunteers were eager to their minds: victory. fight the Japanese. Former Medi- cal Officer with Merrill’s Maraud- Known as “Merrill’s Marauders,” ers and author of Spearhead, the 5307th Composite Unit James E.T. Hopkins, M.D. re- (Provisional) fought under some membered that Merrill’s Maraud- of the most grueling conditions ers “looked upon the enemy as a ever endured in warfare during murderous subhuman species.” their 1,000 mile march through Bitter resentment resided in the the punishing terrain of China, hearts of many American soldiers Burma, and India. Often over- fighting the Japanese because of shadowed by the more high- the events at Pearl Harbor. profile units of European and Moreover, the Chinese and Pacific Theaters, the 5307th Burmese suffered deeply under Composite Unit was called to Brigadier General Frank Merrill. the tortuous Japanese military carry out a long range penetration occupation. Their suffering mission aimed towards disrupting Japanese communi- translated into an equally resentful outlook on the cation and supply lines in the China-Burma-India Japanese at that time. Hopkins said, “The men were (CBI) Theater. While President Roosevelt and Prime fighting for their country and their comrades.” Minister Churchill declared Germany the “first th priority,” the Japanese were not to go unchecked, and Their foes were not limited to the Japanese 18 th Merrill’s Marauders were among the most notable Division or other axis forces. The men of the 5307 forces to give the Japanese hell before the focus was faced terrifying terrain laced with some of the most shifted to the Pacific. deadly creatures earth has to offer. Merrill’s Maraud- ers fought disease with as much tenacity as they At the Quebec Conference in 1943 President fought the Japanese, ranging from amoebic dysentery, Roosevelt, Prime Minister Churchill, and other Allied typhus fever, to malaria, and even psychoneurosis. leaders decided that the Japanese military must be Few if any Marauders escaped the CBI Theater met with force in Southeast Asia. As a result, some without falling prey to some form of tropical disease. 3,000 rugged soldiers were assembled as the 5307th Composite Unit (Provisional), and given the code Sgt. David Richardson, former YANK Staff Corre- name: GALAHAD. Later the unit would be called spondent and the only reporter to march with the “Merrill’s Marauders” after its commander, Brigadier Marauders for their duration in CBI, remembered General Frank D. Merrill. Merrill’s Marauders were to 2 “you could go to bed at night, and you look at the guy next to you and he might be dead the next morning.” World War II Chronicles - Summer, 2004 - 2 The Japanese became a mere battle in the war of from fighting the Japanese, disease, malnutrition, and survival; conquering disease proved to be the tough- the terrain for months, Merrill’s Marauders were est hurdle. granted reinforcements of Kachin and Chinese troops, giving Brig. Gen. Merrill command of some Merrill’s Marauders embodied the notion of ‘doing 7,000 troops for the Myitkyina operation. The timing more with less.’ The size of the unit was numerically of the assault during that May was essential due to small relative to their missions and enemy. The the approaching monsoon season. The inclines of the average weight loss per man was approximately hills in and around Myitkyina were so steep that some thirty-five pounds, attributed to both mules carrying supplies slipped and disease and malnutrition. James E.T. plunged to their deaths. Hopkins remem- Hopkins, M.D. recalled that medical bers, “the steep slopes, the heat, the lack supplies were both limited in type and of water, the jungle, [and the] mud and quantity. Furthermore, the Marauders rain were beyond belief.” The combina- were poorly equipped due to monsoon tion of the hills and the increasingly conditions that made air re-supply heavy rains would make offensive challenging and unreliable. Oftentimes missions nearly impossible in the coming limited supplies and malnutrition bred months. more disease within the unit. After several days of joint attacks on Unlike Special Forces now, Merrill’s Myitkyina by Merrill’s Marauders and Marauders were not hand-picked. At their allies, Colonel Osborne led both reunions, some Marauders joke that Sgt. David Richardson, his 1st Battalion of the 5307th and the they would not have survived some of former YANK correspondent Chinese 150th Regiment to victory as the Special Forces training of today. they secured the air strip on May 17th. When facing such conditions David Richardson said, Immediately after securing the air strip, supplies and “They knew they weren’t hand picked. They volun- reinforcements were flown in to establish a base for teered, so they picked themselves. When you knew the allies capable of repelling Japanese counter you volunteered, you couldn’t complain.” Merrill’s attacks. General Stillwell ordered the Marauders not Marauders were not trained as elite forces are trained to take the city of Myitkyina itself until further today; they were mere volunteers answering their notice. One Marauder remembers the sound of President’s call. These men personified toughness, Japanese supply and transport trucks arriving by the and toughness supercedes any amount of training. dozens as the Allies would be asleep in their foxholes. Merrill’s Marauders’ missions largely revolved around Because of their close proximity, they could literally outflanking the Japanese behind enemy lines. The hear their enemy arrive, who would fight them the strategy envisioned by Supreme Allied Commander following day. The nights of anticipation were brutal. of South East Asia Command, General Joseph The days preceding the capture of the Myitkyina air th Stillwell, involved the 5307 Composite Unit flank- strip were not easy for the defending Marauders and ing the Japanese so as to trap the enemy between Allied forces. The last weeks of May saw several American-trained Chinese forces and the Marauders. counterattacks by Japanese forces. Merrill’s Maraud- Many thought General Stillwell was overly ambitious, ers became increasingly malnourished and ill as the but the Marauders’ success demonstrated pronounced days ensued, creating harsh conditions under which American capability. they fought. Grant Hirabayashi recalls, “The unit The shining achievement of the 5307th Composite strength was cut in half due to tactical operation, Unit was the capture of Myitkyina. Proving to be the exhaustion and disease by Myitkyina’s end”. At that Marauders’ most difficult mission, Myitkyina stood as point the Marauders had fought in five major battles the principle Japanese base for defense of Burma and some thirty minor engagements.
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