Kantai Kessen

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Kantai Kessen Corso di Laurea in Lingue, culture e società dell’Asia e dell’Africa Mediterranea (LICAAM) ordinamento ex D.M. 270/2004 Tesi di Laurea Kantai Kessen L’influenza della Dottrina della battaglia decisiva sul fallimento della strategia difensiva giapponese nella Guerra del Pacifico e sull’Operazione Ketsugō. Relatore Prof. Andrea Revelant Correlatore Prof.ssa Sonia Favi Laureando Francesco Rossi Matricola 854753 Anno Accademico 2016 / 2017 1 2 3 要旨 1905年に日本海海戦に日本海軍の完勝のおかげで、日本は勝利を得ま した。対馬の勝利が30年間以上発注され建造された戦艦の強力な艦隊の おかげで得ました。 日露戦争の勝利の結果は、朝鮮半島の権益を確保し て、日本は世界の経済軍事大国になりました。それなので、日本でこの海 戦が伝説なことと見なされていました。 大事な勝利の後で、日本海軍軍令部の戦略家は艦隊決戦と呼ばれる新しい 海軍戦争戦略をもとめました。艦隊決戦の戦略によって敵国に対する戦争 が、日露戦争に起こったように、一つの大きな海戦を通して勝つことがで きます。その海戦戦争戦略はアルフレッド・セイヤー・マハンの1890年 の『海上権力史論』に書いてある戦争理論から強力な影響を及ぼされまし た。アルフレッド・セイヤー・マハンの理論にとっては経済軍事大国にな るために戦艦の強力な艦隊を建造することが必要でした。それなので、戦 艦とクルーザ一は中心になりました。 艦隊決戦戦略は大日本帝国軍隊の米国に対する基本的な戦争計画になって 1907 から 1940 にかけて大日本帝国国防方針 に入れられました。しかし、 この戦略はますます廃れることになってしまうのに、戦争の最初まで変更 しませんでした。これは、ミッドウェー、ガダルカナル、レイテ沖海戦、 マリアナ沖海の災害の直截な原因でした。その上、これは島の防衛の故障 が原因となります。 この研究の目的は、艦隊決戦戦略が太平洋戦争で日本の戦略に不成功をも たらすことを証明することです。また、艦隊決戦の概念が大日本帝国軍隊 の考え方と心理にすっかりとらわれることを証明します。その上、艦隊決 戦の決戦の概念自身が決号決戦の計画に影響を与えることを説明するつも りです。 4 Indice Capitolo 1: Origine ed evoluzione delle forze armate imperiali giapponesi. ........ 7 1. 1 L’isolazionismo del Giappone nell’Era Tokugawa. .............................................. 7 1. 2 La guerra Boshin e la fondazione dell’esercito imperiale giapponese. .............. 12 1. 3 L’influenza di Jackob Meckel e della dottrina militare Prussiana. ..................... 16 1. 4 Nascita ed evoluzione della Marina imperiale giapponese. ............................... 17 1. 5 Yamamoto Gonbei e le teorie di Alfred Mahan. .................................................. 20 1.6 “Maritime power” e “Navalism”. ....................................................................... 21 1.7 La dottrina difensiva dell’Impero giapponese dal 1880 agli anni venti del ‘900. .................................................................................................................................... 25 1. 7.1 Il primo piano di difesa 1880-1890 e la formazione del Kokubō kaigi. .......... 25 1. 7.2 Il principio delle linee di sovranità e di vantaggio di Aritomo Yamagata. ..... 27 1. 8 Origine e sviluppo della Kantai kessen o “Dottrina della battaglia decisiva”. 31 1. 8. 1 La guerra con la Russia .................................................................................. 31 1. 8. 2 Il piano di difesa del 1907 e l’introduzione della dottrina della Battaglia finale. .......................................................................................................................... 36 1. 8. 3 La Kantai kessen . ........................................................................................... 38 1. 8. 4 Difetti e limiti della dottrina. ........................................................................... 44 1. 8. 5La Politica di difesa nazionale del 1923. ......................................................... 49 Capitolo 2: La Guerra del Pacifico ......................................................................... 58 2.1 Il sorgere del militarismo imperialista. ................................................................ 58 2.2 La guerra con la Cina e la fine dei progetti di difesa del 1920-1930. ................. 62 2.3 I militari verso il potere. ....................................................................................... 66 2.4 Il Piano imperiale di difesa e il “Fundamental of National policy” del 1936. ... 67 2.5 Le operazioni militari in Cina e nel Sud-est asiatico 1937-1940. ........................ 74 2.6 L’occupazione del Tonchino e la rottura delle relazioni diplomatiche con gli Stati Uniti. .................................................................................................................. 78 2.7 La guerra nel Pacifico. ......................................................................................... 84 5 2.7.1 Vecchie strategie e nuovi piani. ......................................................................... 84 2.7.2 La “vittoria di Pirro”. ....................................................................................... 88 2.7.3 Dimensioni, limiti e difetti della Marina imperiale giapponese nel 1942. ....... 92 2.7.4 La Kantai kessen il caso delle petroliere e della marina mercantile. .............. 96 2.7.5 Il fallimento nel Mar dei Coralli e il ritardo nella realizzazione del perimetro difensivo. .................................................................................................. 102 2.7.6 Lo scontro decisivo alle Midway. .................................................................... 106 2.7.7 L’errore di Yamamoto. ..................................................................................... 113 2.7.8 La sottovalutazione del ruolo tattico e strategico dei sottomarini. ................. 115 2.7.9 La Kantai kessen sulla mancanza di una difesa strategica delle isole. ......... 123 2.7.10 Il disastro della “Battaglia decisiva” nel Mare delle Filippine. ................... 129 2.7.11 Il cerchio si chiude. ....................................................................................... 136 Capitolo 3: L’invasione del Giappone. .................................................................. 139 3.1 Contesto. ............................................................................................................. 139 3.2 L’operazione Downfall. ...................................................................................... 141 3.3 L’operazione Ketsugō. ........................................................................................ 146 3.3 Ketsugō e la battaglia finale decisiva. ............................................................... 163 Conclusioni .............................................................................................................. 174 Bibliografia .............................................................................................................. 183 Appendice ................................................................................................................ 203 6 Capitolo 1: Origine ed evoluzione delle forze armate imperiali giapponesi. 1. 1 L’isolazionismo del Giappone nell’Era Tokugawa. Per circa 250 anni, fino al 1853, il Giappone dominato dal clan Tokugawa limitò i suoi contatti con il mondo esterno imponendo un rigido sistema di controllo sugli scambi internazionali tra il paese, i paesi limitrofi (Cina e Corea) e le nazioni europee. Questo periodo ebbe inizio nel 1603 quando Tokugawa Ieyasu, dopo aver sconfitto le forze di Ishida Mitsunari a Sekigahara tre anni prima, assunse il titolo di Shogun e sì insediò a Edo. Qui centralizzò il potere politico e militare nelle sue mani a discapito di quello imperiale, la cui sede rimaneva a Kyōtō. Egli istituì il sistema del bakufu (幕府 “governo della tenda”), una forma di regime militare attraverso il quale, dal 1621, per più di due secoli il clan Tokugawa avrebbe governato il paese. Durante questo periodo (che diverrà noto come Periodo Tokugawa) fu imposta in tutto il paese una forma politica di autarchia pianificata chiamata Sakoku1. Il Sakoku (鎖国 “paese chiuso”) fu emanato nel 1641 da Tokugawa Iemitsu e aveva lo scopo di “isolare” il Giappone da ogni possibile influenza straniera, disciplinando fortemente gli scambi sia politici che commerciali con le nazioni estere, soprattutto europee. I motivi della politica del Sakoku voluta dai Tokugawa sono principalmente due: gli anni compresi tra il 1550 e il 1600 furono il periodo del primo colonialismo europeo che videro paesi come la Spagna, l’Olanda e il Portogallo imporre la propria presenza e potenza fino in Asia e l’oceano Pacifico; India, sud-est asiatico e l’arcipelago delle Filippine entrarono nella sfera d’influenza del vecchio continente. I colonialisti, soprattutto spagnoli e portoghesi, erano soliti portare con sé anche missionari cattolici, che arrivarono a convertire molti daimyō locali. 1Corradini (2002: 187 ss.). 7 Lo shogunato temeva che questi, avendo stretto rapporti con gli europei dopo la loro conversione al cristianesimo, potessero rivoltarsi in nome della nuova dottrina religiosa contro il sistema imperiale e lo shogunato2. Inoltre attraverso il controllo delle relazioni tra il paese e l’esterno si aveva intenzione sia di rendere gli scambi commerciali con i paesi esteri più controllati, sia di mantenersi fuori dalla sfera di influenza e dal sistema tributario cinese3. Per quasi tutto il periodo Tokugawa, il Giappone ebbe contatti con il mondo esterno solo attraverso il dominio di Tsushima e la città di Nagasaki, unici porti dove erano consentiti liberi scambi commerciali con l’Olanda attraverso la Compagnia delle Indie Orientali e il Portogallo, che erano autorizzati ad attraccare solo sull’Isola di Deshima, vicino Nagasaki. Benché i giapponesi avessero cominciato a utilizzare le prime rudimentali armi da fuoco già dall’inizio del XVII secolo e a sviluppare di conseguenza metodi alternativi di guerra che si adattassero alle nuove tecnologie del tempo, l’inizio della politica isolazionista impedì al Giappone contatti preziosi con le nazioni europee. In questo periodo, infatti, il continente europeo fu segnato da numerosi conflitti che diedero stimolo all’evoluzione dei metodi di guerra e allo sviluppo delle armi. Questo, di fatto, come spiegano Merion e Susie Harries (1991), impedì al paese di restare al passo con le innovazioni tattiche
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