Encyclopedia of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Is the World's First Single Most Comprehensive Reference Source Ever Published in the Field of Nanotechnology

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Encyclopedia of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Is the World's First Single Most Comprehensive Reference Source Ever Published in the Field of Nanotechnology Encyclopedia of ® NANOSCIENCE and NANOTECHNOLOGY 10-Volumes, ca. 10,000 Pages, Available Online and in Print Edited by Hari Singh Nalwa, USA Copyright © 2000-2004 American Scientific Publishers. All rights reserved. AMERICAN SCINETIFIC PUBLISHERS 25650 North Lewis Way, Stevenson Ranch, California, USA Phone: (661) 254-0807 Fax: (661) 254-1207 E-mail: [email protected] “The Encyclopedia of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology is the world's first single most comprehensive reference source ever published in the field of nanotechnology. This encyclopedia is an indispensable source for any research professional as well as for technology investors and developers seeking up-to-date information on the nanotechnology among a wide range of disciplines from science to engineering to medicine. It should inspire future generations of academic and industrial researchers who endeavor to develop new nanoscale materials and devices.” Professor Richard E. Smalley, Nobel Prize Laureate “In view of the great interest that Nanoscience and Nanotechnology are attracting, the rapid development they are experiencing and of the profound impact they will have, an Encyclopedia covering this field is most welcome. It should become a source of inspiration as well as of information for a very wide range of scientists.” Professor Jean-Marie Lehn, Nobel Prize Laureate Outstanding coverage of all aspects of nanotechnology from science to engineering to medicine in 10 volumes… The 419 state-of-the-art review chapters covering about 10,000 pages in 10-Volumes are presented in an alphabetical order and are extensively cross-referenced. Table of Contents - Volumes 1-10 A-Z List of 419 Review Chapters VOLUME 1 (A-Ch) International Adviosry Board Foreword Preface Endorsements Guide to the Encyclopedia About the Editor Aligned Carbon Nanotubes Xianbao Wang, Yunqi Liu, Daoben Zhu Pages: 1-15 1 Alkanethiol Self-Assembled Monolayers J. Justin Gooding Pages: 17-49 Analytical Characterization of Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes Sivaram Arepalli, Pasha Nikolaev, Olga Gorelik Pages: 51-66 Analytical Ultracentrifugation of Nanoparticles Helmut Cölfen Pages: 67-88 Applications of Electrodeposited Nanostructures G. Palumbo, J. L. McCrea, U. Erb Pages: 89-99 Applications of Focused Ion Beam in Nanotechnology V. J. Gadgil, F. Morrissey Pages.101-110 Atomic Manipulation by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy K.-F. Braun, G. Meyer, F. Moresco, S.-W. Hla, K. Morgenstern, S. Fölsch, J. Repp, K.-H. Rieder Pages: 111-134 Atomic Structure of Defects in Semiconductors I. Yonenaga Pages: 135-145 Atomic Structure of Diamond Surfaces J. M. Perez, R. E. Stallcup II Pages: 147-167 Atomic Wires I. N. Yakovkin Pages: 169-190 Augmented Waves for Nanomaterials Pavel N. D'yachkov Pages: 191-212 Bimetallic Ferrofluids Michael Hilgendorff Pages: 213-233 Biocompatible Core--Shell Nanoparticles for Biomedicine Xiaoxiao He, Xia Lin, Kemin Wang, Liang Chen, Ping Wu, Yin Yuan, Weihong Tan Pages: 235-253 2 Bioconjugated Silica Nanoparticles for Bioanalysis Xiaojun Zhao, Lisa R. Hilliard, Kemin Wang, Weihong Tan Pages: 255-268 Biodoped Sol--Gel Polymer Nanocomposites Iqbal Gill Pages: 269-292 Biogenic Nanoparticles Joseph M. Slocik, Marc R. Knecht, David W. Wright Pages: 293-308 Biological Molecules in Nanodevices Stephen C. Lee, Mark A. Ruegsegger, Mauro Ferrari Pages: 309-327 Bionanodevices Thomas Schalkhammer Pages: 329-360 Bionanomotors Dmitri Grigoriev, Dieter Moll, Jeremy Hall, Peixuan Guo Pages: 361-374 Bismuth Nanostructured Materials Joshua T. Moore, Charles M. Lukehart Pages: 375-381 Boron-Carbon Nitride Nanohybrids Yoke Khin Yap Pages: 383-394 Boron Nitride Nanotubes Dmitri Golberg, Yoshio Bando Pages: 395-408 C60-Based Materials J. G. Hou, A. D. Zhao, Tian Huang, Shan Lu Pages: 409-474 Calixarenes Chebrolu P. Rao, Mishtu Dey Pages: 475-497 Cantilever-Based Sensors D. Then, C. Ziegler Pages: 499-516 3 Carbon Nanomaterials Maheshwar Sharon Pages: 517-546 Carbon Nanostructures for Cold Electron Sources P. Gröning, L. Nilsson, P. Ruffieux, R. Clergereaux, O. Gröning Pages: 547-579 Carbon Nanotube Growth by Chemical Vapor Deposition M. Meyyappan Pages: 581-589 Carbon Nanotube Sensors Jun Li, Hou Tee Ng Pages: 591-601 Carbon Nanotubes: Synthesis by Arc Discharge Technique Yoshinori Ando Pages: 603-610 Carbon Nanotube-Based Field Emitters Seong Chu Lim, Hee Jin Jeong, Kay Hyeok An, Dong Jae Bae, Young Hee Lee, Young Min Shin, Young Chul Choi Pages: 611-624 Carbon Nanotube-Based Supercapacitors Young Hee Lee, Kay Hyeok An, Ji Young Lee, Seong Chu Lim Pages: 625-634 Carbon Nanotubes in Composite Materials Ch. Laurent, A. Peigney Pages: 635-653 Catalysis by Gold Nanoparticles Masatake Haruta Pages: 655-664 Catalytic Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes and Nanofibers Kenneth B. K. Teo, Charanjeet Singh, Manish Chhowalla, William I. Milne Pages: 665-686 Ceramic Nanoparticle Synthesis Xiangdong Feng, Michael Z. Hu Pages: 687-726 Ceramic Nanopowders Yong S. Cho, Howard D. Glicksman, Vasantha R. W. Amarakoon Pages: 727-743 4 Charge Carrier Dynamics in Nanoparticles Christian D. Grant, Thaddeus J. Norman, Jr., Jin Z. Zhang Pages: 745-759 Chemical Derivatization of Carbon Nanotube Tips Vladimir A. Basiuk, Elena V. Basiuk Pages: 761-776 Chemical Synthesis of Nanoparticles H. Bönnemann, K. S. Nagabhushana Pages: 777-813 Chemically Prepared Magnetic Nanoparticles M. A. Willard, L. K. Kurihara, E. E. Carpenter, S. Calvin, V. G. Harris Pages: 815-848 Chemistry of Carbon Nanotubes V. N. Khabashesku, J. L. Margrave Pages: 849-861 Chiral Macrocycles Suk Joong Lee, Wenbin Lin Pages: 863-875 VOLUME 2 (Cl-E) International Adviosry Board Foreword Preface Endorsements Guide to the Encyclopedia About the Editor Cluster-Assembled Nanostructured Carbon P. Milani, A. Podestá, E. Barborini Pages: 1-26 Colloidal Gold Victor H. Perez-Luna, Kadir Aslan, Pravin Betala Pages: 27-49 Computational Atomic Nanodesign Michael Rieth, Wolfram Schommers Pages: 51-103 5 Conducting Polymer Nanostructures Rupali Gangopadhyay Pages: 105-131 Conducting Polymeric Nanomaterials Silmara Neves, Wilson A. Gazotti, Marco-A. De Paoli Pages: 133-152 Conducting Polymer Nanotubes Meixiang Wan Pages: 153-169 Confined Molecules in Nanopores H. Tanaka, M. El-Merraoui, H. Kanoh, K. Kaneko Pages: 171-186 Copper Chloride Quantum Dots Keiichi Edamatsu, Tadashi Itoh Pages: 187-197 Core-Shell Nanoparticles Guido Kickelbick, Luis M. Liz-Marzán Pages: 199-220 Crystal Engineering of Metallic Nanoparticles A. Hernández Creus, Y. Gimeno, R. C. Salvarezza, A. J. Arvia Pages: 221-235 Crystallography and Shape of Nanoparticles and Clusters J. M. Montejano-Carrizales, J. L. Rodríguez-López, C. Gutierrez-Wing, M. Miki-Yoshida, M. José-Yacaman Pages: 237-282 Cyclodextrins and Molecular Encapsulation J. Szejtli Pages: 283-304 Deformation Behavior of Nanocrystalline Materials Alla V. Sergueeva, Amiya K. Mukherjee Pages: 305-316 Dendrimer--Metal Nanocomposites Kunio Esumi Pages: 317-326 Dendritic Encapsulation Christopher S. Cameron, Christopher B. Gorman Pages: 327-335 6 Diamond Nanocrystals Tarun Sharda, Somnath Bhattacharyya Pages: 337-370 Dielectric Properties of Nanoparticles S. Berger Pages: 371-387 Diffusion and Thermal Vacancy Formation in Nanocrystalline Materials U. Brossmann, R. Würschum, H.-E. Schaefer Pages: 389-397 Diffusion in Nanomaterials Yu. Kaganovskii, L. N. Paritskaya Pages: 399-427 Dip-Pen Nanolithography Benjamin W. Maynor, Jie Liu Pages: 429-441 Disulfide-Bond Associated Protein Folding Hideki Tachibana, Shin-ichi Segawa Pages: 443-473 DNA Electronics Massimiliano Di Ventra, Michael Zwolak Pages: 475-493 DNA-Based Nanodevices Friedrich C. Simmel, Bernard Yurke Pages: 495-504 Doped Carbon Nanotubes Rui-Hua Xie, Jijun Zhao, Qin Rao Pages: 505-535 Doped II--VI Semiconductor Nanoparticles S. K. Kulkarni Pages: 537-564 Double- and Triple-Decker Phthalocyanines/Porphyrins Tatyana N. Lomova, Marija E. Klyueva Pages: 565-585 Doubly Connected Mesoscopic Superconductors B. J. Baelus, F. M. Peeters Pages: 587-626 7 Drug Nanocrystals of Poorly Soluble Drugs Rainer H. Müller, Aslihan Akkar Pages: 627-638 Dye/Inorganic Nanocomposites A. Lerf, P. Čapková Pages: 639-693 Dynamic Processes in Magnetic Nanostructures B. Hillebrands, S. O. Demokritov Pages: 695-716 Dynamics of Metal Nanoclusters Paul-Gerhard Reinhard, Eric Suraud Pages: 717-730 Elastic Models for Carbon Nanotubes C. Q. Ru Pages: 731-744 Electrically Detected Magnetic Resonance Carlos F. O. Graeff Pages: 745-754 Electrochemical Fabrication of Metal Nanowires Huixin He, Nongjian J. Tao Pages: 755-772 Electrochemical Insertion of Lithium in Carbon Nanotubes G. Maurin, F. Henn Pages: 773-792 Electrochemical Nanoelectrodes Irina Kleps Pages: 793-817 Electrochemical Self-Assembly of Oxide/Dye Composites Tsukasa Yoshida, Derck Schlettwein Pages: 819-836 Electrochemical Synthesis of Semiconductor Nanowires Dongsheng Xu, Guolin Guo Pages: 837-856 Electrochemistry of Silicate-Based Nanomaterials Alain Walcarius Pages: 857-893 8 Electrodeposited Nanogranular Magnetic Cobalt Alloys Valery Fedosyuk Pages: 895-918 VOLUME 3 (El-H) International Adviosry Board Foreword Preface Endorsements Guide to the Encyclopedia About the Editor Electromagnetism in Nanogranular Metal Oxides Christian Brosseau Pages: 1-16 Electron Beam Writing in Nanoparticle Films Y. Chen, R. E. Palmer Pages: 17-28 Electron Dynamics in Metallic Nanoparticles M. Aeschlimann Pages: 29-40 Electron Holography of Nanostructured Materials Rafal E. Dunin-Borkowski, Martha R. McCartney, David J. Smith Pages: 41-99 Electron Raman Scattering in Nanostructures R. Betancourt-Riera,
Recommended publications
  • Formation and Characterization of Highly Interfacial Hybrid Nanocomposites
    Rev.Adv.Mater.Sci.Formation and characterization 10 (2005) 239-242 of highly interfacial hybrid nanocomposites 239 FORMATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF HIGHLY INTERFACIAL HYBRID NANOCOMPOSITES B.S. Mitchell Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, USA Received: May 05, 2005 Abstract. The formation and characterization of highly interfacial hybrid nanocomposites is de- scribed. The nanocomposites are formed by a two step, near net-shape manufacturing process that includes nanoparticle formation via high energy ball-milling followed by consolidation via hot isostatic pressing. Two types of hybrid materials are described: metal/ceramic nanocomposites, in which corrosion and mechanical properties are highlighted; and polymer/ceramic nanocomposites, in which proton conductivity is described. The influence of processing param- eters and interfacial characteristics of the nanocomposites on selected properties are described, as well as recent advances in contamination control during nanoparticle formation and the effect of contaminants on nanocomposites properties. 1. INTRODUCTION posites will be considered, followed by a descrip- tion of proton conduction in hybrid polymer/ceramic The high surface to volume ratios inherent to nanocomposite membranes. nanoparticles of all materials classes make them attractive for a variety of applications where surface 2. EXPERIMENTAL area, interfacial area, and an ability to modify sur- faces are important. Although most applications in- All nanocomposites were formed using near net- volve the formation and manipulation of surfaces, shape manufacturing technology (see Fig. 1), which and some processes are strongly dependent upon involves high energy ball milling to form nanoparticles, surface properties; e.g., catalytic processes, there followed by consolidation using Hot Isostatic Press- are some processes for which surface interactions ing (HIP).
    [Show full text]
  • Environmental Applications of Engineered Nanomaterials: Synthesis and Characterization
    ADVERTIMENT. Lʼaccés als continguts dʼaquesta tesi queda condicionat a lʼacceptació de les condicions dʼús establertes per la següent llicència Creative Commons: http://cat.creativecommons.org/?page_id=184 ADVERTENCIA. El acceso a los contenidos de esta tesis queda condicionado a la aceptación de las condiciones de uso establecidas por la siguiente licencia Creative Commons: http://es.creativecommons.org/blog/licencias/ WARNING. The access to the contents of this doctoral thesis it is limited to the acceptance of the use conditions set by the following Creative Commons license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/?lang=en PhD thesis Environmental Applications of Engineered Nanomaterials: Synthesis and Characterization Ahmad Mohamed Ahmad Abo Markeb September 2017 Title: Environmental Applications of Engineered Nanomaterials: Synthesis and Characterization Realized by: Ahmad Mohamed Ahmad Abo Markeb Supervised by: Dr. Xavier Font & Dr. Amanda Alonso PhD program in Environmental Science and Technology Departament d'Enginyeria Química Biològica i Ambiental. Escola d'Enginyeria Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB) Part of the work presented here was developed in the framework of the following project: Desarrollo de una nueva generación de nanoestructuras para la eliminación de gases de efecto invernadero (NANO-GEI). Founded by: Fundación Areces. Xavier Font Segura i Amanda Alonso González, professors del Departament d'Enginyeria Química Biològica i Ambiental de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CERTIFIQUEM: Que el Llicenciat en Químiques, Ahmad Mohamed Ahmad Abo Markeb, ha realitzat sota la nostra direcció́ el treball que, amb títol Environmental Applications of Engineered Nanomaterials: Synthesis and Characterization, es presenta en aquesta memòria, la qual constitueix la seva Tesi per optar al Grau de Doctor per la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona.
    [Show full text]
  • Tio2 Nanocomposite Films
    Composites: Part A 36 (2005) 721–727 www.elsevier.com/locate/compositesa Fabrication, characterisation and assessment of bioactivity of poly(D,L lactid acid) (PDLLA)/TiO2 nanocomposite films A.R. Boccaccinia,*, L.-C. Gerhardta,b, S. Rebelinga, J.J. Blakera aDepartment of Materials, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2BP, UK bCentral institute for Medical Engineering ZIMT, TU Munich, Boltzmannstrasse 11, D-85748 Garching bei Mu¨nchen, Germany Received 7 September 2004; revised 31 October 2004; accepted 7 November 2004 Abstract This study deals with the fabrication and characterisation of polymer matrix composites containing titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles. Poly(D,L lactid acid) (PDLLA) films incorporated with different percentages (0, 5, 20 wt%) of TiO2 nanoparticles were prepared by solvent casting and characterised by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The in vitro bioactive properties of the films were assessed after immersion in simulated body fluid (SBF) for up to 21 days. No hydroxyapatite (HA) formation was observed on the surfaces, neither for pure PDLLA samples nor for PDLLA samples filled with TiO2 nanoparticles. This confirms that under simulated physiological conditions, TiO2 nanoparticles do not impart bioactivity to the PDLLA matrix. The present study provides an analytical method for the assessment of the suitability of titanium dioxide nanoparticles to be used as filler in resorbable polymer matrices for biomedical applications. q 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: PDLLA; A. Nano-structures 1. Introduction efficacy [4]. Nanostructured composites are considered promising materials in bone tissue engineering applications Tissue engineering can be defined as the ‘science of as they simulate the nanometre surface roughness found in persuading the body to heal by its intrinsic repair natural osseous tissue [5–10].
    [Show full text]
  • Polymeric and Ceramic Nanoparticles in Biomedical Applications
    Hindawi Publishing Corporation Journal of Nanotechnology Volume 2012, Article ID 936041, 10 pages doi:10.1155/2012/936041 Review Article Polymeric and Ceramic Nanoparticles in Biomedical Applications Aura-Ileana Moreno-Vega,1 Teresa Gomez-Quintero,´ 1 Rosa-Elvira Nunez-Anita,˜ 2 Laura-Susana Acosta-Torres,3 and Vıctor´ Castano˜ 4 1 Licenciatura en Tecnolog´ıa, Centro de F´ısica Aplicada y Tecnolog´ıa Avanzada, Universidad Nacional Autonoma´ de M´exico, Campus Juriquilla, Juriquilla, QRO, Mexico 2 Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolas´ de Hidalgo, 58893 Morelia, MICH, Mexico 3 Unidad Leon,´ Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores, Universidad Nacional Autonoma´ de Mexico, Leon,´ GTO, Mexico 4 Departamento de Ingenier´ıa Molecular de Materiales, Centro de F´ısica Aplicada y Tecnolog´ıa Avanzada, Universidad Nacional Autonoma´ de M´exico, Campus Juriquilla, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, 76230 Juriquilla, QRO, Mexico Correspondence should be addressed to V´ıctor Castano,˜ [email protected] Received 4 October 2012; Accepted 2 December 2012 Academic Editor: Mallikarjuna Nadagouda Copyright © 2012 Aura-Ileana Moreno-Vega et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Materials in the nanometer size range may possess unique and beneficial properties, which are very useful for different medical applications including stomatology, pharmacy, and implantology tissue engineering. The application of nanotechnology to medicine, known as nanomedicine, concerns the use of precisely engineered materials at this length scale to develop novel therapeutic and diagnostic modalities. Nanomaterials have unique physicochemical properties, such as small size, large surface area to mass ratio, and high reactivity, which are different from bulk materials of the same composition.
    [Show full text]
  • Review on Intermetallic and Ceramic Nanoparticle Coatings for Application in High Temperatures
    Volume 3, Issue 5, May – 2018 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology ISSN No:-2456-2165 Review on Intermetallic and Ceramic Nanoparticle Coatings for Application in High Temperatures Gaurav Siwal, Mechanical Engineering Department, Dronacharya Group of Institutions, Greater Noida, U.P. Member of ISTE Abstract:- As compared to material with ordinary grain decide the electrical, optical and magnetic properties. As the size, Nano Materials have special properties. The Idea is to particle is reduced in size these energy bands get thin and study the properties and coating techniques for ceramic sharp. For Nano sized particles the electrons get scattered on and intermetallic nanostructure which could be deposited the surface and resistivity increases. as a protective layer. Some methods include Inert gas condensation, PVD, CVD, Sol-gel, Electrochemical D. Optical property deposition, thermal spray, and pulsed electro-spark When the size of a crystal becomes smaller and deposition. The composition of the material and comparable to wavelength of visible light, nanoparticles microstructure can be controlled using different electrodes, partially transmit the light which results in change of color. For and adjusting the parameters of the setup. Nano Material example Au nanoparticle of size between 30 - 500nm appears coatings on surface can modify chemical, mechanical and blue to red in color from larger to smaller size. electronic properties. It can also improve high-temperature corrosion and corrosive wear resistance. These E. Magnetic Property modification techniques can have various applications in The total magnetic moment is the property which turbine blades, engine parts for petrochemical, aerospace depends upon number of atoms; it depends upon the size of the and electronic device industries.
    [Show full text]
  • Green Modification of Surface Characteristics of Cellulosic Materials at the Molecular Or Nano Scale: a Review
    REVIEW ARTICLE bioresources.com Green Modification of Surface Characteristics of Cellulosic Materials at the Molecular or Nano Scale: A Review Martin A. Hubbe,a,* Orlando J. Rojas,b and Lucian A. Lucia a,c Many current and potential uses of cellulosic materials depend critically on the character of their surfaces. This review of the scientific literature considers both well-established and emerging strategies to change the outermost surfaces of cellulosic fibers or films not only in terms of chemical composition, but also in terms of outcomes such as wettability, friction, and adhesion. A key goal of surface modification has been to improve the performance of cellulosic fibers in the manufacture of composites through chemistries such as esterification that are enabled by the high density of hydroxyl groups at typical cellulosic surfaces. A wide variety of grafting methods, some developed recently, can be used with plant-derived fibers. The costs and environmental consequences of such treatments must be carefully weighed against the potential to achieve similar performances by approaches that use more sustainable methods and materials and involve less energy and processing steps. There is potential to change the practical performances of many cellulosic materials by heating, by enzymatic treatments, by use of surface-active agents, or by adsorption of polyelectrolytes. The lignin, hemicelluloses, and extractives naturally present in plant-based materials also can be expected to play critical roles in emerging strategies to modify the surfaces characteristics of cellulosic fibers with a minimum of adverse environmental impacts. Keywords: Surface modification; Cellulosic materials; Environmental impact; Reactions of wood; Adhesion; Life cycle analysis Contact information: a: North Carolina State University, College of Natural Resources, Dept.
    [Show full text]
  • Nanoparticle-Integrated Hydrogels As Multifunctional Composite Materials for Biomedical Applications
    Gels 2015, 1, 162-178; doi:10.3390/gels1020162 OPEN ACCESS gels ISSN 2310-2861 www.mdpi.com/journal/gels Review Nanoparticle-Integrated Hydrogels as Multifunctional Composite Materials for Biomedical Applications Marco Biondi 1,†, Assunta Borzacchiello 2,†,*, Laura Mayol 1 and Luigi Ambrosio 2,3 1 Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy; E-Mails: [email protected] (M.B.); [email protected] (L.M.) 2 Istituto per i Polimeri Compositi e Biomateriali (IPCB-CNR), P.le Tecchio 80, 80125 Napoli, Italy; E-Mail: [email protected] 3 Dipartimento Scienze Chimiche e Tecnologie dei Materiali (DSCTM-CNR), P.le Aldo Moro 7, 00185 Roma, Italy † These authors contributed equally to this work. * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +39-081-242-5933; Fax: +39-081-242-5932. Academic Editor: Rolando Barbucci Received: 3 July 2015 / Accepted: 28 September 2015 / Published: 14 October 2015 Abstract: This review focuses on the most recent developments in the field of nanocomposite hydrogels intended for biomedical applications. Nanocomposite hydrogels are hydrated polymeric networks with a physically or covalently crosslinked three-dimensional (3D) structure swollen with water, in the presence of nanoparticles or nanostructures. A wide array of nanomaterials (polymeric, carbon-based, metallic, ceramic) can be incorporated within the hydrogel network to obtain reinforced nanocomposite hydrogels. Nanocomposites represent a new class of materials with properties absent in the individual components. In particular, the incorporation of nanomaterials within a polymeric hydrogel network is an attractive approach to tailor the mechanical properties of the hydrogels and/or to provide the nanocomposite with responsiveness to external stimuli.
    [Show full text]
  • Euopean Journal of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry
    Nautiyal et al. / European Journal of Environmental Ecology. 2016;3(2):55-68. e - ISSN – 2393-9672 Print ISSN - XXXX-XXXX European Journal of Environmental Ecology Journal homepage: www.mcmed.us/journal/ejee NANO-TECHNOLOGY AND ITS USE: A REVIEW Sakshi Gupta1, Ujjwal Nautiyal1*, Ankur Aggarwal1 Himachal Institute of Pharmacy, Paonta sahib, Himachal Pradesh, India. Corresponding Author Article Info Ujjwal Nautiyal Received 13/01/2016; Revised 29/01/2016 Email:- [email protected] Accepted 21/02/2016 ABSTRACT Nanotechnology derived from the word "Nano" NEED OF NANO which is derived from the greek word νᾶνος (nanos) NANO means small, but special due to various meaning dwarf. A nanometer is a billionth of a meter, kind of reasons but mostly due to properties of matter like means, about 1/80,000 of the diameter of a human hair, or energy change at nanometer scale, the consequence is that 10 times the diameter of a hydrogen atom. nanomaterial when in nano-sized form can assume Nanotechnology refers to the third category and is the properties which are very different from those when creation of materials, devices, and systems in the assumed in bulk form. nanometer scale. Nanoparticles (NPs) exhibit different optical, electrical, magnetic, chemical, and mechanical Example: properties as compared to their bulk counterparts. Nano- 1) Bulk silver is non-toxic whereas silver nanoparticle is materials are matter containing particles at the nanometer capable of killing of virus upon contact .Properties like scale (1-100 billionths of a meter) and can occur naturally electrical conductivity, colour change weight change, (as a result of volcanic eruptions, forest fires, ocean spray, when nano-scale level is reached.
    [Show full text]
  • A Value Chain Research Approach to Nanotechnology: a Framework for Competition and Collaboration
    A Value Chain Research Approach to Nanotechnology: a Framework for Competition and Collaboration CNS Seminar Speakers Series Stacey Frederick March 2nd, 2011 Overview Introduction to Value Chain Research Part I: Value Chain Structure ◦ Nano Value Chain Template Part II: Value Chain Mapping ◦ Research Process ◦ Example: Nanotechnology in North Carolina Part III: Value Chain Analysis ◦ Example: Nanosilver Applying the Research Approach ◦ California in the Nano Global Economy Quick Intro to Value Chain Research Purpose: ◦ Who are stakeholders, how are companies and locations linked together and why? Major elements: ◦ Product supply chains and relationship among stakeholders ◦ Determination of value (economic, social, environmental) ◦ Power over value and other stakeholders Fields: ◦ Business, management, and economics ◦ Sociology and geography Why: ◦ Evaluate economic, social and environmental development and competitiveness Applicable to any industry or topic: ◦ Value chain research is the focus of Duke’s Center on Globalization, Governance, & Competitiveness (CGGC) Nanotechnology, North Carolina’s industries, sustainability, environmental technologies, global health, information technology and services, textiles and apparel Value Chain ‘Research Approach’ Can be confusing because “value chain” is used by different groups in several different contexts to mean the same or similar things Value Chain… Structure ◦ A concept and/or visual to describe the input-output process and geography of production in the global economy ◦ A supply
    [Show full text]
  • Experimental Investigation of Carbon Nanotube Concrete
    SSRG International Journal of Civil Engineering (SSRG - IJCE) - Special Issue ICMR Mar 2019 Experimental Investigation of Carbon Nanotube Concrete R.Sundharam1, K.Pavithra2, K.Ranjitha3, K.Rasika4, S.Vinotha5 Assistant Professor 1, UG Student 2, 3, 4, 5, Kings College of Engineering, Punalkulam, Gandarvakottai Taluk, Pudukottai District, Tamil Nadu, India. Abstract strength, ductility, creep and shrinkage, fracture Concrete is one of the most used materials in behavior and durability. various fields for arriving a structure, but still it has weakness and drawbacks. To mitigate this problem, A. Nanotechnology the nanotechnology has been implementing. This Nanotechnology is the creation of useful or paper assigns Carbon Nanotube (CNTs) in the functional materials, devices and systems through concrete to enhance its properties. It also goes over control of matter on the nanometre length scale and the sources, properties of CNTs. By revising various exploitation of novel phenomena and properties papers, for ensure that adding 0.25% and 0.5% of which arise because of the nanometre length scale. Multi Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs) by the Nanotechnology includes the synthesis, weight of cement in the concrete mix. CNT concrete characterization, exploration and utilization of exhibit the multifunctional properties such as self – nanostructured materials. The term 'nanotechnology' strain sensing, damage sensing, improves interfacial was used first by the Japanese scientists Norio interaction and also it act as a concrete repair Taniguchi. The ―Nano‖ in Nanotechnology comes material when it is cement composite. from the Greek word ―Nanos‖ that means dwarf. Multifunctionality is attractive for cost reduction, Scientists use this prefix to indicate 10-9 or one durability enhancement, large functional volume, billionth.
    [Show full text]
  • Preparations and Application of Metal Nanoparticles
    Indo. J. Chem., 2006, 6 (1), 1 - 10 1 Review: PREPARATIONS AND APPLICATION OF METAL NANOPARTICLES A d l i m * Department of Chemical Education, FKIP Universitas Syiah Kuala Darussalam Banda Aceh, NAD Indonesia Received 2 June 2005; Accepted 1 November 2005 ABSTRACT Terminology of metal nanoparticles, the uniqueness properties in terms of the surface atom, the quantum dot, and the magnetism are described. The further elaboration was on the synthesis of nanoparticles. Applications of metal nanoparticles in electronic, ceramic medical and catalysis were overviewed. The bibliography includes 81 references with 99% are journal articles. Keywords: metal nanoparticles. INTRODUCTION Cluster definition is still being debated but according to Johnston [9], a cluster means an This review is composed of four main sub-headings aggregate of countable number of particles, in range of which are (1) classification of metal nanoparticles, (2) 2-10n, where n can be as high as 6 or 7. the unique properties of metal nanoparticles, (3) Metal clusters are composed of metallic elements synthetic methods, (4) the application of metal either single type of metallic element or more than one, nanoparticles in catalysis and (4) conclusion. grouping to the subclass of intermetallic or (nanoalloy) Nanotechnology is considered as the vision of the clusters. Metal particles in the larger size regime of next industrial revolution. Nanotechnology along with clusters ranging from nanometer to micron dimensions nanomaterial and metal nanoparticles has been a are known as metal colloids. If metal particles were booming research recently [1-2]. The word of “nano” dispersed in liquid as the dispersing medium, the means as small as one-billionth of a meter, and system is known as a sol or metal sol.
    [Show full text]
  • Nanophase Ceramics for Improved Drug Delivery: Current Opportunities and Challenges by Lei Yang, Brian W
    bulletin cover story Nanophase Ceramics for Improved Drug Delivery: Current Opportunities and Challenges by Lei Yang, Brian W. Sheldon and Thomas J. Webster Introduction After more than a decade of research and development, nanotechnology has reshaped the traditional thinking (or lack thereof) of using ceramics for drug delivery. Although drug delivery has been a poly- mer-dominated field, the blossoming of nanotechnology means that ceramic materials are now showing much promise for numerous drug delivery applications. Typically, nanotechnology is defined as the use of materials and systems whose structures and com- ponents exhibit novel and significantly changed properties when control is gained at the nanoscale (spe- cifically, <100 nm or <10–7 m).1 For ceramics, this means fabricating ceramics whose grain or particle sizes are within the range of 1 nm to 100 nm). Nanophase ceramics already have been widely used in a broad spectrum of biomedical applications, and now drug delivery is one of the fastest emerging and developing arenas for nano- ceramics, drawing increasing attention over the past few years. Indeed, research- ers are realizing that the extraordinary characteristics of nanophase ceramics (including size, structural advantages, highly active surfaces, unique physical and chemical properties and ease of modification) suggest that they can be excellent platforms for drug transportation and controlled prolonged release compared with polymeric platforms. The advances nanophase ceramics are making in drug delivery seem to promise that these materials will solve many of today’s challenging medical problems. lassifications based on their architectural differences, C the nanophase ceramics reviewed below can be placed into two general categories: nanoparticles and nanoscaffolds.
    [Show full text]