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Euopean Journal of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry Nautiyal et al. / European Journal of Environmental Ecology. 2016;3(2):55-68. e - ISSN – 2393-9672 Print ISSN - XXXX-XXXX European Journal of Environmental Ecology Journal homepage: www.mcmed.us/journal/ejee NANO-TECHNOLOGY AND ITS USE: A REVIEW Sakshi Gupta1, Ujjwal Nautiyal1*, Ankur Aggarwal1 Himachal Institute of Pharmacy, Paonta sahib, Himachal Pradesh, India. Corresponding Author Article Info Ujjwal Nautiyal Received 13/01/2016; Revised 29/01/2016 Email:- [email protected] Accepted 21/02/2016 ABSTRACT Nanotechnology derived from the word "Nano" NEED OF NANO which is derived from the greek word νᾶνος (nanos) NANO means small, but special due to various meaning dwarf. A nanometer is a billionth of a meter, kind of reasons but mostly due to properties of matter like means, about 1/80,000 of the diameter of a human hair, or energy change at nanometer scale, the consequence is that 10 times the diameter of a hydrogen atom. nanomaterial when in nano-sized form can assume Nanotechnology refers to the third category and is the properties which are very different from those when creation of materials, devices, and systems in the assumed in bulk form. nanometer scale. Nanoparticles (NPs) exhibit different optical, electrical, magnetic, chemical, and mechanical Example: properties as compared to their bulk counterparts. Nano- 1) Bulk silver is non-toxic whereas silver nanoparticle is materials are matter containing particles at the nanometer capable of killing of virus upon contact .Properties like scale (1-100 billionths of a meter) and can occur naturally electrical conductivity, colour change weight change, (as a result of volcanic eruptions, forest fires, ocean spray, when nano-scale level is reached. hydrothermal vent systems, dust volatilization), be created 2) The second exceptional property of nanomaterial is incidentally (as by-products of industrial processes and they can be fabricated atom by atom with a process called combustion engines) or be engineered for a specific bottom up. application. Exposure to nano-materials in the 3) Nano-materials having increased surface to volume environment may result from commercial products. The ratio as compared to bulk materials [7]. most common ENP (Engineered nanoparticle) listed on a prominent U.S. online consumer product database is Advantages of nanoparticle:- silver (Ag NP). 1) Increased bioavailability 2) Dose proportionality Keywords: Nanotechnology, Fullerenes, dendrimers, 3) Decreased toxicity bioavailability, proportionality, toxicity 4) Smaller dosage form (i.e., smaller tablet) 5) Increased active agent surface area and therefore faster INTRODUCTION dissolution of the active agent in an aqueous environment, Nanotechnology is defined as the study and use such as the human body. Faster dissolution generally of structures between 1 nanometer and 100 nanometers in equates with greater bioavailability, smaller drug doses, size. Nanotechnologies are the designing, production, less toxicity. characterization, and application of structures, devices 6) Reduction in fed/fasted variability [8]. and systems by controlling shape and size at nanometer scale [1-6]. 55 | P a g e Nautiyal et al. / European Journal of Environmental Ecology. 2016;3(2):55-68. Disadvantages of Nanoparticles: or closed by a fullerene half-molecule. These nanotubes 1) Extensive use of polyvinyl alcohol as a detergent – can have a single layer (like a straw) or several layers issues with toxicity. (like a poster rolled in a tube) [10]. 2) Limited targeting abilities. 3) Discontinuation of therapy is not possible. 3) THREE DIMENSION:- Fullerenes, dendrimers and 4) Cytotoxicity. quantum dots are said to be three dimensional 5) Pulmonary inflammation and pulmonary nanoparticles. carcinogenicity. 6) Alveolar inflammation. a) Fullerenes:- 7) The disturbance of autonomic imbalance by Fullerenes are spherical cages having 28 to more nanoparticles having direct effect on heart and vascular than 100 carbon atoms. They require extreme pressures function [8]. and regain their original shape when the pressure is released. These molecules do not combine with each CLASSIFICATION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY other, thus giving them major potential for application as There are three types of classification of nano-particles:- lubricants. Fullerenes products include drug delivering vehicle and electronic circuit. NANOPARTICLE: - Nanoparticles can be defined as particles less than 100nm in diameter that exhibit new or b) Dendrimers:-They represent a new class of enhanced size-dependent properties as compared with controlled-structure polymers with nano-metric larger particles of the same material. dimensions. They are considered to be basic elements for large-scale synthesis of organic and inorganic nano- 1) ONE DIMENSION TYPE: - such as thin films or structures with dimensions of 1 to 100 nm, displaying manufactured surfaces or coatings are included in one unique properties. Having compatible with organic dimensional nano-material. structures such as DNA [11] Starpharma’s lead nano pharmaceutical development product is Viva-Gel APPLICATIONS OF ONE DIMENSION:- (SPL7013 Gel); a dendrimers-based gel is currently used 1) corrosion resistant, in phase 2 trials. 2) hydrophobic and self -cleaning , 3) dirt repellent, APPLICATIONS OF DENDRIMERS: - These are used 4) antibacterial, in conventional application, drug delivery, environmental 5) Antimicrobial, catalytically active and chemically and water cleaning. functionalized. c) Quantum Dots 2) TWO DIMENSION TYPE: - Nanotubes, nanowires, It is a special form of spherical nano-crystals from 1 to 10 nano fibers and nano polymers are two dimension nm in diameter. They have been developed in the form of nanoparticles semiconductors, insulators, metals, magnetic materials or . metallic oxides. EXAMPLE:- a) Carbon Nanotubes:- Quantum dots APPLICATIONS:-used to track DNA These are a new form of carbon molecule. They molecules in cells, efficient alternatives to conventional are of hexagonal network of carbon atoms; these hollow lighting sources, as biosensors used to detect agents of cylinders can have diameters as small as 0.7 nm and reach biological warfare. several millimeters in length [9]. Each end can be opened Table 1. Nanotechnology used in drug delivery systems There is various kinds of nanoparticles help in drug delivery system and performs various functions: Sr. No. Type of Nanoparticle Material Used Application Nano-suspensions and Drug powder is disperse- Stable system for controlled delivery of poorly 1 Nano-crystals d in surfactant solution soluble drug [12] Least toxic and more stable Colloidal carrier Solid lipid Nanoparticles Melted lipid dispersed in 2 systems as alternative materials To polymers Aqueous surfactant [13] Polymeric nanoparticles Controlled and targeted 3 Biodegradable polymers drug delivery [14] 4 Polymeric micelles Amphiphilic block co- Controlled and systemic 56 | P a g e Nautiyal et al. / European Journal of Environmental Ecology. 2016;3(2):55-68. polymers Delivery of water insoluble Drugs [15] Magnetic Nanoparticles Magnetite Fe2O3,Meghe 5 Drug targeting diagnostics to in medicine [16] Mite coated with dextran Carbon Nanotubes Metals ,semiconductors or Gene and DNA delivery 6 carbon Controlled release of drug [17] Controlled targeted drug 7 Liposomes Phospholipids vesicles Delivery [18] Dielectric core and metal 8 Nano-shells Tumor targeting [19] Shell Ceramic Nanoparticles Drug and biomolecule 9 Silica, alumina, titanium Delivery [20] Aerogel, which is Nano-pores Controlled release drug 10 produced by cell gel Carriers [21] chemistry Nano wires Silicon, cobalt, gold or 11 Transport electron in nano Electronics [22] Copper based nanowires 12 Quantum dots cdSe-cdS core shell Targeting ,imaging agent [23] 13 Nano films polypeptides Systemic or local drug delivery [24] Iron oxide magnetic Ferro-fluids For capturing cells and other biological targets 14 Nanoparticles surrounded [25] by polymeric layer. 1) Nano-Suspension:- A suspension of drug EXAMPLE: Magnetic nanoparticle of indomethacin nanoparticles in a liquid is called as nano-suspension. A demonstrated selective targeting under magnetic field of size of nanoparticle lies in between 200 to 500nm [26]. 8000 strength, following normal administration, the drug The oral administration of drug in the form of nano- concentration was higher in the liver and spleen where suspension resulted to enhance absorption rate and endocytosis and phagocytosis could occur [32]. bioavailability. Nano-suspension of ibuprofen is prepared by emulsion-solvent diffusion technique for the purpose 6) Liposomes:-are small artificial vesicles of spherical of improving ocular availability [27]. shape that can be produced from natural non-toxic phospholipids and cholesterol. 2) The solid lipid nano-particles:- are sub-micron They are therefore classified into three classes colloidal carriers (50-1,000nm) which are composed of based on their size and number of bilayers. Small uni- physiological lipid, dispersed in water or in aqueous lamellar vesicles (SUV) are surrounded by a single lipid surfactant solution. In order to overcome the layer and are 25-50nm in diameter. Large uni-lamellar disadvantages associated with liquid state of oil droplets, vesicles (LUV) are heterogeneous group of vesicles liquid lipid replaced by a solid lipid, which is transformed similar to SUVs and are surrounded by a single lipid into solid lipid nanoparticles [28]. layer. Multi-lamellar vesicles (MLV) consist of several 3) Polymeric Nanoparticle:-
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