R E Vs Ofj'faal Publication of the Alttmni and Student Bodfl /J U.P

R E vs OfJ'faal Publication of the Alttmni and Student Bodfl /j U.P. College of Forestry, College, Laguna

ARBOR WEEK - FORESTRY DAY ISSUES VOL. XVII NOS. 2 8c 3

t Let Us Plant Trees on Arbor Week Antonio A. Quejado 3 Forest Resources of the Philippines Juan L. Utleg 7 The Role of Science in Forestry Development Jose Viado 11 The Philippine Forest Resources: Their Fuller Utilization and Relation to World Trends Manuel R. Monsalud & Domingo Lantican 31 A Study of Wood Utilization and Manufacturing Efficiency in Plywood Armando A. Villaflor !S An Administrative Study of Public Outdoor Recreational Management in the United States Selected for Possible Application to Philippine Conditions Edilberto Z. Cajucom S Timber Research, Engineering and Industry Development F. M. Lauricio Survival and Growth of Moluccan Sa1J in Mt. Makiling as Affected by Planting Spacing and Kind of Planting Materials Ireneo L. Domingo 6 3 Improvements in the Utilization of Lower . Quality Philippine Woods Manuel R. Monsalud 7 Reaction Wood Teofila M. Lindayen 71 General Information on Flood Damage ~itigation A. B. Deleiia, Conrado C. Mercado, et al. 7 Determination of Wood Waste in the Sawmills D. G. Faustino & F. D. Virtucio FPRI Technical Notes ... FPRI Highlights . . . Forestry In The News ... Makiling News . . . Campus Notes ... Sunshine Corner .. . Literary Attempts . . . Editorials ... From the Mail Bag -~·••.._~•oo.._~.,.,··~0000_~.,..,.._~~ooa.._~ci>«>o 0,~,,oe0~.~~~ r·...... e~· ...... ~.- ...... ~ ...... ~·;., ..,e~o·-·~·- ...... ~ ... -·~oo,,...,o~·;."""·~ '; 8 THE TWO PATHS 2 ~ A SOUTH AMERICAN TALE 2

• ~ Before Man was incarnated in flesh and blood, and before animals • 8~, were created, Inti, the servant of the Invisible God, was surrounded by ~-.:: spirits waiting to come to earth.

8': Two pathways were disputing which one the spirits would take. The { safe path that led through the plains said, "To me all the best spirits ~ will come, for they trust in my safety." t:i The other path, the unsafe une, full uf brambles and thickets, led between defiles in the mountains and lost itself in the heights beyond. 8":. 0! To the safe path, it replied, "The best spirits desire to conquer dangers. 1 I offer many dangers. The spirits will prefer me." g "If they take me,'' argued the safe and straight path that led through rhe plain, "they will live happily."

"No matter," said the dangerous path, "nu matter what offers you make for easily gained happiness, the be.,t .~pirits will choose me. The 8 most courageous prefer the risks and the uncertainty of the unknown. They prefer that which they can conquer by the force of su.fJering and ~ sorrow." At that point Inti, servant of God, intervened. 8 "Hush, paths. The spirits that God has created are appr,;aching. They ,,hall choose." ~ The spirits advanced and Inti said. "Choose! This is the safe path­ that, the unsafe. One goes by the plain here you will be safe and will hat•e food in abundance. The other, no one knows where it leads, but it is sunk in the depths of the forest, and idnds up steep and difficult mountains. Choose!"

The spirits began to advance. Some on the safe path; others by the dangerous path. Those who took the easy way became animals; those who had the courage to face danger became Men. ·' '~~- •' -:~......

Cong. Caliwara presents to President Marcos report on the 6th World Forestry ConJ!:rt'SS held in Madrid last June. The Philippine dele­ gation was rhairmanned by Cong. Caliwara. From left to right:-FPRl's Director Manuel R. Monsalud, Cong. Jack Soriano of Pangasinan, Cong. Caliwara, and President Mareos. DESIDERIO DALISA Y Investment Inc. Desidal Building Juan P. Cabaguio Ave., Davao City Philippines Telephone No. 1246-J

CONCESSIONAIRES

GENERAL IMPORTERS

and EXPORTERS

Cable Address : JUAN L. C. CAM "DESIDAL DAVAO" Gen. Manager Let us Plant Forest Trees ANTONIO A. QUEJADO on Arbor Week Acting Director of Forestry

For the past many years up to July of forests have suffered from the hands of un­ 1954, the country had always celebrated Ar­ scrupulous people. The kaifigineros, together bor Day. The follo\ving year, by virtue of with the squatters and illegal loggers, have Executive Proclamation No. 129 series of changed the picture of our countrysides and 1955 of the then President Ramon Magsay­ our forests into cogon and open lands now say, the one day observance was extended badly marked by erosion. The kaifigineros, to one week. eking out a living in the hinterlands, the squatters seeking lands, and the illegal log­ To me, Arbor Week has some infectious gers hacking away the forests for profit, have significance. Since I came to know of the reduced our forest land into a critical state. annual celebration, I have always given the occasion some serious thoughts. As circum­ The condition of our forests has dis­ stances and opportunities permit, I have al­ turbed me very much. Even before I be­ ways participated actively in celebrating the came the Director of Forestry, I had already occasion, and enlightened my children and expressed my wish to stop the pillage of friends on the ultimate purpose the celebra­ our forests. And I had also manifested in tion seeks to achieve. various occasions my conformity with work Having spent the golden years of my life plans for the speeding up of reforestation in the forest service of the country, I know work in the country to restore lost forests. and I need not state here the thousand<> I am aware of the many aesthetic benefits and one uses of trees to man. I know, as we get from forests. To my mind, it was all Filipinos know, that we need trees from sheer nonesense as well as criminally neg­ the happy event of birth up to the tragic advent of death. ligent t~ remain complacent towards forest destruction. To me, it is an unpardonable Like anybody else, I hope the celebration act to burn the forests just to plant root of Arbor Week this year is successful. In crops when over in the lowlands we have the past, due to the seemingly apathetic at­ vast untilled lands. titude of our people towards the protection and conservation of trees the occasion was The temporary benefits the farmers get devoid of any significance. If the Arbor Week from clearing the forest for kaifigin pur­ celebration is successful this year, I am most poses can not off set the disaster the whole certain it will to a great degree impress nation will suffer as a result of the destruc­ upon the minds of our people the importance tion of the forest. The squatters have con­ of planting trees and the need of protecting tributed to the denudation of our forests. them. And the get-quick loggers, the unscrupulous My service in the bureau of forestry has and money-hungry operators have irreparably enabled me to go places, and I have seen done more harm to the national economy by with my own eyes the destruction our public destroying the timber stand.

ARBOR WEEK-FORESTRY DAY ISSUES - 1966 Page l The Bureau of Forestry has never tole­ forestation Office or to our experiment Sta­ rated this. We will never tolerate the ravage tions, requesting hundreds of forest tree seed­ of our forests. Although somehow this un­ lings for planting during the Arbor \Veek. scrupulous persons can not be pinned down We want the celebration to be success­ due to the bureau lack of fund and person­ ful. For quite sometime now, our Informa­ nel, we are taking extra efforts to stop once tion Office, together with the extension de­ and for all the despoilation of our forests. partment of the U.P. College of Forestry, Forest protection is one thing. Reforesta­ in coordination with other members of the tion is another. But these two are gigantic Joint Committee on Information and Educa­ forestry programs which should receive the tion in Forestry, has been disseminating cooperation of the people. various information materials closely related with the Arbor Week celebration. And so during this year's Arbor Week, with crossed fingers, I am hoping the people We have printed 10,000 copies of the will start appreciating the importance of tree>. Arbor Week posters and distributed them Once our citizenry becomes aware of the to all parts of the country. We have also necessity of planting trees to make their given away printed information materials on plazas, parks and boulevards, look clean­ forest conservation. er and greener, there is no reason why they However, Arbor Week celebration this can not learn to plant forest trees, not only year should not only be limited to the plant­ for their beauty's sake, but for the progres'i ing of trees in parks, plazas and boulevards. of our national economy. There is a more urgent need of replantin~ denuded forests. We wish Arbor Week cele­ In order to get much of this year's Arbor bration would reach the hinterlands, where Week celebration the field personnel of the vast deforested areas awaiting afforestation lie. Bureau of Forestry have been instructed to participate actively in the planting of trees. We can say our efforts in planting trees As of this writing, I have already received today have been successful only when the copies of correspondence from our field per­ seedlings we plant grow up to become big sonnel addressed either to the nearest Re- trees.

Director Antonio A. Quejado has bared 5. Sustained nation-wide forestry informa- his major forestry programs which he has tion and education campaign. started implementing in earnest: 6. Speeding up inventory of forest re­ sources throughout the Philippines. 1. Decentralization 7. Thorough screening of existing forest 2. Improved assessment system and in­ licenses and permits with a view to weeding tensified collection of forest charges and other out those who violate the terms and condi­ fees collectible from the forest-users. tions of their awards. 3. Full implementation of the directives 8. Effective protection of public forests. of the President and the Vice President and 9. Full-scale implementation of selective DANR Secretary on forest conservation. logging and watershed management measures. 4. Strict enforcement of forest laws and 10. Observance of the merit system and regulations. elimination of graft and corruption.

Page 2 FORESTRY LEAVES Forest Resources of by JUAN L. UTLEG the Philippines* Assistant Director of Forestry

Because of modern weapon and intelli­ their value in terms of available timber gence developed for warfare, perhaps the use volume for today's and tomorrow's needs. of forests as places of concealment and means of protection will become less and less im­ FOREST MANAGEMENT portant. But the maintenance of productive All of the Bureau's present policies are forests in healthy watershed so as to support geared toward conservation of the remaining a vi~ble economy and, therefore, a strong, forests. To accomplish this end, the Bureau stable· society will more substantially con­ is striving against odds to hold this remaining tribute to the promotion of national security. forest areas and place them under scientific It is believed that a better knowledge and forest management and keep them in the appreciation of our forests by this elite group state of sustained maximum productivity by of the National Defense College is very pursuing as closely as possible the following timely and worthwhile. important programs: Much has been written and said about (a) Intensify the delineation and estab­ Philippine forests and forestry recently. With lishment of permanent forest areas. The the prestigious position now occupied b:v quicker this is done, the sooner will we the lumber industry which ranks the second obtain real control over our forests; top dollar-earner among the country's in­ (b) A Nationwide forest inventory to dustries, it is not surprising that our people gather vital statistics on our forest resources; have become more conscious of the forests. In the wake of each destructive flood or ( c) Implement and enforce selective log­ drought, we hear indignant cries about the ging for the sustained yield management wanton neglect and abuse of our forest re­ of our public forests; - sources. Unreliable figures have been cited to ( d) Grant, regulate and control timber support alarming statements that our forests licenses for the continued productivity of are fast disappearing. the forests; and Many are interested in knowing just how ( e) Formulate policies and regulations re­ much timber the Philippines still has. Lum­ lative to the scientific management, includ­ bermen, log exporters, wood processors, all ing research work, of the forests. Field stu­ are anxious to know. Economists and national dies and experiments are conducted to help planners are as eager as the others for the improve the conditions, quality and growth answer to this vital question. As custodian of residual trees in logged-over areas. of the nation's forest wealth, the Bureau of Forestry has the responsibility to ascertain FOREST INVENTORY the extent of our remaining forests and assess , Basic to the administration and manage­ 0 Lecture given by Juan L. Utleg, Assistant ment of the public forests is a comprehen­ Director of Forestry, at the National Defense College of the Philippines, Fort Bonifacio, on June 22, 1966. sive forestry inventory. During the early

ARBOR WEEK-FORESTRY DAY ISSUES - 1966 Page 3 stages of development, the Bureau's acti­ lings, saplings, young poles, residual trees vities along this line were limited to small­ from cut over lands as well as mature virgin scale and sporadic ground forest surveys timber. which gathered rough estimates of forest ex­ Sixteen percent (or 1.54 million hectares) tent and timber volume. \Vhen the demand is under cultivation to low garden or field for logs and lumber increased tremendous­ crops like rice, corn, etc. Also included under ly after World War II, the uncoordinated these category are managed pasturelands. surveys and estimates could no longer be relied upon. Thus, more reliable figures were More than 682,000 hectares are planted needed. to permanent plantation crops such as co­ conut, rubbers, citrus and other field crops. To answer this need, a modern forest in­ Most of these lands are found in Zamboan­ ventory program was implemented in 1962 ga, Bukidnon and Davao. with the assistance of the U.S. Agency for International Development and the National Around 9 percent of the land area is Economic Council. Aerial photographs flown made up of open lands principally grasslands and processed by the Philippine Air Force and abandoned croplands. Urban areas, towns, are used in the current forest inventory. roads and marshlands make up 1 percent or The present nationwide inventory has com­ about 136,000 hectares of the total land area. pleted the survey of Mindanao, where the (b) Land Use Chart for Luzon and Visaya.~ bulk of our forests is found. Pending the (1957 ): completion of data computation and analysis Hectares Per Cent for the rest of the islands already inven­ toried, the 1957 forestry statistics for Luzon Forest- 7,964,720 40.7 and Visayas compiled by the Bureau of Forest­ Brushland- 1,076,600 5.5 ry and the National Economic Council will Cultivated and still be used officially. other lands - 7,944,020 40.6 Open lands- 2,192,590 11.2 The following charts and tables show the Marsh or present state of our forest resources: swamps- 412,460 2.0 (a) Land Use Chart for Mindanao (1963): Total _ - 19,590,390 100.0 Hectares Per Cent We have about 41 percent of the total Forest­ 6,638,719 67.0 land area in Luzon and in the Visayas still Cultivated under forest. This represents about 8 million Croplands­ 1,538,017 16.0 hectares. Cultivated lands, urban settlements Plantation and others amount to almost the same total Croplands­ 682,783 7.0 or 8 million hectares representing about 41 Open lands­ 874,222 9.0 Marsh & small percent. Brushlands are over a million hec­ water areas - 78,304 0.6 tares or 11.2 percent. Marshes and swamps Urban and others - 57,215 0.4 make up 2 percent, or 412,000 hectares. Total _ _ _ _ 9,869,260 100 ( c) Timber Volume for Mindanao (1963): Million The latest statistics based on the recently Cubic Meters Per Cent concluded forest inventory of Mindanao using Western Mindanao 148.4 12.9 aerial photograph show that 67 percent of Central Mindanao 353.5 30.7 the total land area (or 6.64 million hectares) Eastern Mindanao 649.2 56.4 is still under forest; The forest lands con­ tain stands of all sizes ranging from seed- Total - - - 1,151.1 100.0

Page 4 FORESTRY LEAVES The latest forest inwntory shows there 1s average of 18.5 million cubic meters is ac­ a total of 1.15 billion cubic meters of timber cumulated annually, as a result of growth. in Mindanao, composed of trees 15 centi­ Eastern Mindanao has the highest growth meters or larger in diameter. More than half volume per year because it has the highest of this volume is found in Eastern Minda­ growth rate among the t?ree regions. nao where the bulk of the rich Philippine ( f) Average Annual Drain from Authorized hardwood forests is located. The forests of Logging, Mindanao: Central Mindanao have a standing volume Cubic Meters of 353.5 million cubic meters while Western Mindanao forests have 148.4 million cubic Western Mindanao - 1,147,488 meters. Central Mindanao - 964,146 Eastern Mindanao - 2,700,485 (d) The Timber Volume for Luzon and Visayas (1957): Total _ _ _ _ _ 4,812,119 Million Cubic Meters Per Cent The table shows that an average of 4.8 million cubic meters of timber is drained Western Luzon- 95.1 18.5 annually from Mindanao forests. The sus­ Eastern Luzon - 155.2 30.3 tained yield management program of the Southern Luzon- 74.4 14.5 Bureau strives to maintain a balance between W estem Visayas & wood drain and wood growth. In other words, Palawan- 119.4 23.3 the volume cut from the forest per year Eastern Visayas - 68.7 13.4 ideally should not exceed the volume growth Total --- 512.8 100.0 per year. The 1957 volume figures of Luzon and the Now, a comparison between the growth Visayas Inventory show a combined total of table and the authorized logging drain table 512.8 million cubic meters available in trees shows that the cut is way below the growth. 30 centimeters in diameter. This is a clear indication that much of the blame alluded to the legitimate loggers for You will note from the table that the forest denudation is misplaced. bulk of the timber volume is found in East­ ern Luzon and Western Visay~s and Pala­ (g) Average Annual Drain from Clearing, wan, where much of the remaining forest Illegal Kaiiigin, Illegal Logging and areas are located. Southern Luzon and East­ Other Causes (Mindanao): ern Visayas have the least timber volume Cubic Meters available. However, these figures might be altered, as was the case when the results Western Mindanao - 5,369,960 of the Mindanao inventory were released. Central Mindanao - 5,254,221 Eastern Mindanao - 4,658,483 ( e) Annual Volume Growth, Mindanao; (1963): Total _ _ _ 15,282,664 Cubic Meters While there is a very favorable growth­ Western Mindanao - 1,523,261 drain balance with regards to authorized Central Mindanao - 6,156,449 logging operations, the same cannot be said Eastern Mindanao - 10,852,369 of the growth-drain balance involving land clearing, illegal kaifigin, illegal logging and Total _ _ _ _ _ 18,532,079 other causes totalling to over 15.2 million To be comprehensive and useful, the forest cubic meters. The over-all growth-drain ba­ inventory collected data on growth. Results lance tips over unfavorably when both drain of the Mindanao inventory show that an due to logging and drain due to clearings

ARBOR WEEK-FORESTRY DAY ISSUES - 1966 Page 5 and other causes are lumped together. Total management practices with adequate protec­ annual growth is 18.5 million cubic meters: tion from destruction. drain from all causes is 20.1 million cubic meters. FORESTS AND THE NATIONAL ECONOMY Thus, there seems to be a yearly deficit The lumber industries rank second among of 1.6 million cubic meters. What matters the major dollar-earning industries of the most, however, is the growth and drain in country today. Figures compiled by the Na­ the permanent forests, not in the alienable tional Economic Council show that the Philip­ and disposable areas which are intended for pines supplied about 29 percent of the wood agricultural production that are subsequent­ requirements in the international market. ly cleared. Proportionately, the growth and Starting from scratch at the end of World drain in permanent forests would be less. War II, timber production has been steadily Eventually, by more intensive protection and increasing from the early fifties, reaching a forestry practices, the unfavorable balance peak in 1963 when 7.7 million cubic meters will become less and less. The figures just show the real existence of a conservation of timber were produced. Table "h" shows problem which we must solve with earnest the timber production and represented by and speed. the graph; Table "i" shows the export, and value of export. However, in 1964, the Cen­

FOREST RESOURCE OUTLOOK tral Bank issued Circular No. 182, which contained provisions considered to be too The result of this forest inventory shows stringent by log buyers, specially those from that the forest resources are still large, of Japan. tremendous economic value and of impor­ tance to the future prosperity of the Philip­ The Central Bank Circular 182 almost pines. It is expected that after the result brought a paralyzation of log exportation of the inventory of Luzon and the Visayas, with the cancellation of log-buying contracts we shall have a complete updated and reliable by Japan. Many producers were forced to set of statistics. reduced or stop operations. A new set of grading rules (Forestry FAO No. 19-a) was Meanwhile, based on the forest resource adopted in lieu of C.B. Circular 182, which in Mindanao, and using the present rate was acceptable to the log buyers. Log ex­ of cut (drain by authorized logging opera­ portation subsequently resumed. Timber pro­ tions), the old growth or virgin forests of duction, nevertheless, still was feeling the Mindanao should be able to meet the de­ adverse effect of the circular up to 1965. mands of local and export timber markets for at least 70 years even assuming that Timber production deacreased as a result there is no wood growth at all. This length of the Administration's policy of issuing tem­ of time is almost two times the estimated porary 3-month cutting permits to licensees. 40 years it takes for trees in adequately Many licensees had to suspend their opera­ stock logged-over areas to attain harvest­ tion as a result of this policy. able (exploitable) size and volume ready The present Administration's ban on the for another cutting operations. issuance of new timber licenses; the non­ This is so because trees grow and repro­ renewal of licenses expiring this year; the duce, and as we pegged the allowable an­ suspension of granting of additional or ad­ nual cut to equal the net growth, then it is justment of allowable cut and the cancella­ only logical to conclude that we can have tion of log dealer's permit for those exporting a continuing source of forest goods and logs who are not concessionaires and actual services, so long as we follow sound forest ( Contjnued on page 32)

Page 6 FORESTRY LEAVES by The Role of Science in Forestry JOSE VIADO Administrator Development* Reforestation Administration

In more advanced countries such as the nuclear development. It is a fact that al­ United States, Germany, Japan and Finland, most every aspect of American forestry is forestry is a dynamic process in the strict highly mechanized. Thus we have heard sense of the word. Forestry development is about helicopter logging and seeding, forest closely synchronized with the countries' socio­ mensuration with the aid of aerial photo­ economic, industrial, agricultural and tech­ grammetry and photo-interpretation, the me nological developments. The obvious reason of radioactive isotopes in forestry research, for this is that their forest practices and etc. Japan is known also for her scientific­ policies are consistently guided by scien­ ally managed forest and the almost unbeliev­ tific findings and studies with the minimum able level with which she has reduced forest interference, if there is at all, of the kind products wastes through efficient utilization. of politics that we have in the Philippines. So much so that it has been said that the. only thing not utilized of a tree there in And so we are left to envy the colossal Japan is the sound of its fall. strides in forestry development in those coun­ tries which are highly developed. Paradoxi­ Science, indeed, plays a very important cally, we seem to be very slow at learning and indispensable role in forestry develop­ by, and benefiting from, their examples. ment. After alL was it not said that forestry For instance, we know about Germany's in itself is a science, besides being an are highly articulate but steadfastly followed And so we have evolved what we now sustained yield forest management but what know as "forest management" which, ac­ fraction of it have we emulated? In Finland, cording to the Society of American Foresters, forests have been foremost in national con­ is "the application of business methods and sideration and planning because they con­ technical forestry principles to the operation stitute a great resource for Finland. So much of a forest property." Since the task of forest so that Finland's forest resources provide management is "to build, put in order, and 95 per cent of all Finnish exports. We have keep in order a forest business," I suppose almost a similar case with Finland in that forest management is in itself forestry deve­ our forest resources provide the second largest lopment. export of our country. But have we given the commensurate national consideration and From the definition of forest management, planning for these precious resources? we can very well see what a vast role science has in forestry development. For science Much has been said about the United throws its weight on such technological as-· States forestry development which has not pects of forest management as (I) silvics and been allowed to lag behind her ambitious silviculture, ( 2) mensuration, ( 3) logging and milling, ( 4) wood technology, ( 5) patho­ 0 Speech delivered at the Third Plenary Session of the 6th Annual Convention of Log Producers logy, ( 6) entomology, 7) fire control and and Wood Processors sponsored by the Philippine use, ( 8) wildlife, ( 9) recreation, ( 10) graz­ Chamber of Wood Industries held at the NSDB Pavilion, April 13-16, 1966. ing, ( 11) water and ( 12) civil engineering.

ARBOR WEEK-FORESTRY DAY ISSUES - 1966 Page 7 Science also permeates the business and so­ agement practices. Practically nil has been cial aspects of forest management. It is thus done towards determining various local forest unimaginable how there should be any sub­ influences and forest cover on soil erosion, stantial forestry development without science waterflow. There has been a sadly inadequate playing a key role. Science has now become attention given to studies on the protection a byword identified with progress in any of the forest against insects and fungi. Forestry human undertaking. genetics is still strange to us and so in log­ ging, all the high quality trees are cut in­ Science has severely revised forestry con­ stead of leaving a sufficient number of them cepts, improved methods and techniques as to regenerate future stands. well as research and developmental work. A pertinent write-up on the latest develop­ \Vhat actually have we done during the ments in forestry was recently made by Dr. past years? One of our colleagues here, Francisco M. Tamolang, Assistant Director Forester Nicolas Lansigan, virtually summed of the Forest Products Research Institute. up the situation when he wrote that "there (See Forestry Leaves, XIV: 1 & 2.) has entirely been too much pre-occupation on the exploitation and revenue-raising activities Now, what are the scientific developments of forestry to the utter. neglect of the basie in Philippine forestry? It may be said that phases on which the very practice of forestry the beginning of any scientific knowledge must rest." being applied in forestry here dates as far back as the establishment of the lnspeccion Of course, we reason out that science in General de Montes during the Spanish regime. local forestry development has been set back The first ten years of the Bureau of Forestry by several factors foremost of which are: were devoted to forest administration and ( 1) the perennial problem of lack of funds, forest research. ( 2) destruction of previous or early research data by the war, ( S) dearth in research per­ As of today, the history of forest research sonnel and equipment and ( 4) the diversity in our country may be grouped roughly into of our forest species and climatic types. The three periods. The first period embraces the situation not under control, we bungled in Spanish regime; the second, from the crea­ our forestry practices and policies. tion of the Bureau of Forestry in 1900 to the establishment of the Forest Research Division For instance, in the absence of reliable of the same bureau in 1954; and the third, growth data, the so-called "diameter limit" from that time to the present. Outstanding system was adopted as a basis for manage­ accomplishments of the first period were ment plans. This stipulates in timber licenses, botanical studies of indigenous species. The among others, that trees of the first group second period had germination studies, plant woods below 60 cm. in diameter ( 40 cm. for introduction and testing and the third, de­ second group and 50 cm. for all dipterocarps, termination of tree and timber stand growth except yakal) shall not be cut. Those below and forest products utilization. this diameter size left uncut are expected to grow and take over. However, after more But while much has been learned in the than 50 years of forest exploitation under past years about Philippine forestry thru this management plan, there is no substantial scientific studies, it is said that the potential forest area where the expected subsequent field of forest research has as yet hardly been cut had been made, attesting either to the scratched. For instance, there is a dearth of failure or impracticability of the diameter information regarding our forest soils, the limit system. seeding habits of our commercial tree species. We have not had compiled comprehensive Some ten years ago, we launched the data on which to evolve sustained-yield man- present selective logging system with the pur-

Page 8 FORESTRY LEAVES pose of leaving enough thrifty residuals for us are not fully av.:are of it; others even a subsequent cut after a certain period. The insist to be unaware of it. For the root cause attendant difficulty of implementation and of the prevailing water crisis which has been the inadequacy of protection of logged-o,·er considered the worst in years is WANTON areas from squatters and kaingineros, how­ DEFORESTATION. Not only that. Compa­ ever have rendered the system practically ratively speaking, for the· last decade, we meaningless except in very limited areas. And have had more floods than we had before so we ha,-e ,-ast kaingins or abandoned that, percentagewise. The scientific explana­ kaingins out of logged-over areas instead of tion for this is that forests do have a con­ second growth for a subsequent cut. As I siderable influence on the water flow of said, the implementation was not systematic streams or rivers although deforestation alone enough and the protection very inadequate. does not directly cause floods; it only en­ Then there was the unscientific assump­ hances the occurrence of floods. On this ,.,.-c tion that our timber stock grows at the rate do not want to be misunderstood. of 1.5 per cent a year. But we know that According to Kittredge, one time director most of our forests under exploitation are of the U.S. Weather Bureau and a ranking virgin forests so that any wood growth member of the American Society of Civil could only compensate decay and mortality Engineers, deforestation and denudation in­ in such forests. But because of the lack of crease surface runoff and the increased run­ comprehensive growth studies on which to off further increases the height of flood crests. base annual cuts, we used the 1.5 per cent growth assumption as our basis. And what Such an oversight, if not a grave mistake, happened? We set the volume of annual cut in the exploitation of our forests stems from at a certain level so there was a steady drain. the fact that, in the management of our But could there have been an equally steady forest resources, we have not been consist­ replenishment? The National Economic Coun­ ently guided by scientific methods and find­ cil observation that we are losing our forests ings, simply because of the fact that we have at the stupendous and alarming rate of 172,000 not established our own scientific bases or, hoctares every year should beget serious if we have, they are insufficient and hardly thoughts. reliable. Indeed, so much in our forestry Our forestry development has sorely lagged development remains to be desired. behind because of the paucity of scientific Recently, there are overtures by the Phil­ knowledge about our forests. The government ippine Chamber of Wood Industries to push forestry agencies have, with their limited through some legislations to help the wood resources, strived hard in putting forestry industries. Significant among the proposals development in the forefront. But despite all for legislation are: ( 1) the establishment, these efforts, our forestry development has by the government, of the Wood Industries been remarkably slow. Development Bank with 'P150-million initiai We are warned, not infrequently, that we fund; ( 2) the setting aside by the government are fast liquidating our forest capital on of P25-million for forestry development and which hinges so much of our potential for reforestation work; ( 3) the setting aside of industrialization and socio-economic program. of 'P25-million for the promotion of wood Conservative estimates have it that deforesta­ products export trade; ( 4) the setting aside tion is outpacing reforestation at the rate of of 'P25-million for manpower training for 5 to 1. And to note that we are currently forestry and wood processing; ( 6) the allo­ under retribution for our splendid record cation of another 'P25-million for forestry of deforestation! Although perhaps some of research and education.

ARBOR WEEK-FORESTRY DAY ISSUES - 1966 Page 9 Working on the assumption that, with the If you would now challenge us to make systematic programming in the next five years, a commitment on the proposed science foun­ the wood industries will have an earning of dation devoted to forestry research, we be­ P970-million in export proceeds, your cham­ lieve that with the available resources at ou:: ber president proposed that the funds needed disposal, we can meet the challenge. Let it for these proposed legislations can be taken be put on record that on this day and before from the 7 per cent tax slapped on these this august body offer the free services of the proceeds. Tax collections on these proceeds. technical staff of the Reforestation Adminis­ according to your chamber president, would tration for the organization of a science foun­ amount to some 'P275-million. dation or institute for forestry research. You can pitch in the needed financial resource However, with the tight financial situa­ to establish and maintain this proposed science tion under the present dispensation as it foundation and the Reforestation Administra­ always was under previous administrations, tion shall give you the necessary technical I am not certain if you can have all those assistance in laying out its goals and policie5 legislative proposals pass Congress. The gov­ as well as its organizational structure. ernment earnings from forest products ex­ port may yet be funneled into projects con­ At this juncture, I wish to inform you sidered more urgent by the present adminis­ that preliminary arrangement had been made tration. I can only hope with you that this with the Federal Republic of Germany for may not happen. But in the event that it does the establishment of the Forestry Institute happen, what can you do? of the Philippines as a counterpart of the Forest Products Research Institute. The pro­ This brings to mind what President John posal, however, has not yet been approved F. Kennedy once told his fellow countrymen: on the part of the Philippines but in Ger­ "Ask not what your country can do for you; many it is already being counted as ap­ ask what you can do for your country." Yes, proved. If finally approved, then your added why not? With your earnings, you can very support (material and moral) would induce well put up part of the funds, if not all the continuity of the project and will certain­ of it, to promote the wood industries and ly be a boost to the wood industries of our forestry development in this country. country. Knowing fully well the role of science To expedite things, I suggest that the in forestry development and knowing further Resolutions Committee of this convention that the existing government forestry research take note of this matter so that they may agencies cannot cope with the demand for frame up a pertinent resolution to be taken scientific studies and findings comprehensive up during the period of presentation of re­ and adequate enough to serve as the bases !>olutions. on which to evolve sound forest policies and practices, I, therefore, now recommend that, In the area of forestry education which with your resources pooled together, you put is of course the frontier in the advance­ up a private science foundation or institute ment of forestry science, so much awaits the to carry on forestry research. In foreign coun­ attention of those of you in the wood indus­ tries, the private sector seems very aggressive tries. Either individually or collectively, you in initiating the establishment of similar can sponsor study and research grants in science foundations. I believe that you, their forestry here and abroad. Part of the earnings counterpart in the Philippines, are not less of your bank deposits can support a profes­ capable in order to match their aggressive­ sorial chair or more in our established forestry ness in promoting the advancement of science schools and still you are helping in the ad- in forestry development. ( Continued on page 32)

Page 10 FORESTRY LEAVES The Philippine Forest Resources: Their Fuller Utilization and by MANUEL R. MONSALUD Relation to World B. S. Sugar Tech. AND DOMINGO LANTICAN 1 Trends B.S.F., M.F., Ph.D.2

ABS TRACT and a pulp and paper mill. Other pulp and paper mills are being installed or planned. The forest area of the Philippines totals 12.3 million hectares which is 41.5% of the The predominating forest products are land area. Of this 8.3 million hectares are timber with annual production of 2% billion commercial forests with a volume of 1.3 tril­ bd. ft.; lumber, 530 million bd. ft. and ply­ lion board feet of standing timber. The re­ wood, 600 million sq. ft. maining stand which is classified as non­ The Philippines is the world's heaviest commercial contains 105.2 billion board feet. exporter of hardwood logs. In the year 1964- Of the 3,500 species only about 100 spe­ 1965, 58 percent of the total production cies are commonly utilized. The greater per­ ( 1,522,094,345 bd. ft.) were exported. Ninety­ centage of these belong to the Dipterocarp five percent of this was absorbed by Asian family, commercially known as Philippine countries: Japan ( 83 per cent); Taiwan {6.9 mahogany. Among the important species are per cent) and Korea ( 4.9 per cent). A very the dark Philippine mahogany: lauan {Shorea small fraction went to the United States, negrosensis Foxw.), tangile {S. polysperma Europe and Africa. Other exports included ( Blco.) Merr.) and the light-red Philippine lumber ( 35 million bd. ft.), plywood {320 mahogany: almon (Shorea almon Foxw.), million sq. ft.) and veneer ( 500 million sq. mayapis {S. squamata {Turcz.) Dyer), bag­ ft.). tikan ( Parashorea plicata Brandis) and white The Forest Products Research Institute lauan (Pentacme contorta (Vidal) Merr. & conducts research projects to find ways and Rolfe). means for fuller utilization of forest products and to reduce waste; improve production Majority of the species are not now utilized and processing techniques; and to produce due to the lack of knowledge of the proper­ new commodities. It has been found that ties of wood. many of the species not now utilized are suit­ Forestry and forest products are important able for many uses, and fast growing "weed ' factors in the national economy of the Philip­ species show promise as pulp wood. pines. At present, about $125,000,000 are The recommendation for the protection invested in wood based industry including and fuller utilization of the Philippine forest the pulp and paper sector. There are now resources includes {a) forest products deve­ 226 sawmills, 21 plywood mills, IO veneer lopment and research to promote production mills, a hardboard mill, a particle board plant and consumption of forest products; ( b) mar­

1 General Paper intended for presentation at the ket development to increase exports; ( d) deve­ 6th World Forestry Congress to be held in Madrid, lopment of forestry education particularly in Spain in June, 1966. 2 Director, Forest Products Research Institute, the graduate level; {f) and intensified public University of the Philippines and Dean, College of education in forestry to curb forest destruc­ Forestry, University of the Philippines, respectively, both of College, Laguna, Philippines. tion and promote conservation work.

ARBOR WEEK-FORESTRY DAY ISSUES - 1966 Page 11 !.-THE PHILIPPINE FOREST HESOCHCES flora is so rich that there are more than 3,500 arberescent species in the country. To fully appreciate the forest resources of These species, although found growing in the Philippines and their potentialities, it is different elevations, are of distinct vegeta­ well to keep in mind a few essential facts tion, thus comprising different forest types regarding the geographical location and na­ in the country. The different 'types of forests tural conditions of the country. are: dipterocarp, molave, pine, mangrove, The Philippines is a small country com­ beach, mid-mountain and mossy forests. pared to the United States and the Union 1. Dipterocarp forest. The forest of this of Soviet Socialist Republics. It is an archi­ kind is typically tropical, with the members pelago named after Philip II of Spain, with of the dipterocarp (lauan) family constitut­ approximately i,093 islands, located about ing the heavy timber stands which form 500 miles off the southeast coast of the Asian the basis for lumber and allied industries. mainland. To the West and North is the About 75 to 80 percent of the timber stock China Sea, to the East, the Pacific Ocean come from the dipterocarp forest and the and to the South, the Sea of Celebes and timbers harvested, in turn, form the mainstay the coastal waters of Borneo. The islands of both the wood-using industries and wood extend north and south about 1,152 miles export trade of the Philippines. The diptero­ and east and west about 688 miles, their carp forest is of the mature to overmature shape, if bordered by straight lines, being type, averaging in timber volume about 100 about that of an isosceles triangle, and their to 200 cubic meters to a hectare, and this is area, 115,600 sq. mi., or about 6,000 sq. mi. considered sufficiently valuable to warrant less than that of Great Britain. the use of modern mechanical means for ex­ Though the Philippines is small in area, traction. it has attached to itself great world signi­ The best known species producing the best ficance for its tremendous wealth in natural woods for trade under the dipterocarp forest resources, particularly forest resources. are: apitong ( Dipterocarpus grandif lorus a. Forest areas and timber stocks.-The Blanco), guijo ( Shorea guiso (Blanco) and forests of the Philippines are among the most yakal ( Shorea astylesa Forw.); and the replenishable assets of the Republic. This "Phili}J"pine mahogany" species, namely: al­ natural wealth is inexhaustible or exhaustible, mon (Shorea almon (Foxw.), bagtikan (Para­ depending on whether it is fully conserved shorea plicata Brandis), maya pis ( Shorea or abused. Latest statistics of the Bureau squamata ( Turcz.) Dyer), red lauan (Shore a of Forestry (as of July 1, 1964 to June 30, negrosensis Foxw. ), tangile ( Shorea polys­ 1965) reveals that out of the total land area perma (Blanco) Merr.), tiaong (S. agsaboen­ of the Philippines of 29.7 million hectares, sis Stern) and white lauan ( Pentacme con­ 41.5 per cent (or 12.3 million hectares) are torta ( Vid.) Merr. & Rolfe) . Other principal commercial and non-commercial forests. It species thriving in this forest type are dao is estimated that 6.3 million hectares of com­ ( Dracontomelon dao), malaikmo ( Celtis phi­ mercial forests have standing timber of 1.3 lippinensis), taluto ( Pterocymbium tincto­ trillion bd. ft., and non-commercial forests rium), katmon ( Dillenia philippinensis), ma­ covering 4.0 million hectares have an appro­ lugai ( Pometia pinnata Forst. forma glabra ximate timber stock of 105.2 billion bd. ft. (Bl.) Jacobs), ilang-ilang ( Cananga odorata), alupag (Euphoria didyma), and Canarium b. Forest types.-The Philippine forests spp. are well-known for their beautiful and dur­ able woods of high quality, which are com­ Molave forest. - This type of forest is parable to many foreign woods. The wood more open in character and its average volume

Page 12 FORESTRY LEAVES of timber per unit area is only 30 cubic pinnata) and agoho ( Casuarina equisetifolia) meters per hectare. The woods produced commonly grow in this kind of forest. from this forest, however, are highly valued 6. Mid-mountain and mossy forests.-The for their natural beauty and durabilitv. The mid-mountain and mossy types of forests are most important species are: molave . ( Vitex composed of short-holed trees whose branches parviflora J uss.), narra ( Pterocarpus indicus are generally covered with mosses liverworts Willd.), tindalo ( Pahudia rhomboidea (Blan­ ferns, and orchids. Usually fou~d in high co) Prain), ipil (Intsia bijuga ( Colebr.) O. and very rough mountainous regions, these Ktze.) and dangula or sasalit (Teijsmannio­ forests are essentially protection forests. dendron ahernianum ( Merr. ) ( Bakh. ) . Among the principal species are: Dacrydium 3. Pine forest.-The pine forest type ~s spp., Tristania decorticata, Myrica spp., Symp­ generally composed of coniferous species like locos spp. and Syzygium spp. Benguet pine ( Pinus insularis End!. ) and Practically all ( 97%) of the forests in :Mindoro pine (Pinus merkusii Jungh. & de the Philippines are owned and managed by Vr.). These species occupy most of the the government. As indicated by the forest mountain and mining regions of high altitudes resource inventory in Mindanao, the timber in Northern Luzon and Mindoro. drain due to land clearing is more than three 4. Mangrove forest.-The mangrove forest times that of logging and other causes (based is a contrast of the pine forest type where­ on 11-year period, 1952-1963). This land clear­ in forest stands of the former usually grow ing ( "kaingin making") is a consequence in low altitudes, particularly in tidal flat­ of increasing population which inevitablv lands at the mouths of streams and on the required expansion of agriculture and co~­ shores of protected bays. The species that munities. Release of lands from the public thrive well jn these places are mainly used domain was necessary for this expansion, but as firewood, charcoal, tan bark, cutch and with an objective of retaining at least 42% dye-bark. However, the woods produced may of the total land area of the country fo:: also serve for construction purposes, that is, forest purposes. While 59% of the total land if the materials are treated to make them area still remains under government control, durable. Majority of the species belong to the momentum of land clearing should be the Rhizoporaceae, namely: bakauan ( Rhi­ slowed down in order to keep the remaining zophera apiculata), bakauan-babae (R. mu­ forest (now only 41.5% of the total land area) cronata), busaing ( Brugiera gymnorrhiza), for essential forest uses. pototan-lalaki (B. cylindrica), pototan (B. 11.-THE IMPORTANCE OF FOREST PRODCCTS sexangula), langarai ( B. parviflora), and TO THE PHILIPPINES tan gal ( Ceriops tagal). There are also other species of other families, such as tabigi (Xylo­ No country whose forests are economical­ carpus granatum), piagau ( X. moluccensis), ly important can afford to neglect the utiliza­ dungon-late ( H eritiera littoralis), pagatpat tion of forest products. ( Sonneratia alba), a pi-a pi ( Avicennia offici­ Forestry and forest products, in recent nalis), and tabau ( Lumnitzera littorea). years, have grown tremendously in importance 5. Beach forest.-This forest type has a to the national economy of the Philippines. forest stand composed mostly of species that In 1963, forestry has accounted for 6.7 percent grow well on sand or sandy soil. Species of the national income. Likewise, at present, forest products are among the top products like talisai ( T erminalia catappa), dungon­ earning foreign exchange for the country. late ( H. littoralis), dapdap ( Erythrina orien­ talis), ho tong ( Barringtonia asiatica), bitaog There are now 226 sawmills, 21 plywood ( Calophyllum inophyllum), bani ( Pongamia mills, 10 veneer mills, a hardboard mill, a

ARBOR WEEK-FORESTRY DAY ISSUES-1966 Page 13 particle board plant, a pulp and paper mill and the millions more dependent on them using wood. Another pulp and paper mill for subsistence-and the host of business is being installed and others are in the plan­ establishments and supply houses catering ning stage. to the industry, it will not be hard to ima­ gine the important role of the forests in the The demand for forest products both for economic structure of the country. local consumption and for export has steadily increased in the past decades, and the forest III.-THE UTILIZATION OF PHILIPPINE industries as a whole are now an important FOREST RESOURCES sector in Philippine industrialization. Produc­ a. Species commonly utilized. - In the tion trends and expansion programs in many Philippines, about 3,500 indigenous and 300 of the wood-using industries, now capitalized exotic wood species thrive. Of the 80 families at about half a billion pesos ( $125,000,000), represented, 20 and 60 comprise the timber aside from the hundreds of millions of pesos and non-timber producing families, respective­ ready to be poured into industries of this ly. However, in spite of the great number nature, particularly the pulp and paper sec­ of species available in the country, only about tor, will bring about further growth in dollar 100 commercial wood species are being uti­ earnings from forest products in the years lized by loggers and lumbermen. to come. Majority of the species which are suit­ The capital investments in the wood-using able for a variety of uses, such as cabinet industry excluding pulp and paper are as and furniture making, panelling, patterns, follows: logging, $18,100,000; sawmilling, cigar and jewel boxes, veneer and plywood, $18,150,000; veneer and plywood, $9,094,000; general house construction, and many others, and minor forest products, $500,000. belong to the well-known "Philippine Maho­ Considering the amount of capital invest­ gany" groups otherwise known as the Dipte­ ment in these industries and in the timber rocarp ( lauan) family. Examples of the spe­ and lumber trade (as shown in Tables 1 cies are the red lauan ( Shorea negrosensis and 2), the half-million people employed- Foxw.), tangile ( S. polysperma ( Blco.) Merr.)

TABLE 1. Destination, volume and value of logs exported to foreign countries from June 1964 to July 1965.

Countries Volume (Bd. ft.) Value (US) Japan 1,239, 799,822 $68,432,452.64 Taiwan 102,114,107 5,989,946.09 Korea 73,097,588 4,582,516.59 Italy 19,367,783 1,156,965.37 Okinawa 15,590,108 815,552.47 U.S.A. 12,846,937 615,286.48 Hongkong 10,467,906 542,878.87 Denmark 4,324,612 284,271.78 France 3,404,412 222,394.97 England 2,564,859 135,110.46 Australia 1,939,852 132,105.98 Africa 1,654,470 58,414.08 Germany 145,740 31,050.00 Switzerland 19,877 6,273.82 1,487,338,073 $83,005,219.00

Page 14 FORESTRY LEAVES TABLE 2. Destination, lumber export of the Philippines from June 1964 to July 1965. Countries Volume ( Bd. ft. ) Value (US) U.S.A. 21,670,186 $ 2, 719,278.03 Australia 4,758,030 582,2-82.12 Africa 3,313,981 458,941.88 Okinawa 1,424,993 100,394.17 Denmark 889,892 155,261.22 Canada 844,401 108,385.05 Hongkong 724,903 74,159.02 Guam 194,770 43,471.27 Germany 172,770 31,316.84 Hawaii 137,106 19,018.43 Korea 109,128 12,729.93 Sumatra 95,700 15,204.21 Norway 88,227 20,645.11 Bire 74,681 2,932.38 England 67,825 13,129.68 Belgium 51,376 10,604.00 Japan 42,385 4,187.45 New Zealand 39,900 5,306.70 Sweden 17,745 3,774.78 Holland 12,349 2,118.96 Caroline Is. 10,000 1,524.20 Copenhagen 6,337 1,328.37 North Europe 4,996 789.37 France 4,427 798.11 T o t a l ------34,756,272 $ 4,387,581.28 and tiaong ( S. agsaboensis (Stern), which the West Indian mahogany (S. mahago11i are grouped under the Philippine red or Jacq.) and the African mahogany (Khava dark-red mahogany; while species like almon ivorensis A. Chev.) in quality, beauty, work­ (S. almon Foxw.), mayapis (S. squamata ability and versatility. Recently, too, the ( Turcz.) Dyer), bagtikan ( Parashorea plicata Philippine Forest Products Research Institute Brandis) and white lauan ( Pentacme con­ has found these species promising for pulp torta (Vidal) Merr. & Rolfe) are classified and papermaking. under the light-red PhilippiPe mahogany. Other Philippine species of great impor­ Because of the beautiful colors, intricate tance belong to the Anacardiaceae, Ebena­ figures and grains exhibited by the "Philip­ ceae, Guttiferae, Leguminosae, Meliaceae, Sa­ pine mahogany" woods, the United States potaceae and Verbenaceae. They commonly and various foreign countries in Europe have possess a wide range in color, grain and learned to make use of them in place of other texture, weight and strength properties, ease foreign wood species. However, the "Philip­ of working and hardness, assuming many pos­ pine Mahogany" is highly desirable and can bilities for every species to be used in any be favorably compared to the tropical Ameri­ manner and be converted into a variety of can mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla King), forest products. The most common species

ARBOR WEEK-FORESTRY DAY ISSUES - 1966 Page 15 include such well-known v>oods as narra for fear that he might not be able to sell ( Pterocarpus spp.), dao ( Dracontomelon his products later on. dao), acacia or raintree ( Samanea saman), At present, certain groups of species not ipil (Intsia bijuga), tindalo (Pahudia rhom­ now utilized by small and big industries boidea), molave (\'itex par'Ciflora), kamagong belong mostly to the Alangiaceae, Fagaceae, ( Diospyros philippinensis), guijo ( Shorea Flacourtiaceae, Melastomataceae, Podocarpa­ guiso), palosapis ( Anisoptera thurif era), ak­ ceae, etc. leng-parang ( Albizia procera), and many c. Predominating products.-The produc­ others. tion and consumption of timber in the Philip­ b. Groups of species not now usually uti­ pines rank first, followed by lumber, plywood lized.-On the other hand, the great majority and other products in the descending order. of the 3,500 wood species in practically un­ Timber or logs consumed are either used in touched or ignored due mainly to lack of their natural form, as piles for instance, or kno\vledge on their physical, mechanical and manufactured into lumber, plywood or ve­ chemical properties. No sane businessman, neer. logically enough, would risk investing hun­ The major production and consumption dreds of thousands of pesos in introducing in of various products in the Philippines for the lumber trade an unknown wood species 1964 are:

Products Production Consumption 1. Timber 2,618,048,055 bd. ft. 1,130,922,007 bd. ft. 2. Lumber 531,413,104 bd. ft. 274,051,079 bd. ft. 3. Plywood 397,426,538 sq. ft. 212,302,648 sq. ft.

Majority of the species commonly utilized The work of the Forest Products Research in the form of timber, lumber and plywood Institute in the Philippines has helped solve belong to the Dipterocarpaceae or the Philip­ the problems along this line and will even­ pine Mahogany group, while a few come from tually open the way for the use of lesser the Leguminosae and Anacardiaceae. known structural timbers as good, if not better, substitutes of many of the commercial It is expected that in the near future woods popularly known today, which are fast many more species, heretofore not used, will becoming scarce in our forests. fill the need of the pulp and paper industry. Concomitantly, the finding of ways and d. Fuller utilization of forest products.­ means by which wood wastes can be con­ Due to lack of information on the anato­ verted into profitable commercial products, mical structure, strength and chemical pro­ such as hardboard, particleboard, briquetted perties of local woods in building construc­ charcoal, tannin glue formulation from bark tion and other phases of work, it is likely and other products, help greatly in lessen­ that wood members, particularly in local ing the abnormal drain from our forests. building designs, are oversized, and this es­ The Institute, at any rate, has achieved pecially applies to those assigned to carry modest accomplishments along the utiliza­ heavy loads. Needless to say, a specific struc­ tion of weed-tree species for specific uses. ture so designed is builder than it should be Take the case of the wood which is good Not infrequently, excessive safety factors for tool handles. The premier wood known are applied for insufficiency or lack of data. the world over for striking tool handles is

Page 16 FORESTRY LEAVES American hickory ( Can;a spp.), which is not and tennis racket frames; lanutan-bagyo (Go­ found in the Philippines. Cntil recently, the nystylus macrophyllus) and anongo ( Turpinia Philippines used to import hickory for tool ovalifolia) for venetian blind slats; ulaian handles. Within a few years of study, the ( Lithocarpus llanosii) and bolongeta ( Dios­ Forest Products Research Institute found suit­ pyros pilosanthera) for picker sticks and able Philippine woods for the same articles tool handles; balakat ( Ziziphus talanai) for like agoho ( Casuarina equisetifolia L.), ka­ discus discs and softball bats; white nato tilma ( Diospyros nitida Merr.). and ata-ata ( Pouteria macrantha) for rulers; malakamias ( Diospyros mindanaensis Merr.). Binggas ( Ailanthus triphysa) for electric wood mold­ ( Terminalia citrina ( Gaertn.) Roxb.) is also ings; almaciga ( Agathis philippinensis) for considered to be a good substitute for hic­ artificial limbs; veneer and plywood, and kory, and this can be obtained easily from pulp and papermaking. local supplies. As the basic objective of the Institute is to Toog ( Combretodendron quadrialatum), have a fuller utilization of forest products another weed species, has been found to be as well as to give assistance to wood-using good in the manufacture of pulp and paper industries in working out solutions to their as well as veneer. Toog grows in fairly individual problems regarding raw materials good stands in the forests of Agusan and and processing, and the control of quality Surigao. Results of experimental studies con­ products as well as the avoidance of waste ducted at the Institute established the re­ or unnecessary cost, the same research agency quired treatment of toog bolts as well as will likewise continue to do research on proper veneer table settings before good species that are of no economic value today quality veneer can be produced from it. With but which in the future will likely prove to its long fibers already tested, toog also shows be of great value to the economic progress promise for pulp and papermaking. of the country. Some wood species found by this Insti­ e. Trends in timber production and pro­ tute to be suitable for the production of cessing of wood.-Timber production figures certain wood products are: magabuyo ( Celti~ in the Philippines for 1960-1965 have been luzonica Warb.) for bowling pins, shoe lasts oscillating in the neighborhood of 3 billion and baseball bats; balobo ( Diplodiscus pani­ board feet and the processing of wood was culatus) and karaksan ( Linociera ramiflora) generally low. for bobbins and bowling pins; malakape (Can­ thium dicoccum) and mambog (Mitragyna The amounts of timber produced as weH rotundifolia) for bobbins; mamalis ( Pittos­ as the amounts locally consumed for the porum pentandrum) for toothpicks, fan ribs last six years are as follow:

Fiscal Timber production Local consumption Percent of Local year in bd. ft. including inventories consumption bd. ft. 1959-1960 2,677,448,475 1,130,860,149 47.8 1960-1961 2, 796,897,297 1,513,016,808 54.0 1961-1962 2,838, 794,900 1,207,065,827 42.5 1962-1963 3,251,265,131 1,285,152,680 38.8 1963-1964 2,530,582, 711 604,560,522 23.8 1964-1965 2,618,260,081 1,061,197,438 42.2

f. Research and technology development The Forest Products Research Institute con­ in relation to forest products utilization.- ducts research projects (1) to find ways

ARBOR WEEK-FORESTRY DAY ISSUES - 1966 Page 17 and means for wiser and fuller utilization IV.-THE CONTRIBCTION OF PHILIPPl1'E of products from our forest, particularly HARDWOOD TRADE IN THE FOREIGN MARKET wood; ( 2) to reduce wood waste stemming a. The rank of the Philippines in the from different processings involved in con­ production of wood products. - The Asia­ verting the live tree into various wood prod­ Pacific region is among the heaviest produc­ ucts that will ultimately reach the end con­ ers of tropical hardwood logs, contributing sumer; ( 3) to improve present-day tech­ 39,484,000 cubic meters to the world pro­ niques of wood processing so as to effect high duction. Within the region the leading coun­ wood recovery; and ( 4) to produce new tries, in the order of production, are: commodities from the products of our forests. 1. China 6. British North Borneo The Institute has made numerous research­ 2. Philippines 7. India es on some forest products and has studied 8. Federation of Malay- 3. Australia intensively the characteristics and properties sia of all potentially important species. 4. Japan 9. Burma 5. Indonesia 10. Thailand Fiber characteristics studies conducted by the Institute, in conjunction with pulp and The production of the Philippines com­ paper experiments, have shown certain weed prise about 17% of the logs cut in the region, species, such as toog ( Combretodendron or .4% of the total world production of quadrialatum), Kaatoan bangkal ( Anthoce­ tropical hardwood timber. phalus cadamba), tuai ( Bischofia javanica), The Philippines also produced 2,618,260,- Moluccan sau ( Albizzia falcata), paper mul­ 081 bd. ft. of timber in 1964-1965, of which berry ( Broussonetia papyrifera), African tu­ 1,522,094,345 bd. ft. or 58%, valued at $83,- lip ( Spathodea campanulata), hinlaumo ( mal­ 005,219, were exported. This makes the Phil­ lotus ricinoides), bigau ( M iscanthus f loridu­ ippines the world's heaviest exporter of hard­ lus) and many others to be promising raw wood logs. materials for pulp and paper manufacture. In 1962 the export for same was about Also, veneer and plywood studies at the 53% of the total exportation of Asia, or Institute show that some non-commercial about 30% of the world total. On the basis wood species are good materials for either of the forest area of the Philippines which the manufacture of face or core veneers is only 0.4% of the total tropical forests of or the manufacture of plywood, namely, Ka­ Latin America, Africa and the Asia-Pacific atoan bangkal, toog, moluccan sau and others. regions, this export product is disproportion­ ately big. However, growth studies by the The growing concern for full utilization Bureau of Forestry have shown that with of raw materials as well as waste forest proper conservation and forest management, products will ultimately contribute to the the Philippine forest resources can maintain development of the country's full potential the present rate of cutting without undue for a progressive national economy. detriment to the present growing stock.

Items Quantity Value Logs 1,487,338,073 bd. ft. P319,570,095.46 Lumber 34, 756,272 bd. ft. 16,892,187.00 Plywood 323,375,459 sq. ft. 63,941,326.83 Veneer 530,624,001 sq. ft. 31,270,580.95

Page 18 FORESTRY LEAVES b. Exports of forest products.-The major receirn prime consideration, and fuller utili­ timber and wood products exported during zation of Philippine hardwoods is necessary the same period by the Philippines to for­ to increase the number of useful products. eign countries are: This is of primary concern if the Philippine producers are to compete successfully with From June 1964 to July 1965. the Philip­ industrialized countries who have the expe­ pines sent to Japan 1,239,799,822 bqard feet rience and the technological capacity for full­ of round timber, or 83% of the total timber er utilization of raw materials. export; 102,114,107 board feet or 6.9% to Taiwan and 73,097,588 board feet or 4.9% Maximum and efficient conversion tech­ to Korea. The rest were exported to other niques of non-exportable hardwood logs must Asia-Pacific countries, the United States, be studied too. As the supply of large dia­ Europe and Africa. meter timber of high quality dwindles, pro­ cessing and conversion becomes more de­ c. The future of forest products indus­ manding. For this reason, manufacturers in tries of the Philippines.-The Philippines the Philippines are beginning to favor the use has been sustaining a more or less steady of high quality logs over the cheaper grade production of 21/z to 3 billion board feet logs. in the last six years. Without proper safe­ guards, it is doubtful if any further increase b. Market development. - The foreign in cutting is possible without hurting the market for round logs cannot possibly be growing stock. Because of the increasing in­ expanded because of the limitation of forest vestment on processing equipment, which is resources. However, new market for Philip­ now worth about half a billion pesos (pulp pine wood products must have to be deve­ and paper sector included), the local log loped. So far, the Filipino producer has been requirement will correspondingly rise as long leaning heavily on the North American mar­ as market conditions remain favorable. This ket, but his participation in the European means that future log exports must necessa­ hardwood market has remained small com­ rily decrease. The probability is that there pared to that of Africa which is the dominat­ will be a gradual shift in export from raw ing supplier of logs in that area. timber to finished products. The South American forest products pro­ The industrialization of the Philippines duction has been steadily rising in the past will also have a pronounced effect on Philip­ years. As this development continues its up­ pine forestry. The utilization, for one, of the ward trend, the Philippine manufacturers mixed hardwoods for pulp and paper for could expect heavy competition in the future. home use will become more and more im­ At present, Japan and other Asian countries portant and man-made forests will ultimately are supplying the European market with become a significant factor in the national finished wood products. In contrast, the Phil­ economy. ippines has a very limited forest products V.-RECOMMENDATIONS trade with Europe. The Filipino producers thus should study the possibility of enter­ a. Products development and research.­ ing the European market if its forest products The limited forest resources of the Philippines industries are to expand. cannot hope to fill the increasing need of other Asia-Pacific countries for industrial logs. c. Development of world standards for The Philippines then must process its own forest products.-A serious deterrent to the timber production. To do this the need for development of new markets for forest prod­ forest products research and development is ucts is the varying market requirement which evident in the Philippines. New products and the producers are trying to meet. The deve­ the improvement of existing products should lopment then of a universal wood products

ARBOR WEEK-FORESTRY DAY ISSUES - 1966 Page 19 specifications and grading rules must have efforts due to the low supply of foresters with to be developed. This will provide for flexi­ advanced training. Training is ·available in bility and proper channeling of products from foreign countries but very few schools em­ one region of the world to another compa­ phasize the field of tropical forestry. The tible with market requirements. cost of foreign training has limited the op­ portunity for graduate education. d. Training of forestry u;orkers.-The ex­ pansion of the wood-using industry in the f. Public education in forestry. - The Philippines cannot be achieved without the widespread destruction of the Philippine much needed technical men. At present the forest resources must be attacked from the training of forestry workers is limited to root. A stepped up campaign in forestry ex­ ranger training in the University of the Phil­ tension work must have to be done to pro­ ippines College of Forestry which is oriented mote public understanding of the values for work in the government service. Workers of forests with the aim of improving forest in the woods and in the mills, at present, protection and forest conservation work. The are trained on the job, but the supply of present nation-wide forestry extension work these type of labor is small, resulting in of the University of the Philippines College the competition among producers. of Forestry must be strengthened and given The development of a vocational type of adequate support. training should be studied. The cooperative project of training forest guards by the forest LITERATURE CITED industries, which was instituted in 1965, is a 1. Bureau of Commerce and Industry. 1963. good example of how such type of training Exports of the Philippines-commodity may be approached. Likewise, the lumber by country. training course which was sponsored by the 2. Bureau of Forestry. 1965. Annual Report Bureau of Forestry in the same year should of the Director of Forestry for the be expanded to include more men from the fiscal year 1964-1965. Manila, Philip­ industry. pines (Unpublished). e. Development of forestry education.­ 3. Encyclopedia Brittanica. 1956. The Re­ The development of forestry education in public of the Philippines. Vol. 17. En­ cyclopedia Brittanica, Inc. Chicago. pp. the Philippines needs impetus if forestry 725-733. practices and forest products technology are to improve. At present the University of the 4. Food and Agricultural Organ&ation. 1961. Timber trends and prospects in Philippines College of Forestry offers 4-year the Asia-Pacific region. Geneva. curriculum leading towards a Bachelor's de­ gree with major courses of study in Forest 5. Forest Products Research Institute. 1960. Pulp and paper making from hard­ Resources Management. Present trends show woods. College, Laguna, Philippines a need for 5-year curricula with strong back­ ( Inst.'s Technical Note No. 8). ground in the basic sciences to better pre­ 6. ______1961. Philippine Mahoga­ pare students for key positions in the gov­ ny. College, Laguna, Philippines ernment forestry agencies and the industry. (Inst.'s Technical Note No. 21). Particularly short is the supply of men with 7. ______1962. Philippine woods for background in forest economics, conserva­ tool handles. College, Laguna, Philip­ tion, production management and forest prod­ pines (Inst.'s Technical Note No. 29). ucts technology in general. 8. ______1963. Philippine woods fo1 Graduate education in forestry must be baseball bats. College, Laguna, Philip­ developed. The absence of a graduate educa­ pines ( Inst.'s Technical Note No. 49). tion in forestry has slowed down research ( Continued on page 34)

Page 20 FORESTRY LEAVES A Study of Wood Utilization and by Manufacturing Efficiency ARMANDO A. VILLAFLOR1 College of Forestry, U.P. in Plywood College, Laguna

INTRODUCTION In addition, Yeneers from lumbayau, nato, and pahutan are used for faces in ply­ Philippine mahogany Yeneer and plywood wood for export. Lanipao, talisay, palosapis, continues to dominate the hardwood plywood kalunti, and manggasinoro are used mainly import of the United States. The Philip­ for cores and backs. pines, however, is now a poor third behind Japan and Taiwan (5) 2 Lansigan (5) re­ Logs of high quality are mostly exported ported that the present shares in the Amer­ to Japan, Taiwan and Korea; the remainder ican markets of Japan, Taiwan and the is converted into veneer and plywood. How­ Philippines were 40, 23, and 20 percent, ever, mill B uses its high grade logs in respectively. veneer manufacture. Log cost of mixed grades at the mill Japan has been absorbing about 80 to 90 ranges from PI 7.00 to 'P00.00 per cubic percent of our log export which is manu­ meter; the cost is generally on the upper factured into plywood ( 3). This shows that range. At least four factors affect the cost lauan log cost in Japan is higher than those of logs, namely 1) proximity to the conces­ logs processed in the Philippines. The pur­ sion, 2) with or without concession, 3) means pose of this study is to find out the ply­ of log transportation, and 4) wages of the wood recovery, efficiency of workers, defects workers. and distribution of cost of production of eight mills in Mindanao including one mill in Mill located adjacent to or within the Visayas. concession has lower log cost, e.g. mill C, than those located in the business centers RAW MATERIALS AND MANUFACTURING e.g. mill B. Those mills without concession METHODS are forced to buy logs at export prices. Whenever exportable logs are not available, a. Raw Materials and Costs. mixed grades or export rejects are bought Philippine mahogany species, namely red for processing into plywood, e.g. mill A. lauan, tanguile, tiaong, mayapis, white lauan, almon, and bagtikan constitute the majority b. Veneer Bolt Preparation and of logs processed into veneer and plywood. Rotar11-Cutting. Logs for faces and backs are bucked 1 The author holds the rank of Assistant Professor and Chairman, Department of Wood Science and bolts of 104" except in mill A which is Technology, University of the Philippines College bucked into 108 inches. Bolts for cores are of Forestry, College, Laguna. He finished his B.S. in Forestry in U.P., 1959 and his MS in Forestry in bucked into 54" long. The veneers are manu­ the State University of New York College of Forestry factured by rotary cutting without preheat­ at Syracuse University, 1963. 2 Number in parenthesis refers to literature cited. ing in water or steam vat. The species used

ARBOR WEEK-FORESTRY DAY ISSUES - 1966 Page 21 belong to the low and the medium density by inspection, however, shows the need to species as shown in Table 1. The specific further improve veneer smoothness. Preheat­ gravity based on the ovendry weight and ing of logs to optimum rotary-cutting tem­ volume is from 0.32 to 0.40, and 0.41 to perature may apply to Philippine species; 0.55 for low and medium densities, respective­ it has improved the quality of Douglas-fir ly ( 4). The quality obtaining as confirmed plywood from low quality logs ( 7).

TABLE 1. Mean Specific Gravity of Species in the Manufacture of Rotary-Cut Veneer and Plywood"'

COMMON AND SCIENTIFIC NAME- SPECIFIC GRAVITY1

Green 12% M.C. l. Almon (Shorea almon Foxw.) 0.41 0.42 2. Bagtikan ( Parashorea plicata Brandis) 0.52 0.55 3. Lauan, Red (Shorea negrosensis Foxw.) 0.46 0.49 4. Lauan, White ( Pentacme contorta ( Vid.) 0.42 0.44 Merr and Rolfe) 5. Mayapis (Shorea squamata (Turcz) Dyer 0.35 0.39 6. Tanguile ( Shorea polysperma Blanco Merr.) 0.44 0.48 7. Tiaong ( Shorea polysperma formerly Tiaong) 2 0.44 0.46 8. Dagang (Anisoptera aurea Foxw.) 3 0.48 0.53 9. Afu (Anisoptera brunea Foxw.) 3 0.54 0.57 10. Lanipao ( T erminalia copelandii Elm.) 0.44 0.48 11. Manggasinoro (Shor ea philippinensis Brandis) 0.37 0.40 12. Pahutan ( M angif era altissima Blanco) 0.55 0.57 4 13. N ato (Palagi um luzonense ( F. Viii.) Vid) 0.56 4 14. Talisay ( Terminalia catappa L.) 0.56 4 15. Lumbayau (Tarrieta javanica Blume) 0.56 4

1 Laurico, F. M. and S. B. Bellosillo. n.d. Strength studies on Philippine woods. FPRI. College, Laguna. 2 Mechanical properties of Philippine woods, Forest Products Research Institute, College, Laguna. October 30, 1963. 3 Included in Palosapis group. 4 Reyes, Luis. 1938. Philippine Woods. Tech. Bull. No. 7 Dept. of Agric. & Commerce. Bureau of Printing, Manila. 0 Villaflor, A. A. 1963. Analytical study of Manufacturing Operations of Plywood and Veneer Mills in Mindanao. Mimeographed copy. U.P. College of Forestry, College, Laguna.

The use of new equipment has increased The use of mechanical debarker as in mill the production of veneer and plywood. The I increases the service life of veneer knives. lathes are equipped with automatic or manual This reduces nicks in knife from contacts nosebar compression indicator and other fea­ with grits of stones and sands adhering on tures which enhance ease in adjustment and the surface of logs. However, the debarker operation. The peripheral speed is from 240 removes sapwood which may be converted to 900 fpm for faces and backs. into usable veneers if bark alone is removed.

Page 22 FORESTRY LEAVES Instead, a spud may be used in debarking. 2. The additional allowance of 4" is claimed In this respect, the management has to make to reduce the degrees of end splits in the a choice based on the standpoint of economy. main body of plywood. The percent waste Those mills which peeled their bolts with in green cores clipped to 107 and llO" are bark on showed lower machine utilization. 1.65 and 4.5%, respectiyely, as shown in Green taping in thin veneers minimizes Table 3. and splits, before and during veneer drying, A number of mills dry their veneers to and its subsequent handling prior to gluing. about 8% MC; the range is from 4 to 12%. The tape is applied mechanically on the The dry moisture contents of cores are dried tight side of green veneer as rotary-cutting from 3 to 8% MC. The veneers are dried and reeling progress. This technique is favor­ in hot air recirculating veneer dryer which able in peeling for thin face from exportable are the roller and mesh type dryers. The logs e.g. 1/20". This is not practical in tipple­ dryer temperature is from 260° to 320°F. deck system. The drying time varies according to tempe­ Lathe setting is usually done by feel, it rature, air velocity, species, veneer thickness, is based on the operator's experience. This initial and final moisture contents, and sap­ is not advisable since personal judgment is wood or heartwood. subject to error. It is advantageous in the The presence of wet spots in veneer is long run to train operator and develop under­ study in the proper use of knife setting one of the major causes of blister and dela­ devices. mination. These are minimized by checking the moisture distributions within and among c. Veneer Clipping and Veneer Drying. the veneers through the use of moistur~ detector. The minimum green width of face or back used in 4 x 8 feet plywood is 54". This d. Jointing and Splicing. dimension is reduced to about 51.30" as the veneer dries to 8% MC. The oversize of Random sizes arising from the presence 1.30" is equal to 2.6% waste. Majority of of natural defects, and open, severe, and the mills has waste of 4.5% and over in a long splits resulting from careless handling dry veneer of 50" x 100". The figure when and improper drying may be utilized by converted into pieces of veneers would repre­ jointing and splicing. Veneers are jointed by sent a large amount. For instance, a mill traveling or stationary cutterheads and the turning out 12,000 pieces of 50" x 100" loses glues are applied mechanically or manually 312 pieces if the green veneers are clipped while the batch of veneers is still held firm­ to 54", 543 pieces if the green veneers are ly in the jointer. In other cases, the glue clipped to 55", and 720 pieces if the green is applied automatically in the splicer. To veneers are clipped to 56". insure the formation of solid bond, the glue mixture should be protected from foreign The distance between the two spur knives matter. during the rotary-cutting ranges from 99.5" to 104"; this represents the initial length The temperature of the splicer should of face and back of 4 x8 feet plywood. Shrink­ be set within the allowable range which is age along the grain is negligible so that the from 400° to 550°F. Splicing is parallel or length remains after drying. Mill A sets perpendicular depending on grain orienta­ the distance to 104 inches which raises its tion. Parallel splicer is commonly used in waste from 4.5 to 8.5% as shown in Table faces and backs.

ARBOR WEEK-FORESTRY DAY ISSUES - 1966 Page 23 TABLE 2. Dimensions of Face and Back Veneers During Wet and Dry Clipping and the Corresponding \V aste Incurred in Percent0

I NOMINAL EXPECTED DRY 1 I DRY CLIPPING THICKNESS \VET CLIPPING I DI~fENSION WASTES MILLS . ------(Percent) I Width Length \Vidth1 Length Width2 Length (incb) (inch) (inch) (inch) (inch) (inch) (inch) I A 1/16, 1/20 55 104 52.25 104 50 100 4.5" B 1/16 55 100 52.25 100 50 100 4.5 c 1/16, 1/20 54 100 51.30 100 50 100 2.6 D 1/20 54 100 51.30 100 50 100 2.6 E 1/18 55 99.5 52.25 99.5 No Clipping 4.5 F 1/18 55 100 52.25 100 -do-- 4.5 G 1/17 54 100 51.30 100 -do-- 2.6 H 1/19 56 100 53.20 100 50 100 6.4

1 Average tangential shrinkage of 5 percent at about 8 percent moisture content based on FPRI Tech. Note. No. 17 governing Philippine mhaogany group. Longitudinal shrinkage is negligible. 2 Most factories don't practice clipping to size 50 x 100 inches for full size veneers after drying. Dry dimension of 50 inches wide is used in computing percent of wastes. 3 Waste including oversize length is 8.5 percent. 0 Villaflor, A. A. 1963. Analytical Study of Manufacturing Operations of Plywood and Veneer Mills in Mindanao. Mimeographed copy. U.P. College of Forestry, College, Laguna.

TABLE 3. Dimensions of Core Veneers on Wet and Dry Clipping and Percent of Wastes0

NOMINAL I WET CLIPPING I EXPECTED DRY DRY CLIPPING THICKNESS I DIMENSION WASTES MILLS I I I (Percent) Lengthl Width I Width2 Length Length Width I (inch) (inch) I (inch) (inch) (inch) I (inch) (inch) I I I A 1/18 no 50 104.5 50 100 50 4.5 B 1/10, 1/6 108 50 102.6 50 100 50 2.6 c 1/7, 1/6 108 50 102.6 50 100 50 2.6 D 1/6 108 3 50 102.6 50 100 50 2.6 E 1/7 108 50.5 102.6 50.5 99 50.5 3.64 F 1/7 108 50.5 102.6 50.5 99.5 50.5 3.12 G 1/7 108 50.5 102.6 50.5 99 50.5 3.64 H 1/6 107 50 101.65 50 100 50 1.65 I 1/7. 1/6 108 50.5

1 Distance along the grain. 2 Average tangential shrinkage of 5 percent at about 8 percent moisture content based on FPRI Tech. Note No. 17 governing Philippine mahogany group. Longitudinal shrinkage is negligible. a Sometimes clipped wet to 166 inches and then clipped dry to 100 inches and 50 inches piece5. 0 Villaflor, A. A. 1963. Analytical Study of Man11facturing Operations of Plywood and Veneer Mills in Mindanao. Mimeographed copy. U.P. College of Forestry, College, Laguna.

Page 24 FORESTRY LEAVES e. Gluing finishing in either face or back. This requires skilled operator, although, its face of 1/16" The thickness tolerance of sanded 3-ply. is the thickest among the mills. Those mills 1/4" x 4' x 8' plywood is plus zero inch, -1/32-inch ( 1, 2). The unsanded thickness using 1/20" face should have efficient and of plywood reaches 0.281 inch. Table 4 shows skilled operators or scraper. and sander, since allowance for scraping and sanding; it is from plywood may be damaged by sand-through. 0.031 to 0.053 inch in face and back. Ply­ The use of thin faces in plywood is desirable wood with unsanded thickness of 0.250", e.g. because of the great recovery of high quality mill A, has only 1/64-inch allowance for veneers and plywood.

TABLE 4. Nominal Thickness of Faces, Backs, and Cores Use in the Assembly of #-Ply, 1/4" x 4' x 8' Plywood0

! NOMINAL THICKNESS DRY CONDITION (inch)' PLYWOOD I THICKNESS WASTES2 MILLS UNSANDED (Percent) Faces Cores Backs (inch)

A 1/163 1/8 1/16 0.250 0 c 1/204 1/6 1/20 0.266 6.4 D 1/20 1/6 1/20 0.266 6.4 E 1/18 1/7 1/18 0.254 1.6 F 1/18 1/7 1/18 0.254 1.6 G 1/17 1/7 1/17 0.260 4.6 H 1/19 1/6 1/19 0.272 8.8

1 Philippine mahogany species including lumbayau, nato, talisay, manggasinoro, kalunti, lanipao, and pahutan. 2 Waste (percent)-Plywood thickness unsanded-0.250 x 100 .250 3 The recovery of face veneers from a given volume in term of surface measure is lowest, consider- ing all other factors equal. 4 The recovery of face veneers from a given volume in term of surface measure is highest, con- sidering all other factors equal. _ 0 Villaflor, A. A. 1963. Analytical Study of Manufacturing Operations of Plywood and Veneer Mills in Mindanao. Mimeographed copy. U.P. College of Forestry, College, Laguna.

The cores are passed through the glue As shown in Table 5, the average actual spreader with its grain running approximately costs of imported and local glues are 'P0.73 perpendicular to the doctor rolls. This orienta­ and 'P0.55 per 3-ply, 1/4" x 4' x 8' plywood, tion prevents splits and curling of veneers respectively. The use of imported glues raised particularly for full size cores whether spliced the glueliness cost per panel by about 30 or unspliced. percent. Gluing defects are minimized by The use of unspliced cores in plywood following the recommendations of glue sup­ is governed by the size of glue spreader pliers with respect to spread, extension, cata­ and the economy of splicing. The costs lyst, press temperature, assembly time, mois­ in terms of glues, power, and labor as well ture content of veneers, and the amount as, the lack of 8 feet glue spreader, have of solvent. It is preferrable to use flour with to be considered. low water absorbing capacity as extender.

ARBOR WEEK-FORESTRY DAY ISSUES - 1966 Page 25 TABLE 5. Average Gluelines Cost Per 3-Ply, 1/4" x 4' x 8' Plywood"

Cost Per Panel (Pesos) GLUES (IMPORTED MILLS - --~~~ OR LOCAL) Expected1 Actual

A' Local 0.54 0.50 c Imported 0.73 0.77 2 D Local 0.49 0.54 Imported 0.73 0.71 E Imported 0.54 0.72 F Imported 0.68 0.72 Local 0.55 0.56 Local 0.55 0.56 Average Imported 0.73 Local 0.55

1 Cost per MDCL plus percent oversize of core veneer. 2 Maximum cost l"0.878 per 3-ply, 1/4" x 4' x 8' plywood. . 0 Villaf1or A A 1963 Analytical Study of Manufacturing Operations of Plywood and Veneer Mills. hi Mindanao. Mimeographed copy. U.P. College of Forestry, College, Laguna. f. Hot Pressing. gluelines of both panels as in the gluelines nearest the platens, this would require over Hot press equipped with automatic load­ twice the single press time, because the heat ers and unloader shortens the press cycle. takes longer time to travel through the thick­ This is a step towards increased output and er cores. This may result in undercured also minimizes precure. However, the use glueline which is easily determined by the of automatic loader without pre-pressing the earlier delamination of the farthest glueline assembly increases the frequency of defective of the test specimen when evaluating for panels in the forms of folds, short faces, Type II2 bond. Another defect in plywood cores, and backs and core gaps. resulting from double pressing is cupping In manual loading, the practice of closing which was reported by Villaflor ( 8). first the daylight which is loaded last may g. Trimming, Scraping and Sanding. cause pressure in the gluelines. As a rule of The U.S. Commercial Standard CS 35-61 thumb, the daylight which has been loaded and the Exports Standard for Philippine first should be closed first. If the hot press Hardwood Plywood set the dimensional tole­ is designed such closing starts at the bottom, rance of 3-ply, 1/4" x 4' x 8' plywood ( 1, 2). then loading should start at the bottom. The tolerance can be easily set on the trim­ The loader should be installed with its top mer for both length and width. The setting load aligned with the bottom daylight. requires regular inspection to prevent loss by Double pressing which is the loading degrades. and pressing of two panels per opening is 2 Type II bond-Water resistant bond. The bond used in mills A and F. There is the belief shall practically retain all of its strength when occasionally subjected to a thorough wetting and that it increases the output on the basis drying. The bond shall be of such quality that of short press time. However, if equal degrees specimens shall withstand an average of 10 cycles when subjected to the 15-cycle coldsoak test (uses of cure is to be attained on the farthest 35-61 ).

Page 26 FORESTRY LEAVES Scraping removes tapes and wood on the D, respectively. Mill C exports its high face and back of plywood. Scraping is not grade veneers to the United States and used in the United States, because it requires assembles to plywood those of lower qualitv thicker face, 1/20-inch and greater, hence for local consumption in order to increase it increases the volume of wood wastes wood utilization. The Export Standard for and veneer cost. Furthermore, it is not adapted Philippine Hardwood Plywood, the U.S. to sliced face veneers. Its principal ad­ Commercial Standard 35-61, and the agree­ vantage, however, is lengthening the service ment between importer and exporter are fol­ life of sandpaper. lowed. Table 6 shows that the bulks of plywood are C and Print grades; mill D Sanding begins with the use of drum turns out B grade over 20% of its output. sander which is usually the three drum type. This result is to be expected because the Smoothness is reflected by the sizes of grit quality of the raw materials serves as a papers. The grit papers from the first, second, reliable index of the grades of finished and third drums are 80, 100, and 120, respec­ products. tively. Auto-sander or narrow belt sander consists of two belts which are provided Defects in plywood manufacture averages with 100 and 120 grit paper sizes. It is the 3.37 percent of the total production. The last phase of sanding in most plywood mills. minimum is 1.4 percent, while the maximum However, in mill F, the wide belt sander is 7.6 percent. Manufacturing and natural becomes its last machine for finishing. The defects in the order of their frequencies are grit size used is either 320 or 400 which shown in Table 7. makes the face of plywood very smooth. Splits result from either drying or im­ proper veneer handling. Veneers may be im­ h. Production, Grading of Veneer mediately dried after green clipping to mini­ and Plywood. mize end splits. In cases where the dryer Veneer production in mill B consists of is working below its capacity, veneers may 5, 10, 35 and 50% of grades A, B, C, and be bulk piled and their ends wet at regular

TABLE 6. Distribution of Veneer and Plywood by Grades in Percent0

EXPORT GRADES MILLS LOCAL GRAND Uti­ TOTAL A I B c D Print lity. Kraft SG Total A 10 40 20 70 30 100 B1 5 10 35 50 100 100 c2 3 12 15 30 70 100 D 24 3 49 76 24 100 E 40 3 50 90 10 100 F 21 15 35 5 6 82 18 100 G 2 41 46 89 11 100 H 21 24 15 60 40 100 Average4 0 6.00 27.17 3.83 26.67 9.83 3.33 1.00 77.83 22.17 100

1 Veneer factory grades indicated are for veneers, USCS 35-61. 2 This factory is exporting its good quality veneers. 3 This figure includes a few B grade. •Excluding B and C mills. 0 Villaflor, A. A. 1963. Analytical Study of Manufacturing Operations of Plywood and Veneer Mills in Mindanao. Mimeographed copy. U.P. College of Forestry, College, Laguna.

ARBOR WEEK-FORESTRY DAY ISSUES - 1966 Page 27 intervals. It may be further minimized by defects. Too dry veneer becomes susceptible synchronizing the lathe's output with the to splits in handling and also cause starved present capacity of the dryer. Proper drying joint. Wet veneers are conducive to blisters schedule should be used to minimize drying and delaminations.

TABLE 7. Frequency of Occurence in Per Cent of Manufacturing and Natural Defects Found in Plywood Grading1

DEFECTS Percent DEFECTS Percent

Splits 19.55 Knotholes 3.06 Overlaps 10.98 Hot Press 2.77 Short Core 14.83 Rough Cut 2.58 Tape Marks 7.52 Oil Stain 1.36 Worm Track & Scars 6.81 Nip 0.71 Core Cap 6.02 Patch 0.47 Delaminations 4.94 Scraper 0.28 Short Face 4.00 Cross breaks 0.33 Blisters 3.22 Handling Defects 0.23 Sand Through 3.80 Doze 0.19 Missanding 3.06 Trimmer 0.18 Worm Holes 3.06 Low Spot 0.05

TOTAL 100.00

1 Villaflor, A. A. 1963. Analytical Study of Manufacturing Operations of Plywood and Veneer Mills in Mindanao. Mimeographed copy. U.P. College of Forestry, College, Laguna.

Overlaps, short cores, core gaps, and short causes starved joint which promotes dela­ faces are traceable to improper assembly in mination. Overspreading produces thick glue­ the gluing process or automatic charger with­ lines which weaken the bond; this also re­ out pre-pressing the assembly. Short cores sults in higher gluelines cost. and short faces may not actually be short of Splits and core gaps in plywood are re­ dimension prior to their assembly; this may paired by putting glued inserts and veneer be due to improper orientations which are inserts, respectively. Short faces and short aggravated by automatic loading system, backs are corrected by veneer inserts, res­ particularly, if the assembly has not been pectively. Short faces and short backs are pre-pressed. Overlaps and core gaps may corrected by veneers shimming. Other de­ be minimized by splicing cores and by fects, such as pinholes, worm track, live proper orientation of random width cores vine streaks, are easily repaired by glue in gluing, and by proper handling of as­ putty. sembly during loading. i. Efficiency and Production. The required glue spread should be close­ ly approached. This must be checked at re­ The success of an enterprise particularly gular intervals at least once in every batch in veneer and plywood is governed at least of glue mixture in order to minimize over­ by three principal factors, namely, output, spreading and underspreading. Lack of spread quality of the product, and production cost.

Page 28 FORESTRY LEAVES These factors are affected by the skill of in the capacity of workers from mill to mill. the workers and the availability of good It is interesting to note that, although, mill equipment or labor saving devices. The study D uses manual loading in the hot press, it shows that the production per man per 8 man-hour is from 8.0 to 20.0, 3-ply, 1/4" x 4' has, nevertheless the highest per capita prod­ x 8' pl),wood based on direct workers. The uction in comparison to mill F which uses figures in Table 8 indicate a big difference automatic loader.

TABLE 8. Production Per Man Per 8-Hour in Veneer and Plywood Mills in Terms of Number of Panels of Plywood or Square Feet of Veneer"

EMPLOYEES /PRODUCTION PER MAN PRODUCTION1 PER 8-HOUR MILLS ACTUAL Direct Indirect Total I Direct Total A 2,500 180 90 270 11.7 9.3 B 440,000 2 96 18 114 4,580.0 3,860.0 c 2,000 175 12 187 14.3 10.7 D 5,500 273 27 300 20.0 18.3 E 4,000 230 101 231 17.4 12.1 F 4,000 277 41 318 14.4 12.6 G 2,000 250 50 300 8.0 6.7 H 2,200 199 24 223 11.1 9.9 I 100,000' 25 2 27 4,000.0 3,700.0

i 3-Ply, 1/4" x 4' x 8' plywood. 2 Veneer in square feet. 0 Villaflor, A. A. 1963. Analytical Study of Manufacturing Operations of Plywood and Veneer Mills in Mindanao. Mimeographed copy. U.P. College of Forestry, College, Laguna.

Table 9 shows that log cost ranks first higher by 3.2% to that of plywood. The among the elements of production cost of cost of production in percent for plywood 1/16" veneer per MSF is 54.5% which is is also shown in Table 9.

TABLE \:l. Average Distribution of Cost of Production in Percent of 1/16 x 50 x 100 Inches per MSF and per 3-Ply, 1/4" x 4' x 8' Plywood

SOURCES OF COST Veneer Plywood

Log 54.535 51.325 Gluelines 15.2575 Labor: 15.800 11.3775 Direct 14.365 8.0750 Indirect 1.435 2.3025 Other Expenses 29.665 22.4550

Tot a 1 100.00 100.00

ARBOR WEEK-FORESTRY DAY ISSUES - 1966 Page 29 The recovery of 3-ply, 1/4" x 4' x 8' nection, the result of Lee ( 6) on Philippine plywood is 40.l % of the log volume as shown mahogany logs which were exported to Korea in Table 10. These represent the average was 50.09 percent of log volume; the buck­ recovery from sawlogs, export rejects, and a small volume of wneer grades. In this con- ing waste was 12.40 percent.

TABLE 10. Recovery and Distributions of Wastes in Percent Incurred in the Production of 3-Ply, 1/4" x 4' x 8' Plywood per Thousand Board Feet of Loss

~I I L L S SOURCES OF LOSSES Recovery Waste

1. Bucking 93.75 6.25 2. Rounding 89.75 4.00 3. Spurring 85.75 4.00 4. Core bolt 72.75 13.00 5. Wet clipping 67.25 5.50 6. Tang. Shrinkage 62.25 5.00 7. Dry Clipping (oversize) 58.70 3.55 8. Dry Clipping (random sizes, open splits, etc.) 54.95 3.75 8. Gluing, Hot pressing and grading 51.70 3.25 lU. Trimming AHowance 43.70 8.00 11. Scraping & Sanding Allowance over 0.250 Plywood unsanded thickness 40.10 3.60 12. Grating 40.l 0

AVERAGE IN THE MILLS 40.l 59.9

j. Availability of Technical Men CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS and Product Research. A. Conclusions Plywood and veneer mills have grown 1. Philippine mahogany species includ­ rapidly, although there has been an absolute ing lumbayau and nato are used for dearth of technical men who are equipped rotary-cut faces in plywood. with the basic knowledge of the behaviour of wood as a raw material. Right now, a 2. The average production per 8-man number of the production and supervisory hour for the direct and the total em­ responsibilities are in the hands of men who ployees are 13.8 and 9.6 of 3-ply, have no technical background in wood. The 1/4" x 4' x 8' plywood, respectively. adoption of technical measures that may help 3. Log and labor costs per MSF of 1/16 in the reduction of production cost through x 100 inches are 54.5 and 15.8%, higher machine and wood utilization and respectively, of the cost of production. the improvement of quality of veneer and plywood by minimizing defects resulting from 4. Log and gluelines cost per 3-ply, 1/4" glues, wood and gluing techniques is of x 4' x 8' plywood are 51.3 and 15.2%, paramount importance. respectively of the cost of production.

Page 30 FORESTRY LEAVES 5. The average recovery of 3-ply, 1/4'' 11) checking the glue spread at regular x 4' x 8' plywood from mixed grades interval to avoid overspreading or under­ is 40.1% of the log volume without spreading, 12) using extender with low deduction from natural defects. water absorbing capacity to minimize 6. The average export and local grades weak bond, 13) evalu.ation of plywood produced in percent are 77.83 and glue bond for corrective measures, 14) 22.17%, respectively, using mixed training of workers and attendance in se­ grades of logs. C and Print grades minars dealing with veneer and plywood, are 27.17 and 26.6%, respectively. 15) processing of good quality logs, and 16) integration of wood-using industries 7. There is an acute dearth of technical to utilize wood wastes. men who have adequate background

in the use of wood as a basic material. LITERATURE CITED

B. Recommendations 1. Anonymous. 1962. Export standard for Philippine hardwood plywood. Ply­ Taking into consideration the problems wood Manufacturer's Association of in the mills the objectives of increased the Philippines. Manila. wood utilization both in quantity and 2. 1961. U.S. Commercial Stan- quality of veneer and plywood recom­ dard CS35-61. Hardwood Plywood. mendations pertinent to the problems and U.S. Dept. of Commerce. U.S. Govern­ objectives may be worthy of considera­ ment Printing Office, Washington, D.C. tions, such as 1) rotary-cutting of thinner 3. 1961. "Lumberman's Annual faces and backs, e.g. 1/20-inch and less, Report on the State of the Philippine to obtain greater surface measure from Forest Products Industries". The Lum­ high quality and expensive logs, 2) heat­ berman. Vol. II, No. 1, pp. 7-10. ing of certain logs to optimum rotary­ 4. Bishop, A. H. 1962. Key to gluing defects cutting temperature suitable for faces to and their causes. Unpublished. State obtain smooth surface veneers, 3) debark­ University College of Forestry at Syra­ cuse University, Syracuse 10, New ing and cleaning of veneer volts to re­ York, U.S.A. p. 9. duce macliine downtime, 4) study of shrinkage property to obtain the proper 5. Lansigan, N. 1964. "Re-Orientation of the Philippine Wood-using industry". Fo­ clipping allowance, 5) rotary-cutting and restry Leaves. Vol. XV, No. 3, College, drying of species with similar drying and Laguna. shrinkage property to facilitate clipping to obtain uniform moisture content, 6) 6. Lee, Ku Jai n.d. Utilization study of Philippine mahogany logs in rotary­ control and segregation of veneers with cutting of veneers. Unpublished. Tae­ high moisture or waterpockets to minimize sung Lumber Ind. Co., Ltd. 81 Sogong blisters and delaminations, 7) use of Dong, Seoul. spliced cores to minimize core laps and 7. Lutz, J. L. 1960. Heating veneer bolts core gaps, 8) using pre-pressing in hot to improve quality of Douglas-fir ply-' press equipped with automatic charged wood. For. Prod. Lab. Report No. to minimize folds, short faces, cores and 2182. back, 9) stop double pressing to mini­ 8. Villaflor, A. A. 1964. "Causes of Warp­ mize warping, 10) closing first the press ing in Plywood Manufacturing". Fo­ opening first loaded with panel or panels restry Leaves. Vol. XV, No. 3. College, to minimize precure in hot pressing, Laguna.

ARBOR WEEK-FORESTRY DAY ISSUES - 1966 Page 31 THE ROLE OF SCIENCE . . . I know that there are a lot more you (Continued from page 10) can do in the interest of science in forestr_\· development. As a matter of fact, the field vancement of forestry science. With this kind of science is unlimited. However, we will of tie-up of those of you engaged in the not now ask too much of yc;m. It shall be wood industries and its government forestry my consolation and it shall be the consola­ agencies, especially with the government tion of many other Filipinos if you, nation forestry educational institution, we expect to builders, will act favorably on the few pro­ have a smoother coordination and a maximum posals I have just made if only to put science of cooperation between you and us. If this in its proper place in our forestry develop­ tie-up can be obtained in other countrie5 ment. such as in the United States, why can't it be obtained here? Thank you.

FOREST RESOURCES . . . and space which a developing country like (Continued from page 6) ours requires. producers, may continue the downward trend It is our difficult task to see it that the of timber production which started two years public forests shall be conserved and wisely ago. utilized. There is still a widespread and pre­ vailing notion that once a virgin forest is Wood producers are being encouraged to logged or cut, it is a wasted forest unless engage more in local manufacture and pro­ it is replanted with trees. In reality, such cessing. At the same time, log exportation a forest, even if carelessly logged, remains as is being discouraged. The establishment of forest and is self-replenishing without plant­ more bandmills, plywood and veneer mills, ing because of the abundance of repro­ pulp and paper mills is expected to maintain duction consisting of seedlings, saplings, the brisk business of the wood-using indus­ poles and young trees that may be saved tries, continue to provide employment to from the operation. thousands and continue to earn dollars for the country's economy. Our problems are many but with the proper support from the executive, legislative

CONCLUSION and judicial authorities, especially with the continued support and cooperation of the The expected population increase in the Army authorities in the apprehension of those coming years is going to exert pressure on who destroy or attempt to destroy our forests, all the physical and natural resources of the the Bureau's program of forest conservation Philippines and not the least to feel this can be a success. The future prosperity, pressure are the forests. There are already economic well being, and security of our many provinces in the country deficient in Nation depend on how well we take care forest area today. The threat to .the remaining of the important replaceable resource - our areas still verdant with forests is mounting FORESTS. withe the growing demands for more land ( Continued on page 33)

Page 32 FORESTRY LEAVES a. LAND USE CHART MINDANAO, 1963

POREST 11.DS

TOT AL AREA - 9,869,260 Forest 6,638,719 67.0 Cultivated Croplands 1,538,017 16.0 Plantation Croplands 682,783 7.0 Open Lands 874,222 9.0 Marsh & Small Water areas 78,304 0.6 Urban and Others 57,215 0.4 T o t a 1 ______9,869,260 ~

b. LAND USE CHART LUZON & VISAYAS, 1957

CULTrV.ATID ...ad.,. O'l1ID UND1

TOTAL AREA -19,590,390 HA. Forest 7,964,720 40.7 Brushland 1,076,600 5.5 Cultivated & Other Lands 7,944,020 40.6 Open Lands 2,192,590 11.2 Marsh or Swamps 412,460 2.0 Total ______19,590,390 100.0

ARBOR WEEK-FORESTRY DAY ISSUES - 1966 Page 33 TIMBER PRODVCTION A1\D YA.LUE

Year Cubic ~leters Equivalent in Value Board Feet 1956-1957 4,631,208.91 1,963,632,577 Pl57,090,000.00 1957-1958 4,825, 743.15 2,047,115,099 163, 769,200.00 1958-1959 5,451,636.41 2,311,493,838 184,919,440.00 1959-1960 6,314,760.56 2,677,448,477 240,961,363.00 1960-1961 6,596,934.66 2, 796,898,297 251,810,820.00 1961-1962 6, 771, 780,63 2,871,234,991 258, 411,124.00 1961-1963 7,668,078.14 3,251,265,131 292,613,850.00 1963-1964 6,517,426.13 2, 763,388,679 358,101,327 .00 1964-1965 6,175,141.70 2,618,260,081 471,286,814.00

LOG PRODUCTION, EXPORT AND VALUE EXPORT PRICES Fiscal Production Export Volume Export Value Per Cent of Year (Bd. Ft.) (Bd. Ft.) (Pesos) Production 1955-1956 1,823, 766,515 633,058,119 66,811,398 34.7 1956-1957 1,963,632,577 823,261,021 79,809,265 41.9 1957-1958 2,047,115,099 890,676,065 80,891,145 43.5 1958-1959 2,311,493,838 1,283,349,547 107,465,588 55.5 1959-1960 2,677,448,477 1,443,287,201 150,331,476 53.9 1960-1961 2, 796,898,297 1,283,880, 480 141,820,172 45.9 1961-1962 2,871,234,991 1,589,612,875 215,797,794 . 55.3 1962-1963 3,251,265,131 1,947,637,609 429,628,321 59.9 1963-1964 2, 763,388,679 1,926,022,189 429,384,481 69.6 1964-1965 2,618,260,081 1,478,338,075 319,570,095 56.4

PHILIPPINE FOREST RESOURCES . . . 12. Monsalud, M. R. Research on forest prod­ (Continued from page 20) ucts, its importance in our national economy. Forestry Leaves 15(2): 25-30 9. Gooch, W. 0. 1953. Forest industries of the Philippines, A cooperative project 13. Monsalud, M. R. For fuller use of forest of the Bureau of Forestry, DANR, products. The Philippines Herald Ma­ PHILUSA, and USMA. gazine. pp. 26-27. 10. Lansigan, N.P. 1960. Philippine woods 14. Reyes, L. J. 1938. Philippine woods. Tech. in the world trade. The Lumberman b(6): 8-13. Bull. 7, Dept, Agri. Comm., Manila. 11. Lansigan, N.P. 1964. Re-orientation of 15. Utleg, ]. L. 1965. Preservation or con­ the Philippine wood-using industry. servation? The Philippines Herald Ma· Forestry Leaves 15( 3): 21-3. gazine, pp. 6-7.

Page 34 FORESTRY LEAVES An Administrative Study of Public Outdoor Recreational Management in the u·nited States Selected for Possible Application by to Philippine Conditions* EDILBERTO Z. CAJUCOM

INTRODUCTIO:'.'i' the managerial situation to provide technical background and other facts for the author, The main objective of this study is to from which certain conclusions are reached provide the author, who is on educational and tentative recommendations are made. leave from his forestry position in the Philip­ pines, with an understanding of pertinent The development of forest recreation in recreational trends and administrative neces­ the Philippines is only just beginning. The sities in certain American public parks and nation maintains 39 national parks, 38 of forests. which are under the administration of a Parks and Wildlife Office in the Depart­ The study concerns the major managerial ment of Agriculture and Natural Resources. responsibilities of certain selected public re­ The remaining park1 is under the general creational areas as administered by the Forest administration of the Board of Regents of the Service and by the National Park Service of University of the Philippines, through the the United States, and by a State recreation­ College of Forestry. The recreational poten­ al agency. The variety of specific recreational tial of these areas has been developed to areas was selected to provide the author only a Yery limited extent to date, due large­ with deeper understanding of outdoor re­ ly to the unavailability of funds and a dearth creational management under conditions pos­ of personnel with specialized knowledge in sibly applicable in his native Philippines. the field of forest recreation and park admi­ The author had opportunity for on-the-ground nistration. study and analysis of problems, administra­ It is anticipated that this study will serve tive procedures, and management methods somewhat as a guide and orientation for or innovations that may be fully or partially beginning personnel in the Philippines in adapted to meet the needs of the Philippine the field of forest recreation and park admi­ National Park System. Consideration of the nistration or management, while also assist­ feasibility of such adaptation gives recog­ ing in creating a broader awareness of admi­ nition to the similarities or differences in cul­ nistrative necessities by those who make the tural, social, economic, and political forces decisions. Some major functions of the Ameri­ within the two countries. This study describes can agencies are discussed to relate reasons for their differences or similarities in recrea- 0 The author's Master's thesis synopsis submitted to the State University College of Forestry at Syra­ cuse University, New York, where he obtained his 1 This park was known to the writer as Makiling Master of Forestry degree in 1964 major in Forest National Park during the preparation of this thesis. Recreation and Parks Management. The author is at Subsequently, it was disestablished as a national park present a faculty member of the University of the by legislation and is still referred elsewhere in this Philippines, College of Forestry, College, Laguna. paper as Makiling National Park.

ARBOR WEEK-FORESTRY DAY ISSUES - 1966 Page 35 tional objectives. Recreational areas included of park or forest laws. In the Philippines, in the study are the Great Smoky Mountains on the other hand, park or forest laws con­ National Park, Blue Ridge Parkway, York­ cerning the proper management and pro­ town and Jamestown colonial historical sites, tection for the forest or park may be flaw­ and Cape Hatteras National Seashore Re­ less on paper but poor in implementation. creational Area of the U.S. National Park One serious violation, specifically in the park Service; the Pisgah National Forest of the or forest areas, is the "kaingin-making" or U.S. Forest Service; and the Green Lakes "squatting," as previously discussed. Unscru­ State Park of Central New York State Park pulous people find it possible to enter any Commission. public forest reserves or national parks and start clearing portions of the forest for culti­ DISCUSSION OF RESULTS AND vation purposes, without apparent fear of re­ CONCLUSIONS primand or conviction. These people can Although most of the administrative re­ hardly avoid knowing that clearing public creational management policies of both the forest is illegal practices. What then is the United States and the Philippines are similar, reason behind it? Political protection or in­ these two countries differ significantly in tervention· is the more common cause of lack the social, economic, and political structures. of law enforcement. Not infrequently, poli­ The United States is a highly industrialized ticians will fight valiantly for the acquittal and socially developed nation, whereas the of the accused park or forest violators, or Philippines is pre-eminently agricultural with in the case of conviction, for the meting a newly developing economy. Outdoor re­ out of lighter penalties, because the political­ creation in the United States is regarded by ly elected officials feel that their official exist­ many as a "necessity" which may be con­ ence depends upon the votes of the kaingi­ sidered in the Philippines as a "luxury or neros and/or squatters. Actually, in terms comfort" which is not essential. Many factors of equitable standards, one might question are therefore involved in considering the the basic right of such irresponsible property­ possible application or adaptation of some wasters to have any voice or vote in matters recreational management procedures and of national resource policy. In the United practices in the United States which may States, politicians do not materially interfere suit Philippine conditions. The probable with the normal legal professional functions adaptation of some United States recreation­ of the National Park Service, Forest Service, al management methods and practices to or other forestry agencies operating in accord Philippine conditions will not be based on with the law. Duly qualified authorities or economic capability but rather on its geo­ personnel should be given more autonomy graphical, climatic, and social adaptability. and power in the discharge of their duties This study is concerned with what the country and responsibilities, without partisan political can adapt to and is able to pursue at pre­ restraint. sent, but even more, it deals with aspirations A somewhat related but secondary ques­ for the years to come. tion is that of decentralized administration. In the United States, for instance, admi­ Decentralization can either be administra­ nistrative policies or park rules and regula­ tive or geographical, or both. In this study, tions are fully enforced or carried out to the administrative decentralization would mean letter. Any forest or park violators are ap­ "the minimization of decision making at the prehended and tried. The necessary penalty highest, central point of authority and the is meted out in case of conviction accord­ maximization of the delegation of authority ing to the gravity of the offense. This in a and responsibility in the making of decisions way deters future commission of violations to lower levels of management." In accord

Page 36 FORESTRY LEAVES with the political tone of the nation, most properly adapted to Philippine conditions. of the government offices in the Philippines A reasonable degree of local responsibility operated on a highly centralized basis. This is essential to Philippine conditions if effi­ includes, of course, the Philippine Parks and ciency and intensity of recreational manage­ Wildlife Office. The reason why most govern­ ment is desired. In a decentralized park ment offices are highly centralized is well agency, only matters which involve policy explained by Heady, who puts it this way: change or major administrative modifications are referred to the Central Office. Other ad­ The Centralist tradition is just as strong ministrative and recreational work is executed in the relationships of central government or discharged by regional or local park offices department headquarters in Manila, and who are prepared to face up to the conse­ the department of offices in the field. quences of their own decisions. The counterpart of the Centralist tenden­ cies is the reluctance of the typical Fili­ At present, the Philippine National Park pino civil servant to accept responsibility Service is poorly staffed. Lack of funds and which can be evaded. This means "pass­ technically trained personnel are great de­ ing the buck" upward and of course con­ terrents to national park progress. For an tributes to Centralism. The alternative is office to function more efficiently, employ­ to try to fend off the need for any decision ment of the professional men for the right at all, and this often means a failure to job should be encouraged. This is carefully meet the legitimate demands of citizens. observed in all forest and park agencies Subordinates are more subservient to supe­ in the United States at both federal and riors in the Philippines and this leads to state levels, where its technical employees hesitation in taking action without ex­ have to be qualified civil service eligibles pressed authorization if it might possibly in their respective fields of specialization. In bring a reprimand from the boss. A feel­ the Philippine National Park Seryice, only a ing of inadequacy to cope with complex few technical men such as engineers, archi­ and unruly problems must also influence tects, foresters and naturalists make up the many civil servants who lack technical professional staff. The great majority of em­ competence (Heady, 1957). ployees are non-technical. If the modern con­ cept or recreational management is to be Such a situation is ripe for political mani­ attained, then modern procedures and prac­ pulation. Some of the reasons advanced by tices as used by the park and forest re­ Heady are still existent, though to a lessen­ creational agencies in the United States, ing degree as technically trained men increase which is considered a pioneer in park man­ in government offices. Filipinos may well be agement, should be considered seriously and willing to accept or assume responsibility adapted to the needs of Philippine park provided they are given requisite authority. management. The professional landscape ar­ Centralization would seem to be a very dis­ chitect may well be a primary need in the advantageous and inefficient system of gov­ Philippines. Landscape architecture training ernmental management in a divergent and is geared to planning and designing of re­ geographically dispersed nation such as the creational facilities in varied types of out­ Philippines. Backlogs or bottlenecks are door recreational settings. The landscape ar­ created in the Central Office and red tape is chitect's job therefore fits into national park usually the adverse consequence. The decen­ work, perhaps more than any other profes­ tralized form of both the administrative and sionally trained man in recreational manage­ geographical government practiced by the ment. A few Filipino architects are available U.S. Forest Service and the U.S. National but are lucratively engaged in private prac­ Park Service offers obvious advantages if tice. The national park of the Philippines

ARBOR WEEK-FORESTRY DAY ISSUES - 1966 Page 37 might as well accept the responsibility, there­ its recreational objectives. Development of fore, of hiring a landscape architect if modern historical areas like those done in Jamestown design of recreational facilities is to be and Yorktown, Virginia, is being undertaken achieved. Landscape architects are common­ in the Philippines, though less elaborate in ly employed in considerable numbers by the its interpretive presentation. Aside from a forest and park agencies recreational manage­ few seashore areas under the· present admi­ ment. The lack of training and interpretive nistration of the Philippine National Park materials and park publications for free dis­ Service, many seacoast areas are publicly tribution to park visitors and other inte­ owned and offer much opportunity for deve­ rested groups is a hindrance to popular park lopment to serve recreational purposes such recognition in the Philippines. The use of as the Cape Hatteras National Seashore Re­ "dioramas" in Jamestown and earthwork re­ creational Area. In the United States, one construction of the battleground in York­ present problem is the conversion or designa­ town, Virginia, are appreciable interpretive tion of forest lands to wilderness or wild American ideas that will be useful in the areas. Such areas are characterized by the Philippines. Bataan and Corregidor where the absence of roads and man-made structures heavy fighting took place during the Second such as stores, lodges, or summer homes. World War are examples of historic places They are accessible by trails and are re­ in the Philippines where interpretive features moved as completely as possible from the could play a major role. Corregidor is al­ influences of civilization. In contrast, the ready declared an international shrine. A huge major problem in the Philippines is how to international recreational center will be de­ make park areas more accessible to the veloped jointly by the United States and people. Most of the park areas are character­ Philippine governments in honor of the un­ ized by thick undergrowth and virgin timber known American and Filipino soldiers who stands. Since recreational financing is too gave their lives there in action against the meager to warrant large scale park improve­ Japanese forces. Interpretive programs have ment and development, limited timber ex­ a long way to go in Philippine park improve­ ploitation should be allowed on forest areas ment and nationwide recognition. under proper controls. The purpose is to help the park in the construction of roads done In the over-all appraisal of the outdoor by the timber licensee. However, the survey recreational impressions acquired by the and road construction should be carefully author in the study of specific recreational specified by park engineers. Timber exploita­ areas of the U.S. National Park Service, U.S. tion should only be allowed on a highly Forest Service, and state park agencies, some selective basis under the strict supervision recreational methods and practices appear to of park personnel. The selective cutting or be well suited to adaptation in the Philip­ special treatment done in reserved recreation­ pines over a period of time as it becomes al areas of the North Carolina National economically possible to do so. Others need Forest can be advantageously adapted to long planning and consideration. For exam­ some isolated Philippine National Parks. ple, construction of a parkway similar to the Blue Ridge Parkway requires thorough study The operation of a park similar to the and justification. This involves a large out­ U.S. state park system does not seem prac­ lay of money in road construction and ex­ ticable in the Philippines at present. Local clusive use for leisurely travel. This would revenue or income varies significantly from not be practicable in the Philippines at the province to province. Population is unevenly present time. However, it might become feas­ distributed throughout the country. As was ible if so located that commercial vehicles previously discussed, Luzon is the most popu­ could use it economically without defeating lated and largest island. Provinces in Luzon

Page 38 FORESTRY LEAVES have very much higher income generally fold beauties; and that fortifies man's most than those either in the Visayas or Mindanao. sharpens their appreciation of its mani­ It is obvious then that the operation of precious possession-the spirit which gives a park on a state level basis would only life its meaning ( ORRRC Study, Final be advantageous to high income provinces. Report, 1962). Further, technically trained park personnel Tangible or indirect benefits in the develop­ are lacking to run the system. A national ment of business activities in the areas with­ park system, therefore, as a "starter" would in and adjacent to recreational areas are serve the purpose of park appreciation and solid human values too. Generation of eco­ recognition on a nationwide scale. Perhaps nomic goods and services in terms of re­ later as people began to participate actively creational money expended in a locality is in outdoor life, and the need for more re­ a vital factor in the economic development creational areas become imperative, then a and stability of local areas in particular and state park system could be considered. A that of the whole country in general. These state or provincial park system should serve are some of the vital points to be con­ the limited financial resources of the average sidered in reaching administrative and eco­ family for recreation better than a national nomic decisions in the justification of national system. National parks are remote from po­ recreational pursuits. If water is needed to pulated centers in general. The geographical quench thirst, food to appease hunger, then subdivisions of the country into several islands outdoor recreation is a necessity for mental make land transportation impracticable for uplift and psychological and physical relief. out-of-state visitors. The use of water transpor­ tation is expensive and tiresome. Since a Careful examination makes it apparent greater percentage of the population falls that many of the proven recreational manage­ in the lower income strata, then a less ex­ ment administrative methods and practices pensive means of recreational pursuit should used in the United States, both at the federal be developed. A state park system similar and the state level, can be adapted to Philip­ to that of the United States would serve the pine conditions with only minor modifications purpose. However, the national parks should in its present organizational setup and re­ be primarily developed as a national assets creational administrative policies. Employ­ for all, even though used mostly by high ment of technical personnel whose training income local visitors as well as foreign tour­ is specifically geared to park work should be ists. strictly adhered to, to attain park objectives more scientifically and successfully. Some of The rate of improvement, developmenl, the antiquated laws should either be repealed, and expansion of the Philippine National modified, or updated to suit the present Park system will depend heavily upon the social, economic, and political situation of rate of national appreciation and recogni­ the country. These and other necessary reme­ tion of the tangible or direct benefits achieved dial measures should be seriously undertaken in the form of the relief from the stresses immediately if national parks and related and strains of modern life by periods of outdoor recreational areas in the Philippines physical and mental relaxation are important. are to be improved and modernized. Outdoor recreation also has cultural values The Philippines is a young nation with still that are essential to the health of the abundant public forest lands endowed with nation. It is a part of the educational recreational potentials. Some of its virgin process that strengthens men's minds as forests are fortunately still untapped. The well as their bodies, that broadens their logging industry ranks third in the nation's understanding of the laws of nature; that economy. However, with the present rate of

ARBOR WEEK-FORESTRY DAY ISSUES - 1966 ::?age 39 forest exploitation and destruction, the nation with $25,000,000 for the same purpose. Under may soon be facing a critical situation of this land acquisition program, $35,000,000 of forest denudation. It has been observed re­ the amount of $75,000,000 will be used for peatedly by foreign forestry experts that "the state purposes. ( $20,000,000 for state parks Philippines is destroying her forest faster than alone) and the remaining $40,000,000 for any country in the world." This is a problem cities, counties, and towns for' local park and that needs serious attention and urgent solu­ recreation areas. The amount will be matched tion. on a 75 per cent state-25 percent local basis. The bond issue will be amortized from the Although outdoor recreation at present has annual revenues derived from state parks and not yet played a major role in the Filipino other recreational facilities. Comparatively, way of life, now is the proper time to "reserve" and "preserve" whatever recreational re­ this huge amount for recreational land acqui­ sources the country still has in anticipation siton alone in the State of New York is more of imminent future recreational needs. For than the total allocation of "Operation Out­ the most part, recreational resources are non­ doors" (recreation development program of renewable. Once misused and abused, they the U.S. Forest Service, 1958-1962) which are gone forever. As the nation approaches incurred $85,000,000 (U.S. Department of the prime of economic development, people Agriculture, 1958) within a five-year span will become financially able to engage in for administration, maintenance, moderniza­ outdoor recreation more intensively and fruit­ tion, and capital investment in all recreation­ fully. Transportation systems will soon have al areas within the whole national forest been developed and increased mobility is system. This clearly shows the tremendous assured. Recreational areas which have long amount involved in recreational land acquisi­ been idle will be put to intensive use. More tion alone in order to cope with the upsurge facilities will be needed. On the other hand, of recreational needs. the forest will be exploited at a much faster The Philippines is not yet faced with a rate for local processing and consumption recreational land acquisition problem. At pre­ as more wood-using industries come into sent the greater percentage of forest lands existence. Log exportation will further dwin­ is publicly-owned. But as the population dle its forest base and the present problem grows and the people become more financial­ of deforestation will be aggravated. ly and economically self-sufficient, most of At present, in the United States, acquisi­ these public lands (especially forest lands) tion of lands for recreational purposes ( espe­ will shift into private hands under existing cially in the state and local level) is difficult legislative provisions. This is the time when and involves a sizeable outlay of money. scarcity of recreational lands will be felt. It Most of the lands are privately owned. In would be difficult for the Philippine govern­ most cases recreational lands are purchased ment to buy lands just for recreational pur­ directly from private owners. Others have to poses, as the United States is doing, now or be acquired through eminent domain, nego­ in the foreseeable future. Prices of lands are tiated purchase, easements, leases or partial spiralling as the country achieves economic rights. As outdoor recreation has brought an intensification. Therefore, preservation of impact throughout the whole nation, each forest lands with recreational potentials should state has doubled its efforts in acquiring more be the main concern of the government now. recreational lands. New York State, for in­ This anticipated, cognizant action will be a stance, has recently approved a huge $75,- great advantage and beneficial to the whole 000,000 bond issue (N.Y.S. Conservation De­ nation. It will mean conservation for the partment, 1960) and later augmented this forest for the present generation and pre-

Page 40 FORESTRY LEAVES servation of scenic areas for the use and usable timber in a big concession. This forest enjoyment of future generations. concession is exploited for its commercial At present the Philippine National Park value without regard to its recreational value. Service is the only government entity that Large acreages of forest areas with recrea­ manages extensive parks and related areas for tional potentials have been and are being recreational purposes. It administers about destroyed and commercially exploited at a 228,184 hectares (roughly 571,000 acres) of much faster rate at the present than ever forest parks and related areas as national before. parks and about 65,000 hectares ( 162,000 Recreation is not included within the acres) of game refugees and bird sanc­ broad policy of the present management tuaries. This whole park area represents rough­ plan of the Service. Its inclusion in the set ly only 2 percent of the total forest area up is worth studying. Delineation of poten­ ( 13.2 million hectares) ( Lansigan, 1959) ad­ tial recreational lands within the forest re­ ministered by the Philippine Forest Service. serves could be done in connection with This percentage of park area is very much the nation's over-all survey of existing forest smaller compared to the ratio of the U.S. resources. Areas declared as potential re­ national parks and related areas ( 26 million creational lands do not necessarily mean com­ acres) (U.S. Bureau of Census, 1963) with plete exclusion from timber exploitation. But that of the Forest Service ( 186 million acres) exploitation should be limited to the minimum amounting to 14 percent. The U.S. Forest consistent with maintenance of recreational Service provides recreational areas within values at a suitable level of quality. Plan the national forest system while the Philip­ and design of logging roads in this case pine Forest Service does not. This does not could be developed by the concessioner's include similar areas of the various other staff, subject to the approval of the Service. United States federal, state, and local agen­ Strict compliance of the conditions specified cies that are directly or indirectly engaged would depend heavily on the part of the con­ in recreational pursuits. The present recrea­ cessioner. The service itself is undermanned, tional area of the Philippines should be in­ and probably could not greatly tighten its creased in proportion to its population growth. supervision over about 1,600 logging opera­ To remedy the situation, the setting aside tors having an approximate concession area of portions of its forest with recreational of 5.0 million hectares widely dispersed potentials is worth considering by the Phil­ throughout the island ( Lansigan, 1959). Ap­ ippine forest Service. Some of the "Forest proval for logging roads could be complied Reserves" administered by the Philippine with by the concessioner without serious Forest Service, like those of the United States handicap since only a small portion of his national forests, contain unique virgin stands large concession is operated in any one year, and unusual scenic values which should be and only a small part of this is likely to preserved for use by the park. At present have recreational potentials sufficient to be the Forestry Bureau manages and exploits set aside. This potential recreational area its forest resources on a sustained yield basis would be determined by the Service's staff, through the "selective logging" method. Tim­ in close collaboration with the Park Service ber extraction is either granted on a short­ personnel who are directly qualified on this field. term or long-term license agreement in the form of a timber concession. The forest hold­ This recreation drive has to be initiated ings usually involve from a few hundred hec­ and intensified to arouse recreation and con­ tares to over 100,000 hectares in extent. It servation consciousness on the Filipino peo­ usually takes 20 to 30 years to exhaust the ple. It is a project of national significance

ARBOR WEEK-FORESTRY DAY ISSUES - 1966 Page 41 which would largely contribute to the well­ initiative of bringing the parks to the people being of the nation. Implementation of the to be appreciated, used, and enjoyed. This at­ system would be a major step forward in titude of the Filipino people on recreational a coordinated national recreation effort. It pursuits may well need to change if they would have to "carry its own torch" for want more action from their. government. national recognition. Lack of recreation per­ What appears to be most needed at pre­ sonnel and funds would at first handicap the sent in the Philippines is to develop a good recognition of forest recreational needs, but quality, well-planned and well-designed re­ this would undoubtedly be forthcoming later creational area based on the modern recrea­ as outdoor recreation gained prominence. tional methods and practices used in some What is needed at present is a "starter" to economically advanced countries like the break the barrier of a long-range recreational United States. This would serve as a model objective. Its primary concern is to assure for all people to see, use, enjoy, and at the the supply of potential recreational lands time achieve recreational experiences through for future development. Its reservation would actual outdoor participation. The Makiling also mean erosion control, protection of water­ National Park under the administration of shed areas, and other protective influences the University of the Philippines would seem while awaiting future development. This is a to be the most feasible and suitable site to "must" for the Philippines since the country carry out this idea. This park is the most is plagued with socio-economic ills such as visited and most accessible national park "kaingin-making" and "squatting" in public at present in Luzon. It has also the distinc­ parks and forests. Prompt action is needed tion of being the first national park ever to prevent the irresponsible spoilation or ex­ proclaimed as such. People of many different tinction of this irreplaceable heritage as a walks of life come to visit this place for result of the present activities. It is a very educational and recreational purposes. Con­ real race between forest destruction and pre­ gressmen, senators, and different political servation. ' figures are visitors of the area. University The United States started its conservation students from Manila and neighboring cities movement some sixty years ago only after and civic organization groups also make their realizing that the forests were not really educational and recreational trips to this "inexhaustible." The conservation campaign place. This could prove to be successful de­ has been so intensive that today practically monstration area to create recreation and every piece of land is considered for its conservation consciousness among these in­ proper future utility. Recreation has played tellectual park visitors. At present the park a major role in its economy. Recreation, as has limited, disorganized recreational faci­ an industry, ranks third in the United States, lities which do not produce recreational sa­ exceeded only by manufacturing and agricul­ tisfaction. The plan, design, and construc­ ture ( U.S.D.A., Forest Service. 1958). Most, tion of recreational facilities are obsolete and if not all of its public lands and forest­ substandard compared with the present managing agencies in the federal, state, and modern methods and practices. A thorough local level are directly or indirectly providing renewal and replanning of this area, based recreational opportunities to the public. "Pub on the latest concepts of modern design, lie opinion" in the United States is strong. should definitely change the recreational at­ Most of the recreational lands have been mosphere to which people have been so long acquired through the citizens' own initiative exposed. and effort in bringing needs to the respon­ The development of a modem recreation­ sible persons for action. This is in contrast al area and facilities in this place could to the Philippines. The government takes the serve two major purposes. One is as a train-

Page 42 FORESTRY LEAVES ing laboratory for forestry students who plan is needed endangers the permanency of to seek employment with the Park Service. the parks through political manipula­ The other is that it would serve as a model tion by "pressure groups." The na­ demonstration area for the whole national tional welfare and interest should take park system in the Philippines. Landscape priority in public park management architects and other recreational specialists over and above self-interest or partisan­ would have to take charge of this pioneer­ ship of individuals. Political influence ing undertaking. Successful park manage­ should be confined to representative ment this place should spur the development policy-making functions and removed and improvement of the present park system from the administrative management and possibly the creation of new ones as of government operations. Park man­ outdoor recreation gains more nationwide agers warrant more autonomy in the recognition. discharge of their duties, without poli­ tical pressures or interference. There is no question as to the importance of outdoor recreation. Internationally and 2. The general objective and guiding nationally, it is well recognized and accepted. principle of public park management It is anticipated, however, that unless co­ both in the United States and the operation and coordinated action among dif­ Philippines is "to protect and conserve ferent forest and land-management agencies its scenery, natural and historic ob­ are solicited in recreational pursuits, outdoor jects and wildlife therein for the bene­ recreation will have a long way to go for fit and enjoyment of present and nationwide recognition. The United States future generations." Therefore, it fol­ has not achieved its present pioneering posi­ lows that timber exploitation and minor tion in outdoor recreation overnight. Years forest products utilization should be of advocating the importance of forest con­ held to a minimum or eliminated t:J servation and preservation of scenic values avoid possible spoilation of the beauty were responsible for the realization of its and rare natural features of these parks dreams. "This is a civilization painfully and which are not replaceable. Interpretive only recently carved in conflict with the programs should be expanded and forces of nature--farms from unbroken prairie effective tools for interpretation should and cities from wilderness ( ORRRC, Study, be adopted like the methods used by Final Report, 1962). the U.S. National Parks Service to make the people more understand and

RECOMMENDATIONS appreciate nature and outdoor life. For instance pictorial displays of in­ Based on the observations acquired by the teresting national park features and analyst in this study of some public parks the use of "dioramas" which is the and recreational areas in the United States, latest innovation adopted by the Na­ the following are recommended as recreation­ tional Park Service which will great­ al management procedures and practices ly add to recreational experience of which may be advantageously adapted to park visitors. Modern museum exhibits Philippine conditions now or in the future: serve to a recreational area what a 1. The status or boundaries of national display window is to a department parks should not be changed except store. They inform and stimulate cu­ for a compelling reason and then only riosity and interest in the area. Guided by congressional action, as in the case and self-guided tours are also helpful. of the United States. When only the 3. The Parks and Wildlife Office which authority of presidential proclamation administers all national parks of the

ARBOR WEEK-FORESTRY DAY ISSUES - 1966 Page 43 Philippines should be provided with development, that are suited to natural funds sufficient to develop and im­ environment. prove park areas, especially in this in­ 6. Establishment or construction of visitor fant stage of recreational development. centers. It should be of great advan­ This involves equipping the office with tage to the Philippine. National Park adequate technically-trained personnel system if visitor centers could be in­ specifically geared to natural pheno­ stalled, particularly in the larger parks menon interpretation and administra­ for people to obtain information and tion work. see pictorial displays of geologic, ar­ 4. The Philippine national park system cheologic, and historic interest of the lacks diversified and colorful publica·· park area. Movie exhibitions or illus­ tions or brochures describing or por­ trated nature talks, such as those con­ traying in detail the story of each park ducted by the U.S. National Park and the interesting features found Service in visitor centers, could be therein which are worth seeing or visit­ adopted to make Philippine park visits ing. In the United States, the National more entertaining and worthwhile. At Park Service, Forest Service, and State present, the Philippine Parks and Wild­ Park agencies have adequate publica­ life Office conducts audio-visual exhi­ tions on individual parks, as well as bitions only on important occasions, for the whole recreational opportunity. and only to a limited extent, due to These are distributed free to people lack of adequate equipment and docu­ upon request. Except for tourist guid~ mentary films about national sciences. books, published by a few commercial agencies, the Philippine parks have not 7. The hiring of historians and park na­ been given publication coverage. It turalists to explain to park visitors the appears certain that if given more pub­ origin, existence or importance of na­ licity they would attract larger numbers tural features found in such park. The of foreign and local visitors. Tourism national parks in the Philippines are is one of the significant sources of still short of men with technical train­ economic growth in terms of goods ing in the natural park phenomena. and services generated as a result of Even in big and frequently visited money spent by recreationists in a national parks, naturalists are either country, and therefore it should be lacking or in some cases not actually encouraged through development of trained in this particular work. There more interest in recreational and scenic is need to give more attention in dis­ resources. seminating factual information to park visitors for their acquaintance and en­ 5. The hiring of landscape architects lightenment of the natural environ­ whose training is concentrated upon ment. It is only in closer understand­ planning and designing of recreational ing of nature that people begin to facilities. These professionals under­ appreciate and enjoy the natural won­ stand the principles and methods neces­ ders. sary to successful outdoor recreational development more than do others who 8. The Philippine Bureau of Forestry, like are employed in resource management. the U.S. Forest Service which admi­ The hiring of landscape architects nisters and manages large tracts of would seem to be of great help in the public forest areas on a "multiple use'" designs of modern public recreational basis, should spare potential recreation- facilities, consistent with economic ( Continued on page 48)

Page 44 FORESTRY LEAVES FOREST RESOURCES . . . (Continued from page 33) TIMBER PRODUCTION, PHILIPPINES 1955 TO 1965 8

7 I \ I \ ~~ ------en ~ i:c: i:.:i / ~ 6 ::11 u..... i:tl ::J v u z 0 5 / 3 .,..,.._..._.,.-- I/ ~ ~ / 4 /

3 i 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 FISCAL YEAR OUTDOOR RECREATIONAL MANAGEMENT

Priceless natural heritage once misused and abused can never be restored. It is there· fore our bounden duty to pro· tect and prese!"Ve what wc still have today.

An upsurge of outdoor recr!'ation parllctpation in th!' Filipino way of life is bein!!: felt nationwide.

Due to limited public outdoor recreational areas and facilities a bumper-to-bumper situation such as this is a common sight in the Makiling Forest (formerly a national park) during the summer months. Camping is very popular in economically advanced rountrics like the United States. A "trailer house" such as this mav fin

Bathing or swimming is the most sought acl!vlly by the pleasure-seekers. Hence, the provision of a swimming pool is a "must" in an ideal recreational area.

Where the cxcusionists are, the vendors follow. Vendors stalls should be uniform and properly designed. Stalls above are unsightly and fire hazards. Adequate, durable, and .well-designed picnic tables should be strategically orderly installed in a picnic area Cor the use and enjoyment of the forest V1S1tors. Ill-designed, irregular, and light picnic tables such as shown above are not to be encouraged.

WELCOME! tB.P KEEP r.AMPlJS . PVT_.CLEANAND&REEN .· ~~"!,SAN

Interpretive and informative signboards should be placed in strategic places to guide and instruct the excusionists.

Students enjoy holding outdoor competitions in the l\lakiling National Park as part of forestry day and moving-up day celebrations. Timber Research, Engineering and by Industry Deuelopment F. M. LAURICIO'

INTRODl:CTION time, but did not receive much impetus to There are few industries, if any, that do equal the achievements of these three giants not used wood or timber in one form or of the field. Many countries now have estab­ another. Because of this the timber industry lished their own laboratories-including those becomes economically important to our cou~­ that are, normally, wood importing - and try. Of the legions of users, the construction even expanded their field of operations be­ field has, perhaps, the most to offer to the yond the scope of the organizers of the early growing timber industry. This is because tim­ laboratories. Since their establishment, these ber is a basic engineering raw material. A laboratories have been accummulating vast major part of the timber supply, whether amounts of information on the properties of sawn or in its round form, is used in situations timber in general and those of individual where strength is of prime consideration. species in particular. The collective informa­ tion thus resulted in understanding better the Early wood construction was crude and structural and related qualities of timber. mostly based on the trial-and-error method. And with the aid of sound engineering prin­ It was not until the development of engi­ ciples, timber has been used more and more neering during the latter half of the 18th efficiently and economically in structures, and century that timber utilization in structures the timber industry, in turn, has grown from graduated from the largely empirical ap­ a mere backyard hobby to a profitable busi­ proach of early constructions to one based ness enterprise. on sound engineering principles.

This academic approach to its efficient MORE RESEARCH AND NEW DEVELOPMENT utilization as a construction material has been The main problems, however, in the use further fortified during the past half cen­ of sawn timber in structures are: ( 1) the tury with the emergence of laboratories pri­ wide variability in its strength and related marily charged with the task of making wood properties principally due to the influence as a reliable material of construction. The U.S. of a variety of natural causes beyond control Forest Products Laboratory, for instance, was in products of nature; ( 2) its severe limita­ established in Madison, Wisconsin, in 1910; tions in size and span which are entirely the one in Princes Risborough, England in dependent on tree size; and ( 3) its appa­ 1927, and at about the same time, the Divi­ sion of Forest Products of the Commonwealth rent vulnerability to the elements and bio­ Scientific and Industrial Research Organiza­ logical agents. Because of these, timber gave tion of Australia also came into being. way to steel and concrete in large scale structural jobs, although it is preferred for Paradoxically, wood research engineering a variety of lightweight construction. in the Philippines started at about the same The economic pressures that were brought 1 _.Senior Forest Products Technologist, Timber about and made to bear on most countries Physics and Engineering Division, Forest Products Research Institute, College, Laguna, Philippines. during World Wars I and II, stirred the

ARBOR WEEK-FORESTRY DAY ISSUES - 1966 Page 45 imagination of the adherents of timber, most in stressed-skin construction and in the fabri­ particularly engineers and scientists. In coun­ cation of very light-weight, built-up members tries like the United States, Canada, England, for long-span structures. Australia and the Scandinavians, for example, Considerable research has also brought efforts were directed to more researches, re­ about the formulation of ·wood preservatives sulting in outstanding progress achieved in and fire retardant chemicals to increase dur­ the fields of joints and fastenings for timber ability to offset much of the causes for and various other factors associated with timber structures. people's prejudice on the use of wood in large structures. These led to the development of improved More recent achievements of timber tech­ or new jointing media and jointing tech­ nology are reflected in the development of niques, like the split-ring and shear plate the shell roof and folded plate constructions. connectors for large structures, and the These types of construction are gaining ac­ toothed plate connectors for relatively light ceptance not only for aesthetic reasons due structures. These developments permitted the mainly to their novelty of form, but also to building of remarkedly large timber structures their light weight and low cost. and spared steel for other uses that con­ tributed more to the war efforts. By and large, the ever growing aware­ ness of the unlimited potentialities of timber Considerable research on related lines had for modern engineering structures has en­ also been conducted, bringing about the for­ couraged the intensification of timber research mulation of glues for wood laminated struc­ at the various laboratories of the world. tures suitable to various fabrication tech­ These researches continually provide the tools niques and exposure conditions in service, as of utilization, broadening knowledge in the well as the development of the glued lami­ field of timber technology and industry deve­ nated timber industry. lopment. With the availability of glues for lami­ nated structures, it became possible to design STATUS IN THE PHILIPPINES joints capable of developing 100 percent While the debate is still going-on how the strength of timber and the building of much of a timber country we are, it is obvious large beams, arches and other structural com­ that the Philippines as a nation has not yet ponents in sizes and spans far exceeding the taken too much advantage of the advance­ maximum. possible with ordinary solid wood. ments in timber engineering technology. The glued laminated timber industry, though We have a good number of large lumber originally invented in Germany, received mills and plywood plants in our country, much impetus only after considerable re­ but still it appears that quality lumber and searches were conducted by the U.S. Forest plywood are only good for the foreign market, Products Laboratory in Madison. Many lami­ while the domestic market has but to con­ nating plants and related engineering indus­ tend with the "rejects" after export selec­ tries have been established in the United tion. Thus, we have yet to develop a struc­ States and similar ones were put up in various tural grade of plywood. countries. Glued laminated timber beams and arches have found acceptance as material in We now have one laminating plant in building large auditoriums, churches and the country, but it is still struggling through other structures of complex shapes with spans the same malady of many a pioneering ven­ up to over 300 feet. ture-poor quality control and inadequate Research was also carried out to develop plant management. We also have two large structural plywood, which is now being used adhesive recombining plants in the country.

Page 46 FORESTRY LEAVES There has been a big increase in the use of mechanical fastenings like nails, bolts, of creosoted poles and preservative-treated and spikes has also been obtained. lumber for the last five years or so, and ~ These accomplishments of the Institute, healthy tendency for their preference, res­ in so short a time, favorably compare with pectively, in concrete buildings and residences the accomplishments of similar laboratories is very obvious nowadays. in other countries for the same length of The only timber fasteners manufactured time. However, the fact remains that this in the country are nails and bolts. We still country lags behind others in timber research have to see our architects and engineers and engineering. Perhaps, the main reason work out a true shell or folded plate structure is that earlier attempts had not been fully out of wood. appreciated and that funds had been in­ Attempts have been made to pre-stress adequate. wood, but a number of fundamental proper­ W h a t e v e r achievements the Institute ties of wood have still to be investigated has accomplished so far represent only a for good construction design. beginning-the first phase of a big job that lies ahead. The next phase of the job is just At any rate, proven Filipino ingenuity being started-that of promulgating stress­ will eventually mature well enough to utilize grading rules and specifications and of re­ these advancements in wood engineering. commending the working stresses for Philip­ This mature attitude towards development pine timbers based on the grades. This will calls for keener interest in education and give engineers and architects self-confidence research in technology. These qualities are in designing structures so to afford con­ but expected of the leaders of the wood sumers the right quality for the price they industry. pay. Tangible results along these lines may FPRI RESEARCH STUDIES be attained in the next two or three yea~s. The third phase will probably dwell on the The efficient structural utilization of tim­ formulation of criteria and specifications for ber starts with research-the determination improved methods of design and new en­ of its strength and physical properties and gineering applications of timber. the effect of factors related to such proper­ ties. Incidentally, the Forest Products Re­ When the timber merchants are able to search Institute plays a major role in further supply stress-graded timber, when the lumber advancing the development of timber enginer­ manufacturers fully understand the value of ing in this country. Its share is to help provide and practice quality control, and when the the country's need for research information engineers are able to design timber structures through the publication of the results of its efficiently and economically with confidence investigation as well as to provide expert and find new engineering applications of guidance to the wood industry. timber, then and only then can it be said that one of the Institute's objectives has The Institute, with only nine years since been happily realized. its establishment, has now accummulated

ARBOR WEEK-FORESTRY DAY ISSUES - 1966 Page 47 REFERENCES woods. The Lumberman (Phil.) X( 1): 49-56. 1. Bellosillo, S. B. and R. J. Miciano. 1959. 5. Pearson, R. G., N. H. Kloot and J. D. Progress report on the survey of mecha­ Boyd. 1958. Timber Engineering Design nical properties of Philippine woods. Handbook. Melbourne, South Aust., The Lumberman (Phil.) 5(4): 17. Melbourne University Press. 248 pp. 2. Boyd, J. D. 1963. Australian research on 6. Salvosa, F. M. 1963. A lexicon of Philip­ load bearing properties of timber as a pine trees. Bull. No. 11. Forest Products grading. The Aust. Timber Journal Research Institute, College, Laguna, 29( 5): 128-134. Philippines. 3. Bunning, Walter. 1963. Timber in archi­ 7. Vaux, H. J. 1957. Wood, research and tectural design. The Aust. Timber Jour­ economic growth. Forest Products Jour­ nal 29(5): 174-78. June. nal VII (6): 28A-31A, June. 4. Lauricio, F. M. and S. B. Bellosillo. 1964. 8. Sutherland, R. M. J. and J. D. Harris. 1963. Third progress report on the mechanic­ The prejudice against structural timber. al and related properties of Philippine The Aust. Timber Journal 28(12). Jan.

AN ADMINISTRATIVE STUDY . . . Science Development Board and the (Continued from page 44) Council on Economic and Cultural Af­ fairs of New York to study the socio­ al lands from commercial exploitation economic implications of kaingin-mak­ for future recreational use if necessity ing, should be vigorously pursued to arises. end the socio-economic ills that have 9. Some of the antiquated park laws plagued the country. Kaingin-making should either be repealed, modified m· coupled with destructive logging meth­ updated to suit the present social, eco­ ods have depleted the country's forest nomic, and political situation of the wealth at an alarming rate. This ap­ country. This is essential to keep a­ plies particularly to both forest re­ breast with modern recreational meth­ serves and national park areas. Early ods and practices based on the nation­ suppression of this social malady should wide recreational trends and needs. greatly redound to the optimum and 10. Since land transportation in the Phil­ the preservation of a unique, scenic ippines is handicapped by geographical wise utilization of forest resources and barriers, development of local parks and priceless heritage for the use and such as provincial parks should be enjoyment of present and future gene­ considered aside from the national rations. parks. These will be financed and main­ 12. Outdoor recreation requires the use of tained by the provinces where the a broad and diversified range of na­ parks are located similar to the State tional resources. Its management poli­ Park system of the United States. cies vary among agencies and change However, some provinces have compa­ according to public demand, political ratively less income than others. In pressures, as well as economic and this case the national government has social imperatives. Therefore, coopera­ to subsidize them by providing funds tion, coordination, national interest and for park purposes. welfare, and mutual understanding 11. The Kaingin Research" which is a among various land and forest-manag­ nationwide five-year joint project of ing agencies in the Philippines are en­ the colleges of Agriculture and Forest­ couraged, if outdoor recreation is to ry of the University of the Philippines gain national recognition and accept­ financed by the Philippine National ance.

Page 48 FORESTRY LEAVES Survival and Growth of Moluccan Sau in Mt. Makiling as Affected by

Planting Spacing and Kind of by Planting Materials 1 IRENEO L. DOMINGO

Two of several questions that must be three different spacings of planting in the resolved before a large scale planting opera­ main plots, four different kinds of planting tion is conducted are the kind of planting materials in the sub-units, and six blocks materials to be planted and the spacing to served as replicates (see layout). The follow­ which the planting materials are to be set ing treatments were used: in the planting area. One must employ the 1. Spacing of Planting kind of planting material that will give the a. 1 m. x 1 m. highest survival and fastest growth. In addi­ b. 2 m. x 2 m. tion, one must set the plants at distances c. 3 m. x 3 m. which will be most advantageous in terms of more survival, faster growth, complete utili­ 2. Kinds of Planting Materials zation of the site, and better forms of the a. Seeds (direct seeding) individual trees. b. Potted seedlings c. Bareroot seedlings For Moluccan sau (Albizzia falcata Back­ d. Pruned seedlings er), these informations are not yet known. The study reported in this paper was set Preparation of Planting Materials up in an effort to gather these informations. Specifically, the objectives of the study were Seeds.-The seeds used in the study were to find the best kind of planting materials obtained from Bukidnon and Agusan through and to determine the best spacing of plant­ the Reforestation Administration. No pre­ ing. treatment was given to either the seeds used for direct seeding or the seeds sown in EXPERIMENTAL ~ROCEDURE nursery seedbeds or seedflats for the other Experimental Design.- study treatments. No repellent was used on the seed in direct seeding. The study was established in August to October, 1963 on a split-plot design with Potted Seedlings.-All the seedlings used in the study were grown under ordinary 1 This study was conducted under the UPCF­ nursery operations. Potting was done when PHIMCO cooperative Albizzia falcata research pro­ ject in Mt. Makiling which is being financially the seedlings from the seedbeds or seed­ supported by the Philippine ~fatch Company, Ltd., flats were about four to six centimeters tall. Manila. The author is Assistant Professor of Silvi­ The potted seedlings were allowed to grow culture at the College of Forestry and In-charge of the project. This study was begun by Mr. F. P. for 5 to 8 months before planting in the Mauricio, then a member of the faculty and former­ experimental area. The pots used were 7" ly In-charge of the project, now connected with the Nasipit Lumber Company in Agusan. x 8" polyethylene plastic film bags that

ARBOR WEEK-FORESTRY DAY ISSUES - 1966 Page 49 were .002 mm. thick and milk cans with a consisted of opening up a hole in the soil height of 10 ems. and an inside diameter with the aid of a spade then setting the of 7 centimeters. Unfortunately, the seedlings seedling on the center of the hole after potted with plastic bags and those cans were which the soil was returned. The seedlings not separated. This would have made pos­ were removed from the cans by holding each sible the determination of their comparative can with one hand and p~unding gently efficiency in terms of survival and growth. at the sides several times with a stick while slowly rotating the can in the hand after Bareroot Seedlings.-The bareroot seed­ which the seedling is pulled out gently with lings used in the study were prepared under the ball of earth around the root system ordinary techniques, consisting of trimming intact. In some seedlings, though, the soil extra-roots and lateral roots and a portion around the roots was broken in which case of the crown and puddling of the roots the nature of the seedlings was not different after trimming. from bareroot seedlings. The cans had to be Pruned Seedlings.-The pruned seedlings removed this way because slits at the sides were prepared by cutting off the stem about were not made before potting. For the seed­ 1/3 to 2/3 their height, the lateral roots were lings potted with plastic film bags, the plastic removed and long tap-roots were cut at the bags were just slit-opened with a bolo or point where the swell ends. a knife. Bareroot and Pruned Seedlings. - The Experimental Area.- bareroot and pruned seedlings were planted The experiment was conducted on a three­ by the slit method with a planting bar and by the dibble method using a sharpened ipil­ hectare land near the junction of the road ipil pole, 2 meters long and 2 inches in dia­ going to the peak of Mt. Makiling and the meter as improvised dibble. road going to the white earth pit with an elevation of about 400 meters above sea level. Direct Seeding.-Two or more seeds were It has a southeastern aspect, originally covered sown in spots at the pre-determined spacing. with a second growth forest vegetation and The spots were cultivated before sowing. scattered bananas, and with a small gully run­ The seeds were not coated with any repellent ning across the middle. It is adjacent to a before sowing. kaingin in the east and to the experimental lot of the Forest Products Research Institute Data Collection.- in the south. After the planting operation was over, the planted seedlings ( bareroot and potted Site Preparation. - Before planting, the seedlings) were individually measured for forest vegetation was completely removed. height. About a year later (June-September, Large trees were felled on contract basis. 1964) the trees were again measured for The slash and other debris were disposed height with a four-meter pole graduated of by either hauling them outside of the in centimeters. Plants that died were noted area or by burning them inside the area. down in the record sheets. In addition to height and mortality, the tree diameters were Planting.- also measured at breast height ( dbh) with The planting was done from the later a direct-reading diameter steel tape. part of August to October, 1963. In the second year (July-October, 1965), Potted Seedlings.-The hole method was the trees were again measured. This time, a used in planting the potted seedlings. This Haga hypsometer was used for measuring

Page 50 FORESTRY LEAVES the height since the use of graduated pole "''here: X=individual tree dbh or was no longer practical because the trees height had already grown very tall. The same dia­ n=number of trees in each meter tape, however, was used in measuring sub-plot the diameters. L=sum of C.V.=coefficient of variation in The following were the data gathered for percent analysis: Data Analyses.- 1. First year survival or number of seed­ lings alive after the first year divided by The various sets of data were analyzed the number of seedlings planted and the separately by the analysis of variance method. quotient multiplied by 100 to express it in The direct seeding and pruned seedling parts percent. of the study were complete failures and, therefore, excluded in the analyses. Like­ 2. First year height growth or the first wise, the data for the 3 m. x 3 m. spacing year height minus the initial height. were excluded in the analyses because some 3. First year diameter. First year diameter plots were not planted and in other plots, growth could not be determined because no values were not taken due to a landslide diameter measurements were made imme­ brought about by typhoon "Dading" on the diately after planting. later part of June, 1964. 4. Second year survival, computed by Before the survival data were analyzed, dividing the number of trees alive at the they were first transformed to degrees by end of the second year by the number of arcsin transformation method using Table seedlings alive at the end of the first year A.10 of Steel and Torrie (1960) to ensure multiplied by 100 to express it in percent. independent and normal distribution of the experimental error as required to have a 5. Second year diameter growth or the valid application of tests of significance in second year diameter minus first year dia­ the analysis of variance. meter. RESULTS 6. Second year height growth or the second year height minus the first year The direct seeding part of the study was height. a complete failure because of African snails ( Achatina fulica Bou di ch) that fed on the 7. Diameter and height coefficient of newly germinated seedlings. The seedlings variation. It was observed that the trees in were eaten at night following germination. the second year were very variable, from No germination count was taken because the very small trees to large trees. To get an seedlings were eaten immediately at night expression of the variability of the diameter and counting the germinations would have and height as affected by the variables, the involved examination at night of every spot coefficients of variation of the trees in each planted which was impossible (Mauricio, sub-plot was computed by the formula: 1965). The treatment that involved pruned seed­ lings was also a complete failure at the end \/ of the first year after planting. Only the potted and bareroot seedlings had a certain C.V.=----- xlOO degree of success and, therefore, these were :EX/n the only ones included in the data analyses.

ARBOR WEEK-FORESTRY DAY ISSUES - 1966 Page 51 Effects of Spacing.- The differences in sun·ival in the first year ( 6.7 percent) and in the second year I. Survival.-At the end of the first year ( 9.13 percent) were both not significant which after planting, the seedlings planted at 1 m. means that there was no advantage gained x 1 m. spacing had a mean survirnl of 34.l in planting at 1 m. x I m. over 2 m. x 2 rn. percent and those planted at 2 m. x 2 m. spacing or dee rersa as far· as survival in spacing had 40.8 percent or a difference of both the first and second year is concerned 6.7 percent in favor of the seedlings planted (Tables 2 and 4). at 2 m. x 2 m. spacing (Table 1). At the Since spacing did not cause any signi­ end of the second year, the trees that sur­ ficant difference in suffival either in the first vived after the first year in the 1 m. x 1 m. year or in the second year, the two-year spacing had a mean survival fo 85.69 per­ survival for the I m. x 1 m. spacing (32.0 cent and those in the 2 m. x 2 m. spacing percent) was not significantly different from had 76.56 percent of a difference of 9.13 the 2 m. x 2 m. spacing ( 33.8 percent) percent (Table 3). (Tables 5 and 6).

TABLE 1. Average first year survival in percent of Moluccan sau in Mt. Makiling as affected by spacing of planting and kind of planting materials.

Spacing Planting Material Mean DiH. 1m.x1 m. 2 m. x 2 m.

Potted Seedlings 54.l 68.4 61.3 44.9 Bareroot Seedlings 16.7 16.1 16.4 Mean 34.1 40.8 37.4 Difference 6. 7

TABLE 2. Analysis of variance of first year survival (transformed to degrees) of Moluccan sau in Mt. Makiling.

Source of Variation df SS MS F

Replicates 5 696.09 139.22 3.578 n.s. Spacings, Sp 1 95.20 95.20 Error (a) 5 194.56 38.91 2.447 n.s. Planting Materials, Pm 1 4,595.99 4,595.99 102.911° 0 Sp x Pm 1 118.82 118.82 2.660 n.s. Error (b) 10 446.59 44.66 TOTAL 23 6,147.25

For this and succeeding tables: n.s.-Not significant at the 5 percent level. 00 -Significant at the 5 percent level. 0 -Significant at the 1 percent level (highly significant) .

Page 52 FORESTRY LEAVES TABLE 3. .·\\·erage second \·ear sun-ival m percent of \Ioluccan sau in \It. \fakiling.

Spacing Planting '.\iaterials '.\lean Diff. 1 m. x 1 m. 2 m. x 2 m.

Potted Seedlings 91.80 82.80 87.30 12 ..35 Bareroot Seedlings 85.69 76.56 81.12 Mean

Difference 9.13

TABLE 4. Analysis of variance of second year survival (Transformed to degrees) of Moluccan sau in Mt. Makiling.

Source of Variation df SS MS F

Replicates 5 2,723.20 544.64 5.88°

Spacings, Sp 1 193.80 193.80 2.09 n.s.

Error (a) 5 463.19 92.64

Planting Materials, Pm 1 240.66 240.66 1.97 n.s.

Sp x Pm 1 468.07 468.07 3.83 n.s. Error (b) 10 1,220.56 122.06

TOTAL 23 5,309.48

TABLE 5. Average two-year survival in percent of Moluccan sau in Mt. Makiling.

Spacing Planting Materials Mean Diff. 1 m. x 1 m. 2 m. x 2 m.

Potted Seedlings 49.8 56.7 53.2

40.6

Bareroot Seedlings 14.2 10.9 12.6 Mean 32.0 33.8 32.9

Difference 1.8

ARBOR WEEK-FORESTRY DAY ISSUES - 1966 Page 53 TABLE 6. Analysis of variance of two year survival (Transformed to degrees) of Moluccan sau in Mt. Makiling.

Source of Variation df SS MS F

Replicates 5 967.50 193.50 9.35° Spacings, Sp 1 10.19 10.19 0.49 n.s. Error (a) 5 103.47 20.69 Planting Materials, Pm 1 4,392.92 4,392.92 152.6400 Sp x Pm 1 63.80 63.80 2.22 n.s. Error (b) 10 287.77 28.78 TOTAL 23 5,825.65

2. Diameter Growth.-As explained ear­ while those planted at 2 m. x 2 m. had lier, the growth in diameter during the first 3.66 ems. or a difference of 0.10 cm. During year after planting could not be determined the second year, diameter growth (not dia­ because no diameter measurement was taken meter) for the 1 m. x 1 m. spacing was immediately after planting. It is assumed, 4.68 ems. and 6.97 ems. for the 2 m. x 2 m. however, that initial diameter was homo­ spacing or a difference of 2.29 ems. in favor genous. But even if initial diameter was not of the latter (Tables 7 and 9). The difference homogenous, the design of the experiment of 0.10 cm. in diameter in the first year took care of the heterogeneity, if any, of was not significant but the 2.29 ems. dif­ initial diameter. The diameter data taken ference in diameter growth in the second at the end of the first year, therefore, instead year was highly significant (at the 1 percent level). (Tables 8 and 10). This means that of the diameter growth, were analyzed. spacing had no effect on diameter growth of At the end of the first year after plant­ Moluccan sau during the first year after ing, the seedlings planted at 1 m. x 1 m. planting but has a great effect during the spacing had a mean diameter of 3.76 ems. second year after planting.

TABLE 7. Average diameter in centimeters of one year old Moluccan sau in Mt. Makiling.

Spacing Planting Materials Mean Diff. 1m.x1 m. 2 m. x 2 m.

Potted Seedlings 3.63 3.95 3.79 0.15 Bareroot Seedlings 3.90 3.38 3.64 Mean 3.76 3.66 3.71 Difference 0.10

Page 54 FORESTRY LEAVES TABLE 8. Analysis of \·ariance of diameter of one year old Moluccan sau in Mt. Makiling.

Source of Variation

Replicates 5 8.34 1.67 1.497 n.s. Spacings, Sp 1 0.05 0.05 0.045 n.s. Error (a) 5 5.59 1.12 Planting Materials 1 0.12 0.12 0.218 n.s Sp x Pm 1 1.04 1.04 1.891 n.s. Error (b) 10 5.48 0.55 TOTAL 23 20.62

TABLE 9. Average second year diameter growth in centimeters of Moluccan sau in Mt. Makiling.

Spacing Planting Materials Mean Diff. 1 m. x 1 m. 2 m. x 2 m.

Potted Seedlings 3.54 5.74 4.64 2.37 Bareroot Seedlings 5.82 8.20 7.01 Mean 4.68 6.97 5.82 Difference 2.29

TABLE 10. Analysis of variance of second year diameter growth of Moluccan sau in Mt. Makiling.

Source of Variation df SS MS F

Replicates 5 6.50 1.30 0.93 n.s. Spacings, Sp 1 31.54 31.54 22.23° 0 Error (a) 5 7.00 1.40 Planting Materials, Pm 1 33.64 33.64 21.84° 0 Sp x Pm 1 0.04 0.04 0.03 n.s. Error (b) 10 15.40 1.54 TOTAL 23 94.12

3. Height Growth.-The mean first year the 2 m. x 2 m. spacing ( 237.6 ems.) (Tables height growth for the 1 m. x 1 m. spacing 11 and 12). The same was true for the second ( 277.4 ems.) was not significantly different year height growth (Tables 13 and 14). from the mean first year height growth for

ARBOR WEEK-FORESTRY DAY ISSUES - 1966 Page 55 TABLE 11. .-herage first year height growth in centimeters of \Ioluccan sau in .\It. :\lakiling.

Spacing Planting '.\1aterials '.\lean Diff. 1 rn. x 1 rn. 2 m. x 2 m.

Potted Seedlings 306.0 268.0 287.0 59.0 Bare root Seedlings 248.8 207.2 228.0 Mean 277.4 237.6 257.5 Difference 39.8

TABLE 12. Analysis of variance of first year height growth of Moluccan sau in Mt. Makiling.

Source of Variation df SS MS F

Replicates 5 29,838.50 5,967.70 1.104 n.s. Spacings, Sp 1 9,520.17 9,520.17 1,762 n.s. Error (a) 5 27,022.33 5,404.47 Planting Materials, Pm 1 20,886.00 20,886.00 6.179°

Sp x Pm 1 20.16 20.16 - n.s. Error (b) 10 33,802.84 3,380.28 TOTAL 23 121,090.00

TABLE 13. Average second year height growth in meters of Moluccan sau in Mt. Makiling.

Spacing Planting Materials Mean Diff. 1 rn. x 1 rn. 2 m. x 2 rn.

Potted Seedlings 3.37 4.68 4.02 0.75 Bareroot Seedlings 4.80 4.74 4.77 Mean 4.08 4.71 4.395 Difference 0.63

Page 5b FORESTRY LEAVES TABLE 14. Analysis of variance of second year height growth of Moluccan sau in Mt. Makiling.

Source of Variation df SS MS F

Replicates 5 16.39 3.28 7.45° Spacings, Sp 1 2.3.'3 2.33 5.30 n.s. Error (a) 5 2.22 0.44 Planting Materials, Pm 1 1.33 1.33 2.42 n.s. Sp x Pm 1 4.79 4.79 8.71° Error (b) 10 5.49 0.55 TOTAL 23 32.55

4. Variabilit11.-The trees in the 1 m. x ranged from 1.5 ems. to 21.2 ems. 1 m. sub-plots were more variable in dia­ Spacing, however, did not cause a sig­ meter than the trees in the 2 m. x 2 m. nificant difference in variation in tree height sub-plots. The mean coefficient of variation in the former was 44.2 percent and 32.CJ although there was a range of 1.0 to 16.0 percent for the latter or a difference of 12.2 meters. The mean coefficient of variation percent which was highly significant (Tables for tree height in the 1 m. x 1 m. was 28.6 15 and 16). For 1 m. x 1 m. spacing, tree percent and 23.4 percent in the 2 m. x 2 m. diameter ranged from 1.0 cm. to 20.0 ems. or a difference of 5.2 percent which was not For the 2 m. x 2 m. spacing, tree diameter· significant (Tables 17 and 18).

TABLE 15. Coefficient of variation of diameter of two year old Moluccan sau in Mt. Makiling.

Spacing Planting Materials Mean Diff. I rn. x I rn. 2 rn. x 2 rn.

Potted Seedlings 50.0 36.9 43.4 10.G Bareroot Seedlings 38.3 27.2 32.8 Mean 44.2 32.0 38.1 Difference 12.2

TABLE 16. Analysis of variance of the coefficient of variation of diameters of two year old Moluccan sau in Mt. Makiling.

Source of Variation df SS MS F

Replicates 5 380.74 76.15 1.66 n.s. Spacings, Sp 1 877.25 877.25 19.18° 0 Error (a) 5 228.67 45.73 Planting Materials, Pm 1 685.87 685.87 14.70° 0 Sp x Pm 1 5.90 5.90 0.12 n.s. Error (b) 10 466.68 46.67 TOTAL 23 2,645.11

ARBOR WEEK-FORESTRY DAY ISSUES - 1966 Page 57 TABLE 17. Coefficient of variation in percent of heights of two year old Moluccan sau in Mt. Makiling.

Spacing Planting ~faterials Mean Di.ff. 1 rn. x 1 rn. 2 rn. x 2 rn.

Potted Seedlings 33.4 25.0 29.2 6.4 Bareroot Seedlings 23.9 21.8 22.8 Mean 28.6 23.4 26.0 Difference 5.2

TABLE 18. Analysis of variance of the coefficient of variation of heights of two year old Moluccan sau in Mt. Makiling.

Source of Variation df SS MS F

Replicates 5 588.06 117.61 3.93 n.s. Spacings, Sp 1 165.90 165.90 5.55 n.s. Error (a) 5 149.44 29.89 Planting Materials, Pm 1 246.40 246.40 5.68° Sp x Pm 1 59.22 59.22 1.36 n.s. Error (b) 10 433.91 43.39 TOTAL 23 1,642.93

Effects of Kind of Planting Materials. caused an effect on survival in the first year but not in the second year. 1. Survival.-At the end of the first year after planting, the potted seedlings had ;i 2. Diameter.-At one year after plant­ mean survival of 61.3 percent and the bare­ ing, the kind of planting materials did not root seedlings had only 16.4 percent or a cause any difference in mean diameter. Pot­ difference of 44.9 percent which was highly ted seedlings had a mean diameter of 3. 79 significant (Tables 1 and 2). In the second ems. and 3.64 for bareroot seedlings or a year, survival of the potted seedlings that difference of only 0.15 cm. which was not were alive at the end of the first year was significant (Tables 7 and 8). In the second 87.30 percent and 74.95 percent for the year, the analysis showed a significant 2.37 bareroot seedlings or a difference of 12.35 ems. advantage of the bareroot seedlings percent which was not significant (Tables '3 over the potted seedlings (Tables 9 and 10). and 4). This means that the significant This result, there is no reason for bareroot difference in two-year survival due to kind seedlings to have a faster diameter growth of planting materials as can be seen in in the second year after planting them pot­ Tables 5 and 6 was due to the difference ted seedlings. It is likely that the apparently in survival in the first year and not in the significant 2.37 ems. advantage was due to second year. In other words, the kind of spacing. It should be borne in mind that planting materials (potted vs. bareroot) in the second year, the bareroot seedlings

Page 58 FORESTRY LEAVES actually had a wider spacing than the potted seems to be impractical due to the heavy seedlings even if both kinds of planting precipitation in Mt. Makiling that would materials were originally planted at the same tend to wash it away. There are other spacing because of header mortality in the methods, of course, of snail control such as first year (Tables 1 and 2). hand picking, enclosing the seedlings with wire screens, etc. But even these methods 3. Height Grou;th.-The kind of planting are not practical. Hand picking is impos­ materials affected height growth in the first sible because of the number of the snails. year but not in the second year. The first Besides, hand picking has to be done at year height growth was 287.0 ems. for potted night when the snails are out to eat the seedlings and 228.0 ems. for bareroot seed­ newly germinated seedlings which is impos­ lings or a significant advantage of 59.0 ems. sible. Enclosing each seed spot with a wire of the former over the latter in the first screen will not also be practical because year (Tables 11 and 12). In the second year, it is expensive and the screen must be fine­ mean height growth was 4.02 meters for the sieved because even very small snails at­ potted seedlings and 4.77 for the bareroot tack the small seedlings. If fine-sieved screens or an insignificant difference of only 0.75 are used, the amount of light received by meter (Tables 13 and 14). the seedling will be greatly reduced and, 4. Variability.-The coefficients of varia­ thus, will kill the seedling because Moluccan tion in dbh and in height for the potted sau is intolerant to shade (Bernard, 1953). seedlings ( 43.4 percent for dbh and 29.2 per­ Even granting that snails are not a prob­ cent for height) were significantly higher lem, still a question that remains is whether than the coefficients of variation for bare­ or not the small seedlings will be able to root seedlings ( 32.8 percent for dbh and compete with the low vegetation around 22.8 percent for height) (Tables 15-18). the seeding spots. The very young Moluccan This however, should again be viewed with sau seedlings has a slow growth until about caution. This apparently higher height vari­ the 10th week when it begins to grow rapid­ ability for potted seedlings is again likely ly (Mauricio, 1965). Before the small seed­ to be due not to the kind of planting mate­ lings pick up rapid growth, however, it will rials but to wider spacing. be offered competition by herbaceous and other weeds. Since it is intolerant to shade, DISCUSSIONS it might die before it reaches the age of As mentioned earlier, the direct seeding 10 weeks when it picks up rapid growth. part of the study was a complete failure It can be argued that the seedlings can be because all germinations were immediately cleaned but cleaning will have to be done eaten by snails. The fact that the seeds more frequently than the bigger-sized nursery directly sown were neither carried away by raised seedlings and, therefore, very expen­ ants nor eaten by rodents and that there sive. It seems, therefore, that direct seed­ ing of Moluccan sau is not feasible under were plenty of germinations is enough reason Mt. Makiling conditions. to speculate that, had it not been for the snail attacks, direct seeding of Moluccan sau The pruned seedlings were doing fine at in Mt. Makiling would have been success­ one to two months after planting. Some had ful. One problem, therefore, in direct seed­ produced sprouts . and the others had not ing is how to control snails. Considering but were still alive. Average survival was the abundance of snails in Mt. Makiling, 97.06 percent (Mauricio, 1965). It was sur­ snail control would be a very difficult task prising, though, to find out at the end of the especially because the use of any poison first year after planting that the treatment

ARBOR WEEK-FORESTRY DAY ISSUES - 1966 Page 59 was a complete failure. Even those that had too crowded even in the 1 m. x 1 m. spacing, produced sprouts at one to two months after and, therefore, there was still no great limita­ planting had died. The author is at a loss tion to the growing space for each tree. to offer any explanation to this phenomenon Besides, the crown of Moluccan sau is not as he was not yet incharge of the project naturally dense such that even if the canopy then. If the sprouted pruned seedlings were is somewhat closed at the end of the second cleaned of competing plants particularly the year, still enough light, although diffused, Uoke vine, then they could not have died reached the crowns of the trees that were to weed competition. It is possible that overtopped. It is expected, however, that, as the pruned seedlings produced sprouts be­ the trees get older and bigger, spacing will cause of the stored food in the taproot and eventually exert an effect on survival by caus­ in the stem. However, the sprouts died when ing the dying of the overtopped trees. This the stored food was consumed and was not is especially so because Moluccan sau is replaced because of the inability of the intolerant to shade (Barnard, 1953). Mortal­ taproot to produce functional roots. ity occurred principally in the first year and negligible in the second year. This is ex­ The findings on the remaining treatments pected because the trees had already estab­ are interesting. As found out in this study, lished themselves after the first year. spacing of planting did not exert any effect on survival either in the first year or in the In the case of diameter growth, there second year after planting. The kind of plant­ was no effect of either spacing or the kind ing material, however, did exert a great of planting material in the first year but in effect on survival in the first year although the second year, spacing exerted a consider­ not in the second year. The first year survival able effect. It was also shown that the bare­ of the potted seedlings was significantly root seedlings had a significantly faster second higher by 44.9 per cent over the bareroot year diameter growth. As stated earlier, how­ seedlings. These findings confirm the popular ever, this should be viewed with caution, that the bareroot seedlings had actually a beliefs which are logical. The potted seed­ wider spacing in the second year than the lings, being planted with an undisturbed ball potted seedlings because the former had of soil around their roots and, therefore, the a much lower survival than the latter and, roots are not exposed to the elements, have therefore, the higher second year diameter an uninterrupted growth and, therefore, have growth of the bareroot seedlings may have a high chance of surviving in the new envi­ been actually due to wider spacings. As for ronment in the planting area. On the other the fact that spacing had no effect on the hand, the bareroot seedlings have their roots first year diameter growth, the same reason exposed to the elements and sometimes get as the one advanced for survival can be dry. A number of their roots are injured presented, i.e., there was still no competition during the process of lifting, in handling, for growing space during the first year. In and even during planting. The injured roots, the second year, competition for growing the exposure of the roots to the elements, space has begun as the crowns then began and the removal of the soil around the roots. to close, and since diameter growth is very all contribute to decreased absorption of mois­ sensitive to competition or density (Smith, ture and soil nutrients, thus, create a "shock" 1957), second year diameter growth was high­ effect on the plant. er in the 2 m. x 2 m. than in the 1 m. x 1 m. spacing. As for spacing, there was no effect on survival, at least in the first two years, be­ First and second year height ~:owth was cause the canopy of the trees has not become also not affected by spacing, aga: 11, for the

Page 60 J:.'ORESTRY LEAVES reason that there was still not very much standard deviation to the mean, is taken competition for growing space. The first year (20 percent in each case), it can be shown height growth was affected by the kind of that the two populations have the same planting material, i.e., the potted seedlings relative variability. In other words, the co­ had a faster year height growth than the bare­ efficient of variation is a device to facilitate root seedlings, again, for the reason that comparison of variability about different sized there was no interruption, hence, continuous, means (Freese, 19 __ ). of growth in the case of the potted seed­ The analysis of the coefficients of varia­ lings as against the "shock" in the case tion showed that the trees in the 1 m. x 1 m. of the bareroot seedlings. This effect, how­ spacing were more widely dispersed about ever, was not maintained in the second year, the average size than the trees in the 2 m. perhaps because the bareroot seedlings had x 2 m. In other words, in the 1 m. x 1 m., then fully recovered. The fact that in the many small trees can be found and at the first year, height growth was affected by same time bigger trees are present. In the the kind of planting material but diameter 2 m. x 2 m. spacing, the trees are relatively growth not, suggests that after planting height of a more uniform size than those in the growth starts ahead and proceeds at a faster 1 m. x 1 m. spacing. This phenomenon is rate than diameter growth. The fact that especially true of dbh in the second year. in the second year, diameter growth was For height, the difference between 1 m. x affected by spacing but height growth was 1 m. and 2 m. x 2 m. was not significant. not also suggests that diameter growth is This shows further that dbh is more sensitive more sensitive to density than height growth, to spacing or density than height. As the which is in agreement with what Swith ( 1957) stands become older and bigger, the differ­ has found. ence in the variation in height between the The individual trees in each sub-plot two spacings is expected to increase and varied in diameter and in height. This was become significant. This phenomenon, per­ expected. The trees did not have a uni­ haps can be explained by the fact that as form diameter neither did they have a uni­ the trees grow together, there are faster form height. The dispersion of the indivi­ growing and there are slower in growth. duals about the mean is represented by the Those that are left behind will continue to standard deviation. Knowing the standard be behind and those that are ahead at the deviation, however, is not enough to be able start will continue to be ahead. The gap to compare the variability of diameter or will even be widened because the rate of height between different spacings because, the growth of those that are ahead will be as found out, mean dbh and mean height maintained if not increased whereas the rate were not the same in all subplots. Since of growth of those that are left behind will diameter or height populations with larger be decreased due to continued decrease in means would naturally tend to show greater available light. This decrease in available standard deviations than populations with light may be brought about by the closing small means, the standard deviation was not in of the canopy of the trees that are higher. suitable as an index of variation. For example, a population with a mean of 10 may have The great variation in dbh in the second a standard deviation of 2 and a population year after planting is an indication that Mo­ with a mean of 80 may have a standard luccan sau stands respond to natural pruning deviation of 16. These two populations have and thinning at rather an early age especial­ different standard deviations but if the co­ ly when grown in a close spacing. The efficient of variation, or the ratio of the effect of spacing on natural pruning and

ARBOR WEEK-FORESTRY DAY ISSUES - 1966 Page 61 thinning, is therefore, a good subject of an­ of those in the 2 m. x 2 m. Variation in other study. height, however, was not affected by spacing. 5. Survival in the first year of the potted SUMMARY seedlings was significantly higher than the For Moluccan sau, there are no informa­ survival of the bareroot seedlings but they tion available on the best planting spacing had about the same survival in the second and on the planting material that can best year. Mortality occurred principally in the be planted. To gather these informations, a first year and negligible in the second year. study was established in 1963 on a split-plot 6. Diameter growth in both years was design with three planting spacings in the about the same for potted and bareroot main plots and the kinds of planting mate­ seedlings. rials in the sub-units. The study was replicated 7. The potted seedlings had significantly six times. Height and diameter measurements faster height growth in the first year than were made during the months of July to the bareroot seedlings. In the second year, October in 1964 and 1965. however, height growth was about the same The results showed that direct seeding for both kinds of planting materials. was a failure due to the attacks of African snails ( Achatina fulica Boudi ch). The pruned LITERATURE CITED seedlings were also complete failure. For 1. Barnard, R.C. 1953. Experience with exotic the remaining treatments, i.e., potted vs. bare­ trees in Malaya. In: Papers submitted root seedlings and 1 m. x 1 m. xs. 2 m. x 2 m. to the second session of the Forestry Commission for Asia and the Pacific, spacings, the following were found: Singapore, 1952. Malayan Forester 16 (1):29-40. 1. Spacing did not have any effect on survival either in the first year or in the 2. Freese, F 19 __ -· A guide book for statis­ tical transients. Southern Forest Expe­ second year after planting. riment Station, USDA Forest Service. 2. Spacing did not have any effect on 3. Mauricio, F.P. 1965. Albizzia falcata in diameter growth in the first year but dia­ Mt. Makiling: nursery phase and plan­ tation establishment. Lumberman 11 meter growth in the second year was sig­ (5): 21-32. nificantly faster in the 2 m. x 2 m. than 4. Smith, J.H.G. 1957. Some factors indica­ in the 1 m. x 1 m. by 2.29 centimeters. tive of site quality for black cotton­ wood ( Populus trichocarpa Torr. & 3. Spacing did not have any effect on Gray). Journ. Forestry 55( 8): 578-580. height growth either in the first year or 5. Steel, R.G.D. and J.H. Torrie. 1960. Prin­ in the second year. ciples and Procedures of Statistics with Special Reference to the Biological 4. Diameter of the trees in the 1 m. x Sciences. McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1 m. was more variable than the diameter New York.

Page 62 FORESTRY LEAVES Improvements in the Utilization of Lower Quality Philippine by MANUEL R. MONSALUD 1 Woods B.S. Sugar Tech. 2

ABSTRACT may be achieved primarily through research and the integration of over-all operations. There is a big gap between the number of wood species ( 3,800) growing in Philip­ INTRODUCTION pine forests and that of the commercial spe­ cies (about 100) currently being utilized. The forest resources of the Philippines are Studies conducted at the Philippine Forest quite extensive. Of the total land area amount­ Products Research Institute include means of ing to 29.7 million hectares, about 28 per­ maximizing the utilization of the more im­ cent ( 8.3 million hectares) is commercial portant species such as the lauans, apitongs, forest. There are about 3,800 species, pre­ guijos and yakals, as well as utilizing the dominantly hardwoods, in this forest but less so-called lower quality woods. than 100 species find their way to the market under present conditions. Possibly 200 species With studies limited only to lumber, ply­ more are available in sufficient size and quan­ wood and wood-based panel products, the tity for use in the future. means of achieving the first objective calls The utilization of the greater bulk of for a method of improving the recovery of this number of species has always posed high-grade lumber mainly through orienta­ a problem. Some, the so-called "weed spe­ tion of sawing face and knowledge of lumber cies," often pose a serious problem in forest grading, as well as through another methorl management. They sprout quickly after log­ called taper sawing. In veneer manufacture, ging and grow rapidly, thus tending to inter­ studies dwelt on rotary-veneer cutting and fere with the growth of the preferred spe­ drying to determine their suitability for pro­ cies. Others are inherently small trees which ducing quality veneer. For plywood manu­ are not useful for any purpose except as facture, the gluing qualities and bond strength fuelwood. characteristics of the species were first studied to determine their suitability. To classify the quality of Philippine woods so as to pinpoint the species which are of The effort to utilize lesser-known woods lower quality than the others without taking may be seen in the manufacture of such into consideration the end uses would be products as blockboard, overlays, floor tiles. erroneous. By defining the end use, the many woven-veneer face panels, fiberboard and factors that influence log quality can be hardboard. Prospects of broadening their uses isolated and their effects appraised.

1 Special paper presented at the Sixth World The Philippine Bureau of Forestry has Forestry Congress held in Madrid, Spain, in June, 1966. established the grading rules for Philippine 2 Director, Forest Products Research Institute, logs. The rules define that there will be two University of the Philippines, at College, Laguna, Philippines. peeler grades, two veneer grades, four saw-

ARBOR WEEK-FORESTRY DAY ISSUES-1966 Page 63 log grades, poles and piles. With this classi­ proximately P81.5 million, and an aggregate fication, it is possible to define the charac­ daily capacity of about 4 million bd. ft. The teristics of each grade and, consequently, the lumber industry is presently confined to the end use which each grade could be processed manufacture of lumber for local and ex­ into. For example, peeler and veneer grades port markets. are preferred for processing into lumber anci veneer, sawlog grades are suitable for lumber All the principal species compnsmg the only, while poles and piles connote the end lauans, apitongs, guijos and yakals are being use of this grade. The establishment of this used in lumber manufacture. Others like system of grading points out that, within molave, narra, tindalo, ipil, akle and banuyo each grade, there are differences in quality are sawn for their natural beauty and dur­ characteristics even though both can be used ability. To bring out the natural beauty of for the same purpose. However, this system some of these species, they are either quarter-· does not indicate that logs belonging to any sawn or plain sawn. grade are necessarily unprofitable for process­ Approximately two-thirds of the country's ing. In this connection, lower quality Philip­ overall log production is exported and pine woods could be defined, in general terms, about a third is left for processing. The as a species not generally suitable for a speci­ situation is such that logs left for processing fic end use. are generally rejects, which do not come up The advantages of utilizing lower quality to export grades. Although the rejected logs woods are manifold. Generally there will be are generally defective, certain amount of increased marketability for this species, which good lumber can still be produced if the consequently will give greater profits; con­ proper technique of sawing is employed, servation of the forest resources can be thus increasing the utility of these poorer effected and it could pave the way for the quality logs. manufacture of specialty items which can A study was conducted to determine the assume considerable value either in the local quantity, by grades, and the value of the or export market. lumber yield from logs being rejected for Improvements in the utilization of lower export with, for comparative purposes, a few quality woods can best be described by the peeler logs included. The results of these methods in achieving this purpose. This paper studies pointed out that mill practices have describes some of the methods used in the some bearing on the lumber grades obtain­ Philippines based upon studies at the Forest able when sawing either inferior or high Products Research Institute, University of grade logs. the Philippines, and, to some extent, on the The method of improving the recovery current practice of the local wood-using in­ of high grade lumber was found to consist dustry. Tfie scope is limited to lumber, ply­ of two measures, namely: (I) orientation of wood and wood-based panel products manu­ sawing face with defects such that knots, facture. holes, conks and bumps are at the edges of the boards, and (2) knowledge of lumber METHODS FOR IMPROVING UTILIZATION grading, which can immensely help in produc­ Lumber manufacture ing export grade lumber of fairly good quan­ The lumber industry in the country started tity from inferior logs. The percentages of a long time ago when the first sawmill was re­ lumber recovered from sawlogs, using the portedly established during the Spanish re­ American National Hardwood Lumber Asso­ gime. At present there are 327 operating saw­ ciation's ( NHLA) grading rules, are as fol­ mills with a total capital investment of ap- lows:

Page 64 FORESTRY LEAVES FAS (First and Second grade) 6 percent been very lucrative due to the construction No. 1 common ______35 percent activity going on throughout the country. No. 2 common ______26 percent Like\Vise, from 1961 to 1964, veneer and No. 3 common ______19 percent plywood exports increased significantly. Belo\V grade ______14 percent Since 1958, the Forest Products Research Another method tested, for increasing Institute has undertaken several studies on both the quantity of lumber and the percent­ the rotary-veneer cutting and drying of Philip­ age of high grade material available in a pine \Voods. These projects were undertaken piece of log, \Vas taper sa\Ving. So far, taper primarily to determine the suitability of each sa\Ving has never been practiced by com­ species for the production of good-quality mercial sa\Vmills in the Philippines. veneer. For each species, therefore, the veneer­ ing requirements have been such that it is A study \Vas initiated at the Institute to either suitable for use as faces, core or back. determine the benefits derived from such The criteria set forth in the evaluation of method, specifically to determine the quan­ veneer quality were designed rigidly enough tity and quality of lumber recovered by to compensate for semi-precision measure­ taper sawing and to gather data on both ments in commercial operations. taper and nontaper sa\Ving methods for volume and grade recovery comparison. Re­ This method is indicative, therefore, be­ sults indicated that there \Vas a significant cause it separates species having good veneer­ difference between the mean yields of the ing characteristics from species having poor­ t\VO methods of sawing. An average increase er quality. Insofar as poor quality veneer is of 7 percent lumber recovery was obtained concerned, the causes are analyzed and all from taper-sawed billets on log tapers rang­ possible remedies for upgrading it are tried. ing from 1.22 to 2.73 centimeters per lineal An example of this method has been applied meter. Taper sawing increased the percentage to an abundant species locally named "toog." recovery of FAS and No. 1 common lumber. This species, although not considered infe­ If combined, both grades constituted 49.16 rior to any other species, was found to be un­ percent of the total lumber from taper-sawed suitable for veneer when cut cold in the rotary billets as compared to 35.59 percent from lathe because of the development of severe nontaper-sawed billets. As a result, the value checks. The veneer produced, however, had of lumber from taper-sawing amounted to 25 beautiful grain and it was thought that if percent more than the lumber value reco­ processed properly it would provide an at­ vered from nontaper sawing. tractive face veneer. Studies were expanded to include both the structure and processing Plywood and other wood-based variables. After a thorough experimentation, panel products it was found that high-quality veneer could (a) Veneer and plywood-This industry be produced when it was preheated to 180°F started in the Philippines in 1936 with the in water for 24 hours. Thus it was shown that establishment of one plant. Now there are improved utilization was effected on the 35 mills with a combined installed annual basis of first establishing a criterion and sub­ capacity of some 805 million sq. ft. of sequently finding remedies to solve the prob­ plywood and 928 million sq. ft. of veneer. lem. Domestic consumption of plywood has Similar studies have also been undertaken been increasing at an annual average rate on species, which, by reason of their fast of 4.6 percent, except in 1958 when a slump rate of growth, show promise as raw mate­ in construction activity was experienced. Since rial for veneer manufacture. These are pur­ then, up to 1964, the domestic market has sued because when the supply of the desir-

ARBOR WEEK-FORESTRY DAY ISSUES - 1966 Page 65 able woods, such as the dipterocarps, becomes tain extent, it is an outlet of low grade inadequate and their costs increase propor­ lumber from inferior quality logs and, for tionately, these fast-growing species may be some purposes, inferior quality veneer. used as substitute component in a plywood Some other building materials, with con­ assembly. Results have indicated that among struction similar to that of plywood, have the several species tested, kaatoan bangkal been produced at the FPRI ·and are being ( Antocephalus cadamba) has shown promise introduced for mass production. These are as face stock. The others are considered suit­ the floor tiles, either as an all-wood construc­ able for corestock only. tion or a composite consisting of bamboo The utilization of Philippine woods for for faces and veneers as core, crnssbands and plywood is also limited by their gluing qua­ back. Another is the woven-veneer face pa­ lities. Gluing quality involves a lot of variables nels, where the face is composed of woven from the inherent wood variability to the slats in intricate designs. All these products, variables involved in the pressing operation. however, are primarily designed to utilize Work at the Forest Products Research Insti­ wood wastes and as outlets for lower-quality tute has been confined to the individual test­ Philippine woods. ing of species, first to determine whether a (b) Fiberboard - Hardboard was first species can be glued satisfactorily, and second, manufactured in the Philippines in 1957 when to determine the effect of pressure, press­ the first and only plant was established. The ing temperature and pressing time on the industry has progressed considerably and has bond strength and compresssion of plywood since expanded its original capacity to supply made from each species. From these studies, the demand in the local market. Medium­ definite processing variables are established density boards are also presently manufac­ to serve as guides in commercial operations. tured. Under these circumstances, a species is either The improvements in the utilization of gluable or not gluable and, if not gluable, it lower-quality Philippine woods in this re­ is rejected for plywood manufacture. gard have been primarily oriented in the The utilization of lower-quality plywood3 mixing of species and finding the right pro­ from Philippine woods has followed world portion of each to give the desired quality trends. It is a practice in some furniture plants of the product. This is undertaken because to put on them plastic overlays to improve of the heterogeneous growth in the forests surface appearance. Overlays used are For­ of the region where the mill procures its mica and thin melamine sheets printed with raw materials. In this connection, plantation­ different wood grains. grown species, generally regarded as having lower quality, are utilized for the manufacture Further utilization of lower-quality Philip­ of hardboard. pine woods have been made possible by the manufacture of blockboard by some com­ PROSPECTS FOR IMPROVING UTILIZATION panies engaged in the manufacture of ply­ OF LOWER QUALITY PHILIPPINE WOODS wood. This product is now finding its place There are presently two broad approaches in the expert market. Its popularity among for improving the utilization of lower-quality manufacturers, however, is based on the con­ Philippine woods. The first and most im­ cept of waste utilization, although to a cer- portant concerns research. In this regard, s Lower quality plywood in this sense depends the following measures should be undertaken: upon the grade description established for classifying the face -ply which usually applies to all thicknesses. (a) The properties (chemical, mechanic­ In the Export Standard for Philippine Hardwood al, physical, seasoning and wood pre­ Plywood, the definitions of each grade are em­ bodied. ( Continued on page 10)

Page 66 FORESTRY LEAVES by

Reaction Wood TEOFILO M. LINDAYEN1

Reaction wood refers to tissues formed difference in color can be better observed on the wide side of an irregular log cros;;­ on freshly-cut, clean cross-sections or freshly­ section. It is considered to be an abnormal dressed surfaces. An oval or elliptical cross­ type of wood. Generally, reaction wood is section of a log and a smoother appearance found in leaning stems and branches of soft­ or more cleanly-cut surface than that of nor­ woods and hardwoods. mal wood indicate the presence of compres­ sion wood. Reaction wood includes two types of abnormal wood, namely; compression wood Compression wood is characterized by the and tension wood. The first is associated with eccentricity of the pith in the stem cross­ softwoods, and the second with hardwoods. section. Found on the lower side, its growth Compression wood is reported to be more rings are wider and more marked than those widely known and recognized. Generally, it of normal wood found on the upper side. is formed on the underside of inclined stems However, within any growth ring the early­ and branches. In view of its position, com­ and latewood is not well-defined. Therefore, pression wood was at one time thought to in some gymnosperms where growth rings be the result of a response to or a reaction are not sharply marked off, the compression against mechanical pressure. It is for this wood may appear as a solid band wood reason, that it has been called compression extending over few to many growth rings wood. depending on the severity of this irregularity. On the other hand, information on tension Micro-structure - Under the microscope, wood is meager since tension wood is not distinctive differences can be noted between as conspicuous as compression wood that its normal and compression wood both on trans­ occurrence has not been more widely recog­ verse and longitudinal sections. In the trans­ nized. It is formed on the upperside of lean­ verse section, the tracheids of compression ing trunks and branches of hardwoods. As wood are typically rounded in outline or in compression wood the pith is off-center; appearance and contain many intercellular however, in tension wood the pith is nearer spaces between individual cells. the lower side. The term tension wood was adopted because its formation was considered On the other hand, the normal wood to be the result of tension (stretching) stress­ tracheids show more rectangular or hexagonal es or forces. shape in the cross-section and lack intercel­ lular spaces. Furthermore, there is no marked STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF REACTION WOOD: demarcation line between early- and late­ wood within the same annual ring as com­ A. COMPRESSION WOOD pared to normal wood due to the gradual Macroscopic appearance - Compression change in thickness of cell walls of tracheids wood in contrast to normal wood of a particu­ or fibers of compression wood, while in nor­ lar species is darker, denser and harder. The mal wood the change is more abrupt. In longitudinal sections the most striking feature 1 Forest Product Technologist of the Forest Products Research Institute, College, Laguna. of a compression wood is the presence of

ARBOR WEEK-FORESTRY DAY ISSUES - 1966 Page 67 spiral checks in cell walls which are absent and higher in lignin content than that of in the normal wood. normal wood; consequently, pulp yield is lower and difficult to bleach due to its dark Chemical composition-Compression wood color. Fiber tracheids are also shorter than has a higher lignin content and less cellu­ those of normal wood and tend to disin­ lose content than normal wood. In addition, tegrate more readily in the grinding process it appears that lignin of the farmer's second­ and reduces thereby the strength of the ary wall follows a characteristic radial pat­ pulp. tern, while that in normal wood appear:> more of a concentric arrangement. Some in­ B. TENSION WOOD vestigators suggested that the comparatively higher lignin content is related to certain .Macroscopic appearance -Tension wood abnormalities of compression wood. in angiosperms is not always as discernible as compression wood in gymnosperms. This Properties-One distinguishing feature of probably explains why the former is not be­ compression wood is its abnormally high ing thoroughly studied. It is normally asso­ longitudinal shrinkage as compared with nor­ ciated with the eccentricity of the pith in mal wood. The extent of longitudinal shrink­ the stem cross-section; the wider rings on the age, however, depends on the severity of upper side of the lean is just the reverse compression wood; when high longitudinal in compression wood. The off-centered con­ shrinkage is observed, it tends to indicate dition of the pith, the presence of silvery the presence of compression wood. Upon sea­ or lustrous zones, and the wider growth soning, bowing occurs due to excessive and rings than the remainder of the surface all unequal longitudinal shrinkage of compres­ indicate the presence of tension wood. sion wood. Where bands of compression wood are found adjacent to normal rings, there is Definite bands of tension wood appear greater tendency for bending, twisting and much darker than normal wood within the splitting due to differential shrinkage. same piece of wood. They are dense, hard Generally, compression wood is denser and, in general appear similar to compres­ than normal wood; however, it is usually sion wood. In many species, particularly weaker than normal wood. Compression tropical woods, these properties are not easi­ wood, too, is difficult to nail as well as to ly detected on the cross-cut surfaces. How­ work with tools. ever, one of the most characteristic features is the extreme fibrous mass or wooliness of Utilization-As a general rule, compres­ sawn longitudinal surfaces. sion wood is not a serious timber defect for carpentry, house-building and heavy cons­ Micro-structure - Anatomically, tension truction. It causes trouble for the more exact­ wood is characterized by the presence of ing jobs where there is no room for distor­ so-called gelatinous fibers which differ from tions. Logs containing pronounced compres­ normal wood fibers by possessing very much sion wood should be sawn into wide boards thickened inner (or gelatinous) layers. Often­ or planks so that movements of compression times, this layer appears detached from the wood may be restrained by the adjacent secondary wall and, on the cross-section, it is normal wood, where longitudinal shrinkage convoluted in appearance. In some instances, is quite negligible. it completely occupies the cell cavity and appears to be dense in jelly-like mass. Pulping qualities of compression wood are rather not promising for the manufac­ It has been reported that in definite ture of paper and other products. Pulp from bands of tension wood, vessels are smaller this kind of wood is lower in cellulose content and fewer than those in normal wood.

Page 68 FORESTRY LEAVES As to the length of \vood fibers, some tension if the shape and stability of the investigators have reported that tension finished article are important considerations. wood fibers are slightly longer than normal wood fibers. However, pulps made from tension wood has higher tearing strength, easier to bleach Chemical composition-Tension wood has due to its slightly longer fibers, and lower higher cellulose content and lower lignin lignin content, respectively, than pulps from content than normal wood. normal wood. Their extreme fibrous or woolv characteristic and low lignin content rend~r Properties-Tension wood and compres­ sion wood have some properties in common. difficulty in sawing logs because the fibrous For instance, both haw high longitudinal mass chokes the sawcut and causes O\·erheat­ shrinkage and bowing upon drying. Tension ing. The former also influences the peeling wood is harder and denser and usually strong­ characteristics of rotary-cut veneer since the er than normal wood. Sawing and other fibers are lifted giving the veneer a rough machining operations are slowed down as surface and the veneer on drying buckles. more time on sharpening saws and cutters is involved. The quality of the machined REFERENCES surface of wood is inferior and the appear­ I. Barefoot, A. C. Jr. 1963. Abnormal wood ance of the finished article is likely to be in yellow-poplar. Forest Products Jour­ below standard. nal. Madison 5, Wisconsin.

A piece of wood having combined normal 2. Brown, H.P., Panshin, A. J. and C. C. Forsaith.1949. Textbook of Wood Tech­ and tension wood would have distortions nology. Vol. I. 1st ed. pp. 287-297. in the forms of bow, spring or twist, espe­ McGraw-Hill Book Co. cially in relatively-thin boards and small­ 3. Cote, H. A., Cote, W. A. and A. C. Day. dimension stock. Internal stresses may cause 1961. Characteristics of compression splitting, especially if the tension wood is wood in some native conifers. Rep. from concentrated on one side of the piece. Forest Products .Journal. August. 4. Department of Science and Industrial Buckling of rnneers is caused by the dif­ Research. 1956. Reaction Wood (Ten­ ferent longitudinal shrinkage of tension and sion wood and compression wood) . normal wood. In a thin veneer, this type of Forest Products Research Laboratory. October. buckling is sometimes associated with nume­ rous small splits. Collapse in seasoning is 5. Ghosh, S. S. and K. Ramesh Rao. 1958. also due to tension wood. This is especially Rep. from Indian Forester. For. Res. Inst., Debra, India. Vol. 84 ( 11). Nov­ liable to occur where the tension wood is ember. in well-defined bands following the growth 6. Lassen, L. E. 1959. Tension wood in cot­ rings. ton wood ... its effects on density, Utilization-The effect of tension wood on toughness and compression. Forest Products Journal. IX ( 3): 116-120. utilization depends upon the intensity of development and the purpose for which the 7. Panshin, A: .J. and C. De Zeeuw. 1964. timber is made. As a general rule, the ten­ Textbook of Wood Technology. Vol. I. 2nd ed. pp. 257-274. McGraw-Hill dency to warping and splitting is minimized Book Co. in timber of large dimensions or in relatively short, thick pieces. Distortion is more like­ 8. Scurfield, G. 1964. The nature of re­ action wood. IX. Anomalous cases of ly to occur in thin timber pieces and in reaction anatomy. Rep. from Austra­ small dimension stock; in dealing with mate­ lian Journal of Botany. XII ( 2): 173- rial of this kind, it is advisable to eliminate 184. December.

ARBOR WEEK-FORESTRY DAY ISSUES -1966 Page 69 9. Wardrop, A. B. and H. E. Dadswell. 1948. nal of Botany. No. 254. Vol. 3( 2): 177- The nature of reaction wood. Rep. from 189. Australian Journal of Scientific Re­ search. No. 103 Ser. B. Vol. I(l):3-16. 11. Zimmerman, H. H. 1964. The Formation of Wood in Forest Trees. Academic 10. ______. 1955. The nature of reac- Press. New York. London. pp. 409- tion wood. Rep. from Australian Jour- 456. .

QUALITY PHILIPPINE WOODS . The second approach relates to the in­ (Continued from page 66) tegration of operations based on two schemes as follows: vation) of all potentially important species must be studied intensively (a) Integration of raw material produc­ and as quickly as practicable in order tion and procurement with industry to have the information ready when development, as in the case of scien­ these species are needed. Studies of tific forest management and the de this kind have been completed in velopment of wood-based panel in­ dustries, so as to effect fuller and countries that have a long history of more profitable utilization of the forest products research. In the Phil­ forest resources and to enhance na­ ippines, with a large number of wood tional industrialization. species not yet analyzed or studied, this matter merits high priority. ( b) Integration with other forest products industries with a view to using lower ( b) The natural durability of Philippine quality woods and the employment woods are expected to vary within of vertical and horizontal product species in such a manner that others integration. are inferior. Termites are especially However, it may be emphasized that in­ plentiful in the Philippines so that tegration involves an estimation of an econo­ enormous damage has always been mic area of operation dependent upon whether prevalent annually on constructions local or export markets are available, and made of wood. To increase the utili­ whether the end products of integrated ope­ zation of less-durable species, wood rations could stand competition in local and preservation should extensively be re­ foreign markets against similar products pro­ sorted to. duced in developed countries.

Page 70 FORESTRY LEAVES General Information on Flood by Engrs. A. B. DELENA, CONRADO C. Damage Mitigation* MERCADO, TOMAS CARREON, JAIME J. TECSON, Lt. Col. MODESTO ZAPIDO and Forester CARLOS V. GLORI

The flow of rivers is caused by water plains, and always will, since in many respect released on the earth's surface by precipita­ they are ideal for agriculture, cities and tion from the atmosphere. A portion of such transportation routes. But in one way or the water is disposed of by evaporation and plant other, by accepting flood damages or by transpiration and does not reach any stream. constructing flood control works, the price The remainder either percolate into the of this occupation must invariably be paid. ground, most of it eventually emerging and The flood problems in this country may entering a stream, or else enter the stream be categorized as follO\vs: directly by surface runoff. Such runoff may occur promptly or be delayed, depenJing 1. Inundation due to: ( 1) overflow of upon conditions of surface storage and topo­ banks, (2) obstruction on account of graphy. In the Philippines intense flood pro­ blocking of natural streams, ( 3) in­ ducing rains generally come with typhoorn. adequate land drainage of low lying areas, ( 4) sea tides and ( 5) denuda · Ordinarily, where there is a flood problem tion of river catchment area. the river lies in an alluvial plain. For most of the time it confines itself to a well-defined 2. Erosion of river banks. bed, bounded by the banks, which bed oc­ 3. Changes in ri,·er course. cupies only a fraction of the alluvial plain. When there is excessive precipitation and If the surface runoff resulting from rainfall inadequate channel capacity to carry the exceeds the capacity of the bed, the river Hood waters, the rivers overflow their banks. overflows onto the alluvial plain. This is a Even when flooding is not due to excessive flood. It becomes of economic importance precipitation, inundation may occur on ac­ if the plain has been settled and developed count of inadequate waterways at road and by man. railway river crossing or other encroachments. It is to be noted that there is nothing This aggravate flooding by causing backwater abnormal about a flood as such. The area upstream of the construction. Flooding may between high banks, which we call "the also occur due to congestion at confluences river", is nature's device for handling or­ and mouths of rivers. Besides, rainwater may dinary flows. If we occupy the alluvial plain stagnate on low lying areas for want of we must expect to be flooded periodically, proper drainage. This, however is essentially or else we must interfere with the course a drainage problem. High tides resist flood of nature by keeping the excess water away flows of rivers and thus accentuate inunda­ from its destined course. Mankind has al­ tion. Although the tide period in itself may ways settled upon and developed alluvial be relatively short, it takes the inundation areas longer to drain back and in the mean­ 0 Report of the Sub-Committee on Floods, Presi­ dential Committee on Relief & Rehabilitation. time the next tide intervenes. Prolonged flood-

ARBOR WEEK-FORESTRY DAY ISSUES - 1966 Page 71 ing thus results. Denudation of riwr catch­ 4. Diversion channels and floodways to ment areas increases the frequency and mag­ divert part of the flood discharge into nitude of ordinary floods. The effect on the other natural or artificial channels and magnitude of major floods, however is neg­ spillways. ligibk. 5. Raising of haibtation above heights. Another problem posed by floods is bank 6. Watershed improvement. erosion. This erosion may adversely affect vast stretches of fertile agricultural lands Embankments or Lerees adjacent to river banks, or it may affect Flood embankments are the oldest known towns or urban concentrations involving forms of flood protection works and have damage to industry, vital communication been used extensively for this purpose. These lines, etc. serve to prevent inundation, when the river Changes in river bed courses often com­ spills over its natural banks. Embankments plicate flood problems. With abrupt varia­ are the only means of barring out floods on tion in bed slopes and heavy sediment charge, tidal plains and delta regions. unstable river sometimes develop tendencies In general, embankments are a satisfactory for changing their course. Another change of method of flood protection when properly de­ river course is typified by oscillatory beds, signed and executed, and adequately main­ where the rivers emerging from a gorge swing tained. But a suitable combination of this from side to side in the flood plain within method with other methods such as storage more or less specified limits. dams, detention basins, floodways, etc., is more efficient and desirable. Met hods of Controlling Floods or Reducing Losses It is of utmost importance to have a satisfactory arrangement for the maintenance The main object of flood control is to and repairs of embankments once these are minimize to the extent possible, loss of life constructed. No embankment is expected to and property resulting from the occurrence survive the onslaughts of a river for any of floods. The methods of reducing flood losses length of period if its maintenance is neg­ fall into two general categories. Firstly are lected. It is necessary to have a speedy means the methods for physically controlling floods of communication and transport along em­ by lowering flood heights and/or reducing bankments so that in an emergency, steps areas of overflow, and of checking bank ero­ can be taken to prevent any disaster. The sion. Secondly are the methods which do not embankments should be closely watched attempt to reduce flood flows or flood levels during the flood season, and sufficient mate­ but aim at reducing or redistributing the rial and equipment be kept in handy for resulting flood losses. dealing with any breaches. I. The methods of physically controlling In the Philippines a number of rivers floods are as follows: flowing through alluvial plains have protec­ 1. Embankment or levees to bar out tive dikes or levees in some reaches; notable floods. among these are the Pampanga and Agno Rivers. 2. Reservoirs and detention basins to store or detain the excess volume of Reserooirs flood Hows. Floods occur when the river How exceed 3. Channel improvement to increase the that which the river can carry within its carrying capacity of the river proper. banks. Reservoirs moderate Hoods by with-

Page 72 FORESTRY LEAVES holding peak flows and later releasing the Detention Basins stored water in regulated quantities. To be As distinct from reservoirs created by of optimum value, reservoirs for flood con­ building dams, detention basins are the crea­ trol must have an adequate capacity for tion of nature improved and regulated by dealing with all, except possibly phenomenal man to serve his needs of .flood moderation. Hoods. In Hood moderation by means of re­ As a rule, rivers flowing through the alluvial servoir, no protection is afforded to that part build up their banks higher than the ad­ of the drainage area which lies above the joining lands. Swamps and lakes get created storage dam. But because of the nature of where drainage of adjoining land is obstructed the terrain above such dams it is not often by this process of bank raising by river spills. that protection is required. The beneficial During high floods, where the river is not effects of storage for flood reduction grow embanked or diked, water spills and flows progressively less downstream of the dam not into these depressions, later to How back only due to contribution from uncontrolled into the river. This process bring about Hood tributaries, but also due to inadequate chan­ moderation in the river downstream. nel storage capacity. The flood absorbing depth of a detention The cost of such artificial reservoirs is basin being a function of Hood lift in the generally prohibitive and in most cases river, is normally limited to a few feet. economically unjustified. In the absence of Therefore to be effective, the area of the accrual of other benefits such as power, detention basin has to be relatively large. irrigation, water supply, etc., reservoirs in­ Also the bigger the river the greater the tended only for flood control are placed at size of detention basin required for moderat­ an economic disadvantage since these come ing Hoods. into use only for short period each year. As a rule, therefore, flood protection by means Swamps and natural lakes in the plains of storage or detention dams can only be generally have gently sloping sides and a rise contemplated in special cases such as the of a few feet in the water level there often protection of very important centers imme­ leads to submergence of large areas of mar­ diately downstreams, or of a relatively small ginal lands. These marginal lands can be valley with dense population. saved from Hooding by confining the swamp or lake area within a ring levee, making With the improved method of construc­ arrangement for the drainage of the area thus tion and the care which is bestowed on protected by providing suitable drainage in the design of dams the chances of fail­ gates. The capacity of natural detention basins ure of a dam are now getting increasingly can be considerably increased by dyking remote. There have, however, been failures around, and its utility enhanced by providing of dams and the lesson learned should not regulating devices at their intakes and exits. altogether be forgotten. In the event of the Flood moderation by means of detention failure of a dam the ensuing damage is basins where feasible, is generally the cheap­ catastrophic. This fact is worth keeping in est form of Hood control. The land under view particularly in areas where Hood prob­ the swamps or marshes hardly requires much lems are predominating and where the oc­ land compensation, and the control works currence of earthquakes cannot be precluded. being of low head are relatively inexpensive. No dam exclusively intended for flood This method of controlling Hoods finds control has yet been built in the Philippines. application on some rivers in the country. Instances of such dams in other countries For instance, the Candaba and San Antonio are also exceptional. Swamps in Central Luzon serve as natural

ARBOR WEEK-FORESTRY DAY ISSUES - 1966 Page 73 detention basins for the flood flows of the and consequently higher ,-elocities and lower Pampanga Ri\·er. The plan for controlling flood heights for a given discharge. the floods of the Cotabato River in Min­ danao centers on the utilization of the huge Lining of a river channel will improve natural retarding capacity of the Liguasan its coefficient of roughness and thus enable Marshes. Another application of this method it to pass greater floods for the same water is found in the plans for the drainage of level, or keep the banks from receding land­ Manila and Suburbs which proposes that wards owing to erosion. flows in excess of the bank flows of the Channel improvements over long lengths Marikina River be diverted directly into La­ have been attempted on some rivers in this guna Lake by building a canal upstream of country. These have enabled flood heights the confluence of the Marikina and Pasig to be reduced along most of the length of Rivers. Such diversion will eventually eli­ the rivers. Lining of rivers with a view minate floods in the City of Manila and to stabilizing its banks has been done on a Suburbs, due to uncontrolled overflows of number of rivers. Revetments or bank pro­ the Pasig River. tection works have been constructed to pro­ tect adjacent lands and valuable proper­ Channel Improvement ties, roads and bridges, which are threat­ A river or stream can be made to cauy ened by erosion. Also, waterway has been its discharge at lower levels by improving increased on a number of bridges on som'3 its hydraulic conditions. Such improvements rivers. may consist of one or more of the following· Diversion Channels and Floodways 1. Enlarging the channel cross-section. When floods in a river cannot be mode­ 2. Channel clearance. rated to safe flows by means of reservoirs, 3. Straightening the channel. or when flood waters cannot be led safely through a particular reach of river even by 4. Use of cut-offs to reduce length of building embankments, it is sometimes pos­ channel. sible to resort to diverting part of the flood 5. Lining the channel. flow into another channel or on to land where damage would be comparatively small. The enlargement of the channel of a large river by widening or deepening for The excess water of a river during floods purposes of flood relief is generally feasible can be diverted into one or more of the only in short reaches such as those lying following ways: within towns or such other situations where other methods of flood control are not feasible. 1. From one river into another. 2. Directly into the sea. Channel clearance, which can take the form of removing snags from river bed, re­ 3. Into natural lakes or depression. moving jungle growth from shoals in the river 4. Into certain specified areas diked or or removing sand bars and other obstruc­ tions in the river channel, when carried out otherwise. judiciously and over a length of period can Diversion of excess water from one river lead to permanent improvement in the flow into another is feasible only when the re­ condition in the river. ceiving river has the capacity to take such The use of cut-offs and straightening of diverted Hood discharge without creating se­ the river channel can give it a steeper grade rious problems along its own course.

Page 74 FORESTRY LEAVES Diversion of flood waters directly into the are exposed to annual flooding and where sea is generally resorted to for reducing Hood moderation or prevention is otherwise Hood damage in the lower reaches of a river not feasible. as in the delta areas. The splitting up of the river into a number of channels at its delt'.l \Vatershed Improvement is a natural process of flood diversion. The main cause of flood damage is not Diversion of flood waters into lakes or so much the excessive flow of water in rivers depressions has been dealt with in para­ as the sediment which most of them have to graphs on detention basins. To be useful, transport. Excessive sediment charge is one such lake or depression has to be upstream of the principal causes for the meandering of the flood plain to which relief is to be of streams, which cause heavy devastation afforded. by carving out new channels. If, therefore, a basic remedy is to be sought to the flood In cases where embankments are not de­ problem in the country, efforts will have to signed to cope with very great floods, breach­ be directed towards reducing the excessive ing sections or spillways are provided in sediment wliich flows in the more damaging these embankments to allow escape of excess rivers. This means carrying out extensive and Hood waters into selected areas where the intensive land management measures in the resulting damage would be least. catchment areas of these rivers. The method of floodways or diversion Soil conservation measures are designed which provides a safety valve in the case to retard the speed of run-off and to mini­ of very great floods, can avert or mm1m1ze mize soil erosion and consequently the sedi­ what otherwise might prove to be catas­ ment load in the river. Floods cannot be trophic damage. entirely prevented by soil conservation mea­ sures. Medium floods, however, can be mode­ Raising of Habitations Above Flood Heights rated and thus their frequency lowered by such measures. The effect of these measures When it is not economically feasible to on very high floods is insignificant. But soil preclude floods from a certain area or when conservation serves, even during very high it is otherwise undesirable to prevent the Hoods, the important purpose of preventing annual inundation of areas during the flood excessive loss of soil. season, raising of habitations or other im­ portant places is resorted to, to prevent The advantages of proper land manage­ damage to property and inconvenience to ment do not restrict themselves to the dimi­ inhabitants. While submersion of cultivated nution of flood discharge including sedi­ land for some period is permissible and is ment and reduction of flood damage. They even welcomed in certain places, it is evi­ increase the agricultural yields and increase dent that flooding of habitations even for the productive potential of forests and grass­ a short period is very harmful and is to be lands. Soil conservation is, therefore, essen­ prevented to the extent possible. The raising tially a land development program and its of villages or barrios in areas which are effect on Hood prevention is additional to the subject to annual flooding, enables people improved capability of the soil. to live in security against floods, although at times surrounded by water. Enough space It is generally accepted that the ground should be raised at such habitations to pro­ covered with vegetation will ordinarily suf­ vide shelter for the livestock and stores. fer less erosion than bare ground, and the This method of facing floods can be with ad­ more complete and dense the cover of vege­ vantage to use in low lying localities which tation the greater will be the tendency for

ARBOR WEEK-FORESTRY DAY ISSUES - 1966 Page 75 increased infiltration and thus reduce surface II. The methods which do not attempt to runoff. In a soil conservation program, changes reduce flood flows or flood levels but aim and manipulations of plant cover will in­ at reducing or redistributing flood losses volve introduction of suitable vegetation on fall under the following headings: bare soil, change from erosion-inducing to I. Evacuation soil-protecting crops, introduction of suitable crop rotations, use of cover crops, prohibition 2. Zoning of cultivation on steep slopes, use of fertiliz­ 3. Changes in buildings and their use ers, etc. These corrective measures come 4. F1ood insurance under proper land use of croplands. E-i;acuation In grasslands or in forests where grazing is permitted, an important factor adversely One method of avoiding or reducing to affecting vegetation is over-grazing and brows­ a minimum the damage arising from floods ing. This not only depletes the volume of is by evacuation of property located in areas growth but also reduces the plant density which are subject to frequent and recurring and brings the change to less palatable and Hoods. This method, however, presents -ad­ ministrative difficulties. People as a rule are usually less erosion-resisting species. Tramp­ unwilling to move from areas where they ling of the soil hardens it which adversely have been living for some length of time affects the soil structure and accelerates run­ unless the situation becomes so dangerous off and reduces the infiltration. Cultivation that they perforce have to quit. It is how­ of grasses, legumes and shrubs, some tree ever necessary in national interest to weigh growth, and improved pasture management up the advantage of any such evacuation are vital for grasslands. against not only the expenditure involved in Proper management of forestlands, name­ affording protection and relief to the flood affected people, but also the loss and da­ ly, reforestation, normal regeneration, fire mage which the people concerned sustain control, elimination of shifting cultivation or from such floods. Under certain circumstances "kaingin", logging and sawing practices, evacuation is preferable to flood control where make for the continuation of a normal and the latter cannot be carried out adequarely, dense forest cover in perpetuity. because it eliminates unnecessary human suf­ The additional land management measures fering, and unlike flood control it entails no subsequent operation and maintenance include terracing, contour dyking, contour expenditure. This method of relief should cultivation and cropping, gully plugging, always be given consideration in order to check dams, retaining walls, outlet structures, provide an economic yardstick for other pro­ and other similar structures. These affect the posals. frequency and infiltration and erosion, and thus indirectly affect the frequency and dis­ Zoning charge of floods and sediment transportation. Due partly to increasing population and For purposes of flood control it may be partly to development in various spheres of assumed that soil conservation practices alone national activities there is an increasing en­ would be effective in small watersheds with croachment on the waterways of the various moderate rainfall and their effect would pro­ rivers. Each river rightfully requires a cer­ gressively decrease with the greater inten­ tain waterway to enable it to pass its less sity of the downpour spread over a long frequent but very high floods. Because such period and over large watersheds. very high floods do not at times occur for

Page 76 FORESTRY LEAVES a number of years, people get tempted to continues to be inadequate and unsatisfac­ encroach on this waterway, and considerable tory. While it is possible for the Philippine loss ensues when a very high flood occurs \Veather Bureau to forecast the paths of later. A good deal of this loss may be avoided typhoons and depressions, methods and pro­ by flood zoning whereby areas along a ri,·er cedures have not yet satisfactorily been are demarcated and declared as the water­ developed to indicate the ·magnitude of re­ way necessary for passing very high floods sulting floods. However, the Weather Bureau in river. If expensive and easily damageable in coordination with the Bureau of Public assets are not created within such zones, Works is presently undertaking a number of loss will be kept within limits. Effective steps activities aimed at a pilot flood warning should be taken in demarcating flood zones scheme for the Pampanga River Basin and on the major rivers and in preventing or adjacent areas. dissuading people from creating valuable It is known that major floods in Philip­ assets witliin these zones. These steps will pine rivers occur when the typhoon path include legislative action and rigid enforce­ passes northeast of their catchment areas. ment. Not all such typhoons, however, cause major Changes in Building and in their Use floods and in some parts of the country, Where buildings and installations cannot notably the Agusan catchment area, major be removed out of the way of recurring floods occur outside of the typhoon season. floods, a good deal of damage can be avoided There does not seem to be any relation by strengthening the foundations, floors and between the distance of the typhoon center frames of these buildings, and removing from the catchment area of a river, and valuable property like baggage, machinery, the magnitude of a resulting Hood. Nor is equipment, offices, etc., to higher floors where there any relation between typhoon intensity floods cannot cause serious damage. This is and flood magnitude. A mere depression may particularly applicable to towns or cities lo­ cause a major flood. cated on river banks. It is not possible at present to predict Flood Insurance with a reasonable semblance of accuracy. the occurrence and mangitude of impending In certain countries flood insurance has floods in Philippine rivers. However, when been considered in recent years. Under this the path of a typhoon is predicted to follow scheme people living in flood affected areas a course which will pass northeast of a river are required to pay a premium commensu­ catchment area, this should be taken as an rate with the flood damage occurring, relief alert signal to be prepared for the possible is afforded to the sufferers from the insur­ occurrence of a destructive flood. ance funds. In certain cases flood damages are also repaired from such insurance money. Flood Damages in the Philippines Flood insurance as a method of affording relief to flood sufferers is worthy of con­ Flood damages in the Philippines are sideration, although, unlike fire and other bound to increase with the agricultural and forms of insurance, it applies to only a limited industrial development of normally flooded segment of population, and therefore, may areas, not so much, because of any increase demand such high rates of premium as to in the frequency of magnitude of flood pro­ question its practicability. ducing rainstorms, but because of the ever increasing amount of damageable properties FLOOD PREDICTIONS AND WARNING that are placed within reach of flood waters. Although some progress has been made The most highly developed agricultural and in the matter of Hood prediction, this still industrial areas in the Philippines are the

ARBOR WEEK-FORESTRY DAY ISSUES - 1966 Page 77 Central Plain of Luzon and the ~fanila Del­ 1962 in ~Iindanao caused damages in the ta, respectively. These are also the areas amount of Pl9.4 million. The results of the where flood damages are greatest. It is es­ statistical analysis based on flood damag.; timated that the current over all average ~urveys in thirteen ( 13) riwr basins show annual flood damage in the Philippines 1s an aggregate average annual loss in these in the order of P60 million. The flood of basins of P28.6 million (See Table I). These August 1960 in the Pampanga River Basin losses occur from year to year and show how alone, caused damages in the order of Pl8 severe has been the drain on national wealth million. The devastating floods of February due to floods.

TABLE I - Average Annual Flood Losses

Average Annual River Basin Location Flood Losses

1. Pampanga River System Pampanga, Nueva Ecija and Bulacan p 8,435,000 2. Agna River System Pangasinan & Tarlac 2,482,000 3. Gumain-Porac-Caulaman Rivers Pampanga & Bataan 365,000 4. Pasig-Potrero River Pampanga 346,000 5. Bicol River Camarines Sur 1,131,000 6. Albay River Albay 528,000 7. Laoag River System Ilocos Norte 165,000 8. Cagayan River Cagayan 900,000 9. Ilog-Hilabangan Rivers Negros Occidental 755,000 10. Jalaur River Iloilo 269,000 11. Panay River Capiz 739,000 12. Rio Grande de Mindanao Cotabato 2,586,000 13. Pasig-Marikina Rivers Manila and Rizal 9,900,000 T 0 T A L ______P28,601,000

PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES: areas when the depth of flood is still 1. Occupants of dwellings situated close below knee depth. to banks of rivers subject to sudden 4. When a typhoon warning is announced rise in water levels during rainstorms, batten down or secure weak habita­ should be prepared to evacuate to tions against being carried away by high ground, when typhoon warnings swift currents. are issued. Do not sleep or spend the 5. Do not go swimming or boating on night in such dwellings when there rivers when in flood. are indications of fast rising water 6. Drink only boiled water during and levels in the river coupled with con­ immediately after a flood. tinuing strong rains. 7. Eat only well cooked food during the 2. Evacuation plans should be made in flood emergency. Protect left-overs advance. Each member of the family against contamination. should be given specific instructions 8. Avoid unnecessary exposure to the and responsibilities in case of evacua­ elements. tion. 9. Submit to immunization against cho­ 3. Occupants of dwellings affected by lera, dysentery and typhoid as required swift currents should evacuate to high by health authorities.

Page 78 FORESTRY LEAVES Determination of Wood Waste bl} D. G .. FAUSTIN02 AND 1 in the Sawmills F. D. VIRTGCIO'

ABSTRACT due developed in sawmills on regional and national levels. The results of waste studies conducted in a circular sawmill showed a total waste The interest in regard to the determina­ of approximately 983 board feet of wood tion of wood waste in sawmills has been material for every 1,000 board feet of lumber generated from several inquiries directed to sawn, i.e. waste was nearly equal to produc­ the Forest Products Research Institute on the tion. Similar studies made in two band mills, volume of residue accummulated in the manu­ showed, however, that for every 1,000 board facture of lumber. In response to these in­ feet of lumber produced there was developed quiries, a study was conducted at two repre­ a total waste of 470 board feet of wood sentative band mills in Manila and one cir­ material, or waste was almost one-half only cular mill in Mindanao. of production. PROCEDURE OF THE STUDY INTRODUCTION To obtain a fairly accurate estimate of Any program of wood waste utilization and the volume of wood waste in the sawmill any planning of integrated operations in operation, logs of representative sizes and sawmills must be preceeded by fairly re­ grades were selected for the study. The study liable studies to determine the quantity and logs were followed individually, tallying sepa­ form of waste available for processing. The rately the various forms of wastes developed quantity and quality of available raw mate­ at each stage of manufacture from the head­ rial for any given volume of production is saw to the sorting table. a major factor for most manufacturing enter­ prises. The study crew was composed of fiw members who were stationed at strategic po­ The primary purpose of the study was sitions in the mill and who were assigned to determine the quantity of sawmill resi­ to measure and record the waste. due potentially available in sawmill opera­ Fine Residue (Sawdust) tion, both circular and band mills. To deter­ mine the volume of each form of waste 1. H eadsaw-Sawdust from the headsaw developed in sawing 1,000 board feet of was tallied like a piece of lumber with the lumber manufactured was another objective kerf as the thickness, the average depth as of this study. This information will form the the width, both in inches, and the length basis of estimates of wood wastes and resi- of the log in feet as the length of the piece. Separate sawdust tally for each log was kept. 1 Waste studies were conducted with the assist­ ance of M. J. Sagrado, M. A. Eusebio and A. Tonga­ 2. Edger-Sawdust developed at the edger can, all technologists of the Forest Products Research was also tallied, as in the headsaw, by indi­ Institute. 2.Chief, Forest Products Technologist and Chief, vidual logs. The saw kerf was the basis Industrial Investigations Dhision, FPRI. for its thickness. The thickness in inches 3 Jr. Forest Products Technologist, Forest Products Research Institute, College, Laguna. and length in feet of every board that

ARBOR WEEK-FORESTRY DAY ISSUES - 1966 Page 79 passed through the edger were actually mea­ of edgings were actually measured. The sured. These two measurements corresponded volume of this item in board feet was equal the width and length, respectively, of the to the product of the length in feet, width rectangular solid wood converted into saw­ and thickness in inches, divided by 24. dust of the edger. With these measurements, 3. Lumber Trim-Almost .all trims were the sawdust was determined by tallying the rectangular in form. Three measurements, number of cuts in each board. all in inches, were made of each piece of 3. Band resau·-The kerf of the band re­ trim to determine the thickness, width and saw was determined. The thickness or width length. The volume in board feet of rectan­ in inches and length in feet of each cant gular trim was equal to the product of the resawed were tallied by the number of cuts three measurements in inches, divided 144. made. If a cant or fl.itch was resawed parallel For the few triangular trims that were noted, to its width, the width of the cant was mea­ the volume was equal to 1/2 of the corres­ sured and tallied as the width of the piece ponding rectangular trim. representing the sawdust waste. If resawed The green-chain tally was based on lum­ parallel to the thickness of the Hitch, the ber recovered from individual logs, segre­ thickness was recorded as the width of the gated by grades in order to determine whether piece representing the sawdust waste. the grades had an influence on the amount 4. Trimmer-The kerf of the trim saw, of residue developed, especially from the the thickness and width of each lumber edging and trimming operations where up­ trimmed were tallied. The thickness, width grading was being practiced to produce ex­ and length of each trim cut, were equal to port grade lumber. the saw kerf, thickness and width of the board, respectively. WOOD WASTE IN CIRCULAR MILL The volume in board feet of solid wood The results of the study in the circular converted into sawdust in the headsaw, mill were based on 60 representative logs edger, and band resaw was determined by with a total gross volume of 79.94 cubic multiplying the three measurements in each meters or 33,895 board feet. The results of case, divided by 12. The sawdust volume the study are schematically presented in in board feet at the trimmer was determined Figure la. Of the total log gross volume, by multiplying the three measurements, di­ percentagewise, the lumber recovery was vided by 144 because all the measurements 44.6 percent, sawdust 18.6 percent, slabs 9.6 here were in inches. percent, edgings 8.9 percent and lumber trims 6.5 percent. The defective portions of Solid Residue the logs, which consisted of brash centers, 1. Slabs-Every piece of slab was mea­ heart checks, and other natural defects, were sured on its total length in feet, maximum tallied not as waste but as defects estimated thickness and maximum face width in inches. to be 11.8 percent of gross volume. The volume in board feet was determined by multiplying the product of these three mea­ Volume of Fine Residue surements by a factor of 0.67 ( 5) 4 and then Sawdust from the headsaw, edger, band divided by 24. resaw and the trimmer had the greatest 2. Edgings-Total length, maximum thick­ volume developed compared to each of the ness and maximum face width of each piece other individual waste items. This amounted to 18.6 percent of the total gross volume 4 Numbers in parentheses refer to the literatures cited at the end of this paper. of the logs studied, and 42.7 percent of the

Page 80 FORESTRY LEAVES total volume of waste tallied. The total fine \ ·azume of Solid Residue. residue produced per thousand board feet The volume of solid residue in the form of lumber manufactured was 420 board feet. of slabs, edgings, and lumber trims was The breakdown of fine residue with respect greater than the volume of fine residue. The to the point of occurrence in the mill opera­ aggregate volume of solid .residue amounted tion is as follows: to 57.3 percent of the volume of waste. If a. Headsaw.-There were 1,154 cuts made compared to the lumber recovery, the volume by the headsaw on the 60 logs sawn, develop­ of solid residue was more than one-half of ing 5,300 board feet of solid wood into saw­ the volume of lumber produced. For every dust. Each log had an average of 19.23 cuts 1,000 board feet of lumber, 563 board feet and the boards sawn were primarily 2-inches of residue was tallied. The amount of indi­ in thickness. The headsaw-sawdust in rela­ vidual solid waste items developed is as fol­ tion to log volume was 15.i percent of the lows: gross scale. In terms of the production, 353 a. Slabs-The 60 logs sawed yielded 304 board feet of solid wood were converted pieces of slabs with an aggregate volume into sawdust by the headsaw in cutting of 2,9.'30 board feet and which was 9.6 per­ 1,000 board feet of lumber. cent of the total gross volume of the logs b. Edger-Out of the total log gross (Fig. la). This volume comprised 21.9 per­ volume of 3.'3,895 board feet, 937 boarrl cent of the total volume of waste tallied. For every 1,000 board feet of lumber manu­ feet of solid wood were developed into saw­ factured this waste items amounted to 215 dust at the edger. Basing on the lumber board feet. tallied from the study logs, the edger-sawdust amounted to 63 board feet per thousand b. Edgings-There were two sources of board feet of lumber sawn. edgings in this particular operation studied, namely: ( 1 ) edgings, developed at the edger c. Band resaw-There were 1,600 board and ( 2) edgings developed at the band re­ feet of 2-inch and thicker materials that saw. The edgings that developed in the latter went into the resaw or equivalent to 4.7 was the result of straightening the tapered percent of the total volume of the logs studied. cants and dog boards in order to produce In resawing this material, a total of 67 board the best possible grades of export lumber. feet of sawdust was developed, or equivalent The combined volume of the edgings from to 0.2 percent of the log gross volume. Based these two sources amounted to 8.9 percent on the general recovery, 3 board feet of saw­ of the total volume of the study logs or dust were developed for every thousand board 200 board feet per 1,000 board feet lumber feet of lumber recovered. However, on the production. This waste item was 20.4 percent basis of the quantity of lumber that passed of the total volume of sawmill residue. through the resaw, 54 board feet solid wood were developed as sawdust in resawing 1,000 c. Lumber trim-As shown in Figure la, board feet of lumber. lumber trim constituted 6.5 percent of the Yolume of the logs. Expressed on the basis d. Trimmer-The volume of sawdust de­ of lumber production, lumber trim amounted veloped by the trimmer was quite small. It to 148 board feet in sawing 1,000 board feet amounted only to 0.04 percent of the total of lumber. Compared with all other waste volume of the study logs. In trimming 1,000 items, the lumber trim was the smallest board feet of lumber, only 1.00 board feet having the volume of only 15.0 percent of of equivalent solid wood was converted into the aggregate volume of circular mill resi­ sawdust at the trimmer. due.

ARBOR WEEK-FORESTRY DAY Is.5UES - 1966 Page 81 WOOD WASTE IN BAND :'\111.L ( 2) In cutting 1,00() board feet of lumber, the trimmer wasted 58 board feet. This volume The volume of wood waste developed in was accummulated as a result of squaring the band mill operation was found to be rela­ the ends of the boards and also in cutting tively smaller compared to the volume of out some end defects of the lumber. Of the waste developed in circular mills. Graphical total waste, lumber trim was 12.3 percent. comparison of the percentages of the volume of lumber recovery and incidental waste in d. Slabs - Accummulation of slabs from the operation of these two types of headrigs the logs studied amounted to 44 board feet is shown in Figure 1. In the band mill opera­ in the manufacture of every 1,000 board feet tion, based on the 143 logs studied, the of lumber. This amount comprised 9.4 per­ lumber recovery averaged 60.2 percent of log cent of the entire volume of wood waste gross volume (Fig. I b) while in the circular developed in the band mill. It was noted that mill operation, the average lumber recovered slabs in the band mill was very much small­ was only 44.6 percent of the gross volume er in volume than in the circular mill stu­ of the logs sawn (Fig. la). This means that died. This was due to the practice of thin only 39.8 percent of log gross volume was slabbing in the band mill, a practice which being wasted in the band mill while 55. 4 was not generally followed in the circular percent of the volume of the logs went to mill. waste in circular mill operation. The 39.8 per­ SUMMARY cent of wood waste in band mill was broken 1. The volume of wood being wasted in down as follows: sawdust 16.3 percent, edg­ the manufacture of lumber in the circular ings 6.9 percent, lumber trim 3.7 percent, mill was more than in the band mill. Of slabs 2.8 percent and the remaining 10.1 per­ the volume of logs sawn, the former wasted cent was tallied as defects. an average of 55.4 percent, recovering only The following is a discussion on the occur­ 44.6 percent of lumber while the latter wasted rence of each individual waste items being 39.8 percent and recovered an average of developed in band mill operation: 60.2 percent lumber. a. Sawdust-As in circular mill, sawdust 2. The volume of sa\.vdust developed was constituted the greatest volume of waste. It more in circular mill than in the band mill. is the accummulated fine residue coming from For every thousand board feet of lumber the headsaw, edger, and resaw. The total manufactured, the sawdust volume in circu­ accummulation of this waste item was 263 lar mill was 420 board feet while only 263 board feet per 1,000 board feet of lumber board feet in the band mill or a difference produced or 55.6 percent of the entire volume of 157 board feet (Table I). This was due of waste (Tables I & 2). In this particular to the thicker kerf of circular headsaw than study, sawdust produced at the trimmer was that of the band headsaw. found to be negligible. 3. In terms of the percentage distribution b. Edgings - The second largest waste of the total volume of waste, independently item in the band mill operation studied was in each operation, the solid residue in cir­ the edgings. The accummulation of edgings cular mill was 57.3 percent and 42.7 per­ for every 1,000 board feet of lumber pro­ cent sawdust, while in the band milL the duced amounted to 108 board feet or 22. 7 solid residue was 54.4 percent and sawdust percent of the total volume of waste tallied was 55.6 percent. (Tables I & 2). 4. Slabbing in the circular mill was thick­ c. Lumber trims - Lumber trimmings is ker than in the band mill. The volume of the next to edgings in volume of occurrence. slabs developed in the former was 9.6 per-

Page 82 FORESTRY LEAVES cent of log gross rnlume or 215 board eastern Fores t Experiment Station feet uper 1,000 board feet of lumber manu­ Forest Service, L'SDA. factured. In the latter, the rnlume of slabs 5. Kotok E. S. and C. M. Myers. 1955. An was only 2.8 percent of log gross volume estimate of residue at a sawmill in the or 44 board feet per 1,000 board feet Black Hills. Research notes. Rocky lumber production. However, this difference Mountain Forest and Range Experi­ was primarily due to the sawyer's practice ment Station. that varies from mill to mill regardless of 6. Malcolm, F. B. 1955. Fabrication of type. wood products at small sawmills and wood working plants. Report No. 1666- 5. The lumber trim in circular mill was 8 U.S. Forest Products Laboratory. also more, 6.5 percent of log gross volume, than in the band mill with only 3.7 percent 7. Samuels, R. M. 1957. Expanding the uses of wood residue for pulp production. on the same basis. This variation, as in slab­ Oregon Forest Products Laboratory. bing, ,.,,-as due to trimming practices. Corvallis, Oregon. Reprinted from Forest Products Journal, 7: 253-255. LITERATURE CITED 8. Todd, A. S. and Anderson 1957. An ap­ 1. Dunn, S. and J. D. Emery. 1959. Wood praisal of methods for salvaging small Waste in composts. Forest Products sawmill residues. Southeastern Forest Journal. Vol. IX pp. 277-281. Experiment Station paper No. 84. Ashe­ ville, N. C. 2. Faustino, D. G., et al. 1962. Wood waste developed in sawmills in the Manila 9. Virtucio, F. D. 1964. Studies on Wood area. Project No. 21-1-1. Final report waste in circular sawmills. Project No. filed in FPRI Library, College, Laguna. 21-1-2. Second progress report filed in 3. Forest Products Laboratory, USDA, 1955. FPRI library College, Laguna. Uses for slabs, edgings, and trims. Report No. D 1666-2. 10. Wilde, S. A. 1958. Marketable sawdust composts, their preparation, and fertil­ 4. Hampf, F. E. 1957. Production and sale izing value. Forest Products Journal, of charcoal in the Northwest, North- 8: 323-326.

TABLE 1. Summary table of waste items per thousand board feet of lumber manufactured.

Volume in board feet Waste items Circular mill Band mill

1. Sawdust 420 263 2. Slabs 215 44 3. Edgings 200 108 4. Lumber trim 148 58 T o t a l 983 473

ARBOR WEEK-FORESTRY DAY ISSUES - 1966 Page 83 Lumber Lumber 60.2% 44.6%

Fie. la. Data for circular mill Fie. lb. Data for band mill

F1cuRE 1. Graphical comparison of volumes of wood residue and lumber produced in circular and band mill operations based on log gross volume.

TABLE 2. Percentage distribution of waste items developed in in circular and band mill operations.

Waste items Circular mill Band mill

1. Sawdust 42.7 55.6 2. Slabs 21.9 9.4 3. Edgings 20.4 22.7 4. Lumber trim 15.0 12.3 ------T o t a l 100.0 100.0

Page 84 FORESTRY LEAVES FPRI Technical Notes

SHRINKAGE ALLOWANCE FOR KIL!\"­ saturatoin point but prevented to shrink fully by the DRYING AND AIR-DRYING GREEN wet interior. l'nder accelerated drying conditions, LUMBER OF SOME PHILIPPINE the surface of a piece of wood develops high tensile stresses because of the restrained shrinkage. COMMERCIAL WOOD SPECIES Consequently, high compression stresses are also produced in the center of the piece which is neces­ Shrinkage is the reduction in the size of wood sary to maintain equilibrium of forces or a\·oid during drying. It is due to the contraction of the thickness of the walls and diameter of the fibers of deformation and/or mechanical failure. As the wet the wood resulting from the remm·al of "bound" interior dries below the fiber saturation point, it or "hygroscopic" water from the cell walls below develops a greater shrinkage because wood, if sub­ the fiber saturation point. The aggregate of all the jected under compression stresses when wet, will unit reduction in size of the cells of a piece of have a greater shrinkage when dried if it assumes wood at any moisture content is the total shrinkage normal shrinkage. The magnitude of the restrained at this moisture content. shrinkage that developed on the surface at the early stage of drying, on the other hand, decreases Fundamentally, the shrinkage of wood refers to at the later part of drying, the moment the stresses the decrease in dimension resulting from the volu­ reverse. The unrecovered shrinkage that remains on metric loss of "bound" water from the wood cells. the surface after drying is a "set" (tension set), The amount of "bound" water present in wood knov.n as casehardening. This can be successfully varies widely between species due to differences in relieved by proper application of final conditioning density anatomical structure, and presence of soluble treatment. substances. Consequently, the extent to which wood shrinks with a given moisture content varies widely The following table gives the green dimensions. between woods of different species. Shrinkage of with allowances for shrinkage, and the expected wood also varies between trees of the same species final dimensions when kiln-dried or air-dried to as well as between boards of the same tree, an

ARBOR WEEK-FORESTRY DAY ISSUES - 1966 Page 85 "ti Ill ~ c:o Q'I TABLE 1-Green dimensions, with shrinkage allowances, and the expected final dimensions when kiln-dried or air-dried to 12 percent moislur0 content of some Philippine commercial species1

R A D I A L TANGENTIAL

------SPECIES Thickness (in. ) Width (in.) Thickness (in.) Width (in.) I------1 I 2 4 I 6 I 8 I 10 I 12 1 ! 2 I 4 I 6 I 8 I 10 I 12 Almon 1-1/16 2-1/8 4-3/16 6-9/32 8-3/8 10-15/32 12-9/16 1-3/64 2-3/32 4-1/4 6-3/8 8-1 /2 10-.'5/8 12-3/4 1-3/64 2-3/32 4-1/8 6-3/16 8-1/4 10-5/16 12-3/2 1-1/32 2-1/16 4-1/8 6-3/16 8-1 /4 10-15/32 12-9/lG

Api tong 1-3/32 2-3/16 4-1/4 6-3/8 8-1/2 10-5/8 12-3/4 1-1/16 2-1/8 4-3/8 fl-9 /16 8-«~/4 10-15/16 l.'3-1 /8 1-3/32 2-3/16 4-1/4 6-3/8 8-1/2 10-5/8 12-3/4 1-1/16 2-1/8 4-3/8 6-9/16 8-3/4 10-15/16 13-1 /8 Bagtikan 1-5/64 2-5/32 4-3/16 6-9/32 8-3/8 10-15/32 12-9/16 1-3/64 2-3/32 4-5/16 6-15,132 8-.'5 /8 10-25/32 12-15/16 1-3/64 2-3/32 4-1/8 6-3/16 8-1/4 10-5/16 12-3/8 1-1/32 2-1/16 4-3/16 6-9/32 8-.'3/8 10-15/32 13-9/lG Dagang 1-3/32 2-3/16 4-3/16 6-9/32 8-3/8 10-15/32 12-9/16 1-5/64 2-5/32 4-3/8 fl-9 /lG 8-3/4 10-l:'i/l(i l.'3-1 /8 1-1/16 2-1/8 4-1 /8 6-3/16 8-1/4 10-5/16 12-3/8 1-1/32 2-l /16 4-1/4 fl-3 /8 8-l /2 l 0-S /8 12-.'3/4 Lauan, Red 1-3/64 2-3/32 4-1 /8 6-3/16 8-1/4 10-5/16 12-3/8 1-1/32 2-1/16 4-.'5/16 G-9 /32 8-.'3/8 10-15 /32 12-9 /Hi 1-3/64 2-3/32 4-1/8 6-3/16 8-1/4 10-5/16 12-3/8 1-1/32 2-1/16 4-5/16 6-9/32 8-3/8 10-1.5 /32 12-9 /Hi Lauan, White 1-3/64 2-.'3/32 4-1 /8 6-3/16 8-1/4 10-5/16 12-3/8 1-1/32 2-1/16 4-5/16 6-9/32 8-3/8 10-15/32 12-9/lG 1-3/64 2-3/32 4-1 /8 6-3/16 8-1/4 10-5/16 12-3/8 1-1/32 2-1/16 4-5/16 6-9/32 8-3/8 10-1.5 /32 12-9 /Hi Mayapis 1-5/64 2-5/32 4-1 /8 6-3/16 8-1/4 10-5/16 12-3/8 1-1 /32 2-1 /16 4-.5/16 fi-1.5/32 8-5/8 10-25 /.'32 12-1.5 /JG 1-3/64 2-3/32 4-1 /8 6-3/16 8-1/4 10-5/16 12-3/8 1-1/32 2-1 /16 4-3/Hi 6-9/32 8-3/8 10-1.5 /32 12-9 /10 Panau 1-5/64 2-5/32 4-3/16 6-9/32 8-3/8 10-15/32 12-9/16 1-3/64 2-3/32 4-.5/ lG 6-15/32 8-5/8 10-2.5/.'32 12-15/Hi "rj 1-1/16 2-1/8 4-1 /8 6-3/16 8-1/4 10-5/16 12-3/8 1-1/32 2-1/16 4-1/4 6-3/8 8-1/2 10-5/8 12-.'3/4 0 ~ Tangile 1-5/64 2-5/32 4-3/16 6-9/32 8-3/8 10-15/32 12-9 /16 1-3/64 2-3/32 4-5/16 6-15/32 8-3/8 10-1.5/32 12-9/16 ~ 1-3/64 2-3/32 4-1/8 6-3/16 8-1/4 10-5/16 12-3/8 1-1/32 2-1/16 4-3/16 6-9/32 8-1/4 10-23/32 12-15/10 Vl t-3 ::i::i 1 Upper figures are the required green dimension of boards when kiln-dried to 12% M.C. and lower figures are the required green dimension to< of boards when air-dried to 12% M.C. t:""I ~ ~ ~ U') REFERENCES .Some theories have been ad,·anced as to the causes of brash center in wood: - stresses and heart. 1. Cortes, R. T., R. F. Casin and N. J. Santos. 1960. A progress report on density and shrinkage Long-term stresses cause failure in longitudinal com­ properties of Philippine woods. PAENCOR 8(4). pression especially \\ith the increase in magnitude as the tree increases in diameter. It was shown 2. Forest Products Research Institute. 1960. The that these stresses are of an order that could cause fiber saturation point of wood. Technical Note No. 3. compression failures of wood" in the central por­ tion of the tree. Further test indicated that continued 3...... 1961. Shrinkage and s\\·elling gro\\th and increased stresses cause the expansion of wood in service. Technical Note No. 17. of brittleheart in wood of higher density nad much 4. Fountain, W. C. and F. \V. Guernsey. 1956. greater compressive strength. The greatest internal Some variables affecting the shrinkage and wood stresses caused by the weight of the tree in this way swelling. For. Prod. J our. 6 ( 4) : 148-152. could account for only a small proportion of stress 5. Greenhill, W. L. 1936. The shrinkage of Austra­ required to cause failure. Heart as another cause lian timbers. Part 1. A new method of deter­ of brash center is that center of the tree affected mining shrinkage and shrinkage figures for a by decay or brittle in the absence of decay. The number of Australian species. Tech. Paper No. 21, Pamphlet No. 67. outstanding characteristic of heart is its brittleness and low impact strength which may be 50 percent 6. Mabesa, C. 1930. Shrinkage allowances of boards or less than the impact strength of the normal of almon and white lauan, tangile and red lauan and apitong in commercial size kiln, dried wood. It was found also that the toughness values to any moisture content. The Makiling Echo of Eucalyptus robusta grown in Hawaii as defined 9(3). by brash center failure, has but 29 percent the toughness of normal wood. 7. McMillen, J. M. 1955. Drying stresses in red oak. Effect of temperature. For. Prod. Jour. Macroscopically, brittleheart could be detected 5(4) :230-241. by inspection, knife and splinter tests. Inspection 8. Pentoney, R. 1953. Mechanism affecting tangen­ test although not as reliable as the latter tests tial v.s. radial shrinkage. For. Prod. Jour. may be used by careful observation at the end of 3(2) :27-32. the log the difference in color and density. Generally, 9. Schniewind, A.P. 1959. Transverse anisotropy of brittleheart portion is light-colored, low in density wood: A function of gross anatomic structure. and \\ith tom fibers. By this method it is often­ For. Prod. Jour. 9(10) :350-359. times difficult to detect normal wood from brashy 10. Stamm, A. J. 1935. Shrinkage and swelling of wood because there are instances in which there wood. Ind. and Eng. Chem. 7(10) :401-406. is no difference in appearance. Knife test is used by lifting up a small sliver. A straight, clean fracture BRASH CENTER OR "BRITTLEHEART" of the sliver indicates the presence of brittleherat. Breaking of small splinters between fingers reveals Brash center or "brittleheart" refers to a defect Jaso the presence or absence of brash center. Abrupt of a piece of timber causing it to fail abruptly and clean fracture shows the presence of such defect without heart or punky heart. This defect lowers compared with normal wood which breaks with the value of timber especially those for export and difliculty thus causing splintering of fibers. Sections renders them unfit for many useful purposes. One prepared from brash wood reveal the presence of of the serious adverse effects of brittleheart is compressio.J. failures across the fibers. Broken fibers of the failure of timber in service without warning. macerated wood as observed in a microscope are Furthermore, brittleheart causes the rejection of large further evidences of brittleheart. cores in both the plywood and matchmaking indus­ tries. Wood considered brashy would also produce In the Philippines, dipterocarp species which paper of inferior quality, considering that broken constitute about 75 percent of the stand of forest fibers are comparatively shorter than unbroken ones, are commonly affected by brittleheart. It prevails hence paper produced from this kind of fiber is less at the center, sometimes adjacent to the center in strength. of the log particularly at the base or butt-log. In some instances it was found to be most widespread A log with brittleheart is characterized by carroty in the upper portions. These observations agree appearance, tom grain at the end of the log, low with the finding in some eucalyptus species grow­ density areas of light-colored heartwood and fuzzy ing in Australia. appearance in longitudinal surfaces when planed. In eucalyptus, it was observed that the boundary Seventeen dipterocarp species under 6 genera col­ between brittleheart and normal wood was not neces­ lected from Agusan, Cagayan, Laguna and Quezon sarily concentric about tl1e pith, nor was it regular provinces were studied as to the occurrence of in vertical cross section. brash center. Results of the observation, including

ARBOR WEEK-FORESTRY DAY ISSUES - 1966 Page 87 the origin and diameter of these species, are shov.n REFERENCES in table 1. The knife and splinter tests revealed that a great variation in the amount of brittlehearl 1 . Boyd, J. D. 1950. Tree growth stresses. I. Growth was observed in different species. This difference stress evaluation. Australian Jour. of Sci. Res. Series B, V. 3(3). may be due to the resistance or susceptibility of the species to brittleheart to geographical location, 2. Burgess, II. J. 1960. Some notes on brittleheart crov.n density and exposure of the species to wind. and the possibility of using if as a structural Furthermore, the study of different trees of a single material. Research Pamphlet. No. 28. For. Res. Inst. For. Dept. Federation of Malaya. species generally tend to show that the percent of 3. CSIRO. 1949. Causes an-.l detection of brittle­ brittleheart is proportional to the diameter. This, ness in wood. Div. of For. Prod. Trade Circ. however, does not hold true with bagtikan from 32, Melbourne, Australia. Agusan with 5.96 percent defect ( diameter--65 cm.), 4. Chudnoff, M. and K. Tischler. 1963. Fiber mor­ and 4.95 percent (diameter-70 cm.). The average phology of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn. and percent defect of brittleheart in the descending the relation of wood anatomy to certain physical order are as follows: manggasinoro---26.50; mayapis and mechanical properties. Ilamoth, Israel Forestry -16.00; tangile---12.77; red lauan-12.76; white Assoc. lauan-12.10; malapanau--6.59 almon-5.50; bag­ 5. Dadswell, H. E. and I. Langlands. 1934. Brittle­ tikan-5.46; malaanonang-5.16; afu--3.92; mang­ heart in Australian timber: A preliminary study. Jour. Council for Sci. and Indus. Res. No. 7. gachapui--3.50 apitong--3.00; broad-winged apitong - 1.00; thick-leafed narig - 1.00; dagang - 0.96; 6. Jacobs, M. R. 1945. The grov.th stresses of guijo---0.46; and panau-0.34. Studies on Northern woody sterms. Commonwealth Forestry Bureau Mindanao species reveal that the percent of brittle­ Bull. 28. heart of mayapis, tangile, and white lauan more 7. Jane, F. W. 1956. The structure of wood. pp. or less agree with the present finding of the same 206-208. The McMillan Company, New York. species collected from Agusan, Cagayan and Laguna. 8. Severo, T. S. 1937. Extent of timber defect of Previous finding on red lauan however, by the same some dipterocarp species in Northern Mindanao. author shows that this species from Northern Min­ Makiling Echo. Vol. 16, pp. 270-283. danao has higher percentage of defect ( 15% ) than 9. Skolrnen, R. G. and C. C. 1964. Brittleheart in those of the same species collected from Cagayan Eucalyptus robusta grown in Hawaii. Rep. For. (12.76%). Prod. Jour. December.

TABLE 1. Data showing the average percentages of brittleheart by splinter and knife tests.

Diameter (cm. ) % defect Species Origin Butt Top Average Butt Top A'·erage 1. Afu Cagayan 80.20 76.80 78.50 3.14 4.70 3.32 2. Almon Quewn 100.00 85.00 8.00 5.50 3. Apitong Quezon 75.00 75.99 3.00 3.00 4. Bagtikan Agusan 65.00 67.50 5.96 5.46 70.00 4.95 5. Broad winged apitong Quewn 60.00 60.00 1.00 1.00 6. Dagang Laguna 80.00 80.00 0.96 0.96 7. Guijo Laguna 55.00 55.00 0.46 0.46 8. Malaanonang Cagayan 103.30 65.60 84.45 2.45 7.87 5.16 9. Malaparau Cagayan 66.75 54.55 60.65 5.47 7.71 6.59 10. Manggachapui Quewn 65.00 55.00 60.00 6.00 1.00 3.50 11. Manggasinoro Cagayan 75.20 65.90 70.55 24.21 28.90 26.50 12. Mayapis Quewn 65.00 65.00 16.00 16.00 13. Panau Laguna 50.00 50.00 0.34 0.34 14. Red lauan Cagayan 93.25 92.00 92.63 13.89 11.62 12.76 15. Tangile Agusan 65.00 67.50 10.88 12.25 70.00 13.62 12.77 Cagayan 77.25 69.50 73.38 10.27 16.30 13.29 16. Thick leafed narig Laguna 60.00 45.07 52.50 1.00 1.00 LOO 17. White lauan Laguna 60.00 60.00 12.00 12.10

Pag~ 88 FORESTRY LEAVES FPRI Highlights

FPRI SURVEYS Fl.JNGAL PROBLEMS trainees returned recently after a year's training OF LOGGII\"G COMPANIES and study at the Forest Research Institute and IN MINDANAO Colleges in Dehra Dun (India). A survey of fungal problems in 8 Jogging com­ Pancracio V. Bawagan and Enrique C. Arnio. panies in Mindanao was conducted by Eleuterio assistant division chief and section chief, respective­ Mendoza of the Pathology Section from June 3 to ly, of the Chemical Investigation Division, took I, 1966. His findings are : up post-graduate courses on Advance Diploma in Pulp and Paper Technology (D.F.R.I.) under the I. Heart (center) rot was very common on Colombo Plan, with the Indian government as commercial tree species, especially on those over­ their sponsor. matured ones. Many foresters and fellers claimed that about 20 to 30 percent of the standing At the same time, Bawagan trained for some commercial-size trees were considered as culls due months in mill practice and conducted research to heart rots. on bamboo cellulose, while Arnio, who also trained 2. Logging injuries on the residual trees serve for sometime in an Indian pulp and paper mill, as the most common avenue of entrance for center did research work on the production of rayon rot fungi. Observations made on trees injured 10 grade pulp from jute sticks. years ago in Bislig Bay Lumber Co. showed that According to them, Indian research trends in the trees were unhealthy looking. One was felled pulp and paper technology dwell more on basic and was found to have center rot. researches, such as the influence of herni-cellulose 3. Sapstain and decay in logs and lumber were on paper strength, lignin and cellulose chemistry, not considered important problems by the compa­ a~ well as researches on the production of rayon nies visited because they have modem logging grade pulp from bamboo and jute sticks. equipment which facilitates the transporting of felled trees from the forest to the log ponds or yards. Both technologists also noted that almost all the paper mills there are now producing pulps for Three out of the 8 companies export green lumber to the U.S. These companies treat their lumber processing into paper, which is not so in this country with anti-stain chemicals before shipment to the where most of our paper mills depend mainly on U.S.A. imported pulps. 4. Two diseases were observed in the nurseries They added that the paper mills in India utiliw of these companies: damping off of Albizzia falcata all available fibrous materials, such as jute sticks. seedlings and powdery mildew of Samania saman. grasses, sugarcane bagasse, bamboo, waste wood. The lumbang plantation of the Nasipit Lumber Co. jute sacks, cotton waste and rags. appears to be suffering from a root rot disease. Their Eucalyptus saligna trees exhibited dieback Both technologists had earlier gone abroad - symptoms. The bark cracked and a dark exudate Bawagan, to the U.S. Forest Products Laboratory was observed. Detailed syrnptornatological study of in Madison, Wisconsin, and Arnio, to Japan to train the disease in Lurnbang and Eucalyptus trees is very in forest products processing. important so that the pathogens could be discovered 0 0 0 and control measures applied. 0 0 0 RESEARCH STAFFER WINS U.S. AWARD FPRI RESEARCHERS RETURN Emmanuel D. Bello, a researcher of the Forest FROM INDIA Products Research Institute (U.P.), has won the second place award in the 17th Wood Award Two ranking technologists of the Forest Products competition of the U.S. Forest Products Research Research Institute who were sent to India as scholar- Society.

ARBOR WEEK-FORESTRY DAY ISSUES - 1966 Page 89 His winning entry, entitled "The Effect of Trans­ for trade school instructors, wood-working teachers, verse Compressive Stress on the Equilibrium Moisture lumber dealers, contractors, general wood users and Content of Wood," was based on his master's degree others who would be interested in knowing how thesis earlier submitted to the New York State to properly identify various types of wood. University College of Forestry at Syracuse. The course, which was conducted at the main Hello's coveted award, which won for him an building of the FPRI, inrnlved daily lectures, dis­ honorarium of $250 and a certificate of merit, will cussions and actual demonstrations and practices in be received in his absence by Dr. Christen Skaar, the complex process of wood identification. his former major professor at Syracuse, during the A nominal fee of 1"'5.00 was charged each Society's annual meeting sometime this month {July) trainee, while the expenses for board and lodging in Minneapolis, U.S.A...... were similarly home by either the participant him­ self or his employer. NACIDA OFFICIALS VISIT INSTITUTE At the end of the course, each trainee was given, free of charge, a set of commercially important Ranking officials of the NACIDA led by Jose wood samples which he could use as future reference Rofio and Hilarion Pilapil, board chairman and or as a teaching device in wood identification. deputy administrator, respectively, conferred recent­ ...... ly with officials of the Forest Products Research Institute { U .P.) in College, Laguna to discuss the FPRI DIRECTOR ATTENDS feasibility of applying the results of some FPRI WORLD MEET studies to actual cottage industries for the benefit of the national economy under NACIDA's sponsor­ Director Manuel R. Monsalud of the Forest ship. They also toured the Institute's laboratories to Products Research Institute ( U.P.) recently attended observe first-hand the various research activities the 6th World Forestry Congress held in Madrid, being conducted there. Spain, as one of the Philippine delegates and, concurrently, as technical adviser on forest products The other NACIDA visitors include Narda Ca­ research and utilization to Rep. Eladio A. Caliwara macho, board member; Mrs. E. G. Ramirez, Con­ of Quezon, chairman of the House committee on sultant; Mrs. C. Montoro, G. Garcia, R. de los forests and head of the Philippine delegation. Reyes, M. Duba, I. Gatmaitan, Miss V. Samano, H. Masankay, R. Tan and E. Pastrana. Director Monsalud presented at this international ...... meeting three papers, entitled: The Philippine Forest Resources-Their Fuller Utilization and Relation to World Trends; Improvements in the Utilization of :FPRI RESEARCHERS TRAIN IN FRANCE Lower Quality Philippine Woods; and Technical Nine technologists of the Forest Products Re­ Cooperation Between the Philippine Forest Products search Institute left recently for France to under­ Research Institute and Foreign Laboratories on go training along different aspects of forest products Forest Products and Research. research utilization for 12 months under the spon­ At the same time, Director Monsalud, on invi­ sorship of the French Government. tation of FAO Director N. A. Osara, attended the The trainees, who represent the five technical preparatory meeting in Madrid of the F AO com­ divisions of the Institute, are: Romulo C. Eala, mittee on forest development in the tropics "to Rogelio L. Flores, Angel C. Mafigahas, Jaime R. study technical, economic and social problems rela­ Navarro, Ernesto B. Ordinario, Justo P. Rojo, Ed­ ting to the development of tropical forests, particu­ wardo P. Villanueva, Felizardo D. Virtucio and larly in developing countries, having regard to pro­ Isidro T. Zamuco. duction, utilization and conversion aspects as well ...... as to the marketing of forest products." 0 .. 0 WOOD IDENTIFICATION COURSE HELD FPRI l\'IAN TAKES RADIOISOTOPE A two-week summer course on wood identifica­ COURSE tion was conducted by the Forest Products Re­ search Institute { U .P.) in College, Laguna as a AUGUSTO P. BATI, a technologist of the Insti­ public service feature of the Institute. tute, recently completed with high honors the 22nd Session of the Radioisotope Techniques Training According to Director Manuel R. Monsalud, the Course under the aegis of the National Science wood identification course, was particularly intended Development Board.

Page 90 FORESTRY LEAVES Graduating as Third Honorable Mention in a still remain to be gained from a thorough under­ class of 24 trainees representing both government standing of the phenomena involved. It is known, and private entities, Bati took up more than a however, that in the drying of wood, where air score of "atomic" subjects, ranging from nuclear or a mixture of air and steam vapor is the dry­ physics to isotope techniques and autoradiography, ing medium, three fundamental and interlocking during the six-week course conducted at the NSDB factors are essential to accomplish drying. These compound. are the temperature of the · drying medium, its humidity, and the rate and direction of its move­ Main objective of the course was to familiarize ment over the surfaces of the lumber. All of these the participants, all of whom are researchers and factors must be present in their proper proportion technologists, on the principles, techniques and to properly season lumber and other wood products. practical uses of radioisotopes. 0 0 0 For the wood-using industries, and more so for research institutions such as the Forest Products Re­ THE PRESERVATION OF BAMBOO search Institute, radioisotopes bear significant appli­ Bamboo is an important construction material cations in such activities as: gamma-ray measure­ for low-cost housing especially in the rural areas. ments of defects in poles and trees, moisture deter­ Because of its abundance, size and strength, it is mination in wood chips using gamma-ray scatter­ extensively used as material for furniture, fish traps, ing, thickness and density measurements of fibers, bridges, fences, rafts, etc. Its relatively long fibers, biological tests on wood, improving the properties too, have been found suitable for pulp and paper of wood by impregnation with monomers and irra­ making. diation, and study of the wear and tear of machine parts and wood-cutting tools. Experience in the use of bamboo for certain 0 0 0 purposes has shown that young bamboo culms of many species once cut and dried, are highly sus­ FACTORS AFFECTING THE ceptible to biological and physical deteriorations. Fast deterioration is observed in bamboos exposed DRYING OF WOOD to severe weather conditions, or used in contact To dry kiln operators and those engaged in the with moist soil. Biological destructions are caused drying of wood, it is important to know why and by termites, powder-post beetles and fungi. Physical how moisture travels through wood, where and deterioration is enhanced by the alternate action of how evaporation takes place, what factors influence sunlight and rain which adversely affects the strength drying, and how these factors influence drying rate of bamboo. Field tests have sho'"-TI that most and the behavior of wood during drying. bamboo species have low durability, averaging from 1/2 to 2 years in use. The use of more durable In drying a piece of wood, most, if not all, bamboos under proper construction designs will of its moisture is evaporated from the surfaces. help overcome these problems. Increased service­ Since most of this moisture is contained within the ability is expected of bamboos that are chemically wood, it follows that the bulk of it must find its treated or cured. way through the surfaces before it can be evapo­ rated. As wood dries, some forces or system of Preservation treatments of green bamboos '"'ith forces must be present to cause the movement of zinc chloride, ASCU, copper sulfate, boric acid, the moisture from the interior to the surfaces. and borax applied by (a) the Boucherie process and its various modifications, ( b) soaking, and ( c) Wood is a hygroscopic material and will ab­ spraying, etc., have been investigated. sorb or give off moisture according to the nature Results have shown that age. moisture content, of its surroundings. If immersed in water or placed anatomical structure, and form of bamboos, together in a moisture-saturated air, it will absorb moisture with the types of preservatives used are factors that until it reaches a saturated condition. On the other influence treatment. hand, if wood is exposed to drier air, it will lose 0 0 0 moisture into the air until it attains the equili­ brium moisture content, at which conditions, the THE PROBABLE MECHANISM OF THE absorption power of the air is equal to that of the wood. DISCOLORING ACTION OF FUNGI IN WOOD The mechanism by which moisture moves through Blue Stain wood is a complicated process involving a number of interrelated factors. Although valuable informa­ The so-called blue-stain commonly found in the tion has been made available on this subject, much sapwood of timbers is due to fungi, especially

ARBOR WEEK-FORESTRY DAY ISSUES - 1966 Page 91 species of Ceratocystio and Diplodia with dark­ White Rot and Brown Rot brown hyphae. ( Hyphae are minute vegetath·e thread-like structures). The dark coloring of the There are two broad classes of wood-rot. One hyphae of these groups of fungi could be attributed is white-rot, found in decomposed wood which is to the presence of melanin pigments found within usually white, and the other is brown-rot which their hyphae. If blue-stained wood is examined reduces the wood into a carbonaceous mass with under the microscope, numerous dark-bro\\n hyphae varying shades of brown. If the ~ttacking fungus can be seen \\;thout any sign of blue-staining is a bro\\n-rotter, the cellulose complex is removed in the walls. The bluish tinge, which is visible to and apparently absorbed by the fungus.. This the naked eye, is due to a phenomenon explained cytolytic action usually leaves a bro\\n, friable mass as being in a fonn of refraction induCt>d by the resembling charcoal in brittleness composed mainly scattering of light rays striking the very fine dari of the clements of the lignin complex. This gives the bro'A-nish color to the decomposed wood. In a hyphae, as seen through translucent cell walls. brown-rot, all components of the wood including Analogous to this phenomenon is thi> presence of the lignin, are decomposed. The bleaching effect bluish tinge on diluted milk or fresh cigarette smoke. induced by all white rotting fungi is probably explained by the destruction of pigments in the Other Types of Staining wood rather than by lignin destruction. This is not true, however, to the bleaching associated with While blue-stain is by far the most severe fonn white pocket rots because the pockets will ultimately of fungal staining of timber, other types of dis­ contain areas of almost pure cellulose fibers naturally coloration occur not infrequently in both softwoods white in color. and hardwoods. They are caused by a variety of fungi such as species of Penicillium, Fusarium and Narrow zone lines, usually black but sometimes Graphium. Many of these stains are brightly colored dark brown, are common phenomenon of many decays. They are frequently fonned in the white and most of them are due to the secretion of rots but are rare in the bro'A-n rots, and they are soluble pigments by the particular fungi. These more common in decayed wood of hardwoods than pigments di.Huse onto the surrounding areas. It is in conifers. The brown coloring of the zone line5 like placing a few crystals of copper sulphate in the could also be caused by the phenomenon of refrac­ bottom of a tall jar filled with water and letting tion or diffusion as assumed in the staining fungi. the mixture stand undisturbed, where the blue This assumption could only be true at the very color of the copper ions spreads slowly throughout early stages of decay wherein no major delignifica­ the liquid. Known as molecular diffusion. the copper tion has yet taken place. The coloring of the zone ions will deffuse through the molecules of gaseous, lines and the zone lines themselves eventually dis­ liquid, and solid substances. In the process of appear as decay progresses, be it either a white rot staining by these particular group of fungi, the or a brown rot. Some researchers also attribute pigments secreted by the mycelium can be com­ the zone lines in infected wood to the reactions pared to the copper sulphate crystals, while the between two wood-inhabiting fungi occupying the wood elements and high moisture content of the same substratum. Unfortunately, investigations along wood as the solid and liquid, respectively, through this line of research are inadequate to clarify their which the pigment ions could diffuse. occurrence.

THE PATH WE CHOOSE Some paths wander through shady woods, following winding creeks, seeking beauty of verdant p'lains, and wilds of mountain peaks. While others creep through gloomy swamps, reeking with damp decay, with never a gleam of sunshine to light the dreary day. And thus it is that each uf us shall have a choice to make, and we must plan most carefully which of the paths to take. For as we travel life's long road, our dreams of great success will come to us if we work with faith and eagerness. The way we play our part in life, and why we win or lose, depends to quite a large extent upon the path we choose. -Monitor

Page 92 FORESTRY LEAVES 7,here

President Ferdinand E. Marcos being briefed by FPRI Director Monsalud on the versatility of the trees on the forestry campus and the research activities of the Institute on the various ways of utilizing Philippine woods. With the president are Rep. Manuel Concordia (Laguna), Governor F. San Luis, presidential aide Hanz .Menzi and former FPRI Director E. de la Cruz.

Rep. Eladio A. Caliwara of Quezon underscores the import3)1ce of trees to the national eco­ nomy and the extensive reforestation efforts of Spain, before FPRI officials and employees, at the simple tree-planting ceremonies, at the institute, during the Arbor Week. The Philippine delegates to the 6th World Forestry Congress in Madrid, Spain, head!'d by Cong:r!'ssman Caliwara, Chairman of the House Committee on forests, planting a pin<' tr!'c S!'Pdling: for the rlelegation on the Spanish Coll<'g<' of Forestry campus, as one of the highlights of the world confab. Standing (I to r): For. Martin Rey<',;. Chief. Forest Research Div., Bureau of Forestry, Con­ gressman Caliwara, holding spade, 1\Iax Caliwara,Secr!'tary to the delegation h!'ad, :\kssrs. Pedro Picorndl and Jose Puyat, of the Paper Tndnstries of the Philippin!'s and Philippine Chamber of Wood lndustri!'s. r<'spectively. In front, holding the seedling:. (I to r): Congressman Jack Soriano (Pangasinan) and FPRI Dir<'ctor l\Ionsalud.

Dr. H. 0. Fleischer, director of research in forest products and wood engineering of the U.S. Forest Service stresses the role of scientific research, both basic and applied. in wood uti­ lization, during a joint convocation of the FPRI and the College of Forestry, in the Colleg<' Auditorium. BISLIG BAY MBER COMPANY Compliments of NCORPORATED Manulacfurers of Forest Products

PAPER INDUSTRIES CORPORATION OF THE PHILIPPINES

GENERAL MANAGERS: A. SORIANO Y CIA A. SORIANO BLDG., PASEO DE ROXAS MAKATI, RIZAL GENERAL MANAGERS: P.O. BOX - 942 - MANILA A.SORIANO Y CIA. Soriono Building, Paseo de Roxas, Makati, Rizal MEMaER- PHILIPPINE LUMBER PRODUCERS ASSOCIATION

Prof. D. Jacalne, Chairman of For· estry Information and Extension De­ partment beside the winning float (MOST SYMBOL­ ICAL) at the Lo­ yalty Day Parade. Dean Lantican in ~ huddle with U.P. Officials (I to r) : Dean Lanti· can, U.P. Pres., Dr. Herrera (fa­ cin~ map), Dr. N. Tablante and Prof. A. Villaflor.

At the merienda for Pres. Romulo and party (1 to r): Dr. N. Tablante, Miss E. Cabaua­ tan, Dean D. Lan­ tican, Pres. Romu­ lo, Dean Emeritus G. Zamuco, Dr. F. Orillo and Un­ d e r secretary of Agriculture, Vice Pres. (Los Baiios Affairs) and Dean D. Umali.

Forester Sana han· ding his donation ( Basketball ) to the President of the Forestry Stu· dent Body, T. Ta­ bayoyonit, and F. C. Baske t b a I l Team Capt., R. Romero. f ·•...

• . » __ ,

The Philippine Lumber Producer's Association plays host to Dr. F. Kim, forestry Pxpert of the FAO of the United Nations. (stationed at Bangkok), at the Penthouse, Bayview Hotel. (l to r): Mr. Antonio de las Alas, PLPA honorary president, Dr. Kim, delivering his speech, !\Ir. '.'\icolas Capistrano Jr., PLPA president, and Director Antonio Quejado, of the Bureau of Forestry.

Prof. Walter Liese, Director of Forestry Products Laboratory of Reinbek boi, Hamburg, West Germany conferring with FPRI officials on possible ways of solving their problems. He is on a lecture-tour in underdeveloped countries. The FPRI first prize-winning float at the Loyalty Day Parade Celebration, at which PresidPnt '.\Iarcos is the guest of honor and principal speaker.

President Romulo, Undersecretary and V.P. for CP Los Banos Affairs Umali, Dr. Herrera and members of the faculty of both the Colle11:es of Forestry and Agriculture listen to the briefing by Dir. !\Ionsalud on the activities of the FPRI...... -- ~--~~~~------~~ ------~------~--

Congressman E. Caliwara rrµ:isters as a "freshman" student in the College of Forestry during thr Registration Week in t11e Collee:e of Forestrv. He is shown here filling the forms while Dean Lantican (sitting), Prof. Recto. Coilegc Secretacy and FPRI Director l\fonsalud look on.

Congressman Caliwara v1sus the Albizsia Falcata nursery of the Nasipit Lumber Co., a coope­ rative project with the Bureau of Forestry and the Reforestation Administration.

The Col11>ge of Forestry Float adjudged the most symbolical float at the C. A. Loyalty Day Celebrations. The College of Forestry Float consistently won in previous Loyalty Day Festivities. At the U.P. 1966 Faculty Conference m Baguio. Cnlkee of Forestry Delel!ates Dean Lant;ean. Prof. 0. Valderrama, and Prof. N. Ver:i:ara (front row) with 'Prof. Abejo, President of the U.P. Facultv Association and ~Ir. E. Cajucom (fifth row).

The Freshman Class after their orientation program. Mrs. Ramirez and Mrs. Gavino, of the U. P. Counselling and Testing Center, were the main speakers. With them is Prof. Blando, Col­ lege Counselor. --

Dean Lantican briefing U. P. President Romulo on the College of Forestry history, policies and plans. The College of Forestry Faculty hosted the U. P. President, U. P. (Diliman) and C. A. Officials at a merienda after the meeting. ··~ !!~~ li, .. ~· .... ~ -··~ .:"- ...' -· ·.;,

- -

Gon'rnor Evangdis1a ddiverinp; a sperch during the Arbor Week ceremonies.

Division Superintendent and Mrs. F. Ablan planting their tree during the celebration.

First Lady of Laoag City planting her tref'. Governor J. E. Evangelista planting his tree during the arbor week celebration.

District Forester Bernabe S. Zu­ mel assisting in a tree planting ce­ remony at Sarrat, I. Norte.

Tree planting by Mayor C. Bal­ maceda Jr. THE COLLEGE OF FORESTRY FACL'LTY AND STAFF BASKETBALL TE_UI (:\LU. CHA.l\IPIO'.\', 1966-67) Kneeling, (I to r): Yic '.\lanarpaac, Boy Encabo, Tony Principe, Knepp Zabala, Flor Tr,oro and Cris Rrbugio. Standing, same ordn: Jun Revilla, Jess Rola. Rey de la Cruz, Dom Fauslino Jr. (Capt.), Boy Antonio, Willie Reboton and Boy Calara.

FSBO officers taking their oath of office at the Induclion Ceremonies (I to r): E. Luna, D. Pinaroc, (Sgts.-at-arms); F. Macaranas (PRO); A. Bernardo ( Athl. '.\fanager); V. Buenafior (Bus. Mgr.): A. Madlaing (Auditor); 1\1. Machacon (Treasurer); l\L Bonita (Secretary): T. Sarigumba (Vice Pres.) and T. Tabayoyong (President). '.'Jot pictured C. Sagrado (College Councilor to the U.P. Student Council).

"r~- - \: ~. THE COLLEGE OF FORESTRY VARSITY BASKETBALL TEAM 1966-'67 Standin11:, (I to r): Paquito Caliva (Scorer and Timer), Aristoteles Soller, Vi­ vcncio Apolinario, Jose Lapinid, Roberto Romero (Capt.), Mercedes Dairo (Muse), '.'lelson Yanez, Domingo Ramel Jr., Jose Garduque, Siiveniano Cafe, and Dominador Faustino Jr. (Coach). Kneeling, (I to r): Leoncito Dancel, Romeo Escudero, Cesar Pantaleon, Eleazar Abesamis and Danilo Sacramento. Students and employees of the U.P. College of Forestry arrive at the arbor week planting area.

Students and employees rece1vmg assignments in the field prior to the planting of Mahogany seedlings.

Students of the College of Agriculture and Forestry plant Fire tree seedlings along the Los Baiios Highway. Free drinks are being served, courtesy of the Los Baiios Municipal Council. • Forestry Ill the News

RP WOOD TRADE GAINS of PC abuses in Agusan made by Rep. Jose C. MOMENTUM Aquino of that province. Gaudencio S. Mafialac, president of the Philip­ Rep. Constantino C. Navarro ( L, Surigao de! pine Chamber of Wood Industries and director of the Norte), acting committee chairman, said Forestry Philippine Chamber of Industries, yesterday said Director Antonio Quejado and Col. Prudente Mar. that the development of industry and natural re­ Francisco, Agusan provincial commander have been sources in the ECAFE has gained momentum with invited to shed light on the charges. the past series of ECAFE conferences here, in Bangkok and in New Delhi, India and elsewhere, Took sides which he had attended. Aquino complained that PC troops used force and Japan ahead took sides in the right-of-way dispute in Agusan between the R. C. Aquino Timber & Plywood Co. Mafialac observed that Japan is the only country and the Bueno Industrial & Development Corp. in Asia who has progressed rapidly in economy because Japan was able to adopt economic policies Navarro said the controversy has built up into suitable to her conditions, in accordance with the "explosive proportions" despite the intervention of mode of life of her people and in consonance with Malacafiang. It centers, he said, on the use of a the goal set by her own leaders. P3-million road built by the Aquino firm to link The PCWI president said that "though the Philip­ his forest concession areas to the national highway. pines started its reconstruction and rehabilitation of Trouble, according to Navarro, has arisen from economy three years after independence, it was not the implementation of the Supreme Court decision until 1961 that it has regained the rate of pre-war to the effect that the Bueno firm may use the log­ level of growth in its agricultural production." ging road provided it contributes to the maintenance. "But even while we rehabilitated and recon­ structed the agricultural pattern of our economy Relieved, returned in 1949, the need to industrialize the country was felt and plans and actions programs were adopted As a result of the dispute, Colonel Francisco to bring about a long felt need of our people," was relieved and then returned to his Agusan post Mafialac added. several times.

Maiialac noted that in 1949, a system of import "We want to go down to the roots of this peace and exchange control was adopted by the Philip· and order problem before bloodshed erupts," Navar­ pines with the primodial aim of channeling the ro said. foreign exchange holdings of the country. The committee is now looking into various com­ Mafialac added that the system is also aimed plaints of alleged unjustified killings of criminal at providing more employment opportunities and suspects by armed forces personnel. adjustin~ the import-export economy. 0 0 0

Capacity good ARBOR WEEK CONTEST He pointed out that "while the Philippines had a very late start in the pursuit of industrializ.ation, The Arbor Week on-the-spot essay writing con­ our industrial entrepreneurs, nevertheless, have de­ test sponsored by the Children's Museum and Libra­ monstrated the capacity to adopt themselves to ry will be held from 9 to 11 :30 a.m. Sunday, July western methods." 10, at the Aurora A. Quezon Elementary School, 0 0 0 Cordillera St., Quezon City. Dionisio S. Salazar is the contest chairman. AGUSAN PC FACES HOUSE PROBE Filipino youth and other nationals residing in The House national defense committee yesterday the Philippines not over 21 years are eligible to set for 10 a.m. Monday its inquiry into complaints participate.

ARBOR WEEK-FORESTRY DAY ISSUES - 1966 Page 93 Topics will be announced a few minutes before Barredo explains 'hTiting time. A composition in English or Filipino must be from 750 to 1,200 words. Justifying the President's directive, Barredo ex­ plained that the purpose of the much-criticized Laminated certificates will be awarded to the directive is to develop the timber industry "and first three top 'hinners and certificates to honorable not just to export logs." mentions. In trying to soothe the feelings of the small The last day for submission of entries to the concessionaires, the solicitor general said Director Arbor Week poetry contest sponsored by the CMLI Quejado had assured him that henceforth no new has been extended to July 24. directive will be issued without consulting him Entries from Filipino youths and other nationals (Barredo). residing in the Philippines not over 21 years ma} Also under the President's controversial directive, either be in English or Filipino based on the general the concessions of big-time loggers will be reduced theme "Magtanim Upang Umunlad." to 100,000 hectares each and the excess to be given Each entry must not be less than 12 lines nor to the members of the cooperative of small loggers. more than 24, typewritten on ordinary-sized bond -R paper, double-spaced in quadruplicate, signed with 0 0 0 the author's pseudonym. Real name, pen name, address, and age of the contestant must be written FORESTRY MEN FACE RAPS on a separate sheet, enclosed in a sealed envelop FOR SMUGGLING and attached to the entry. Chinese ship loaded with unmarked logs The first three top winners in each language division will receive laminated certificates and three President Marcos, in a memorandum, Thursday honorable mentions will be awarded certificates. instructed the director of the bureau of forestry to dismiss bureau personnel responsible for the illegal Entries and inquiries regarding these contests export of logs. must be sent to: Dionisio S. Salazar, Contest Chair­ man, Children's Museum and Library, Inc., East The President issued the memorandum after Ave., Quezon City, P.O. Box 1610, Manila or Tels. receiving a report from Gen. Pelagio Cruz ( Ret.), 2-62-23, 2-09-01 and 8-10-40. chairman of the Anti-Smuggling Action Center 0 0 0 (ASAC) that the ss Tainan, of Taiwan registry, was apprehended with a shipment of unmarked and other­ CRACKDOWN ON DUMMIES wise illegally cut logs in Dingalan Bay. Probe of foreigners in timber industry eyed One of the vigorous campaigns now being waged by the administration is that against illegal logging, DAVAO CITY, July 8-Solicitor General Aquino in view of the menace that the denudation of Barredo will look into the citizenship of aliens en­ Philippine forests presents to the economy and the gaged in the timber industry. security of the country, particularly in the loss The country's chief government prosecutor made of watersheds and the danger of Hoods. this announcement during the induction of the In his memorandum, the President ordered act­ officers of the Small Concessionaires and Loggers ing Forestry Director Antonio Quejado to investi­ Association here recently. gate the shipment at once with a view to pin­ pointing responsibility for releasing for export the Against FM directive logs discovered on the Taiwanese vessel. The SCLA, composed of 146 loggers in the city He told the forestry director to pinpoint the and province of Davao and headed by City Coun­ officials and employes involved in the venality and cilor Jose Salcedo Quimpo, has voioed strong ob­ dismiss them at once. In addition, he instructed jection to the directive of President Marcos stop­ that all logs for export must be double-checked, ping the operation of loggers with a concession of marked and validated. less than 20,000 hectares. The President emphasized that all forestry per­ Issued last month through Forestry Director sonnel must be apprised of his determination to Antonio Quejado, the directive requires the so-called cancel illegal exports of logs, and that those found small loggers to form a cooperative within one year guilty of conniving with log smugglers and illegal or cease operation. operators be dismissed immediately.

Page 94 FORESTRY LEAVES The President underlined the fact that such Future dim illegal acfaities had deprived the government of much-needed revenue. Miranda said that this act was one of mortgag­ ing the future of this community for the imme­ diate needs of the municipality.

Criminal neglect The Natividad Varsitarians. Association, an or­ ganization of college students from this town, has GOV'T OFFICIALS FAIL TO joined the crusade launched by Miranda against th~ CHECK DENUDATION destruction of forests in this town.

NATIVIDAD, Pangasinan, May 10-(PNS)-The In a letter to Miranda, the group expressed complacency of both the local and national authori­ appreciation to the former school teacher for his ties have contributed to the steady denudation of "profound concern for the well-being of the coming Caraballo Mountains and surrounding forests. generations of our town.

Their failure, which over the long years amount to criminal neglect, is now threatening this town Youth's view with severe economic hardship in the years ahead. "We, the youth, feel the same way as you dtJ for in the near future the responsibility of mould­ Civic movement ing the destiny of our lethargic town will lie in our hands," the varsitarians said. Because of this threat, some civic-spirited citizens are spearheading a civic movement aimed at ( 1) jolt­ The organization also assailed the inaction of ing government officials out of their complacency the municipal officials toward the rape of the forests. into action in protecting the municipal forests; and (2) taking direct action to preserve the town's Value of forests natural resources. In castigating the municipal officials, the youth Among these private citizens is Benito Miranda, said that "it is unfortunate that our municipal retired school teacher, who has spearheaded a fight officials did not have a clear understanding of the against the toleration by municipal officials of the value of our forests." indiscriminate destruction of the municipal forests. The local youth organization offered to support During a meeting sponsored by the Presidential Miranda in his drive to preserve the forests of Assistant on Community Development, Miranda as­ Natividad and thus save the town from a bleak sailed the municipal authorities for their failure to future. adopt measures to protect the forests of this town. 0 0 0

Not his concern CANCELLATION OF TIMBER In answering Miranda, a high-ranking municipal LICENSE URGED official reportedly said that the destruction of the BUTUAN CITY, July 9-(PNS)-Brig. Gen. Caraballo Mountains was not his concern but the Segundo P. Velasco, chief of constabulary, and concern of the national government. Forestry Director Antonio Quejado have recom­ mended to President Marcos the cancellation of the Miranda observed that the destruction of forest timber license granted to Rafael C. Aquino, president resources had been aggravated by the non-prosecution and general manager of a logging firm bearing his of those who have violated the forestry laws and name, on Dec. 16, 1963, covering an area of by the seeming unconcern of local officials over the 52,095 hectares of timberlands in Agusan. rape of the forests. The recommendation was made on the basis Proving furthermore that some municipal officials of the findings of PC and bureau of forestry officials had no inkling whatsoever about the importance who recently inspected the concession area being of forests to this town, Miranda recalled that the disputed by Aquino and Valeriano Bueno, president municipal government had once asked for the release and general manager of the Bueno Industrial and of a vast tract of communal forest to private per­ Development Corporation, in compliance with a sons in order to augment the revenue of the muni­ presidential directive to settle the conflict between cipal government. the two lumbermen.

ARBOR WEEK-FORESTRY DAY ISSUES - 1966 Page 95 At the same time the constabulary and forestry Do this again on the other side of the seedbed personnel in Agusan were directed by Velasco to insure that the top root is severed. and Quejado to enforce strictly the forest laws After a few days, remove the seedlings that have and regulations to both warring factions in this wilted, in two and one-half months the root-pruned case and in implementation of the presidential seedlings v.-ill be re.ady for field planting. directive. the constabulary likewise was ordered to 0 0 0 collect all firearms in the name. of both Aquino ancl Bueno. Business of the Times According to the findings of the PC-forestry team, the Rafael C. Aquino timber and plywood LOGGING STILL ON IN SAMAT company allegedly had violated the provisions of Vnconfirmed reports have it that logging opera­ his permit for road right-of-way which passes tions continued to unabated at the Mt. Samat through the concession area of the Bueno industrial national park reservation despite President Marcos· and dewlopment corporation by conducting illegal edict declaring the area off-limits for log cutting. operations therein. The permit expired on June The Chief Executive was reportedly impelled to 30, 1964. make such a declaration after seeing the thorough denudation of the reservation during his last visit A provision in the permit stated that all logs when he placed a marker on the site where cut in the area of Bueno industrial should be he fought. turned over to the licensee. In the same permit, 0 0 0 there was a stipulation allowing the owner of the concession the use of the road which was UNIFORMS FOR FOREST GUARDS SET constructed by the Rafael C. Aquino timber and plywood company. All the checkpoints established BAGUIO, June 1-Forestry Director Antonio A. by Aquino along this road were removed by the Quejado ordered all forest guards of the 'bureau PC-forestry implementing team in accordance v.ith of forestry to wear uniforms while on official duty President Marcos' order. effective July 1, this year. 0 0 0 The directive was embodied in Forestry Memo­ randum Order No. 75, issued by Quejado recently. PRUNING ROOTS OF MAHOGANY The forestry head said that the innovation "would COLLEGE, Laguna, July 9-(PNS)-Prune the avoid or minimize mistaken identities and impostors roots of mahogany seedlings nad make them grow as forestry officials apprehending "iolators of forestry sturdier. rules and regulations."

This is the advice of researchers at the UP Gray suit college of agriculture in Los Baiios, Laguna. The uniform will be a long-sleeved shirt, trou­ According to the researchers, pruning the roots sers, cap and belt will come in gray Pag-asa fabric of the seedlings while still in the seedbed induces for purposes of economy. their development. Forest guards shall display their official badges There are less deaths among root pruned seed­ on the left front pocket of their shirt while on dul}. lings when planted in the field, the researchers said. As a complement to the uniform, forest guards Here's how to prune the roots of seedlings: v.-ill also wear shoulder patches. Get a spade with a sharp blade and thrust it at a The prescribed pair of shoes in either black 45-degree angle against the seedbed and four to leather or rubber shoes. five inches away from the stem of the seedlings. 0 0 0

The right angle fr<>m which to approach any problem is the try angle.

Misfortune can't keep dogging us if we bee<>me dogged enough.

Page 96 FORESTRY LEAVES News

BAGUIO REGIONAL FORESTRY court of Sto. Tomas, Batangas on June 30, 1966 EXTENSION OFFICE APPROVED against Isabelo Borja, Benigno Borja, Victorino To­ ralba and Abelardo Toralba. The authority to establish a Regional Forestry Extension Office in Baguio City was approved by In rendering the decision, Judge Loreto M. Gue­ the Board of Regents on its 7 48th meeting held last vara said that the accused having found guilty July 22, as a result of the recommendation of the beyond reasonable doubt of violating Sec. 2751 of President of the University. the Rev. Adm. Code, as further amended by Rep. Act No. 3701, are hereby sentenced as follows: In his recommendation to the Board of Regents, U.P. President Carlos P. Romulo justified the creation Crim. Case No. 599-the accused Isabelo Borja of the regional office as one which \11,;ll accelerate shall suffer imprisonment of Six ( 6) months, plus the forestry extension drive in the Northern Luzon a fine of !"339.68 (which is four times the P82.92 area in line with the provisions of R. A. 3523 to government charges), under paragraph (c), Sec. promote a nationwide program on public information 2759. and education in forestry. Crim. Case No. 600-the accused Benigno Toralba Meanwhile, Prof. Domingo V. Jaca1•e, chairman shall suffer imprisonment of Six ( 6) months, plus of the Department of Forestry Extension, said that a fine of P729.56 (which is four times the !"182.92 it is the first of four regional forestry extension government charges), under par. (c), Sec. 2751 of offices to be established in the country. He added the Rev. Adm. Code, as further amended by Rep. that the regional offices are intended to help carry Act No. 2759; and out effectively the various programs and activities of forestry extension work. Crim. Case No. 601-the accused Victorino and Abelardo Torralba shall suffer imprisonment of Six The regional forestry extension office in Baguio (6) months, plus a fine of P967.92 (which is four City will be opened sometime in September, dis­ times the !"241.98 government charges), under par. closed Prof. Jacalne. (c), Sec. 2751 of the Rev. Adm. Code, as further 0 0 0 amended by Rep. Act No. 2759. SUMMER CLASSES TURN OUT The decision further stated that said accused 16 GRADUATES shall suffer imprisonment at the rate of one ( 1) day for every P2.50 fine in case of insolvency. The graduation of 16 candidates for the BSF degree and Ranger Certificate from the U.P. College The cases were filed on March 9, 1966 by Prof. of Forestry at the end of the 1966 Summer Classes Rodrigo C. Fabro, superintendent of the Makiling was approved by the College faculty during their Forest, against the accused for violation of the provi­ meeting held at the Conference Room, Wood Tech­ sions of Sec. 2751 of the Rev. Adm. Code, as further nology Building, last August 10. amended by Rep. Act No. 3701, which prohibits Candidates for the BSF degree were: Candido destruction to public forests (known as "kaingin" T. Agbisit, Laureano B. Lingan, Laureano L. Marzan, system) and providing penalties thereof. The public Herculano A. Maulit, Roberto L. Rosales, Charnlong forests alleged to have been destroyed are located Saapaisarl, Alfredo M. Sadioa, Arturo C. Sazon, in Sitio Bilog-Bilog, San Antonio, Sto. Tomas, Ba­ Angel U. Soriano and Eufemia Tamolang. tangas. For the Ranger Certificate were: Wilfredo P. Legal oflicer for the College was Atty. Ro­ Carbone!, Amado V. Ramos, Rizalino M. Tavita, mualdo Eclavea and the defense counsel was Atty. Cesar G. Ursua and Renato B. Rivera. Claro Almeda~ 0 0 0 During the trial the prosecution presented testi­ UPCF WINS CASES ON monial and documentary evidence which established the fact that the accused were caught by Forest ILLEGAL KAINGIN Rangers in Mt. Makiling on February 25, 1966 The U.P. College of Forestry won on criminal . in the ack of working their respective kaingin in cases No. 599, 600 and 601 filed at the municipal Sitio Bilog-Bilog. Likewise, in their joint affidavit

ARBOR WEEK-FORESTRY DAY ISSUES - 1966 Page 97 dated '.\larch 31, 1966 they admitted having made Appointed by Pres. Ferdinand E. Marcos were destruction to public forests in the said sitio. This ExecutiYe Secretary Rafael Salas, Pio Pedrosa and affidaYit was admitted as evidence and it established Prof. Emeritus Tomas Fonacier. the fact beyond reasonable doubt. 0 0 0 Regent Pio Pedrosa is the president of the Chamber of Commerce of the Philippines, while, Regent Tomas Fonacier is the .director of the DFE'S 4-H FORESTRY PROJECT University office of alumni relations. APPROVED BY NATIONAL 0 0 0 COUNCIL TREE PLANTING CLIMAXES ARBOR The proposed 4-H Forestry Project of the Depart­ ment of Forestry Extension was formally accepted WEEK CELEBRATION by the National 4-H Club Advisory Council of the The College of Forestry ended the nation-wide Philippines, Inc., during the council's meeting on Arbor Week celebration with a whole-day mass tree August 10, this year. \Vith the addition of the forestry planting in Mt. Makiling last July 30. project, 4-H club members all over the country ha\'e now 10 different projects to undertake or select from. Some 12,000 seedlings of mahogany and rubber tree species were planted on a IO-hectare kaingined Meanwhile, Prof. Domingo V. Jacalne disclosed area on Mt. Makiling by the students, non-academic that under the 4-H Forestry Project, there are five personnel and faculty members alike. specific projects to be implemented. These are tree 0 0 0 appreciation, tree identification, wood collection, Christmas tree growing project, and fuelwood pro­ duction project. PASCUA DONATES SWIMMING 0 0 0 POOL EQUIPMENT Prof. Agustin Pascua who will retire from the VERGARA DETAILED WITH PES service on August 25th, recently donated a set of Prof. Napoleon T. Vergara, chairman of the De­ equipment for the forestry swimming pool and pavi­ partment of Forest Resources Management and as­ lion. The donations consisted of one plastic water sistant professor of forestry economics, is at present hose with complete accessories for toilet-water deposit. temporarily detailed with the Presidential Economic Mr. Teofilo Ay-yad, in-charge of the forestry Staff in Manila, effective July 25 until December swimming pool and pavilion, received the donations 31, 1966. in behalf of the College. Prof. Vergara will work for at least two days 0 0 0 a week with the Agricultural Program Office as a consultant on forestry economics and forest conserva­ VERGARA ELECTED PENSIONADO tion. He is expected to do the follo\\ing. CLUB ADVISER 1. Submit an appraisal on the present policies on Prof. Napoleon T. Vergara, chairman of the forest utilization conservation as a basis for policy Department of Forest Resources Management, was recommendations to the President. elected adviser of the forestry Pensionado Club last 2. Prepare an implementing plan for the reor­ July 28, for the schoolyear 1966-1967. ganization of the three forestry agencies in the 0 0 0 country. UPCF THAI ALUMNUS 3. Initiate appropriate steps in introducing stump­ age system of timber valuation. VISITS COLLEGE 4. Assist in the evaluation of forestry matters Dr. Chongrak Prichananda from Thailand recent­ brought to the attention of the President's office ly paid the UPCF a visit after several years of and requiring the usual staff analysis. absence. Dr. Chongrak was on his way to Thailand 0 0 0 from the United States where he finished his doctor­ ate degree in forestry from Syracuse University. FM APPOINTS NEW UP REGENTS The Thai visitor finished his Bachelor of Science Malacafiang recently announced the appointments in Forestry degree at the U.P. College of Forestry of three new members of the Board of Regents in 1957 and master's degree at the Oregon State ot the University of the Philippines. University.

Page 98 FORESTRY LEAVES He is now a faculty member at Kasetsart Univer­ UP LAGUNA LAND GRANT sity in Bangkok, Thailand. SURVEY ENDS 0 0 0 The forest survey at the 3,500-hectare UP Laguna EXTENSION MAN CAUGHT IN Land Grant area in the towns of Paete, Pakil and TENDER TRAP Pafigil was terminated recently. This was learned from Mr. Adolfo V. Revilla, "Jr., faculty-in-charge Mr. Anacleto C. Duldulao of the Department and forest management specialist of the College of of Forestry Extension and the former Miss Ofelia Forestry. Revilla was assisted by Mr. Neptale Q. Dilig of Balanga, Bataan were united during the Zabala, UPCF forest range management specialist. simple nuptial ceremonies held at the Philam Homes According to Revilla, the survey had the follow­ Chapel last August 6 in Quezon City. The rites ing specific objectives, namely: ( 1) to estimate exist­ took place at 5: 30 in the morning. ing timber resource in the area; (2) to ascertain Mr. Jose D. Olivar and Forester Jose Rayos, Col­ extent of logging operation; ( 3) to determine suit­ lege of Forestry administrative officer and chief of ability of area or portion thereof for range purposes, the Planting Stock Section, Reforestation Administra­ agricultural and others; and ( 4) to locate permanent tion, respectively, stood as sponsors. Mr. Rogelio A. camp sites. Camero of DFE was the best man. The survey, with an appropriation of '1'10,000, 0 0 0 employed 20 new forestry graduates as timber cruisers and 12 laborers. The work lasted for 20 days. JCPIEF APPROVES ROLLING 0 0 0 FORESTRY EXHIBIT PLAN The members of the Joint Committee on Public LANTICAN CELEBRATES NATAL DAY Information and Education in Forestry, chairmanned Dean Domingo M. Lantican of the College of by Prof. Domingo V. Jacalne, approved the plan Forestry celebrated his 4lst natal day last August to put up a rolling forestry exhibit in their meet­ 4. A surprised "Ice Cream" party was tendered ing held last Aug. 11 at the Conference Room in the afternoon by the faculty and non-academic of the Wood Technology Building. personnel of the College in honor of the celebrant.

According to Prof. Jacalne, this project, which is After the party, Mr. Celso B. Lantican, chairman one of the many aspects of public information and of the Faculty Acti'"ities Committee, presented a education in forestry, will pro'"ide the high school gift to the Dean. students a chance to know and understand some of Likewise, Prof. Domingo V. Jacalne, chairman the important values of forests, as well as the of the Department of Forestry Extension, solemnly present problems of forestry and some of the essen­ observed his 45th birthday anniversary on the tial practices and measures of forest conservation. 0 0 0 same day. 0 0 0

UPCF FACULTY GRABS BASKETBALI. POLLISCO THANKS DFE FOR CHAMPIONSHIP GAME MAKILING NEWS The College of Forestry faculty basketball team Prof. Filiberto S. Pollisco sent a letter of thanks grabbed the championship title this year when they to Prof. Domingo V. Jacalne, chairman of the gunned down College of Agriculture faculty team Department of Forestry Extension, for the copies with the score of 77-69 during the championship of the Makiling News which he had received. game held at the Baker Hall last Aug. 3. The forestry team maintained its lead from the start In his letter, Prof. Pollisco wrote that the Maki­ to finish. ling News, which he shares with Prof. Enriquito D. de Guzman and some of UPCF's former American The annual basketball tournament was sponsored Visiting Professors, serves as the only connecting by the Makiling Athletic Association. The associa­ link between them and the College of Forestry. tion is composed of faculty and non-academic per­ "Our thirst for news concerning any development sonnel of the Colleges of Agriculture and Forestry in the Los Banos campus as well as the university and the International Rice Research Institute. in general is satisfactorily quenched by this college 0 0 0 newsletter," added Prof. Pollisco.

ARBOR WEEK-FORESTRY DAY ISSUES - 1966 Page 99 Prof. Pollisco is presently enrolled at the State 1. Where the trip will not involve the expenditure University of New York College of Forestry in Syra­ of government funds. cuse, New York, pursuing his Ph.D. degree in timber physics and mechanics. Trips under this category shall be those on official 0 0 0 time only, that is at no government expense except salary. They shall however, be carefully screened with a view to determining whether or not the TESORO FIRST CHILD DIES purpose thereof would eventually serve the public The first-born child of Prof. & Mrs. Florentino interest. Unless direct benefits are clearly shown, 0. Tesoro died last July 31 after living for five mere observations in fields of study or work allied to days only. The child was born at San Pablo City one's official duties shall not be considered sufficient hospital and was named Jacinto Rolf. justification. 2. Where the trip is for the purpose of comply­ Prof. Tesoro is at present in the Federal Republic ing with an international commitment of the Philip­ of Germany undergoing special training in the field of wood science and technology. pine Government. This covers trips relating to Philippine Govern­ Some members of the faculty and non-academic ment commitments to international bodies or organiza­ personnel of the College, headed by Dean Domingo tions, especially to the United Nations and its spe­ M. Lantican, attended the funeral in Bay, Laguna. 0 0 0 cialized agencies. Under this category, only the minimum number of officials shall be proposed, and where necessary, additional participants or delegates UPFA MEETING ANNOUNCED shall be enlisted from the Philippine diplomatic The U.P. Faculty Association (Los Bafios Chap­ and consular missions abroad. ter) will hold its meeting tomorrow, August 16, 3. Where the trip would directly redound to the 6 : 30 p.m., at the International House, College of financial benefit of the country. Agriculture campus. This was learned from the announcement received by the Secretary's office. Among those falling under this category are trips the purpose of which is to solicit funds or negotiate Among the matters to be taken up are the loans needed for vital public projects. following: 4. Where the trip is in connection with a scholar­ 1. Proposed criteria for faculty promotion. ship, fellowship or training grant. 2. Program and social affairs committee report. 3. Agro-industrial fair. Under this category are trips in connection with scholarships, fellowships, and training grants secured. Dinner will be served for 1"2.50 per plate. arranged or sponsored by the Philippine Government 0 0 0 or a.1y of its instrumentalities, or those offered by outstanding foreign universities and foundations, and NEW POLICY ON TRAVEL others of similar nature, in field of study or work ABROAD BARED allied to the grantee's official duties and where the Government will incur the least expense. The Office of the President of the Philippines recently issued Memorandum Circular No. 56 pre­ The memorandum further stated that those falling under the first three above-mentioned exceptions scribing a new policy on official travel abroad of are subject to approval by the Office of the President government officials and employees. and those under No. 4 by the Special Committee The memorandum, among others, states that no on Scholarship under the Chairmanship of the Secre­ ofticial travel of government personnel will be al­ tary of Foreign Affairs. lowed, except in the following cases: • • •

Page 100 FORESTRY LEAVES Campus Notes

TABAYOYONG ELECTED SOLON IS LONE UPCF FSBO PRESIDENT SPECIAL STUDENT Theodore R. Tabayoyong, the standard bearer Rep. Eladia Caliwara of Quezon is at present of the Student Party, vested his arch-rival for enrolled as a special student at the College of the FSBO presidency, Allen Torrenueva of the Duty Forestry, University of the Philippines. Above All Party, in an election held August 12. He is taking up F.S-1 (Introduction to Forestry) Supported by the Zeta Beta Rho, Alpha Phi and a special study. The Congressman said he is Omega, Upsilon Signa Phi and the U.P, Varrons. taking up these courses to acquire more knowledge Ltd., President-elect Tabayoyong led the Student and skill in technical forestry so he could serve Party into a nearly complete sweep of the F.SBO as a model to the youth regarding the importance election. Tabayoyong garnered 178 votes, defeating of forestry to economic advancement and nation­ the standard bearer of the DAAP by 24 votes. building. The elected officers with their party designations Caliwara ( LP) who is also the Chairman of are as follows: the Committee on Forests in the house of repre­ sentatives, is the first congressman who has ever President-Theodore Tabayoyong (SP); Vice­ enrolled in this college. president-Terencio Sarigumba (SP); Secretary­ 0 0 0 Manuel Bonita (SP); Treasurer-Mariano Machacon (SP); Auditor-Arturo Madlaing (SP); Business Manager-Victor BuenaHor (SP); Athletic Manager UPCF ENROLLMENT BARED -Anacleto Bernardo (Ind.); PRO-Florencio Maca­ The enrollment of the College of Forestry swelled ranas (SP); Sergeants-at-arms-Domingo Pinaroc to 597 this semester. This was revealed by the (SP); Esmeraldo Luna (SP); College Councilor­ Secretary's Office after the late registration period. Carmelito .Sagrado (SP). Of the 597, 540 are "genuine" forestry students, The SP-controlled Student Council promised to one special student, 2 graduate students and 54 pursue their party platforms during their term of cross-registrants from the College of Agriculture. And office. The president-elect said that their paramount of the 540 "genuine" forestry students, 360 are concern will be the making of the College of enrolled in the BSF curriculum and the rest in the Forestry as a "Home Sweet Home" for the Students Ranger curriculum. "Away From Home". 0 0 0 The college election was held simultaneously with the university election for officers of the U .P. UPCF SCHOLARS LISTED Student Council. The Office of the College Secretary recently 0 0 0 released the names of students who are enjoying different scholarship grants. The College scholars COLLEGE OF FORESTRY ENROLLMENT are as follows: Catalino Blanche ( R.A.) - ( 1.55), The Secretary's Office of the College of Forestry Florencio Macaranas (R.A.) - (1.6), Manuel Bonita released the registration results for the first semester (R.A.) - (1.6) and Eliezer Lorenzo (Alcantara and of school year 1966-1967 last August 4. It also Sons) - (1.6). gave the result on the freshman examination held The following are the entrance scholars: Eufro­ July 2, 1966 which was taken by 161 students in sina de Leon, Rogelio Jamorabon, Luis Lopez, Fran­ the freshman year. Leading the list of examinees cisco Marsamolo, Canecio Munoz, Cenon Padolina, is Quimbo with a score of 92 out of 106 items. Reynaldo Raquisiaga, Jose Sargento, Alejandro Toledo 0 0 0 and Gualberto Tortoza.

ARBOR WEEK-FORESTRY DAY ISSUES - 1966 Page 101 The new RA (Reforestation Administration) scho­ into crews and further grouped under the super­ lars are : .Melanio Castro, Louis Laudencia, Antonio vision of Faculty members. There were also Faculty Oliva, Abraham Saguid and Danilo Taguilig. representatives of the departments in the College ot Agriculture. The program after lunch like in The new BF (Bureau of Forestry) scholars are: previous years was not held due to bad weather. Nelson Batalla, Virgilio Ramos, Alejandro Salinas Jr., 0 0 0 Cosme Santiago and Rolando Uy Jr. Meanwhile, a summary of the college enrollment RESIDENCE HEAD BARES runs as follows : DORMITORY PROBLEMS Freshmen: BSF-186; Ranger-120. Forestry Residence Hall head, Sabino Igcasan said that accommodation is a grave problem of the Sophomore: dormitory. The Residence Hall at present is accom­ BSF-65; Ranger-60; Junior-69; Seniors- modating more than its capacity. Instead of having 40. Total-597 (including one special student, the total capacity 152 students, occupants now num­ two graduate students and fifty-four cross­ ber 176 students. The accommodation problem was registrants) . brought about by the new freshmen and the refusal 0 0 0 of the Juniors and Seniors to leave the dormitory.

Lighting facilities is also a problem. Some of UPCF PARTICIPATES IN '66 the rooms

Page 102 FORESTRY LEAVES plants therein and to help in the re-planting of tree FORESTRY GLOWING GOLDIES seedlings in the area. ON PARADE 0 0 0 With the resumption of athletic hostilities among MORE RANGERS FOR THE the different units of the university here in Los Baiios, the Forestry Glowing Goldies are once again MAKILING FORESTS in the limelights. This years' crop of athletes will Five additional forest guards were absorbed by be on their foes for the duration of the intramurals the Department of Makiling Forests from the 1966 in their effort to bring home the honors, of not the batch of ranger graduates. Their appointments took general "championship," for the College of Forestry. effect last June. 0 0 0 The five new rangers are: Ramon Sanchez, Gene­ In basketball, making up the Forestry Glowing raldo Nicolas, Dominador Egargo, Teofila Naoe, and Goldies this year are eight mainstay and nine recruits, Juanita Ordinario. mostly from the Freshman and Sophomore students. 0 0 0 The old members are: Robert Romero (this year's UPCF DEAN DISCUSSES skipper), Roger Andrada (co-capt. ) Holly U anang, COLLEGE PROBLEMS Guy Abesamis, Romy Escudero, Fred Dagondon, Peping Garduque, and Cesar Pantaleon. In an interview with Dr. Domingo Lantican, the newly appointed Dean stressed housing as the The upcoming are: Save Cafe, Baldy Laccay, number one problem of both faculty and students Leony Dancel, Jun Hamel, Joe Lapinid, Danny Sac­ of the College of Forestry. He mentioned that lack ramento, Teling Soller, Nelson Yanez and Ven Apo­ of residential houses made some faculty members linario. to resign and students in the dormitory are occupy­ Though their first appearance had been unfor­ ing rooms that cannot comfortably hold the present tunate, they are still sure hot enough to grab the number of occupants. Accordingly the College had basketball title. long been asked for assistance from the university 0 0 0 but was told that there were no funds. The College also planned to get a loan from the GSIS but For their first debut, the newly completed forestry such move was deferred. It was argued that the men's volleyball team lost from the Juniors last construction of another dormitory would result in August with straight two set. higher rentals for students. Composing the Men's Volleyball Glowing Goldies Speaking on the method used in student recruit­ are Nick Fuente (captain), Pelusio Celzo, Mateo ment, Dr. Lantican pointed out that the quality Saagundo, Jose Arances, Policarpio Martinez, Mar­ of students admitted does not depend on recruit­ celino Viernes, AHredo Pugal, David Corpuz, Oscar ment but rather on the "basic make-up of high Gapuz, Eduardo Tabara, Amado Cenizan nd Marlyn school graduates." Furthermore, he said that we Dumlao. could not as yet use the results of the entrance examinations as the basis for screening the students' Because of the high-caliber performance showing admission into the College. by the Aggie Juniors on tackling their just assignment it is speculated by Volleyball afficionados that they Discussing the problems of General Education ·will keep the title they captured last year. Staff, Dr. Lantican said that the administration 0 0 0 had been criticized for not subsidizing this depart­ ment in terms of scholarship grants abroad. How­ In football, in the other hand, the seventeen ever, the College dean made mention the fact that promising goldies who recently passed the football there is no provision in the college program that tryouts held last August, at the Forestry Football the faculty of the General Education Department playground will propel the forestry squad. This year's be included in assistanship. According to him, the team will be composed of eleven regular players College is trying its best in helping General Educa­ and six alternates. tion Staff in seeking scholarship abroad. The players are: Jirapun Kongsar (capt.), Somsak As for the Forestry Extension department's Charaenkosal, Patanan Nantarat, Vadhana Damasidhi, achievements and accomplishments, the Dean opined Boonab Pochakorn, Liban Bay-oan, Cecilio Bidal, that it was very difficult to assess these, since they Anacleto Bernardo, Romulo Balod, Paquito Caliva, are abstract and intangible, and, naturally, difficult Marianito Cajucom, Modesto Casison, Marlyn Dum­ to evaluate. lao, Romeo Escudero, Donato Sadioa, Theodore Ta­ 0 0 0 bayoyong and Marcelino Viernes.

ARBOR WEEK-FORESTRY DAY ISSUES - 1966 Page 103 OUT OF DANGER the ones they get the condensed tnilk from?" was the child's next querry. Johnny wanted to go with his big brother (aged twelve) to play with the Smith boys. "No, I can't take you with me," said the elder. "Why not?" "They'll teach you to swear, for one thing." "But PERFECTION you go with them yourself," was Johnny's argument. A dramatic critic was arguing with an actor "Oh, but I swear already." friend on the merits of certain stage noterieties.. He 0 had faults to find in each and all of the famous stars, and the actor, getting impatient, eventually THE PESSIMIST said: "Tell me, whom do you consider to be a really finished actor?" The answer came pat. "A One vile morning in Flanders a captured dead one, my boy! German spy was being conducted to the place of 0 0 his execution. As he plunged on through the mud with the escort and firing party, he complained continually about the weather. One of the soldiers THE VALUE OF ART became annoyed at last, and said : "You ought to grouse, you did. What about us? We got to Many stories are told of the "New Rich" and march all the - way back!" the Profiteer. Here is one : The munition king was 0 0 0 showing a guest the treasures of his palatial mansion. Amongst other things was a collection of rare china, WORTH A TIP with one piece of extreme rarity. "Loot at that, my boy!" enthused the profiteer. "Wonderful piece On another occasion Solomon was horror-stricken that. Cost me three thousand. Only specimen in to see his friend Cohen, after dining at a restaurant, existence." "But aren't you afraid it might get give the waiter the munificent tip of ten shillings. broken, just standing on this cabinet?" questioned "Cohen," he said, "vatever did you give the vaiter the guest. "Pooh - that's all right. It's fully in­ all that money for?" "Well," said Cohen, "look sured!" what a lovely fur coat he has given me!" 0 0 0 0 0 0

ONE FOR THE DOCTOR YES OR NO Little Dorothy was ailing, so mother had taken A story is told of a brow-beating counsel, who her to see the doctor. "Put your tongue out, my habitually endeavoured to terrorise his opponent's dear," said he. A minute pink tip just showed itself witnesses. One witness rather tended to preface his between Dorothy's lips. "That won't do," said the replies with lengthy explanations. "I want yes or no," doctor heartily. "Put it right out." Tears gathered thundered counsel. "There is no need for you to argue the point!" "But there are some questions in the little blue eyes. Then - "I can't. It's - which cannot be answered by yes or no," mildly It's joined on to me at the back." responded the witness. "There are not!" unwisely 0 0 0 snapped the lawyer. "Oh," said the ~itness, "answer this then. Have you ceased beating your wife " PUTTING TWO AND TWO TOGETHER 0 0 0 The knowing little boy confided to a friend that he was expecting a little brother any minute. "But THE LOGICAL CONCLUSION how do you know it'll be a brother?" said his friend. "Oh, mother, look at those little tiny cows," "Cause not so long ago mother was ill, and we cried a child, gazing out of a railway carriage win­ had a little baby sister. And dad's been ill in dow. "Those are Highland cattle, dear," replied bed a week!" the mother; "they are always small." "Are they 0 0 0

Page 104 FORESTRY LEAVES ,L.iterar'I

My Delusions: Preludes to Sanity with an in - By FLORENCIO MACARANAS

I hate everybody and ·everybody hates sleep on the icy sidewalks, climb the highest me. The whole damn world is whirling like trees, and shout myself out with all my might, mad, I wish it would crack up like my brain. louder than Tarzan could ever make, and Because I'm mad too. Mad at everything louder than all the war cries of the men and everybody. And mad at myself - mostly. of Genghis Khan and Hitler put together. All you stupid imbeciles, come and get me I do the right things but they come out for all I care. Cut me to pieces and pul­ the wrong way. I do the wrong things but verize me. Scatter my dust among the heads they still come out the wrong way. So I of millions walking to and fro and knowing never do anything anymore except cry my­ not where to go or what to do. self out the whole time, everyday, every moment and every damned second ticking, Like me. Follow me all you morons and ticking, ticking. When will it ever stop? let us jump together head first into the freez­ And where and when will it ever end? ing cold of hell. Those who want to burn themselves out may start climbing the stair­ Could be that I'm the only sane man way to heaven. There the air-conditioners are on this world, and everybody else is crazy. functioning, and whirring and whirring end­ Could be that all people except me are lessly round and round until you are dizzy, demented. They go on and off like a switch. dizzy, dizzy. You whirl and whirl, spin and The only difference is that they can not con­ spin, until the white ceiling of the room trol the current at will. I could, hah! you are in, becomes as black as Satan.

Nobody understands me and I could un­ Umm! I'm at home with Satan. Lucifer's derstand nobody. And I don't understand my brother and Dracula my cousin. Hand­ myself too. Nothing could ever be under­ c;ome aren't they? And their wives are the stood in this life anyway. Maybe I should most beautiful women. Vampires all. No mat­ have been born inside out, with my entrails ter how much they paint their faces, shade hanging and protruding. Ugh, how handsome their eyes, curl their eyebrows, smack their a monster I would be. Everyone would hate lips and perfume their nauseating bodies, their me more than ever, but I won't care. After­ sharpest fangs still show. And you stupid fools all, I don't love them. How could I? who call yourselves males could still afford Nobody loves me. That's good. I'm a to amount them in search of ecstasy that lasts poor orphaned waif. Abandoned, penniless, only for a moment's moment? Oh you devils hungry and lonely. I walk the cold streets, and demons, let us feast on the corpses of

ARBOR WEEK-FORESTRY DAY ISSUES - 1966 Page 105 those vile creatures the men call women. ing on the garbage of people who call them­ Those creatures who like to disrobe in front selves clean and sanitary. No, I don't hate of the shouting throngs who grab and clutch him. Why should I? He has done nothing and lose their minds. wrong to me, or rather he does wrong to me but he doesn't know it.· Meanwhilf I Open the gates of hell and force them have to sacrifice. Keedlessly, because I have into the mud and mire of boiling, hizzing, no choice. Is there any? None. Damn it, murky liquid. That's what they all deserve. Come my friends and enemies, let us wallow none! "Father, forgive them for they know and swim in our own filth. Kiss and embrace not what they are doing!" Mother forgive under the airless dampness of stone. Come! me for I know not what I am saying. I wanna go home. Why can't that stupid fool of a fool re­ cognize what is in my heart? Why couldn't Yaah! Help! Save me from these white he understand what I feel and think and clothed men. Why are they taking me away? want? I pity him as I pity the maggots feed- They must be crazy!

Essay: Of Men and Idealism By JEREMIAS A. CANONIZADO

There are certain basic attitudes and the fact that "what is highest in spirit is values which influence greatly the life of also deepest in nature", and to feel the lifting man. It is said that deep-rooted points of experience of making it furnish one's guiding view, convictions and personal philosophies principles of life. are life-enhancing influences which determine Ideals are ideas set on a pedestal, deep­ the pattern of one's thoughts, mode of con­ seated points of view converted into philo­ duct, and perspective in the various pursuits sophies of life and standards that are more of life. or less lofty, if not unattainable. They are But the thing that keynotes all these is principles in which dwell the values that that seldom understood and all-pervading beautify life- integrity, moral purpose, indi­ point of view called idealism. Many con­ vidual worth, consistency of purpose, definite fuse it with certain self conceived attitudes destination, and deep-rooted sense of con­ framed for expediency, others regard it as fidence. lofty, impossible, and impractical. This is the Idealism covers the various facets of con­ result because the opportunity has not yet duct, outlook, impressions, and beliefs. But offered itself to them to feel the power and whatever phase idealism may cover, it fur­ the throb of its compelling influence, to nishes man with a more complete conscious­ understand it as a source of inner strength ness of his individual worth, a deeper mocal when the mind and the spirit are forced to sense, and a keener intellectual respectability. bow to the miseries and ashen materialism The search for an ideal woman may be of man's existence, to grasp the magnetism the subject of idealism. of its effect in engaging the soul to taste (Continued on page 108)

Page 106 FORESTRY LEAVES EDITORIALS: FORESTERS AND INVOLVEMENT

The kaingin menace, the water cns1s, log exportation, appointment of career men, all these involve foresters. 1n involvement, it is not only a matter of being vocal; ll consists more of action. Foresters must not only say something, they must also do some­ thing-and fast.

So far, what has come out of the kaingin problems? Forest conservation? Etc. etc. etc.'? So much has been said about them, but so little has been accomplished. It seems as it we have not yet begun. Or if we have, we haven't gone far yet. When will we? Whether we like it or not, we are in"olved in polities. We are a part of the govern­ ment and the government is run by polities. We can not go on just blaming politics right and left. We can not just go on passing the buck to the politicians. For years and years and years we have done only one consistent thing-blame the government. Haven't we learned yet that blame has led our country to nothing more than change of administrations? We haven't changed for the better so far. And so with our forests. They have worsened.

That oft repeated phrase of "forest conservation" has become so monotonous to our ears. What does it mean to the common people? To crooks and cheaters and corrupted men? To men who have lost their sense of righteousness? Their conscience? Have we lost the guts to act like we should? Have we lost the guts to pinpoint the people we know are crooks? Must we wait for congress to pass laws which, more often than not, are broken? Isn't there anything better to do than wait for somebody else to do jobs? Foresters--please think of something-say it, and then do it yourself. Act. Please!!! - fm

THE FORESTER'S LIFE

There is a poem by J. A. LARSEN, entitled, "The Forester's Life". It runs thus: "Seek not ease nor wealth nor wines, Nor humans to adore thee; But the friendship of the hills, And the trail before thee. Seek not idle merriment, Fame nor praise nor glory. But a will to which is bent, Tasks that lie before thee." We had the experience of showing this poem to a forester friend of ours, and you know what? He laughed! And he told us sarcastically, "That's what you want to do

ARBOR WEEK-FORESTRY DAY ISSUES - 1966 Page 107 at first, but once you get to know what your superiors themselves are doing, you won't have any choice unless you want to hang by your own rope!" It isn't really shocking anymore. lt seems to be an open secret that many of our foresters are acquiring things easily - in the deepest meaning of the word. Or to put it another way, it is a fact that many foresters who want to be true to thei,r professional code of ethics are disillusioned. According to them, honesty in the forestry profession has gone to naught. What do the newspapers of today say"!' "Honesty at present, can get you nowhere. It would just make you a pauper. So don't he a fool." Yes, don't he a fool. What is meant by "fool"? Is one who doesn't do what others are doing a fool? Is a paupe.i: a fool? Maybe. Is a non-crook a fool? Is a non-crook a crazy moralist, a stupid idealist? Is he :. coward? How can he afford to see his wife and children hungry and still he honesf! Must we do what others are doing because they would laugh at us if we don't? Do we have a distorted sense of morality, or worse. is there none at all? Yes, we live for only a short time. We must make use of our lives the best way we can. After all, we live only once. We die only once. And we don't get caught even once. We never are really. Most of the barbaric tribes may have been better. They did what they thought was right (although it may he wrong to us). But in our case, we do what we think is wrong because we can get away with it. Meanwhile, crooked foresters are laughing at what they call "pseudo-moralists" in the government service. Let them. After all, laughter has its own echo. - fm

MEN AND IDEALISM ... But the woman never knew. He never (Continued from page 106) told her.

Matter-of-factly, I know a man who made Despite of that, he made her the centri­ his idealism furnish him a by-law of conduct. thought of his life, the drive in his ambitions. He had an ideal, a woman. With the intense sophistication and artificiality around him, Spurred by her influence, he worked hard he searched for a woman with an air of un­ for the honor and dignification of that ideal; impeachable dignity, poise, reserve, and na­ he worked hard to be worthy of that ideal. tural warmth. For years, his search proved This instance simply points out to the unavailing. In between those years, he almost fact that ideals are man's self realizations of gave up and clutched the belief that no such his solid inner character and inherent good­ woman did really exist. But his indestructible ness and possibilities. On top of emphasizing faith in his idealism inspired him not to give up the search. the reality and worth of the self, of moral values and valid attitudes, idealism gives Then he found her incarnated into a meaning and dignity to the individual self breathing, living flesh. and furnishes man a basis for self-integration. The realization alone made him happy. He valued the culmination of his search with All these are true because idealism is a all his heart. deep moral and personal conviction.

Page 108 FORESTRY LEAVES State University College of Forestry Republic of the Philippines at Syracuse University Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources Syracuse, New York 13210 BUREAU OF FORESTRY ~fanila August 3, 1966 September 29, 1966 The Editor The FORESTRY LEAVES U.P. College of Forestry Vice President Dioscoro Umali Los Bafios, Laguna College of Agriculture University of the Philippines S i r : College, Laguna, Philippines I am submitting herev.ith my article for the Arbor Week issue of the Forestry Leaves. I am Dear Jack: also submitting a copy of my picture for possible publication together with the article. Yesterday I wrote Director Osara informing him that Professor Webb has agreed to accompany Very truly yours, me to the Philippines for a two months' study of (Sgd.) ANTONIO A. QUEJADO the Forestry College at Los Bafios and to help in Acting Director of Forestry outlining a program for developing graduate studies. 0 0 0 Both Mrs. Shirley and Mrs. Webb will be accom­ Duke University Library panying us. Durham I might say that both Webb and I are very North Carolina enthusiastic about returning to Los Bafios, and hope 27706 that we can, indeed, be of real seivice in laying the September 28, 1966 groundwork for developing a center for graduate College of Forestry Librarian studies in tropical forestry in the Philippines. It University of th~ Philippines is my hope that we can leave Syarcuse on or College, Laguna, Philippines around December 1, and leave Los Banos to return Gentlemen: on or about January 31. We receive your excellent serial entitled FO­ I am enclosing an extra copy of this letter which RESTRY LEAVES on exchange from you. We I wish you would send on to Dean Lantican. Al­ like to keep our holdings complete, and we are though final decision on timing and headquarters missing the following issues : probably will be made by FAO, we have in mind v. 11, no. 3, 1959 v. 15, no. 4, 1964 that we would be headquartered at Los Bafios and v. 12, no. l, 1960 v. 16, no. 4, 1965 would appreciate his finding a suitable place for Would it be possible for you to supply us with us to stay while there. replacement copies for these four numbers? We With best personal wishes, would appreciate it very much. We hope to hear from you soon. Please address all correspondence and publications to the address which appears below in red. Thank you for your Sincerely, kind cooperation. With the very best v.ishes, Yours sincerely, ( Sgd.) HARDY L. SHIRLEY Dean (Sgd.) (Mrs.) GEORGE ANNE MARSTON Gifts and Exchanges 0 0 0 0 0 0

ARBOR WEEK-FORESTRY DAY ISSUES - 1966 Page 109 COMMONWEALTH SCIENTIFIC AND to send you any technical and research publication INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH ORGANIZATION produced by our institution. Division of Forest Products, C.S.l.R.O. Your collaboration will be greatly appreciated. P. o. Box :no, Yours sincerely, South Melbourne, S.C. 5. Victoria, Australia, October 3, 1966 ( Sgd.) ARCHIMAR BITTENCOURT BALEEIRO The Librarian, Director of the IPEAL College of Forestry, 0 0 0 University of the Philippines, Laguna, Philippine Islands. Dear Sir, Republic of the Philippines For sometime you have been sending a copy Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources of your publication to us regularly. However, the BUREAU OF FORESTRY following issue failed to reach us: Region 8 Forestry Leaves v. 16 (4) 1965 Davao City As we would like to have a complete file of Z-Collections this periodical, perhaps you would be good enough (Ad for Forestry Leaves) to let us have another copy. October 19, 1966 Yours faithfully, Professor Jose Blando (Sgd.) A. FORBES College of Forestry Librarian College, Laguna • • • Dear Professor Blando, I am forwarding to you the total amount of Universidad de los Andes, P540.00 representing actual collection as of today Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, from different concessionaires here in Davao City Biblioteca- Apartado No. 305 as listed hereunder for the Ad in the Forestry Merida, Venezuela Leaves as follows: Merida, 12 de Noviembre de 1965 l . Desiderio Dalisay Investment Inc. P'200.00 Seiiores: 2. Dacudao Enterprises 50.00 Estamos interesados en establecer canje con insti­ 3. Davao Enterprises Corp. 150.00 tuciones similares y afines. 4. Sarmiento Enterprises Inc. 140.00 Agradeceriamos el envio de publicaciones de nues­ TOTAL P540.00 tro interes. Enclosed please find : Por el momento, podemos ofrecer en canje la Money Order No. 472-23789 - REVIST A FORESTAL VENEZOLANA y la lista 10/20/66 ...... P200.00 de duplicados adjunta. Money Order No. 472-23790 - Atentamente, 10/20/66 ...... 135.00 (Fdo.) MAYRA DE BURGOS Money Order Fee ...... 1.80 Directora de la Biblioteca Mailing Charges (Seed Mail) 3.20 • • • TOTAL P340.00 Add: Minisrerio da Agricultura PBTC Check No. B-135726-L 200.00 lnstituto de Pesquisas e Experimentacao Agropecuanas do Leste October 14, 1966 Sept. 5, 1966 GRAND TOTAL . . . . . P540.00 University of the Philippines Some licenses here have also promised to give College of Forestry some amount to this Ad but until now they have Library not yet given us the amount. As soon as this College, Laguna, Philippines amount will be received by me, I will loss no time Dear Sirs: to forward it to you. Our research institute ( INSTITUTO DE PES­ Kindly acknowledge these money order, and QUISAS E EXPERIMENTAAO AGROPECURIAS the check as soon as you received. DO LESTE-IPEAL) of the Brazilian Ministry of Very truly yours, Agriculture should like to come into contact with your institution, in order to have a regular exchange (Sgd.) HIGINIO D. REBOSURA of our respective publications. We will be pleased Regional Director

Page 110 FORESTRY LEAVES --1 I I Attention Concessionaires l l l Dacudao Enterprises

For consultation services on forest LOG & LUMBER inventory, forest management plan­ PRODUCERS ning and research, and photo-inter­ pretation, contact A. V. Revilla, fr. Forest Management Specialist. L'.P. 190 Washington St., Davao City Phone: 2183 College of Forestry, College, Laguna. BS Forestry cum laude (UP) 1961, Master of Forestry secundi honoris (Yale University), 1964. Cable Address: "DACUDAO"

COMPLIMENTS OF

DAVAO ENTERPRISES CORPORATION Tibanban, Gov. Generoso, Davao

JUAN L. C. CAM Gen. Manager

ARBOR WEEK-FORESTRY DAY ISSUES - 1966 Page 111 COMPLIMENTS OF

~armiento ~nterpri~e!i Jnc. P. 0. Box 2542 • Tel. 3-14-93

PABLO SARMIENTO, President

GENERAL MANAGERS OF Vitarich Feedmills, Inc. Plaridel Lumber Co., Inc. (Poultry and livestock feeds) (Logs and Lumber) Sarhro & Co., Inc. Plaridel Commercial Co., Inc. (Plywood and Lumber) (Real Estate and Subdivision) L. S. Sarmiento & Co., Inc. Sarmiento Trading Corp. (Plywood and Lumber) (Construction Materials, Machineries & Spare Parts)

FORESTRY LEAVES Organ oj the Student Body and Alumni of the College of Forestry, College, Laguna

FLORENCIO S. MACARANAS Editor-in-Chiej Jeremias Canonizado Mariano Machacon Associate Editors Paquito Caliva Managing Editor Lorenzo Agaloos Catalino Blanche Rodri~o de la Cruz Catalino Tosco Eduardo Principe l\Ioi~es Viernes Leonardo Roberto Engracio de Gracia Section Editors Rodolfo Leal Business Manager Roberto A. Romero Circulation Manager Pedro Aganad Gaudencio Bartolome Assistant Circulation Managers Prof. JOSE B. BLANDO Adviser

Page 112 FORESTRY LEAVES