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Islas Griegas Del Mar Egeo Informe Final De La Comisión

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Islas Griegas Del Mar Egeo Informe Final De La Comisión COMISIÓN DE LAS COMUNIDADES EUROPEAS COM(92)569 final Bruselas, 23 de diciembre de 1992 ISLAS GRIEGAS DEL MAR EGEO INFORME FINAL DE LA COMISIÓN Propuesta de REGLAMENTO (CEE) DEL CONSEJO por el que se establecen medidas especiales en favor de las islas menores del Mar Egeo relativas a determinados productos agrícolas. (presentada por la Comisión) COMISIÓN DE LAS COMUNIDADES EUROPEAS "ISLAS GRIEGAS DEL MAR EGEO" INFORME FINAL DE LA COMISIÓN 1 "ISLAS GRIEGAS DEL MAR EGEO" INTRODUCCIÓN 1 L LA srruAcidN p^ us igus JjRieBAg Qflr ,IMR WW a Intensldap' del ferámeno insMteT y m *Wmtifc se^toeqpnpiqico en tes ngipne^ <te gw.,ft,.<Wfc» 2 Análisis de los diferente, se^^r||S^ 4 -Sector primario 4 -Sector secundario 5 -Sector terciario © tAADH^lOÑ 7 11 4 PRqgRAMA PAffo yff,pffAB.,gBBaW,^ Uso óptimo de los instrujqenftosexistentes 12 - Período actual 18 - A partir de 1994 13 RBConocIrelento de una f iscalldad Indirecta especial 15 Medíqas agrarias especificas 16 1 - 1 - ISLAS GRIEGAS DEL MAR EGEO INTRODUCCIÚN 1. El fenómeno insular crea problemas especiales de desarrollo a las 400 islas habitadas de la Comunidad en relación a sus regiones continentales O). Mediante la intervención de ios fondos estructurales, la Comunidad contribuye a las necesidades especiales de desarrollo de estas islas, la mayoría de las cuales están cubiertas por los objetivos 1 y 5a, y, para algunas de ellas a través de los programas integrados mediterráneos que llegan a su término a finales de 1992. 2. Las islas griegas del mar Egeo se distinguen por la intensidad del hecho insular, caracterizado especialmente por el gran número, el pequeño tamaño y la dispersión de las islas de que se trata. 3. Por ello, y con arreglo a las conclusiones del Consejo Europeo de Rodas de diciembre de 1988 y conforme a los compromisos contraídos desde entonces, la Comisión ha efectuado un análisis global de la situación socioeconómica de las islas griegas del mar Egeo. 4. El 23 de octubre de 1991, las autoridades griegas transmitieron a la Comisión, dentro de este análisis, una contribución sustancial en forma de un "programa de medidas específicas para las islas del mar Egeo 1992 - 1996", que fue explicitado en enero de 1992 mediante numerosos complementos técnicos. Entre tanto, la Comisión elaboró un informe provisional que tiene por objeto proporcionar información sobre el progreso de su reflexión (SEC(92)35 final de 10 de enero de 1992). (1) Véase el documento "Europa 2000, las perspectivas de desarrollo del territorio comunitario", sección D, "las regiones costeras y las islas". C0M(91)452 final. h 2 - 5. El presente informe es una consecuencia da este proceso: el objetivo es analizar la situación especial de las islas menores griegas del mar Egeo (islas cuya población permanente no supera los 100.000 habitantes para cada una de ellas, lo que en consecuencia no cubre ni a Creta ni a Eubea); describe las acciones comunitarias ya realizadas o en curso a favor de estas islas (título 2); y en conclusión, y sobre la base de análisis de las peticiones de las autoridades griegas (título 3) llega a un programa de acciones específicas con respecto a las necesidades especiales de estas islas (títub 4). 1. LA SITUACIÓN DE LAS ISLAS GRIEGAS DEL MAR EGED Intensidad del fenómeno insular y su Impacto socioeconómico en tes regiones de que se trata. 6. Entre los Estados miembros de la Comunidad, Grecia es el que posee una mayor dimensión insular. Las islas representan el 19% de la superficie total de Grecia y constituyen fundamentalmente el límite de su territorta, que es periférico y sin fronteras continentales con el resto de la Comunidad. En este contexto, las islas del mar Egeo constituyen el conjunto insular más importante (unas 1000 Islas e islotes, de las cuales 130 están habitadas) y más amplio (600 Icm de norte a sur y 600 km de este a oeste) de Grecia y de la Comunidad. 7. Este conjunto insular del mar Egeo se compone de cinco archipiélagos principales (archipiélagos de Lesbos, Samos, Quios, las Cicladas y el Dodecaneso) y de otras 36 islas que dependen administrativamente de regiones continentales (véase la lista en ei anexo). Con una población total de 486.840 habitantes en 1991, es decir casi un 5% de la población griega, este conjunto tiene un superficie terrestre total de unos 10.425 icm2 (8% de la superficie de Grecia). 8. La insularidad, el alejamiento y la fragmentación condicionan fuertemente toda la vida social y económica de las islas del Egeo, en particular en el caso de las islas pequeñas y poco pobladas (que representan el 70% del espacio insular del mar Egeo). El conjunto de las islas habitadas sufre, en part bular las desventajas siguientes: 3 - la estructura de archipiélago y la dispersion de las islas dificultan el abastecimiento y los intercambios regionales de estas regiones, e imponen al mismo tiempo sobrecostes de transporte importantes. Las redes de transportes existentes, la mayoría de las cuales son deficientes y estructuralmente deficitarias, se centran en las islas principales (por ejemplo Rodas, Kos, Thira, Mikonos, Paros, Lesbos, Qulos, Samos y Sciathos). Pocas islas gozan de lazos regulares entre ellas; el pequeño tamaño de las islas (96 islas tienen menos de 50 km2) no se presta a un desarrollo integrado ni a la realización de economías de escala, tanto material y actividades económicas, en materia de servicbs a la población (formación/educación, sanidad, suministro de energía,...); la escasa población y la tendencia a la despoblación, en particular de las islas menores hacia las Islas que disponen de un mínimo de infraestructura social y de transporte, y una gran proporción de población con más de 60 años de edad respecto al continente, lo cual es consecuencia de la emigración; la falta de materias primas explotables, acentuada por la lejanía de los centros de producción del resto de Grecia y de la Comunidad; unas condiciones nacionales difíciles: relieves áridos y montañosos, superficies agrícolas limitadas y fraccionadas, clima seco y escasez de agua, regularidad de vientos fuertes que entorpecen las comunicaciones, etc. Para las islas del nordeste del Dodecaneso cabe agregar las desventajas inherentes a su aislamiento a lo largo de la frontera oriental de Grecia, que constituye al propio tiempo la frontera exterior de la Comunidad al este del Mediterráneo. 9. El conjunto de todas estas desventajas repercute, además, en la estructura del mercado laboral, tanto desde el punto de vista de la oferta como del de la demanda. La tasa de desempleo (6% en 1989) inferior a la media nacional (7,5%) y comunitaria (8,3%) se explica en - 4 - parte por la importancia de la población de edad avanzada y por la emigración. No tiene en cuenta la existencia de un importante subempleo en la agricultura y el turismo. El Dodecaneso sufre la tasa de desempleo más elevada de todas las islas (18,4% en 1989). 10. Cabe señalar que las características geofísicas y climáticas de las islas forman un medio natural único pero muy frágil que empieza a sufrir presiones enormes debido especialmente al desarrollo turístico no planificado, al abandono de la agricultura tradictanal o a las instalaciones portuarias. 11. Las limitaciones socioeconómicas que se derivan de tales desventajas sitúan a las regiones insulares del Egeo entre las más pobres de Grecia y de la Comunidad, con un PIB EPA/habitante (1989) del 35% de la media comunitaria para el Egeo norte y del 46,5% de dicha media para el Egeo sur. Análisis de tos diferentes sectores económicos 12. La estructura de las economías de las islas griegas del mar Egeo se caracteriza por su gran dependencia de la agricultura (sector primario más importante que la media nacional), por un sector secundario poco importante y un sector terciario hipertrofiado. - Sector primario 13. La importancia del sector primario, aunque en vías de reducción, se explica debida al número generalmente importante de pequeños agricultores o ganaderos que trabajan en modestas explotaciones, así como a la dependencia de las islas respecto al sector pesquero. 14. La agricultura es fundamental en la actividad de las islas aunque haya diferencias importantes entre las islas del norte, en las que el 40% de los empleos son agrarios, y las del sur con condiciones más favorables para el desarrollo turístico. El 70% de la superficie cultivada está dominada por tres productos (aceite de oliva, cítricos y vino), que se desarrollan fundamentalmente para el mercado local. Únicamente el aceite de oliva, algunos vinos típicos y quesos tradicionales de cabra y oveja se exportan al continente. La aridez de 7 5 - los suelos, la falta de agua, el pequeño tamaño de las explotaciones y su extremo fraccionamiento, a los que se une una insuficiente cualificación de los agricultores, son las causas de la escasa productividad del sector agrícola. Estos productos no bastan para satisfacer las necesidades de consumo de los habitantes a los que hay que añadir también a los turistas. La misma dependencia se da también en materia de insumos para la producción agraria. 15. La pesca desempeña un papel importante en las islas del Egeo. Se trata de la pequeña pesca costera, que a menudo se enfrenta a condiciones climáticas desfavorables. Los lugares de desembarque, en los que se efectúa la primera comercialización, en general se encuentran en una fase preliminar de desarrollo. A diferencia del resto de la Comunidad, la mayor parte de las capturas (75%) no se vende en subasta sino se que entrega directamente a las empresas industriales o al comercio al pormenor. Muchas de las empresas de transformación tienen una muy pequeña dimensión. Recientemente se ha desarrollado la acuacultura debido a los bajos costes de producción y a un medio ambiente favorable.
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