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On Canadian and Scottish Glacial Geology. by RALPH in the Following Paper I Desire Briefly to State What Seem to Me to Be

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On Canadian and Scottish Glacial Geology. by RALPH in the Following Paper I Desire Briefly to State What Seem to Me to Be Downloaded from http://trned.lyellcollection.org/ at University of Glasgow on June 27, 2015 CANADIAN AND SCOTTISH GLACIAL GEOLOGY. 205 VII.—On Canadian and Scottish Glacial Geology. By RALPH RICHARDSON, F.R.S.E., Vice-President (Read 19th February 1885.) IN the following paper I desire briefly to state what seem to me to be the leading distinctions between the superficial geology of Canada and Scotland, as w$ll as the points in which the two countries coincide. I shall more particularly refer to the glacial beds of that portion of Canada known as Acadia (that is, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island), as the section there has been so clearly, carefully, and authoritatively established by our distinguished Honorary Fellow, Principal Sir William Dawson, himself a native of Acadia. Although re­ ferring therefore specially to Acadian glacial beds, I would beg to observe that, so far as I can ascertain, you may with con­ siderable safety apply the description of the superficial geology of Acadia to that of at least the Laurentian district of Canada, embracing the great provinces of Quebec and Ontario. Then with regard to the shells contained in these beds, and to which I shall refer immediately, I had abundant opportunity of verifying them during my recent visit to Canada, the beautifully arranged museums of the Dominion containing collections of glacial shells from the various Canadian beds which amply illustrate this interesting period in the history of the earth. In his well-known work on "Acadian Geology " (2nd edition, 1868, pp. 59 and 76), Principal Dawson gives the following as a typical section of the superficial geology of Acadia, and as in some respects also applicable to Canada and Maine. At the bottom of the section occur Peaty deposits; above them un- stratified Boulder clay; above it, stratified "Leda clay." with marine shells; and lastly, above that, gravel and sand beds, the "Saxicava sand" with marine shells. He considers that the Leda clay indicates deposition in deep water, and the Saxicava sand deposition in shallow water, ancient Gravel ridgeo and beaches being likewise found beside the latter. Such a section as this differs somewhat from typical sections of Scottish Glacial beds. We have in Scotland abundant sections of peat, boulder clay, and gravel and sand, but the attempt has not yet been successfully made to distinguish such and such a Glacial bed as indicating deep-sea conditions, and above it another bed indicating shallow water. On the contrary, the sections exposed in Scotland seem to present everything pile-mile, and not in the orderly fashion exhibited in Acadia. Downloaded from http://trned.lyellcollection.org/ at University of Glasgow on June 27, 2015 206 EDINBURGH GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. The marine shells in our Scottish beds are all mixed up together regardless, as a rule, of the province (whether Arctic, or British, or both) to which they properly belong; regardless of the depths which they usually tenant; and regardless of the deposit (whether clay, gravel, or sand) in which they are now found- fossil. They are likewise met with at all heights, from the level of the sea to more than 500 feet above it. There are some localities in Scotland where the shells seem to indicate more distinctly Arctic conditions than else­ where; and there are others where deep-sea conditions seem more evident than shallow water. But as yet there has not been sufficient evidence to enable us to group our Fossili- ferous glacial deposits into a deep-water clay, and an over­ lying shallow-water sand. I have recently had the oppor­ tunity of learning the opinion of perhaps the leading authority in Scotland on this subject. Mr David Bobertson of the Glasgow Geological Society, who has made the glacial shell beds of Scotland his special study for many years, wrote me as follows on 5th November 1884:—" As regards the sequence of deposits of gravel, sand, and mud, indicating their respective periods of deposit and deep and shallow water, we must as yet consider this vague and fallacious in many cases; for sand and gravel deposits depend on various circumstances, such as changes of currents, deflections of river mouths, and other local causes,—conditions that are often very misleading." The same remark applies to the difficulty of grouping Boulder erratics in Scotland. Having had the honour to be a member of the Boulder Committee of the Boyal Society of Edinburgh, I have had some insight into this question. We presented our tenth and final Beport to the Society in July 1884, but, after a lengthened investigation, conducted mainly by, our esteemed president, Mr Milne Home, the Convener, the Committee could report no orderly arrangement or definite centres of dispersion of Scottish erratics, and even very few traces of those trainees of Boulders which occur in North America and elsewhere. I understand that the Boulder Committee of the British Associa­ tion hoped to be able to make out and map some system of dispersion of erratics in England, but as yet 1 tegret to think we have no clue to such a system in Scotland. Becurring to Principal Dawson's section, we observe that at its base are placedPeaty deposits. He states, that in Canada peaty de­ posits occur beneath the Boulder clay, and form the lowest Acadian superficial deposit. In Scotland, also, we occasionally find peat very low down in the scale. Mr David Bobertson informs me that in sinking a pit in the neighbourhood of Kilmarnock, peat or peaty mud was found under 50 feet of Boulder clay. A sand-bed, with shells, occurred between the peaty bed of the Downloaded from http://trned.lyellcollection.org/ at University of Glasgow on June 27, 2015 CANADIAN AND SCOTTISH GLACIAL GEOLOGY. 207 Boulder elay, whilst another shelly bed occurred beneath the peat (" Trans. Glasgow Geological Society," 1869. Paper by Messrs Craig and Young). This Boulder-clay, however, would probably be the Upper Boulder clay of Professor James Geikie, which is divided from the underlying till by marine sands and gravels frequently containing shells. Again, Mr John Henderson found a bed of peat intercalated in a mass of till resting on Carboni­ ferous rocks at Slateford, near Edinburgh ("Trans. Edin. Geo. Soc./' ii 393). But as a rule, peat overlies the Glacial beds in Scotland, as the following Scottish sections given by Dr Jamieson of Ellon (" Q. J. G. S.," xxi. 185), show :— 1. Near Abernethy, Valley of Tay.—Lowest, sand and gravel; then Peat; then Carse-elay or Estuarine Mud. 2. Also near Abernethy.—Lowest, Boulder clay; then Peat, with remains of trees ; then Estuarine Mud. 3. Blair Drummond, Valley of Forth.—Lowest, Sandstone ; then Glacial beds; then Peat with trees; flien Carse clay; and then again Peat with trees. 4. Estuary of the Ythari, Aberdeenshire.—Lowest, Gneiss; then Boulder clay; then fine Stratified clay and sand; then Peat; and then old Estuarine beds with shells. Dr Jamieson's theory is, that after the Glaciers finally retreated, and Britain formed part of the continent of Europe, the land-surface of Scotland was covered by forests now repre­ sented by submarine forests, and beds of peat with remains of trees. In Scotland, therefore, the peat, as a rule,'follows the beds which furnish evidence of glacial conditions; whilst in Acadia, it precedes them, according to Principal Dawson's section. In so far, there is little or no resemblance between the Acadian and the Scottish Glacial beds. But let us look at points of similarity. In the first place, the facies of the marine shells discovered in„ both countries is very similar. Such marine shells as the following are found as frequently in the Acadian as the Scottish beds, viz., Pecten Islandicus, Mytilus edulis, Leda rostrata, Tellina Groenlandica and calcarea, Mya truneata, Saxicava rugosa, Natica clausa, and Buccinum undatum. All these shells are Arctic, and all are found at high levels in Scot­ land. (Paper and map by author, " Trans. Edin. Geo. Soc," iv. 179.) M In the second place, I gather from Principal Dawson's section, that all the shelly Glacial beds in Acadia occui! above the unstratified Boulder clay, which I take to be synonymous with our Scottish till, our most ancient Boulder clay. Now, all the marine shells in Scotland are likewise found over-lying the till. In some exceptional cases, as in Caithness, they are found Downloaded from http://trned.lyellcollection.org/ at University of Glasgow on June 27, 2015 208 EDINBURGH GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. mixed up with the till, but the theory which has been advanced to account for this is, that the shells were scoured by ice out of the bed of the North Sea, along with pebbly mud and flag-stone debris. In other cases, discoverers have supposed that they found the shells lying beneath the^till, but afterwards it turned out that they had made a mistake. Thus, in 1850, Mr James Smith of Jordanhill announced that he had discovered shells below the till at Chapelhall, near Airdrie, Lanarkshire, 510 feet above the sea. But in 1865, Dr Crosskey, in a paper read before the Geological Society of London (" Q. J. G. S.," xxi. 219), said, that on examination of the Chapelhall section, he had formed the opinion that the Arctic shell-bed there w%s not (as Mr Smith supposed) below, but above the till, thi bed which Mr Smith termed "till" being probably a clay of later deposit than till. Again, Dr Crosskey himself was once apparently as certain that he had discovered shelly clay beneath till at Tangy Glen, near Campbeltown, 130 feet above the sea (" Trans.
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