Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect
Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 223 ( 2016 ) 193 – 200
QG,QWHUQDWLRQDO6\PSRVLXP1(:0(75232/,7$13(563(&7,9(66WUDWHJLFSODQQLQJ VSDWLDOSODQQLQJHFRQRPLFSURJUDPVDQGGHFLVLRQVXSSRUWWRROVWKURXJKWKHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRI +RUL]RQ(XURSH,67+5HJJLR&DODEULD ,WDO\ 0D\ 5HODWLRQDOFDSLWDOLQILVKLQJFRPPXQLWLHV WKHFDVHRIWKH³6WUHWWR´&RDVW)/$*DUHDLQ6RXWKHUQ,WDO\
0RQLFD3DOODGLQRD &DUOR&DILHURE&ODXGLR0DUFLDQzD
aAgraria Department, Università Mediterranea, Feo di Vito, 89100 Reggio Calabria, Italy bFood and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy
$EVWUDFW
*LYHQWKHLPSRUWDQFHRIWKHUROHDVVLJQHGWRVRFLDOUHODWLRQVDQGWKHH[FKDQJHRILQIRUPDWLRQLQWKHWKHRU\WKDWVXEVXPHVWKH ODWHVW (8 'HYHORSPHQW 3ROLF\ SODQQLQJ IRU WKLV VWXG\ DQDO\VHV WKH ³6WUHWWR´ &RDVW )/$* ILVKLQJ FRPPXQLW\ LQ 6RXWKHUQ,WDO\IURPWKHSHUVSHFWLYHRIWKH³UHODWLRQDOFDSLWDO´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©7KH$XWKRUV3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU/WG 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (3HHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIWKHRUJDQL]LQJFRPPLWWHHRIhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). ,67+ Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of ISTH2020 Keywords:)LVKLQJFRPPXQLWLHV )/$* UHODWLRQDOFDSLWDO 6RFLDO1HWZRUN$QDO\VLV
&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU7HO ID[ E-mail address:PRQLFDSDOODGLQR#KRWPDLOFRP
1877-0428 © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of ISTH2020 doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.05.348 194 Monica Palladino et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 223 ( 2016 ) 193 – 200
,QWURGXFWLRQ
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³6WUHWWR´&RDVW)LVKHU\/RFDO$FWLRQ*URXS KHUHDIWHU )/$* ZDVHVWDEOLVKHGLQDQGVWDUWHGRSHUDWLQJLQFRYHULQJVHYHQPXQLFLSDOLWLHVDORQJWKH7\UUKHQLDQ FRDVWRIWKH3URYLQFHRI5HJJLR&DODEULDLQ6RXWKHUQ,WDO\ 0DUFLDQz5RPHR &R]]XSROL DQDUHDZKHUH VHYHUDOVRFLRHFRQRPLFSDUWQHUVKLSVDUHDFWLYH 0DUFLDQz 3DOODGLQR *LYHQWKHLPSRUWDQFHRIWKHUROHDVVLJQHGWRVRFLDOUHODWLRQVDQGWKHH[FKDQJHRILQIRUPDWLRQLQWKHWKHRU\WKDW VXEVXPHVWKH(8'HYHORSPHQW3ROLF\WKLVVWXG\DQDO\VHVWKHILVKLQJFRPPXQLW\RIWKH)/$*IURPWKHSHUVSHFWLYH RIWKH³UHODWLRQDOFDSLWDO´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³LVRODWHG´DFWRUV 3DOODGLQR&DILHUR 0DUFLDQz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
'HVFULSWLRQRIWKHVWXG\DUHD
7KH)/$*LQYROYHVDFWRUVIURPWKHPXQLFLSDOLWLHVRIBagnara Calabra, Gioia Tauro, Palmi, San Ferdinando, Scilla, SeminaraDQGCannitello of Villa San Giovanni7KHVWXG\DUHDLQFOXGHVLQSDUWLFXODUWKHSRUWVDQGILVKLQJ FRPPXQLWLHVRI*LRLD7DXUR%DJQDUD&DODEUD3DOPL6FLOODDQG&DQQLWHOOR7KHRIILFLDO(8&RPPXQLW\ILVKHU\ IOHHWUHJLVWHUOLVWVILVKLQJYHVVHOVUHFRUGHGLQWKHVWXG\DUHDOLVWHGLQ7DEOHE\SRUWDQGE\W\SHRIJHDU
5HJXODWLRQ (8 1RRIWKH(XURSHDQ3DUOLDPHQWDQGRIWKH&RXQFLORI'HFHPEHURQWKH&RPPRQ)LVKHULHV3ROLF\ DPHQGLQJ&RXQFLO5HJXODWLRQV (& 1R DQG (& 1R DQGUHSHDOLQJ&RXQFLO5HJXODWLRQV (& 1RDQG (& 1R DQG&RXQFLO'HFLVLRQ(& &RXQFLO5HJXODWLRQ (& 1R RI-XO\RQWKH(XURSHDQ)LVKHULHV)XQG &RXQFLO5HJXODWLRQ (& 1R KWWS HFHXURSDHXILVKHULHVIOHHWLQGH[FIP Monica Palladino et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 223 ( 2016 ) 193 – 200 195
7KHORFDOHFRQRP\RIBagnara Calabra, WKHODUJHVWILVKLQJFRPPXQLW\LQWKHDUHDLVVWLOOVWURQJO\GHSHQGHQWRQ ILVKLQJHVSHFLDOO\RIVZRUGILVK'HVSLWHWKHSUHVHQFHRIDQRQQHJOLJLEOHWRXULVWLFVHFWRUWKHORFDOKDUERU¶VFDSDFLW\ LVSUHWW\PXFKIXOO\RFFXSLHGE\ILVKLQJERDWV6LQFHWKHEDQRIWKH³VSDGDUD´QHWWKHPRVWSUHVVLQJLVVXHLQWKHDUHD LV KRZ WR DOORZ IRU D VPRRWK FRQYHUVLRQ RI WKH HQWHUSULVHV ZKR XVHG WR XVH WKHP WRZDUGV RWKHU ILVKLQJ JHDUV 3DOODGLQR 7KHVHFRQGODUJHUILVKLQJIOHHWLQWKHDUHDLVWKDWRIPalmi, ZLWKILVKLQJERDWVUHJLVWHUHGLQWKHSXEOLFDUFKLYH 7KHSUHYDLOLQJV\VWHPLVEDVHGRQQRFWXUQDOXVHRISXUVHVHLQVRSHUDWHGWKURXJKWKH³ODPSDUDV´UHODWLYHO\VPDOO ILVKLQJERDWVEDVHGLQWKHTonnara KDUERU1H[WLQWHUPVRIQXPEHURIUHJLVWHUHGERDWVLVGioia Tauro, ZLWK ERDWVRIZKLFKDUHUHODWLYHO\ODUJHUWUDZOLQJERDWV 3DOODGLQR
7DEOH&RPSRVLWLRQRIWKHILVKLQJIOHHWLQWKHVWXG\DUHDE\SRUWDQGE\PDLQILVKLQJJHDU
6HWORQJOLQHV 6HWJLOOQHWV DQFKRUHG 3XUVHVHLQHV 'ULIWQHWV %RWWRPRWWHUWUDZOV 7RWDO %DJQDUD&DODEUD 3DOPL *LRLD7DXUR 6FLOOD 9LOOD6DQ*LRYDQQL 7RWDO Source: EU Community fishing fleet register :LWKRQO\ERDWVUHJLVWHUHGLQWKHSXEOLFUHFRUGScillaLVUHQRZQHGPDLQO\IRUWKHW\SLFDOVZRUGILVK³KXQWLQJ´ GRQH ZLWK WKH ³passerella´ RU ³feluca´ D WUDGLWLRQDO ERDW ZLWK D FUHZ WKDW LQFOXGHV D VWHHUVPDQ D VSRWWHU DQG D KDUSRRQHU7KHVWHHUVPDQDQGWKHVSRWWHUZRUNE\VWDQGLQJRQWRSRIWKH³antenna´DWRZHUXSWRWRPWDOO 7KHKDUSRRQHUDFWVE\ZDONLQJDWWKHHQGRIWKH³passerella´DORQJVXVSHQGHGEULGJHH[WHQGLQJIURPWKHERZRI WKH ERDW IURP ZKHUH KH KDUSRRQV KLV WDUJHW XVXDOO\ ZLWK D VLQJOH VWURNH %\ LWV QDWXUH LW LV D KLJKO\ VHOHFWLYH PHWKRGRIILVKLQJDQGWKHUHIRUHKLJKO\VXVWDLQDEOHIURPDQHQYLURQPHQWDOSRLQWRIYLHZ,QDGGLWLRQWRVZRUGILVK SUH\VPD\LQFOXGHELOOHGVSHDUILVK$FFRUGLQJWRWKHSHRSOHZHLQWHUYLHZHGKRZHYHUVZRUGILVKKXQWLQJZLWKWKH ³SDVVHUHOOD´±RQFHDGRPLQDQWDFWLYLW\±LVQRORQJHUVXVWDLQDEOHIURPDQHFRQRPLFSRLQWRIYLHZ7KHRQO\ILYH VXUYLYLQJfelucas IURPPRUHWKDQH[LVWLQJLQWKHDUHDXSWRRQO\\HDUVDJR FRQWLQXHWRRSHUDWHGHVSLWHWKH KLJKRSHUDWLQJFRVWVDQGORZUHWXUQVPDLQO\EHFDXVHWKLVDFWLYLW\UHSUHVHQWVIRUWKHPDVWURQJHOHPHQWRIWKHLUVRFLDO LGHQWLW\ 3DOODGLQR /DVWLQWHUPVRIIOHHWVL]HLVVilla San GiovanniZLWKRQO\ILYHERDWV
7KHTXHVWLRQQDLUHDQGWKHVDPSOH
3.1. The questionnaire
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³WUXVW´WKHLQWHUYLHZHG KDVWRZDUGVWKRVHZLWKZKRPLQIRUPDWLRQLVH[FKDQJHG 196 Monica Palladino et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 223 ( 2016 ) 193 – 200
7DEOH&RPSRVLWLRQRIWKHVDPSOH
$YDLODELOLW\ )XOO /LPLWHG 1RQH 1RW&RQWDFWHG 7RWDO %DJQDUD&DODEUD 3DOPL *LRLD7DXUR 6FLOOD 9LOOD6DQ*LRYDQQL 7RWDO Source: Palladino, Cafiero, & Marcianò, 2016
3.2. The sample
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
$QDO\WLF0HWKRG
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ocial Network Analysis 61$ WKHVWXG\RIQHWZRUNVPDGHRI ³DFWRUV´ RU ³QRGHV´ DQG ³UHODWLRQVKLSV´ RU ³OLQNV´ )URP VXFK D SHUVSHFWLYH WKH VRFLDO QHWZRUN LQ LWVHOI LQ DGGLWLRQWRWKHVLQJOHDFWRUVRUIXQFWLRQVUHSUHVHQWVDXQLWRIDQDO\VLV
4.1. Social Network Analysis
6RFLDO1HWZRUN$QDO\VLVLVDEUDQFKRITXDQWLWDWLYHVRFLDOUHVHDUFKIRFXVLQJRQWKHH[LVWHQFHW\SHDQGVWUHQJWK RIUHODWLRQVKLSVDPRQJDFWRUV :DVVHUPDQQ )DXVW $GHTXDWHO\UHSUHVHQWLQJDVRFLDOQHWZRUNFDOOVIRUWKH VSHFLILFDWLRQRIUHOHYDQWFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIWKHUHODWLRQVKLSVDQGRIDWWULEXWHVRIWKHDFWRUV5HOHYDQWDWWULEXWHVRIWKH DFWRUVFDQEHFODVVLILHGDVH[RJHQRXVPHDQLQJWKDWWKH\DUHLQGHSHQGHQWIURPWKHUHODWLRQVKLSVWKH\PDLQWDLQZLWK RWKHUDFWRUV HJDJHVH[HGXFDWLRQHWF RUHQGRJHQRXVZKHQWKH\DUHGHWHUPLQHGE\WKHW\SHDQGLQWHQVLW\RIWKH
3XEOLFIOHHWUHJLVWHUGDWDGRQRWUHYHDOWKHQDPHVRIERDWV¶RZQHUV$QHIIHFWLYHZD\WRLGHQWLI\WKHDFWRUVSURYHGWREHWKHXVHRIWKHQDPHVDQG RIVRPHRIWKHPDLQFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIWKHERDWV7RSUHVHUYHDQRQ\PLW\WKHLQWHUYLHZHGDUHUHIHUUHGWRKHUHE\ILFWLRQDOQDPHVLQVSLUHGE\WKH $VV\ULDQKLVWRU\DQGP\WKRORJ\ Monica Palladino et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 223 ( 2016 ) 193 – 200 197
UHODWLRQVKLSV HJ³FHQWUDOLW\´³EHWZHHQQHVV´HWF 3URSHUGHILQLWLRQRIWKHDWWULEXWHVLVFUXFLDOWRXQGHUVWDQGKRZ DVRFLDOQHWZRUN³IXQFWLRQV´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¶ DWWULEXWHV PRUH RU OHVV VRSKLVWLFDWHGGHSHQGLQJRQWKHVFRSHRIWKHDQDO\VLVDQGWKHGHJUHHRIXQFHUWDLQW\LQWKHDYDLODEOHLQIRUPDWLRQ
4.2. Types of networks and relevant indices used in this analysis
*LYHQWKHW\SHRIGDWDFROOHFWHGZKHUHHDFKRILQWHUYLHZHGDFWRUVUHSRUWHGRQWKHUHODWLRQVKLSVWKH\PDLQWDLQ ZLWKWKHRWKHUDFWLYHILVKHUPHQLQWKHDUHDWZRW\SHVRIQHWZRUNVFRXOGEHFRQVWUXFWHG³2QHPRGH´QHWZRUNV FRXOGEH IRUPHG WRH[SORUHWKHUHODWLRQVKLSV DPRQJ WKH ILVKHUPHQ LQWHUYLHZHG+HUH HDFKQRGH UHSUHVHQW DQ DFWRUWKDWKDVEHHQLQWHUYLHZHGDQGWKHOLQNVUHSUHVHQWVWKH SRVVLEO\UHFLSURFDO UHODWLRQVDPRQJWKHP,QD³WZR PRGH´QHWZRUNOLQNVPLJKWUHSUHVHQWWKHUHODWLRQVKLSVWKDWHDFKRIWKHLQWHUYLHZHGGHFODUHVWRPDLQWDLQZLWKWKH ZKRKDYHQRWEHHQLQWHUYLHZHG2EYLRXVO\OLQNVFDQQRWEHUHFLSURFDOLQWKDWFDVH'LIIHUHQWQHWZRUNVFDQDOVR EHFUHDWHGWRGHVFULEHWKHLQIRUPDWLRQFROOHFWHGZLWKWKHGLIIHUHQWTXHVWLRQVLQWKHTXHVWLRQQDLUH6LPSOHQHWZRUNVRI ³DFTXDLQWDQFHV´ DUH EDVHG RQ WKH LQIRUPDWLRQ RI ZKHWKHU RU QRW ILVKHUPHQ KDYH GHFODUHG WR EH DFTXDLQWHG ZLWK RWKHUV,QWKH³LQIRUPDWLRQDO´QHWZRUNVOLQNVUHSUHVHQWWKHGHFODUHGSUHVHQFHRIDQDFWLYHH[FKDQJHRILQIRUPDWLRQ EHWZHHQWKHWZRQRGHV LQIRUPDWLRQH[FKDQJHGFDQEHRID³WHFKQLFDO´RURID³PDQDJHULDO´QDWXUH)LQDOO\³WUXVW´ QHWZRUNVDUHFRQVWUXFWHGEDVHGRQWKHGHFODUHGGHJUHHRIWUXVWZRUWKLQHVVWKDWHDFKLQWHUYLHZHGKDVDVVRFLDWHGZLWK WKHRWKHUV7KHGHJUHHRIWUXVWKDVEHHQUHSRUWHGRQDILYHOHYHOV/LNHUWVFDOHJRLQJIURPYHU\ORZWRYHU\KLJKWKXV DOORZLQJIRUWKHGHILQLWLRQRI³QHJDWLYH´WUXVW OHYHOVDQG DQGRI³SRVLWLYH´WUXVW OHYHOVDQG ,QWRWDOWKHGDWDFROOHFWHGRIIHUVWKHRSSRUWXQLW\WRFUHDWHGLIIHUHQWQHWZRUNVDVVXPPDUL]HGLQ7DEOH
7DEOH7\SRORJ\RIVRFLDOQHWZRUNVXVHGLQWKLVVWXG\DQGDVVRFLDWHGODEHOV
³LQIRUPDWLRQ´ ³WUXVW´ ³DFTXDLQWDQFH´ ³WHFKQLFDO´ ³PDQDJHULDO´ ³SRVLWLYH´ ³QHJDWLYH´ 2QHPRGH $ ,7 ,0 73 71 7ZRPRGH $ ,7 ,0 73 71 7KLVDUWLFOHGLVFXVVHVSUHOLPLQDU\UHVXOWVEDVHGRQWKHDQDO\VLVRIWKHRQHPRGHQHWZRUNVKLJKOLJKWHGLQEROGLQ WKHWDEOH,QDOOQHWZRUNVOLQNVDUHGLUHFWLRQDO DOLQNIURPQRGH³$´WRQRGH³%´VLJQLILHVWKDWDFWRU$KDVGHFODUHG WREHDFTXDLQWHGZLWKDFWRU%7RDLGLQWKHYLVXDODQDO\VLVRIWKHQHWZRUNVQRGHFRORUVVKDSHVDQGVL]HDUHEDVHG RQUHOHYDQWQRGHDWWULEXWHVZKLOHOLQNFRORUVUHSUHVHQWZKHQUHOHYDQWUHFLSURFLW\RIWKHOLQN
5HVXOWV
2QHRIWKHNH\UHVXOWVRI6RFLDO1HWZRUN$QDO\VLV 61$ LVWKHLGHQWLILFDWLRQRIWKHPRVWUHOHYDQWDFWRUVZLWKLQD JURXSRUFRPPXQLW\WKRVHZKRRFFXS\VWUDWHJLFSRVLWLRQV7ZRLQGH[HVDUHSDUWLFXODUO\XVHIXOIRUWKLV WKH³GHJUHH´ DQGWKH³EHWZHHQQHVV´RIDQRGH7KH³GHJUHH´RIDQRGHLQDQHWZRUNLVGHILQHGDVWKHQXPEHURIOLQNVLWKDV :DVVHUPDQDQG)DXVW :KHQOLQNVDUHGLUHFWLRQDOERWKWKH³RXWGHJUHH´DQG³LQGHJUHH´RIDQRGHFDQEH GHILQHGDVWKHQXPEHURIOLQNVUHVSHFWLYHO\RULJLQDWLQJIURPRUUHDFKLQJDQRGH,QWKHFRQWH[WRIWKHRQHPRGH QHWZRUN RI ³DFTXDLQWDQFHV´ $ ZH FRPSXWH DQ LQGH[ RI ³SRSXODULW\´ IRU DQ\ QRGH LQ WKH QHWZRUN DV WKH UDWLR 198 Monica Palladino et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 223 ( 2016 ) 193 – 200
EHWZHHQWKHLQGHJUHHDQGWKHRXWGHJUHHRIWKHQRGH$KLJKYDOXHRIWKHLQGH[LGHQWLILHVDQDFWRUZKRLV³SRSXODU´ LQWKHVHQVHWKDW V KHLVNQRZQE\PRUHSHRSOHLQWKHJURXSWKDQWKRVH V KHNQRZVGLUHFWO\ D /LOLW (QOLO (UD *LOJDPHVK 1DQWX (QNLGX 6LQ
,QDQQD .XU %HOLOL 1LQJDO
*XOD $QXQQDNL 1LGDED 1LVVLU 'UDJR $QWXQ 8UXN +HSHW $UXUX
'XPX]L 8WX ,VKNXU 0H 1LSSXU 1DPPX
E F
6LQ *LOJDPHVK 6LQ 1LVVLU 1LVVLU *LOJDPHVK (QOLO $QXQQDNL (QOLO $QXQQDNL $UXUX $UXUX (QNLGX (QNLGX 'XPX]L 'XPX]L +HSHW %HOLOL %HOLOL .XU 1LQJDO +HSHW 1LQJDO .XU 'UDJR $QWXQ /LOLW ,QDQQD 'UDJR $QWXQ 8UXN /LOLW ,QDQQD 8UXN 8WX 8WX 1LSSXU *XOD 1LSSXU *XOD ,VKNXU 1LGDED 1DPPX 1LGDED ,VKNXU 1DPPX 1DQWX (UD 1DQWX (UD 0H 0H G
6LQ 1LVVLU *LOJDPHVK (QOLO $QXQQDNL $UXUX (QNLGX 'XPX]L +HSHW 1LQJDO .XU %HOLOL 'UDJR 8UXN $QWXQ 8WX /LOLW ,QDQQD 1LSSXU *XOD 1LGDED ,VKNXU 1DPPX 1DQWX (UD 0H
)LJ D RQHPRGHQHWZRUNRIDFTXDLQWDQFHV EOXHOLQHVLQGLFDWHUHFLSURFDOOLQNV QRGHVL]HLVEDVHGRQWKHUHFLSURFLW\LQGH[ E RQHPRGHQHWZRUNVRIWUXVW RQO\FRKHUHQWOLQNVDUHUHSUHVHQWHG EOXHOLQHVLQGLFDWHSRVLWLYHJUHHQOLQHVQHXWUDODQGUHGOLQHVQHJDWLYH WUXVW QRGHVL]HEDVHGRQGHJUHH F RQHPRGHQHWZRUNRIWUXVW QHXWUDORUQHJDWLYH G RQHPRGHQHWZRUNRIPDQDJHULDOLQIRUPDWLRQH[FKDQJH QRGHVL]HLVEDVHGRQEHWZHHQQHVV Monica Palladino et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 223 ( 2016 ) 193 – 200 199
7KH³EHWZHHQQHVV´RIDQRGHLVDPHDVXUHRIWKHSRVVLEOH³VWUXFWXUDODGYDQWDJH´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
5.1. Who knows whom?
7KH³DFTXDLQWDQFH´QHWZRUNDPRQJWKHLQWHUYLHZHGILVKHUPHQLVTXLWHGHQVHZLWKOLQNVFRQQHFWLQJWKHPDOVR DFURVV WKH GLIIHUHQW SRUWV UHSUHVHQWHG E\ GLIIHUHQW FRORUV RI WKH QRGHV 2I WKH WKHRUHWLFDO SRVVLEO\ H[LVWLQJ OLQNVKDYHEHHQGHFODUHG RIWRWDO 2IWKHVH RU DUHUHFLSURFDOLQGLFDWHGE\WKHEOXHOLQHVLQWKH JUDSK D RI)LJ 1RGH VL]H LQ WKH JUDSK LV VHW LQ WHUPV RI D ³UHFLSURFLW\ LQGH[´ GHILQHG DV WKH SURSRUWLRQ RI OLQNV WKDW DUH UHFLSURFDO7KHLQGH[KDVDWKHRUHWLFDOPD[LPXPYDOXHRQRQHZKHQDOOOLQNVDUHUHFLSURFDO7KHDYHUDJHYDOXHRI WKHUHFLSURFLW\LQGH[LV VG UHYHDOLQJVXIILFLHQWFRKHUHQFHLQWKHVHWRIUHVSRQVHVJLYHQ :HDOVRFRPSXWHGD³SRSXODULW\´LQGH[DVWKHUDWLREHWZHHQWKHQXPEHURILQERXQGOLQNVDQGWKDWRIRXWERXQG RQHV QRW VKRZQ +LJK YDOXH LGHQWLI\ ³SRSXODU´ DFWRUV LQ WKH VHQVH WKDW WKH\ DUH ZLGHO\ NQRZQ LQ WKH DUHD 3DUWLFXODUO\QRWDEOHFDVHVDUHWKRVHRI³*LOJDPHVK´DQG³6LQ´ZKRDUHSRSXODUDPRQJFROOHDJXHVIURPRWKHUSRUWV WRRDSRWHQWLDOO\VWUDWHJLFSRVLWLRQSURYLGHGWKH\HQMR\HGVXIILFLHQWWUXVWIURPRWKHUVDQDVSHFWZHH[SORUHQH[W
5.2. Do they trust each other?
2QH RI WKH NH\ TXHVWLRQV ZH SRVHG LV RQ WKH GHJUHH RI WUXVW WKH LQWHUYLHZHG KDYH RQ RWKHUV 9DOXHV ZHUH H[SUHVVHG RQ D ILYH OHYHO /LNHUW VFDOH DV ³ORZ´ ³PHGLXPORZ´ ³PHGLXP´ ³PHGLXPKLJK´ DQG ³KLJK´ 7R GHWHUPLQHZKHWKHURUQRWWKHUHLVFRKHUHQFHLQWKHGHFODUHGUHODWLRQVRIWUXVWZHFODVVLILHGDV³FRKHUHQW´RQO\WKH SDLUVIRUZKLFKWKHH[SUHVVHGOHYHORIWUXVWZDVVLPLODU WKDWLVGLIIHULQJDWPRVWE\RQHXQLWRQWKHOHYHOVFDOH &RKHUHQFHLVTXLWHKLJK RIWKHSDLUVRIDFWRUVZKRKDYHUHFLSURFDOO\GHFODUHGDUHODWLRQRIWUXVWDUHFRKHUHQW ,QWKHJUDSKV E DQG F RI)LJ³SRVLWLYHWUXVW´LVUHSUHVHQWHGE\EOXHOLQHVLQGLFDWLQJDOLQNZKHUHPHGLXPKLJK RUKLJKOHYHORIWUXVWKDVEHHQUHSRUWHGE\ERWKDFWRUV³QHXWUDO´WUXVWOLQNV DOHYHORIWKUHHRQWKH/LNHUWVFDOHE\ ERWKDFWRUV DUHGHSLFWHGE\JUHHQOLQHVDQG³QHJDWLYHWUXVW´ OHYHOVRIGHFODUHGWUXVW³ORZ´RU³PHGLXPORZ´ DUH GHSLFWHGE\UHGOLQHV7KHFRPSDUDWLYHDQDO\VLVRIWKHQHWZRUNVFOHDUO\UHYHDOVWKDWSRVLWLYHWUXVWGRPLQDWHV
5.3. Is there a relevant information flow?
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
$FWRUVKDYHEHHQLGHQWLILHGLQWKHLQWHUYLHZLQLWLDOO\E\WKHQDPHRIWKHERDW$VDIHZQDPHV VXFKDV³6DQ5RFFR´DQG³0DULD´ DUHYHU\ FRPPRQLQWKHDUHDLWLVSRVVLEOHWKDWWKHUHKDVEHHQVRPHFRQIXVLRQLQLGHQWLI\LQJWKHULJKWSHUVRQDQGWKLVPD\H[SODLQDIHZRIWKHORZYDOXHV RIWKHLQGH[ 200 Monica Palladino et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 223 ( 2016 ) 193 – 200
&RQFOXGLQJUHPDUNV
7KH DQDO\VLV RI WKH QHWZRUNV RI DFTXDLQWDQFH WUXVW DQG LQIRUPDWLRQ H[FKDQJHV LQ WKH DUHD RI WKH )/$* KDV UHYHDOHGLQWHUHVWLQJWKRXJKVRPHKRZFRQIOLFWLQJUHVXOWV)LVKHUPHQNQRZHDFKRWKHUDVLWPD\EHH[SHFWHGLQVXFK DUHODWLYHO\VPDOOFRPPXQLW\7KH\DOVR³WUXVW´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³6WUHWWR´&RDVW)/$*&DODEULD5HJLRQ(XURSHDQ)LVKHULHV)XQG 3ULRULW\$[LV 6XVWDLQDEOH'HYHORSPHQWRI)LVKHULHV$UHDV0HDVXUH6WUHQJWKHQLQJWKH&RPSHWLWLYHQHVVRI )LVKHULHV$UHDV 5HIHUHQFH +DQQHPDQ5$ 5LGGOH0 Introduction to social network methods5LYHUVLGH&$ 8QLYHUVLW\RI&DOLIRUQLD5LYHUVLGH SXEOLVKHGLQ GLJLWDOIRUPDWKWWS IDFXOW\XFUHGXaKDQQHPDQ 0DUFLDQz& 3DOODGLQR0 /DSLDQLILFD]LRQHLQWHJUDWDLQXQ DUHDFDODEUHVHQHOO RWWLFDGLXQDUHWHGLDIILOLD]LRQH$QDOLVLGHOOHVWUXWWXUH GHLSDUWHQDULDWLORFDOLHGHOORURVYLOXSSR,Q&0DUFLDQz (G Governance rurali in Calabria SS 5HJJLR&DODEULD 8QLYHUVLWj GHJOL6WXGL0HGLWHUUDQHDGL5HJJLR&DODEULD&HQWUR6WDPSDGL$WHQHR 0DUFLDQz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¶DUHDGHO³*$&GHOOR6WUHWWR´ 8QSXEOLVKHG5HSRUW'LSDUWLPHQWRGL$JUDULD8QLYHUVLWjGHJOL6WXGL0HGLWHUUDQHDGL5HJJLR&DODEULD,WDO\ 3DOODGLQR0&DILHUR& 0DUFLDQz& 5HODWLRQDOFDSLWDOZLWKLQWKH)LVKLQJFRPPXQLWLHV7KHFDVHRIWKH6WUHWWR&RDVW)/$*DUHDLQ 6RXWKHUQ,WDO\3RVWHUSUHVHQWHGDWWKH(8&RQIHUHQFHRQ(FRQRPLFDGYLFHLQILVKHULHVPDQDJHPHQWDWULORJXHEHWZHHQVFLHQFH DGPLQLVWUDWLRQDQGVWDNHKROGHUV´(XURSHDQ&RPPLVVLRQ '*0$5( (XURSHDQ$VVRFLDWLRQRI)LVKHULHV(FRQRPLVWV ($)( 8QLYHUVLW\ RI0DOWDKWWS ZZZHFRQRPLFVILVKHULHVHXLQGH[KWPO :DVVHUPDQ6 )DXVW. Social Network Analysis: Methods and Applications&DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV&DPEULGJH8.