DOCSLIB.ORG

Page Proof Instructions and Queries

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Page Proof Instructions and Queries 624095IJH Page Proof Instructions and Queries Journal Title: The International Journal of Maritime History Article Number: 624095 Greetings, and thank you for publishing with SAGE. We have prepared this page proof for your review. Please respond to each of the below queries by digitally marking this PDF using Adobe Reader. Click “Comment” in the upper right corner of Adobe Reader to access the mark-up tools as follows: For textual edits, please use the “Annotations” tools. For formatting requests, questions, or other Please refrain from using the two tools crossed out complicated changes, please insert a comment below, as data loss can occur when using these tools. using “Drawing Markups.” Detailed annotation guidelines can be viewed at: http://www.sagepub.com/repository/binaries/pdfs/AnnotationGuidelines.pdf Adobe Reader can be downloaded (free) at: http://www.adobe.com/products/reader.html. No. Query Please confirm that all author information, including names, affiliations, sequence, and contact details, is correct. Please review the entire document for typographical errors, mathematical errors, and any other necessary corrections; check headings, tables, and figures. Please ensure that you have obtained and enclosed all necessary permissions for the reproduction of art works (e.g. illustrations, photographs, charts, maps, other visual material, etc.) not owned by you. Please refer to your publishing agreement for further information. Please note that this proof represents your final opportunity to review your article prior to publication, so please do send all of your changes now. 0010.1177/0843871415624095The International Journal of Maritime HistoryCrawford and Marquez research-article2015 IJMH Article The International Journal of Maritime History A contact zone: The turtle 1 –17 © The Author(s) 2015 commons of the Western Reprints and permissions: sagepub.co.uk/journalsPermissions.nav Caribbean DOI: 10.1177/0843871415624095 ijh.sagepub.com Sharika D Crawford and Ana Isabel Marquez Abstract Turtle fishing has a long history in the Caribbean. Early Caribbean accounts from New World sailors and adventurers noted an abundance of the marine reptile, which quickly became desired for its delicious meat and beautiful shell. Nowhere was the presence of sea turtle more pronounced than in the adjacent cays, banks, and reefs of the Western Caribbean, where Europeans also noted the abilities developed by the indigenous peoples of the region to capture them. By the mid-eighteenth century, English-speaking inhabitants from the Cayman Islands, Jamaica, Nicaragua and the Colombian islands of San Andrés and Old Providence took to the sea in search of green and hawksbill turtles. In doing so, they created a robust maritime commerce and distinctive seafaring culture, which continues to exist in these communities. In this article, we argue that the turtle trade facilitated the creation and recreation of a dynamic contact zone of ongoing transnational and cross-cultural encounters among indigenous, European and Afro-Caribbean inhabitants. Keywords Caribbean, fishing, seafaring, turtle In his 1956 publication, The Windward road, Floridian herpetologist Archie Carr mes- merized English-speaking audiences with his whimsical tales of turtle fishing communi- ties along ‘remote Caribbean shores’.1 Traveling from the Caribbean coasts of Mexico 1. Archie Carr, The Windward road: Adventures of a naturalist on remote Caribbean shores (Gainesville, FL, 1979 [1956]). Corresponding author: Sharika D Crawford, Assistant Professor of History, United States Naval Academy – History, 107 Maryland Avenue, Mailstop 12C, Annapolis Maryland 21401, USA. Email: [email protected] 2 The International Journal of Maritime History and Central America to the Windward Islands of Martinique and Tobago to the Cayman Islands, Carr circumvented the Caribbean Sea seeking to learn about the migratory pat- terns of sea turtles. However, his adventures introduced readers to an eclectic maritime community where turtle made for hearty meals and an intrepid livelihood. Turtlers lived and worked along the coastal edges and the islands in between the Caribbean Sea, which had once served as buccaneer and pirate hideouts. By the mid-twentieth century, during the period of Carr’s visits, it was clear that these turtle fishing communities shared a distinctive seafaring tradition that crossed national boundaries as well as races and ethnicities. What was less visible on the agenda and radar of these scientific communities was the destruction of distinctive Caribbean seafaring cultures and maritime communities, which for centuries relied on turtle consumption and commerce. While scholarly atten- tion has focused on the rise of turtle conservationism, less attention has been given to the role of turtle in the development of these fishing communities.2 Academic studies too often portray the turtlers as fanciful or ignorant characters critical to the destruc- tion of these marine reptiles. With the exception of Archie Carr’s The Windward road, most fail to examine the cultures and maritime knowledge associated with the use of these marine reptiles, which led them to develop transnational, cross-cultural encoun- ters among Central American coastal communities and adjacent small islands in the Caribbean Sea.3 Anthropological and cultural geographical analyses of these communities provide a wealth of information on the evolution of the maritime practices of turtling communities. Drawing on studies conducted from the 1970s to the 2000s, it is clear that anthropolo- gists have taken an immense interest in the ethnohistories of turtling communities such as the Miskitu of Tasbapauni in Nicaragua; the Afro-Caribbean communities of Old Harbour, Cahuita, and Turtle Bogue (Tortuguero) in Costa Rica; and the Afro-Caribbean communities of San Andres and Old Providence in Colombia.4 Yet these studies often document and analyze turtling practices in isolation, within a wider context of indige- nous ethnic traditions, or vis-à-vis nationalist politics. Scholars have tended to perceive these maritime practices rather narrowly as an indigenous tradition and either ignore or downplay the vibrant existence of these traditions in non-indigenous communities, 2. Alison Rieser, The case of the green turtle: An uncensored history of a conservation icon (Baltimore, MD, 2012). 3. Carr, Windward road, 149–57 and 206–36. 4. Charles W. Hale, Resistance and contradiction: Miskitu Indians and the Nicaraguan state, 1894–1987 (Palo Alto, CA, 1994); Bernard Nietchsmann, Between land and sea: The sub- sistence ecology of the Miskito Indians, eastern Nicaragua (New York, 1973); Paula Palmer, ‘What happen’: A folk-history of Costa Rica’s Talamanca Coast (Miami, FL, 2005 [1974]); Harry G. LeFever, Turtle Bogue: An Afro-Caribbean life and culture in a Costa Rican village (Susquehanna, PA, 1992); James J. Parsons, San Andres and Providencia: English-speaking islands in the Western Caribbean (Berkeley, CA, 1956); Ana Isabel Márquez Perez, ‘Catboats, lanchs, and canoes: Apuntes para una historia de las relaciones de las islas de Providencia y Santa Catalina con el Caribe Centroamericano y Insular a traves del construcccion y el uso de embarcaciones de madera’, Passagens: Revista Internacional de Historia Politica e Cultura Juridica 6, No. 3 (2014), 480–503. Crawford and Marquez 3 which actually guarantee the survival of many of them.5 Our approach is to showcase the ways turtle fishing techniques and tools became shared from indigenous to non-indige- nous fishermen as well as from coastal to island communities. In doing so, we urge read- ers to consider these mariners as part of a seafaring culture that transcends race, ethnicity and nationality. To deepen our understanding of the turtling culture and to understand how this fishing culture adapted and evolved, we focus on the cultural exchanges among Caymanians and the islanders of San Andres and Providencia (Colombia). We draw on both written and oral sources, which include early modern Caribbean travel accounts, newspaper articles, government correspondence and unpublished oral histories. We seek to move beyond scholarship that has merely alluded to, or glossed over, the longstanding maritime con- nections among these island communities.6 Turtle in the Atlantic world Turtle was an essential part of the making of the early modern Atlantic world.7 From the moment European adventurers crossed the Atlantic Ocean and ventured to the large and small islands as well as coastlands in and around the Caribbean Sea, they quickly learned that this marine reptile made for a crucial part of their subsistence and provisions. In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, New World explorers and settlers found turtle at every corner of the circum-Caribbean. Impregnated turtles congregated at their nesting grounds near the Caribbean lowlands of Mexico and Costa Rica as well as Bermuda and the Cayman Islands, while a variety of turtles grazed on sea grass off the coasts of Nicaragua, Suriname and around the Galapagos Islands (see Figure 1).8 As European sojourners came into contact with indigenous settlements, these newcomers adapted their fishing techniques and developed a taste for turtle. Due to the abundance and easy accessibility of turtle, some chroniclers described seas and beaches as being choked with turtles.9 In 1513, Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de León called a group of small islands west of the Florida peninsula Las Tortugas (later to be known as Dry Tortugas) because his crew once captured
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Fire Management in Central America1
    Fire Management in Central America1 Andrea L. Koonce Armando Gonzalez-Caban2 Abstract: Information on fire management operations in Central America is 224, some reaching high intensity. This increase may reflect scant. To evaluate the known level of fire occurrence in seven countries in that improved accuracy of reporting or may signal an increase in the area, fire management officers were asked to provide information on their fire control organizations and on any available fire statistics. The seven countries number of fires which are escaping into the forest. Untended surveyed were Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa agriculture and pasture fires are the principal causes of these Rica, and Panama. Information from a survey of the literature was also fires resulting in forest degradation and increased susceptibility collected. For each of the seven countries, results of these surveys of fire to insects and diseases. management and a description of the physical geography are reported. Guatemala's fire protection program was started in 1988 under the direction of the forest protection section of the Depart- ment of Forest Management. Their 1989 budget was approxi- Statistics on fire management operations for Central America mately 70,080 quetzales ($14,300). Five staff members are re- are generally unavailable. The statistics which are available sponsible for protecting 65,961.8 km2of Pinus and Cupressus include only those fires which are prescribed by managers, and species, as well as other mixed conifer and broadleaved species. those reported wildfires which may or may not be suppressed. In There are some organized fire brigades and vehicles available to order to evaluate the known level of fire occurrence, a survey suppress fires, but funding is insufficient to adequately equip was sent to fire management officers in each Central American people in rural areas for forest protection.
    [Show full text]
  • A Regional Shellfish Hatchery for the Wider Caribbean Assessing Its Feasibility and Sustainability
    FAO ISSN 2070-6103 19 FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE PROCEEDINGS FAO FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE PROCEEDINGS 19 19 A regional shellfish hatchery for the Wider Caribbean Assessing its feasibility and sustainability A regional shellfish hatchery for the Wider Caribbean – Assessing its feasibility and sustainability A regional FAO Regional Technical Workshop A regional shellfish hatchery for 18–21 October 2010 Kingston, Jamaica the Wider Caribbean It is widely recognized that the development of aquaculture in Assessing its feasibility and sustainability the Wider Caribbean Region is inhibited, in part, by the lack of technical expertise, infrastructure, capital investment and human resources. Furthermore, seed supply for native species FAO Regional Technical Workshop relies, for the most part, on natural collection, subject to 18–21 October 2010 natural population abundance with wide yearly variations. This Kingston, Jamaica situation has led to the current trend of culturing more readily available exotic species, but with a potentially undesirable impact on the natural environment. The centralizing of resources available in the region into a shared facility has been recommended by several expert meetings over the past 20 years. The establishment of a regional hatchery facility, supporting sustainable aquaculture through the seed production of native molluscan species was discussed at the FAO workshop “Regional shellfish hatchery: A feasibility study” held in Kingston, Jamaica, in October 2010, by representatives of Caribbean Governments and experts in the field. Molluscan species are particularly targeted due to their culture potential in terms of known techniques, simple grow-out technology and low impact on surrounding environment. It is proposed that a regional molluscan hatchery would produce seed for sale and distribution to grow-out operations in the region as well as provide technical support for the research on new species.
    [Show full text]
  • A Collection of Birds from the Caribbean Lowlands of Guatemala
    Jan., 1963 49 A COLLECTION OF BIRDS FROM THE CARIBBEAN LOWLANDS OF GUATEMALA By H u g h C. L an d In the course of a survey of the avifauna of the Sierra de las Minas of Guatemala, the largest range in the eastern part of that country, many specimens were taken in the humid lowlands north and east of the mountains. Participating in this field study with me were my wife Margaret, Larry L. Wolf, and Dr. and Mrs. Richard R. Graber. From September 22, 1958, to March 25, 1959, over half of our effort was expended in observ­ ing and collecting in the Caribbean lowlands, where we recorded 299 species represent­ ing 54 families. Five of these species were new to the country (Land and Wolf, 1961). THE STUDY AREA The Polochic Valley north of the Sierra de las Minas, the region about Lake Izabál, and the lower Motagua Valley east of Quirigua constituted the study area. Included also were a few elevated river valleys extending up to 4500 feet, the biotas of which are similar to that of the lowlands. The upper Polochic Valley is a geologically young gorge beginning near Tactic at 5000 feet and dropping rapidly to below 1000 feet at Pancajché. Facing east, the valley intercepts the moist Caribbean winds. Rainfall is frequent and heavy. Fog or clouds perpetually shade the forest and the coffee plantations. In this humid environment we found birds that are normally limited to lower elevations. The nearly level floor of the lower Polochic Valley is triangular, with Pancajché at the apex.
    [Show full text]
  • 58 WP Leal and Van Ausdal Online.Indd
    Working Paper No. 58, 2013 Landscapes of Freedom and Inequality Environmental Histories of the Pacific and Caribbean Coasts of Colombia Claudia Leal and Shawn Van Ausdal Working Paper Series desiguALdades.net Research Network on Interdependent Inequalities in Latin America desiguALdades.net Working Paper Series Published by desiguALdades.net International Research Network on Interdependent Inequalities in Latin America The desiguALdades.net Working Paper Series serves to disseminate first results of ongoing research projects in order to encourage the exchange of ideas and academic debate. Inclusion of a paper in the desiguALdades.net Working Paper Series does not constitute publication and should not limit publication in any other venue. Copyright remains with the authors. Copyright for this edition: Claudia Leal and Shawn Van Ausdal Editing and Production: Barbara Göbel / Laura Kemmer / Paul Talcott All working papers are available free of charge on our website www.desiguALdades.net. Leal, Claudia and Van Ausdal, Shawn 2013: “Landscapes of Freedom and Inequality: Environmental Histories of the Pacific and Caribbean Coasts of Colombia”, desiguALdades.net Working Paper Series 58, Berlin: desiguALdades.net International Research Network on Interdependent Inequalities in Latin America. The paper was produced by Claudia Leal and Shawn Van Ausdal as a result of discussions at desiguALdades.net in the context of a conference (11/2012) and a workshop (08/2013). desiguALdades.net International Research Network on Interdependent Inequalities in Latin America cannot be held responsible for errors or any consequences arising from the use of information contained in this Working Paper; the views and opinions expressed are solely those of the author or authors and do not necessarily reflect those of desiguALdades.net.
    [Show full text]
  • A Microcosm of Slavery in Costa Rica, 1705–1744
    Slavery & Abolition A Journal of Slave and Post-Slave Studies ISSN: (Print) (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/fsla20 Diego García's Long and Winding Road to Freedom: A Microcosm of Slavery in Costa Rica, 1705–1744 Russell Lohse To cite this article: Russell Lohse (2021): Diego García's Long and Winding Road to Freedom: A Microcosm of Slavery in Costa Rica, 1705–1744, Slavery & Abolition, DOI: 10.1080/0144039X.2021.1913971 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/0144039X.2021.1913971 Published online: 23 Apr 2021. Submit your article to this journal View related articles View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=fsla20 SLAVERY & ABOLITION https://doi.org/10.1080/0144039X.2021.1913971 Diego García’s Long and Winding Road to Freedom: A Microcosm of Slavery in Costa Rica, 1705–1744 Russell Lohse ABSTRACT ‘Diego García’ was the name given to a West African-born man who was brought to Costa Rica at the turn of the eighteenth century. His life history reflects many of the unusual features particular to the slave regime in that peripheral Spanish colony. These include rapid creolization, the intense and sustained contacts between members of different ethnic and racial groups, the broad geographical mobility of male slaves, the spatial separation of male and female Africans in the colony, and the enhanced possibilities for manumission available to male Africans. In many cases, Spanish American archives hold more documentation about enslaved people than about other plebeians in colonial society.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 8: Central America and the Caribbean
    Chapter 8: Central America and the Caribbean Unit 3 Section 1: Physical Geography Landforms • Pacific Lowlands – Guatemala to Panama • Caribbean Lowlands – Nicaragua and Honduras • Central Highlands – Mountains – Volcanoes Landforms • Isthmus of Panama – Isthmus—narrow strip of land connecting 2 larger land areas – Connects North and South America – Separates the Caribbean Sea from the Gulf of Panama Landforms • Caribbean: – 7,000 islands – Greater Antilles and Lesser Antilles • Archipelago—group or chain of islands – Tectonic activity: earthquakes are common Water Systems • Water systems in this region provide: – Transportation – Drinking water – Drainage – Irrigation – Hydroelectric power • Lake Nicaragua is Central America’s largest freshwater lake – Only one in the world to have sharks, swordfish, and tarpon Water Systems • Panama Canal – Bisects the Isthmus of Panama – One of the most important man-made waterways • Why??? Climate, Biomes, and Resources • High temperatures and abundant rainfall are common year-round for much of the region • Tropical rain forest climate – Diversity of species • Trees, ferns, mosses • Birds, bats, insects • Costa Rica and Panama are global biodiversity hotspots Climate, Biomes, and Resources • Tropical Wet/Dry Climate – Caribbean islands – Areas exposed to wind experience high temperatures and lots of rainfall – Areas not exposed to wind experience high temperatures and rainfall, but, also have a dry season • Grasslands • Hurricanes common from June to November Section 2: Human Geography History and
    [Show full text]
  • The Burrowing Toad, Rhinophrynus Dorsalis, on the Caribbean Lowlands of Central America Author(S): William E
    The Burrowing Toad, Rhinophrynus dorsalis, on the Caribbean Lowlands of Central America Author(s): William E. Duellman Source: Herpetologica, Vol. 27, No. 1 (Mar., 1971), pp. 55-56 Published by: Herpetologists' League Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3890823 Accessed: 28/08/2008 11:34 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=herpetologists. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit organization founded in 1995 to build trusted digital archives for scholarship. We work with the scholarly community to preserve their work and the materials they rely upon, and to build a common research platform that promotes the discovery and use of these resources. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. http://www.jstor.org THE BURROWING TOAD, RHINOPHRYNUS DORSALIS, ON THE CARIBBEAN LOWLANDS OF CENTRAL AMERICA WILLIAM E. DUELLMAN THE distribution of the fossorial toad Rhinophrynus dorsalis Dumeril and Bibron has been poorly documented in Central Amer- ica.
    [Show full text]
  • Central America
    Westernand a LeastSandpiper were observed in May (BM, MT). One female Common andat nearbyILL 14May (BM, MT) werelate. ILL.15 May (BM, MT), while18least Sandpipers Yellowthroat was at S.Emangroves 9 May (BM), werereported for Celestfin30 Apr (AD). Two whilea first-yearmale was in ILL 14 May (BM, Contributors (area compiler in boldface): White-rumpedSandpipers were seen 30 May in MT). Alejandrode Alba, Joanne Andrews, David Bacab, Cdestfin(DB), and a StiltSandpiper was there 9 William Beatty,Chris Benesh,lsmad Caamal, Apr(DB). Two Stilt Sandpipers were in a saltpond TANAGERSTHROUGH ORIOLES AlexanderDzib, SandraFlores, Dutton & Caroline inILL 1May (BM), while a Wilson's Phalarope was A femaleRose-throated Tanager was one of 25 Foster,H6ctor G6mez de Silva,Rich Hoyer, observed8 Apr in Celestfin(DB). A singleLeast speciesin IslaPobre 19 Apr (BM).Of specialnote BarbaraMacKinnon (BM), StaufferMiller, Uriel Ternshowed up in Celestfn,where known to nest, for the samelocation and datewas one juv. male Ortiz Chay,Maria TeresaPuig, Melgar Tabasco 10Apr, perhaps aweek earlier than usual (DB). One Red-leggedHoneycreeper being fed by an ad., with (MT), Margarito Tuz (MTuz), Paul Wood. Ring-billedand an imm. HerringGull werein 4 othersnearby. Inland from E1 Cuyo in a forested Uncredited observationsare by Barbara Celestfn9 Apr (DB).Three Herring Gulls were at area,3 maleand a femaleRed-legged Honeycreeper MacKinnon. Celestfn30 May (DB). Single Eurasian Collared- werefeeding on annona fruit 19 May (JA & MTP). Doveswere reported from Cancfn, Q. Rooin Jan Another new record for the S.K.B.IL was a White- Literature cited (PW) and6-8 km s. of SanMiguel, Cozumel 10 crownedSparrow netted at Sac.21 Apr.
    [Show full text]
  • R. Berleant-Schiller L. Pulsipher Subsistence Cultivation in the Caribbean
    R. Berleant-Schiller L. Pulsipher Subsistence cultivation in the Caribbean In: New West Indian Guide/ Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 60 (1986), no: 1/2, Leiden, 1-40 This PDF-file was downloaded from http://www.kitlv-journals.nl Downloaded from Brill.com10/08/2021 09:58:29PM via free access RIVA BERLEANT-SCHILLER & LYDIA M. PULSIPHER SUBSISTENCE CULTIVATION IN THE CARIBBEAN1 INTRODUCTION Subsistence cultivation on small plots is a marked characteristic of rural life in the Caribbean islands, as it is in most areas in the American tropics. It closely resembles the subsistence cultivation systems of neighboring areas and has been classified as a subcategory of American tropical forest agriculture (Denevan 1980; Katz, Hediger & Valleroy 1974: 769). Yet its practitioners are not natives of the American tropics, but the descendants of Africans who often grew their own food and a small market surplus on the unused lands near the plantations on which they worked as slaves. These provision grounds were important in their adaptations to slavery and to the changes later brought by emancipation (Mintz & Hall 1960). That they are still an essential part of rural land use, economy, and household survival has been recog- nized in an abundant literature.2 Most of the studies in this literature are local and particular. Few attempt any intra-regional comparison or generalization (Hills & Iton 1982, 1983; Momsen 1972; Paquette 1968, 1982; Rashford 1982), and none attempt extra-regional comparison or systematic synthesis. This is surprising when we consider the synthesizing and explanatory efforts applied to some other important Afro-American cultural features with multi-cultural origins, such as religion or creole languages (e.g., Al- leyne 1980; Bickerton 1975; Carrington et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Central America and the Caribbean Chapter 11 Central America
    Central America and the Caribbean Chapter 11 Central America • Central America is a small region that curves between N. America and S. America thus forming a land bridge between the two continents. -Isthmus-narrow strip of land, with water on both sides, that connects two larger bodies of land. • Panama Canal made it possible for ships to cross the isthmus -Days were saved on travel. • 7 countries: Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama. -Combined land area only ¼ the size of Mexico. Central America Landforms • 3 major landform regions make up Central America. 1. The Mountainous Core 2. Caribbean Lowlands 3. Pacific Coastal Plains Wealth and Poverty • Half the population live below the poverty line. In rural areas, the number increases to 2/3. • Farms belong to the wealthy and poor work on them. • The poorest 20% receive 3% of all income while the wealthiest 20% receives 60%. Farming • Most people earn their living by farming. • Crops from large plantations are shipped to US or Europe. • These cash crops account for over half of C. America’s income from exports. The Caribbean Islands • The Caribbean Islands consist of 3 island groups. 1. The Greater Antilles-include the 4 largest islands of the region: Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola (Haiti and the Dominican Republic), and Puerto Rico 2. The Lesser Antilles 3. Bahamas Ethnic Roots • Europeans enslaved many of Africans to work on their plantations growing and harvesting sugar cane. • Most of the regions population is descended from those enslaved Africans. • Caribbean culture has been greatly influenced by its African roots.
    [Show full text]
  • Costa Rican Ecosystems
    Chapter 16 The Caribbean Lowland Evergreen Moist and Wet Forests Deedra McClearn1,*, J. Pablo Arroyo- Mora2, Enrique Castro3, Ronald C. Coleman4, Javier F. Espeleta5, Carlos García- Robledo6, Alex Gilman3, José González3, Armond T. Joyce7, Erin Kuprewicz8, John T. Longino9, Nicole L. Michel10, Carlos Manuel Rodríguez11, Andrea Romero12, Carlomagno Soto3, Orlando Vargas3, Amanda Wendt13, Steven Whitfield14, Robert M. Timm15 Introduction Rica’s border with Nicaragua) (Fig. 16.1). For this map, we define the upper altitudinal limit of the area as 300 m, The saying “geography is destiny” has been used by histori- although some sections of this chapter will use slightly dif- ans and economists to explain large- scale phenomena such ferent elevations, depending on the standards of a particular as human trading routes, migration patterns, technological innovation, spread of disease, and the motivation for and 1 Organization for Tropical Studies, Box 90630, Durham, NC 27708, USA 2 McGill University, Department of Geography, 805 Sherbrooke Street outcomes of wars. In the context of Costa Rican ecosystems, West, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2K6, Canada one might also invoke the expression to frame more than 3 La Selva Biological Station, Organization for Tropical Studies, Apartado five million years of the history of Costa Rica’s Caribbean 676- 2050, San Pedro de Montes de Oca, Costa Rica 4 Department of Biological Sciences, California State University Sacra- lowlands. We do not imply that events have been or will be mento, 6000 J Street, Sacramento,
    [Show full text]
  • Superfamily CRACOIDEA: Megapodes, Curassows, and Allies
    112 FAMILY CRACIDAE Order GALLIFORMES: Gallinaceous Birds SuperfamilyCRACOIDEA: Megapodes,Curassows, and Allies Family CRACIDAE: Curassowsand Guans Genus ORTALIS Merrem Ortalida [accusative case] -- Ortalis [nominative] Merrem, 1786, Avium Rar. Icones Descr.2: 40. Type, by originaldesignation, Phasianus motmot Linnaeus. Ortalis vetula (Wagler).Plain Chachalaca. Penelopevetula Wagler, 1830, Isis von Oken, col. 1112. (Mexico -- near city of Ve- racruz, Veracruz; Miller and Griscom, Auk 38: 455, 1921.) Habitat. TropicalLowland EvergreenForest Edge, Gallery Forest,Secondary Forest, woodedresidential areas (0-1850 m; Tropical Zone). Distribution.--Resident on the Gulf-Caribbeanslope from southernTexas (lower Rio GrandeValley) and Nuevo Le6n souththrough the lowlandsof easternMexico (including the Yucatan Peninsulaand Isla Cancun), Belize, and easternGuatemala to northernHonduras (including Isla Utila in the Bay Islands), and in the interior valleys of Chiapas,central Honduras,and north-centralNicaragua; also northwestern Costa Rica (Guanacaste). Introducedand establishedon islandsoff the coastof Georgia(Sapelo, Blackbeard, and Little St. Simons). Notes.--The isolatedpopulation in northwesternCosta Rica was assignedto O. leuco- gastra by A.O.U. (1983, 1985) and Sibley and Monroe (1990). Ortalis cinereicepsGray. Gray-headedChachalaca. Ortalida cinereicepsG. R. Gray, 1867, List Birds Brit. Mus., pt. 5, p. 12. (north-west coastof America = San Miguel Island, Pearl Islands,Panama.) Habitat.--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest Edge, Gallery Forest,Secondary Forest (0-1100 m; Tropical Zone). Distribution.--Resident in easternHonduras (Olancho, Mosquitia), easternand central Nicaragua,Costa Rica (except the dry northwest),Panama (including Isla del Rey in the Pearl Islands), and northwesternColombia. Notes.--The South American O. garrula (Humboldt, 1805) and O. cinereicepsconstitute a superspecies(Sibley and Monroe 1990); they are consideredby some(e.g., Blake 1977) as conspecific.The compositespecies may be called Chestnut-wingedChachalaca.
    [Show full text]