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Central America and the West Indies, View the World and Chapter Overview Visit the Our World Its People Chapter 7 Video pter ha C CentralCentral 2121 AmericaAmerica andand thethe WestWest IndiesIndies To learn more about the people and places of Central America and the West Indies, view The World and Chapter Overview Visit the Our World Its People Chapter 7 video. Today: People, Places, and Issues Web site attx.owt.glencoe.com and click on Chapter 21—Chapter Overviews to preview information about Central America and the West Indies. 554 ▼ Guadeloupe, an island in the Lesser Antilles Building Trust Ever since the Monroe Doctrine warned European nations against interfering with the affairs of countries in the Americas, U.S. presidents have worked to develop a special relationship with our near neighbors. Compare-Contrast Study Foldable Make this foldable to help you determine how Central America and the West Indies are similar and different. Step 1 Fold one sheet of paper in half Step 2 Fold it in half again, from side to from top to bottom. side. Step 3 Unfold the paper once. Sketch Step 4 Cut up the fold of the top flap an outline of Central America and the only. West Indies across both tabs and label Central them as shown. America Central America West Indies This cut will make two tabs. West Indies Reading and Writing As you read the chapter, write facts under the appropriate tabs of your foldable. Use what you write to compare and contrast the people and places of Central America and the West Indies. 11 Guide to Reading Main Idea Central America is made up of seven nations that are Unusual animals found nowhere else home to a variety of peoples, exotic on the earth roam the floor and animals, and diverse canopy of Central America’s landforms. rain forests. The small frog here seems as if it would Terms to Know be a snack for other, • isthmus larger animals. Do not • hurricane • plantation be fooled by the • subsistence farm enlargement of the • canopy photo, however. Many • eco-tourist frogs like this one • literacy rate • republic hold a deadly poison in • parliamentary their skin, which would democracy quickly kill anything that tried to eat them. Reading Strategy Create a chart like this one, listing each country in Central America and two Central America, part of Middle America, is an isthmus, or a narrow key facts about each piece of land that links two larger areas of land—North America and country. South America. Most of the countries on the isthmus have two coast- lines—one on the Pacific Ocean and one on the Caribbean Sea.This Country Key Facts narrow region is actually part of North America. Seven countries make up Central America: Belize, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama. A Rugged Land Like Mexico, Central America sits where plates in the earth’s crust meet.The collision of these plates produces volcanoes and earthquakes in the region. The Central Highlands, which curve like a backbone through inland Central America, are actually a chain of volcanic moun- tains. Because of their ruggedness, the Central Highlands are difficult to cross.This causes serious problems for transportation and communica- tion and has also kept many of the region’s people isolated from one another.The volcanoes of the Central Highlands do bring some benefits to farmers, though.Volcanic material has made the soil very fertile. 556 CHAPTER 21 Central America is mostly tropical, although the mountainous areas are cool year-round.The Caribbean Lowlands have a hot, tropi- cal rain forest climate throughout the year.Here you can expect about 100 inches (254 cm) of rain each year.Breezes from the Caribbean Sea provide some cooling relief.These breezes can be replaced by deadly hurricanes during the summer and fall,though.Hurricanes are fierce storms with winds of more than 74 miles (119 km) per hour. How have the volcanoes in Central America been helpful? The Economy The economies of the Central American countries depend on farm- ing and harvesting wood from their rain forests. Central America has two kinds of farms.Wealthy people and companies own plantations— commercial farms that grow crops for sale. Major crops include coffee, bananas, cotton, and sugarcane. Plantations export their harvest to the United States and other parts of the world. Farmers in Guatemala and Costa Rica also grow flowers and ornamental plants for export. Central America and the West Indies: Political 90°W 85°W80°W75°W70°W65°W60°W N ATLANTIC OCEAN B W E Gulf of Mexico A 25°N S Nassau H T A ROPIC O F CANCER M Havana A TURKS AND CAICOS G r S ISLANDS U.K. e a VIRGIN ISLANDS CUBA t e St. Thomas U.S. & U.K. r U.S. 20° ANGUILLA U.K. N A n t i l l e s PUERTO Basseterre CAYMAN ISLANDS RICO St. John's U.K. DOMINICAN U.S. HAITI REPUBLIC San ANTIGUA AND MEXICO Port-au-Prince Juan BARBUDA Santo St. Croix U.S. GUADELOUPE BELIZE Domingo Kingston ST. KITTS AND Fr. Belmopan JAMAICA Hispaniola NEVIS DOMINICA GUATEMALA MONTSERRAT Roseau MARTINIQUE A L U.K. 15°N Guatemala e Castries Fr. Caribbean Sea n s City HONDURAS t s i ST. LUCIA BARBADOS Tegucigalpa l e NETHERLANDS l r Kingstown Coco R. ANTILLES e Bridgetown San Salvador s EL Neth. GRENADA SALVADOR ST. VINCENT AND St. George's NICARAGUA ARUBA Neth. THE GRENADINES Managua Port-of-Spain TRINIDAD AND 10° PACIFIC TOBAGO N COSTA RICA OCEAN San Jos´e Panama City Applying Map Skills PANAMA 1. Which countries in Central America 0 mi. 500 5°N border only one body of water? 0 km 500 Azimuthal Equidistant projection 2. What two countries occupy the island of Hispaniola? National capital Territorial capital Find NGS online map resources @ www.nationalgeographic.com/maps Many farms in Central America are not plantations but subsistence farms, or small plots of land where poor farmers grow only enough food to feed their families. Subsistence farmers typically raise livestock and grow corn, beans, and rice. Rain Forests Under Central America’s green canopy, or topmost layer of the rain forest, which shades the forest floor, valuable resources and ancient ruins of past empires can be found.The dense forests offer expensive woods—mahogany and rosewood, for exam- ple. Unusual animal and plant species also thrive here. Scientists research the plants to develop new medicines. Both local and foreign-owned companies have set up large-scale operations in the rain forests.Lumber companies cut down and export the valuable trees. Other companies and local farmers also cut or burn the trees to clear land for farming.Without trees to provide nutrients and hold the soil in place, rains wash it and its nutrients away. As a result, the land soon becomes poor.The businesses and farmers then move on, clearing trees from another piece of land. Central America and the West Indies: Physical 90°W 85°W80°W75°W70°W65°W60°W Gulf of Mexico N 0 mi. 500 0 km 500 W E Elevations UNITED B Azimuthal Equidistant projection STATES A S Feet Meters H 10,000 3,000 25°N 5,000 1,500 A ATLANTIC OCEAN 2,000 600 M 1,000 300 TROPIC OF CANCER 0 0 A Turks and Caicos G S Islands R E Virgin CUBA A T Mountain peak E R Islands A Cauto N T I L L E S Anguilla 20°N DOMINICAN Puerto Cayman Islands Rico ANTIGUA AND HAITI REPUBLIC BARBUDA MEXICO Saint Croix Volc´an BELIZE Guadeloupe Pico Duarte ST. KITTS AND Tajumulco JAMAICA Hispaniola NEVIS DOMINICA 13,845 ft. GUATEMALA 10,417 ft. A L e (3,175 m) Montserrat n s Martinique (4,220 m) Caribbean t 15°N i s C Lowlands Caribbean Sea l e en l r BARBADOS tra HONDURAS e l Hig s hl co R. Netherlands EL an Co ST. LUCIA ds Antilles ST. VINCENT AND SALVADOR THE GRENADINES GRENADA NICARAGUA Aruba Lake TRINIDAD Pacific Nicaragua AND Lowlands 10°N Isthmus of TOBAGO COSTA Panama Panama Applying Map Skills RICA Canal PANAMA 1. What are the names of the two PACIFIC OCEAN lowlands on either side of the SOUTH 5°N Central Highlands? AMERICA 2. What island is located at about 18°N, 67°W? Find NGS online map resources @ www.nationalgeographic.com/maps Many Central Americans worry about the rapid destruction of the rain forests. On Location Some countries are responding to this crisis by helping workers replant cleared areas. Costa Rica has set aside one-fourth of its forests as national parks. It uses the rain • forests to attract eco-tourists, or people • who travel to other countries to enjoy natural wonders. Industry Missing from the skylines of most major Central American cities are the smokestacks of industry.The few industries that exist generally focus on preparing foods. In Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua, some factories produce clothing for export. Guatemala,which has some oil reserves, exports crude oil.Costa Rica produces com- puter chips, other electronic goods, and medicines. With its varied economy, Costa Rica enjoys one of the highest standards Economic of living in Latin America. It also has one of the highest literacy rates, or Highs and Lows percentage of people who can read and write. San José, Costa Rica’s The Panama Canal The econ- capital (top), has shop- ping malls and fast- omy in Panama is based on food chains like many farming—as the economy is North American cities. throughout Central America—but In 1998 Hurricane Panama also earns money from its Mitch caused massive canal. The Panama Canal stretches mudslides that buried across the narrow Isthmus of Panama.
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