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CD38 + of Human Fetal Liver CD34 in Vitro Intrat In Vitro Intrathymic Differentiation Kinetics of Human Fetal Liver CD34 +CD38− Progenitors Reveals a Phenotypically Defined Dendritic/T-NK Precursor Split This information is current as of September 29, 2021. Jean Plum, Magda De Smedt, Bruno Verhasselt, Fritz Offner, Tessa Kerre, Dominique Vanhecke, Georges Leclercq and Bart Vandekerckhove J Immunol 1999; 162:60-68; ; http://www.jimmunol.org/content/162/1/60 Downloaded from References This article cites 36 articles, 25 of which you can access for free at: http://www.jimmunol.org/content/162/1/60.full#ref-list-1 http://www.jimmunol.org/ Why The JI? Submit online. • Rapid Reviews! 30 days* from submission to initial decision • No Triage! Every submission reviewed by practicing scientists • Fast Publication! 4 weeks from acceptance to publication by guest on September 29, 2021 *average Subscription Information about subscribing to The Journal of Immunology is online at: http://jimmunol.org/subscription Permissions Submit copyright permission requests at: http://www.aai.org/About/Publications/JI/copyright.html Email Alerts Receive free email-alerts when new articles cite this article. Sign up at: http://jimmunol.org/alerts The Journal of Immunology is published twice each month by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc., 1451 Rockville Pike, Suite 650, Rockville, MD 20852 Copyright © 1999 by The American Association of Immunologists All rights reserved. Print ISSN: 0022-1767 Online ISSN: 1550-6606. In Vitro Intrathymic Differentiation Kinetics of Human Fetal Liver CD341CD382 Progenitors Reveals a Phenotypically Defined Dendritic/T-NK Precursor Split1 Jean Plum, Magda De Smedt, Bruno Verhasselt, Fritz Offner, Tessa Kerre, Dominique Vanhecke, Georges Leclercq, and Bart Vandekerckhove2 Human CD341CD382 hematopoietic precursor cells from fetal liver are able to develop into T, NK, and dendritic cells in a hybrid human/mouse fetal thymic organ culture (FTOC). In this report, we pay particular attention to the early events in differentiation of these precursor cells. We show that the CD341CD382 precursor cells, which are CD42CD72cyCD32HLA-DR2/11 (cy, cy- toplasmatic), differentiate into a CD41 population that remained CD72cyCD32HLA-DR11 and a CD42 population that ex- 1 2 2 pressed CD7 and cyCD3. The CD4 CD7 cyCD3 cells differentiate into phenotypically and functionally mature dendritic cells, Downloaded from but do not differentiate into T or NK cells. The CD42CD71cyCD31 population later differentiates into a CD41CD71cyCD31HLA-DR2 population, which has no potential to differentiate into dendritic cells but is able to differentiate into NK cells and gd and ab T lymphocytes. These findings support the notion that the T/NK split occurs downstream of the NK/dendritic split. The Journal of Immunology, 1999, 162: 60–68. he thymus is the major site of T lymphocyte differentia- identified by the expression of CD44, high levels of class I MHC, http://www.jimmunol.org/ tion. Besides T cells, dendritic cells and NK cells can low levels of CD4 and heat stable Ag, and absence of CD3 and T complete their differentiation pathway in the thymus mi- CD8 (4, 5). In adoptive transfer experiments, these cells give rise croenvironment. Much of the knowledge of the molecular pro- to B cells as well as T cells, but not to myeloid cells. cesses and genes involved in thymus differentiation has come from The study of intrathymic developmental pathways in humans studying transgenic and gene knock-out mice (for review see Ref. relies on phenotypic analysis. Particular seminal has been the dis- 1). For obvious reasons, these studies are not applicable in humans. covery of CD34 as a stage-specific marker identifying immature However, other approaches are possible. Studies of intrathymic hematopoietic stem cells (6, 7). The expression level of CD34 and developmental pathways in the mouse relying on the use of an in its coexpression with differentiation markers as well as the capac- vitro fetal thymus organ culture (FTOC)3 system (2, 3) and intra- ity of these subsets to differentiate in FTOC allowed the delinea- by guest on September 29, 2021 thymic injection of putative progenitor cells into host mice have tion of different stages in human intrathymic development (8). defined the differentiation potential of different subsets of thymo- More recently, on the basis of their ability to reconstitute thymo- cytes. Highly purified candidate progenitor subsets are assayed by poiesis in ectopic human fetal thymus implants in immunodeficient adoptive transfer. The lineages that appear and the time course of C.B17 scid/scid (SCID) mice, the early stages of lymphoid cell appearance of more mature subsets of thymocytes, such as formation of phenotypically defined subsets of CD341 bone mar- CD41CD81 (double positive, DP) or TCR-ab high, CD41CD82, row cells have been defined (9). However, although bone marrow or CD42CD81 (single positive, SP) cells, serve as indicators of lymphoid precursors have been carefully studied, little is known the degree of maturation of the donor population. Using these tech- about the sequential appearance of phenotypic markers during the niques, a very small population of thymocytes has been identified first 2 wk after the entrance of the human precursor cell in the that seems to include early progenitors. In mice, these cells are thymus. Phenotypic changes during the differentiation process have been proposed on the basis of multiparametric flow cytomet- ric studies of the thymus (7), or more recently by assessing the University of Ghent, University Hospital, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Micro- differentiation of sorted thymus subpopulations in human FTOC biology and Immunology, Ghent, Belgium (8, 10) or in murine FTOC (11), but data on the kinetics of the Received for publication May 22, 1998. Accepted for publication September 1, 1998. different lineages are lacking. Using a hybrid human/scid mouse The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page FTOC system (12), we address in the present study the kinetics of charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked advertisement in accordance the very early steps of differentiation of CD341CD382Lin2 pre- with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact. cursor cells derived from fetal liver by analysis of the sequential 1 This work was supported by grants from the Fund for Medical Research-Flanders (FGWO-Vlaanderen), Fund for Concerted Research Program (GOA-1993-98), and appearance of surface Ags and the expression of recombination Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology. G.L. is a senior research asso- activating gene 1 (RAG-1) and pre-TCR a-chain (pTa). We report ciate, D.V. is a postdoctoral research associate, and B.V. and T.K. are research as- the existence of different phenotypic intermediates that produce sistants on the Fund for Scientific Research-Flanders (Belgium) (FWO-Vlaanderen). lymphocytes, NK cells, and dendritic cells and demonstrate that 2 Address correspondence and reprint requests to Prof. Jean Plum, University of Ghent, University Hospital, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and the kinetics of these distinct pathways differ. Immunology, 4 Blok A, De Pintelaan 185, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium. E-mail address: [email protected] Materials and Methods 3 Abbreviations used in this paper: cy, cytoplasmatic; DP, double positive; FTOC, Animals fetal thymus organ culture; PTa, pre-TCR a-chain; RAG, recombination activating gene; SP, single positive; PI, propidium iodide; HPRT, hypoxanthin CB-17 SCID mice were obtained from our own specific pathogen-free phosphoribosyltransferase. breeding facility. For timed pregnancies, females were housed in separate Copyright © 1999 by The American Association of Immunologists 0022-1767/99/$02.00 The Journal of Immunology 61 cages from the males until mating. The appearance of vaginal plug after 2.0 software (Becton Dickinson Immunocytometry Systems). Dead cells overnight mating was labeled as day 0 of pregnancy. The 14- to 15-day were gated out by propidium iodide (PI) exclusion, except for permeabil- pregnant mice were sacrificed to obtain the embryos for preparation of the ized cells, where the dead cells were gated out according to different scatter thymic lobes. properties. In most cases, viable human cells were gated by exclusion of mouse CD451, mouse class I MHC1 cells, and PI-positive cells. Abs and reagents Allogeneic MLC assays The mAbs used were rat anti-mouse CD45 cytochrome (CD45, 30F1 1.1; PharMingen, San Diego, CA), biotinylated rat anti-mouse H-2 class I MHC PBL were obtained by centrifugation of blood from healthy adult volun- H-2Dd (PharMingen), and the following mouse anti-human mAbs: anti- teers over Lymphoprep (Nycomed Pharma). PBL were resuspended in 2 glycophorin-A (10F7 MN; a kind gift of Dr. L. L. Lanier, DNAX, Palo RPMI 1640 with 10% filtered human AB serum and 5 3 10 5 M 2-ME Alto, CA), CD1a (B-B5; Serotec, Oxford, U.K.), CD38 (OKT10 FITC; (complete MLC medium). MLC were set up in 0.2 ml complete MLC Ortho, Raritan, NJ), CD2 (Leu-5b FITC), CD3 (anti CD3e, Leu-4 FITC, medium in round-bottom 96-well trays (Falcon, Becton Dickinson, Lincoln phycoerythrin (PE)), CD4 (Leu-3a FITC or PE), CD7 (Leu-9 FITC), CD8 Park, NJ). The stimulator cells were either sorted human thymocytes from 1 (Leu2a FITC), CD14 (LeuM3 PE), CD16 (Leu-11a FITC), CD19 (Leu-12 FTOC after 11 days of culture (2 3 103 2 2 3 104) or sorted CD4 HLA- 1 PE), CD34 (HPCA-2 FITC or PE), CD45 (HLe-1 FITC), CD56 (clone DR (102–103) putative dendritic cells thereof or PBL (104 2 5 3 104), NCAM16 PE), anti-TCR-ab (TCR-1 FITC), and anti-TCR-gd (anti-TCR- each given 30 Gy irradiation. The responder cells (5 3 104/well) were PBL gd/l FITC) (all from Becton Dickinson Immunocytometry Systems, Moun- from a different donor. The cultures were incubated in a humidified incu- tain View, CA).
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