Il Risveglio Delle Americhe Ideologia E Identità Nel Cinema Metropolitano Americano Degli Anni Settanta

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Il Risveglio Delle Americhe Ideologia E Identità Nel Cinema Metropolitano Americano Degli Anni Settanta Corso di Laurea Magistrale in Musicologia e Scienze dello Spettacolo Tesi di Laurea “Fat City”: Il Risveglio delle Americhe Ideologia e identità nel cinema metropolitano americano degli anni Settanta Relatore Prof. Valentina Carla Re Correlatori Prof. Francesca Bisutti Prof. Fabrizio Borin Laureando Daniele Zanello Matricola 829213 Anno Accademico 2012 / 2013 “FAT CITY”: IL RISVEGLIO DELLE AMERICHE Ideologia e identità nel cinema metropolitano americano degli anni Settanta. Introduzione 5 1. Premessa 11 2. Il «sogno americano», la «frontiera» e il «melting pot» 16 2.1 La frontiera e il sogno americano 16 2.2 L'America e l'«uomo nuovo» nel puritanesimo 20 2.3 La frontiera e il melting pot 23 3. I modelli di assimilazione nel cinema americano 29 3.1 L'identità irlandese 30 3.2 L'identità italiana 33 3.3 L'identità ebraica 36 3.4 L'identità nera 40 4. In luogo di un contesto storico 46 5. L'industria cinematografica americana al tramonto degli anni Sessanta 51 5.1 Breve analisi degli spostamenti della popolazione tra il primo dopoguerra e gli anni Cinquanta 52 5.2 Lo Studio System 54 5.3 Innovazioni tecnologiche e la competizione con la televisione 57 5.4 La censura e il nuovo pubblico 59 3 6. Analisi dei film 64 6.1 Cravattino, cappello e stivali: il cowboy nella metropoli, tra western e poliziesco – Analisi de L'uomo dalla cravatta di cuoio di Donald Siegel 66 6.2 L'inferno del calvinista: viaggio nella depravazione in Hardcore di Paul Schrader 85 6.3 Vincoli d'onore e legami affettivi: i condizionamenti esistenziali di Little Italy Analisi di Mean Streets di Martin Scorsese 110 6.4 La violenta rivalsa afroamericana: tradimento delle origini e successo personale in Black Caesar, Padrino nero di Larry Cohen 126 6.5 I guerrieri della notte di Walter Hill: dall'immagine del degrado sociale alla mitologia metropolitana notturna 145 Conclusioni 165 Bibliografia 167 Filmografia 172 4 INTRODUZIONE Il progetto della tesi in questione nasce da una breve indagine che avevo condotto sulle specificità dell'arte americana tra gli anni Sessanta e Settanta del secolo scorso. L'intento era di raccordare le diverse forme artistiche – opere scultoree, arte figurativa, musica pop-rock, cinematografia – per verificare l'entità, la natura e gli esiti di quella apertura alla libertà d'espressione offerta dalla congerie di tendenze confluite entro i farraginosi confini della Controcultura, nel contesto che maggiormente permetteva di sondare i caratteri che definiscono i rapporti tra l'uomo e la società circostante: la metropoli. La città quale luogo esemplare di vitalità, un mulinello instancabile di operosità, luci, automobili, incontri; il luogo in cui ognuno è individuo eppure si perde nella marea di volti che scorrono ora dopo ora; il palcoscenico privilegiato per inscenare l'intrecciarsi di piccole e grandi vicende che avviluppano ogni singola esistenza in una ragnatela inestricabile di concatenazioni. La ricerca, pur non garantendo un adeguato approfondimento, mi aveva consentito di ponderare le sostanziali innovazioni del periodo, pertinenti a un campione eterogeneo di esperienze artistiche. L'analisi, in particolare, era tesa a mettere in risalto le caratteristiche dei personaggi presentati, la natura delle storie e delle tematiche affrontate, e soprattutto il tipo di sguardo che, a livello diffuso, andava a scandagliare l'ambiente. La condizione di anonimato cui era destinato il cittadino della metropoli era stata ben rilevata dalla scultura di George Segal, artista ascrivibile all'ambito New-Dada e in seguito alla Pop-art. Le due correnti afferivano a un modo nuovo di concepire l'arte, una rinnovata manifestazione del realismo – uno sguardo alla società di massa e del consumo che produceva la magnificazione dell'oggetto quotidiano1. Il rifiuto della visione elitaria dell'Espressionismo astratto aveva imposto l'immagine dell'artista quale ricettore atto a incanalare le tendenze della realtà circostante. Claes Oldenburg, inserito anch'egli nell'alveo della Pop-art, aveva concentrato il proprio lavoro sulla critica delle distorsioni prodotte dalla società consumistica di stampo americano. Di particolare interesse era la realizzazione dell'ambiente denominato The street (1960), ispirato alla malfamata e sudicia Bowery Street: una delle strade più povere e degradate di New York, dal punto di vista sociale e strutturale.2 1 Svariate le tecniche utilizzate: l'uso di materiali di recupero, il calco, il collage, l'assemblage e la riproduzione. 2 L'ambiente è realizzato attraverso l'utilizzo di materiali di scarto, pezzi di legno e cartone. Lo spazio così allestito, caotico e al contempo spettrale, ospitava una celebre performance dell'artista stesso: Istantanee dalla città. Oldenburg esibiva un aspetto della metropoli attraverso la propria interazione nello spazio ricreato: si rotolava tra detriti, sacchi e strisce di tela, emettendo nel mentre suoni tesi a simulare il caos acustico della strada. 5 Nel più tardo Taxi driver di Martin Scorsese (1976), New York si offriva quale scenario contrastante, al termine dell’impegno bellico in Vietnam, disseminata di vite i cui sguardi risultavano offuscati da muri invisibili ma reali che si interponevano nella comunicazione tra individui, le cui esistenze si sfioravano senza toccarsi realmente. Gradualmente andavo a constatare come il punto di vista, in questo periodo, muovesse spesso verso un ambito – le strade e i quartiere degradati – corroso dalla violenza e dalla sporcizia, rilevandone tuttavia un dinamismo umano connotato da venature vitali ed espressive. I confini dei valori tradizionali si erano spostati, o meglio andavano a sfumare verso tendenze più nebulose. That's the Story of My Life (Velvet Underground, 1969) dei newyorchesi Velvet Underground recitava: «That's the story of my life/ that's the difference between wrong and right/ but Billy said/ both those words are dead/ that's the story of my life».3 Il sottobosco dei rami cresciuti male, delle storture, del mondo del vizio, della droga, dell'inquietudine, dell'omosessualità, della prostituzione e del disadattamento, dalla metà degli anni Sessanta trovava una voce nei testi di Lou Reed. Nella prima produzione di Bruce Springsteen si rintracciano canzoni che raccontano storie di vivida violenza tratteggiate con espressività: Lost in the Flood (Greetings from Asbury Park, N.J., 1972) era un diluvio di scene concatenate. Un soldato sbandato di ritorno in città era al centro di un vortice di anime dannate trascinate nel fango. Suore calve incinte; storie di corse con le macchine; un “apostolo del Bronx” armato di pistola; poliziotti e bande di tossici. Rapidi bozzetti che delineavano una realtà in cui non era prevista redenzione; tutto era destinato a sprofondare, risucchiato nel fango. Nello stesso album trovava spazio It's Hard to Be a Saint in the City il cui sguardo indugiava ancora una volta sugli abitanti dei bassifondi, presentava una narrazione in prima persona. In ambito cinematografico la crisi della vita politica e sociale della nazione – la questione del Vietnam, le lotte per i diritti civili dei neri e delle donne – risultava quasi inespressa, eppure determinava una rivisitazione delle epopee e dei canoni dettati dall'ideologia americana. Nuovi idoli – espressione di nuovi valori e tematiche – si affacciavano sulla scena e l'edificio rassicurante del progresso si andava incrinando, aprendo all'esplorazione dell'eterogeneità a fondamento della dimensione quotidiana della vita, privata degli obiettivi e dei sani valori che in precedenza predominavano. La destabilizzazione dei miti – testimonianza di lotte sociali e rivendicazioni di donne, afro e latino-americani – conduceva al ripensamento in merito al patrimonio tradizionale del cinema: l’epopea western raggiungeva un contrappunto in senso critico con Piccolo grande uomo (1970) di Arthur Penn. 3 «Questa è la storia della mia vita/ Questa è la differenza tra ciò che è sbagliato e ciò che è giusto/ ma Billy dice/ che entrambe le parole sono morte/ Questa è la storia della mia vita». 6 In Ombre (1960) John Cassavetes si era impegnato nella sua prima produzione indipendente focalizzandosi su una storia di tre fratelli afroamericani che cercavano con difficoltà la propria strada nella Manhattan degli anni Cinquanta. Con gli anni Settanta si inaugurava il filone della blaxploitation, dominato da personaggi e tematiche in cui si potessero riconoscere gli afroamericani. Era cinema d'intrattenimento ma, soprattutto negli spunti iniziali, apparivano elementi di una realtà riconoscibile: i giri di droga, la prostituzione, le Pantere Nere, il ghetto, il tentativo di liberarsi della sporcizia circostante. I fili intrecciati in quella dissertazione4 – rispondenti a paternità, intenti e mezzi espressivi differenti – convogliavano in un flusso che illuminava nuove sfaccettature della realtà. Trattandosi di sguardi intrisi di una vena in qualche modo romantica, decadente o vagamente realista, potevano offrire punti di vista interni o esterni rispetto allo scenario illustrato, ma nel complesso cooperavano a raccontare in maniera alternativa la società. Questo ampio preambolo mi consente di raccordare alcuni estratti di quell'analisi con l'opportunità costituita dalla presente tesi di laurea di operare un approfondimento delle tematiche abbozzate sul piano esclusivo della produzione cinematografica degli anni Settanta. Nel periodo in questione un nuovo approccio alle storie raccontate radicava in maniera vincolante i personaggi all'ambiente in cui vivevano. In maniera più palese rispetto alla produzione
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