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Witchcraft in the Religion of the Hlubi of Qumbu: Focusing on the Issues of Sickness and Healing in the Society

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Witchcraft in the Religion of the Hlubi of Qumbu: Focusing on the Issues of Sickness and Healing in the Society WITCHCRAFT IN THE RELIGION OF THE HLUBI OF QUMBU: FOCUSING ON THE ISSUES OF SICKNESS AND HEALING IN THE SOCIETY by MENSAH-ABORAMPAH OSEI submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF LITERATURE AND PHILOSOPHY in the subject RELIGIOUS STUDIES at the UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA PROMOTER: PROF G J A LUBBE JOINT PROMOTER: PROF L D JAFTA NOVEMBER 2003 DECLARATION Student Number: 793-201-4 “ I declare that WITCHCRAFT IN THE RELIGION OF THE HLUBI FOCUSSING ON THE ISSUES OF SICKNESS AND HEALING IN THESOCIETY’’ is my own work and the sourcesthat I have used or quoted have been indicated and acknowledged by means of complete references. SIGNATURE DATE M. OSEI ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Without the aid of a great many people, such an endeavour would have been impossible. Primary assistance and encouragement have come from Prof Babatunde Lawuyi and Dr H. Kukertz of Department of Anthropology, University of Transkei and my former colleagues, the late Prof Ephraim `Ntate’ Mosothoane, Dr David Field and Mr Mtozi Nogwina at the Department of Religious Studies, Unitra. My younger brother Dr. Winfred Assibey Bonsu of South African Goldfields, Johannesburg also deserves my appreciation for his encouragement and inspiration. My profound appreciation and debts of gratitude go to Professors Gerrie Lubbe and Liso Jafta, my promoters for their constructive criticism, invaluable suggestions, and stimulating and demanding guidance. Again, I am particularly grateful to Prof Lubbe for reminding me of `Sankofa’ (return and get it) in my Akan tradition when I abandoned my studies for four years after relocating to the United States of America. I am also indebted to the teachers of St Bartholomew High School, Mdeni and my students at Department of Religious Studies, University of Transkei for providing me with a lot of information and the staff of Gwinnett County Public Library of Lawrenceville (Georgia, USA) for their wonderful assistance and accommodating my `nuisance’ and harassment for numerous books and journal articles. My profound gratitude also goes to Dr Shirley Thorpe for her encouragement and editing assistance, her initial role as my unofficial promoter as well as my constant bother for her assistance in securing resources and in picking up the pieces when every hope was lost. My appreciation is also extended to Mr. G.’Ntimkhulu’ Ludidi (my adopted `sibali’ (brother-in-law) iii and Mrs. Miriam Mpumlwana (my `mom’) who set up interviews for me, Canon Baba Madikida, Rev Silolo for their primary sources, Mr. Danso Poku- Agyeman for acting as my missing link, Mr. Kofi Wiafe-Akenten of Atlanta for his editing assistance, Mr. Solomon Adedokun of Dedoks Computers and Mr. Ayite A. Ayite of Georgia Tech, Atlanta for their professional input. Deserving a special note of gratitude are my dear wife Maame Deh Osei- Mensah and children Afua and Kwabena for their unwavering support, patience and their willingness to put up with inconveniences and loneliness iv ABSTRACT This research sought to investigate the impact of a belief in witchcraft as an explanation for all the ills in the Hlubi community and South African societies in general – which becomes a good tool for inadequate governments. Our approach in this study has been interdisciplinary and the utilization of comparative analysis and a combination of phenomenological and qualitative research models. Economic problems create social tensions and are manifested in various ways, including witchcraft craze. The Hlubi scenario found parallels in Europe and America. Witchcraft and ancestors are considered to be the main causes of diseases but nature and ecological or environmental dangers are other factors. Pragmatic and obvious response to such phobias is seen in the protective and preventive devices provided by isangoma, amaqhira, amaxhwere, inyanga and faith healers. It is hypothesized that as long as all existential needs exist in Hlubi society witchcraft will continue to be with us, perhaps forever. KEY TERMS Witchcraft, Wicca, Sorcery, Ancestors, African Cosmology, Divination, Medicine, Illness, Familiars, Healing, Health, Religion, Traditional Healers, Hlubi, African Initiated/Indigenous/Independent Churches, Supernatural Beliefs and Practices, Poverty, Misfortunes or Mundane Mishaps, Agents of Indigenous Healthcare, World Religions v DECLARATION ...........................................................................................II ACKNOWLEDGMENTS...........................................................................III ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................V KEY TERMS.................................................................................................V CHAPTER 1 ...................................................................................................6 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY..............................................................6 1.1 Statement Of Problem.............................................................21 1.2 Objectives of the Research.....................................................21 1.3 Literature review.....................................................................22 1.4 Justification for the Research..................................................23 1.5 Methodology ..........................................................................25 1.6 The Phenomenological Method ..............................................26 1.7 Research Design.....................................................................28 1.8 Research Location..................................................................28 1.9 Fieldwork ...............................................................................29 1.10 Interview.................................................................................29 1.11 Sampling.................................................................................30 1.12 Interpreters..............................................................................30 1.13 Entry Into The Village And The Household ...........................30 1.14 Clarification Of Terms............................................................30 1.14.1 Attitudes.......................................................................................30 1.14.2 Belief............................................................................................31 1.14.3 The Study of religion....................................................................31 1.14.4 Religion as a concept...................................................................31 1.14.5 Defining Religion.........................................................................32 1.15 Projected Chapter Outline.......................................................36 CHAPTER 2 .................................................................................................38 LITERATURE REVIEW............................................................................38 2.1 Definitions of Witchcraft ........................................................40 2.2 Belief In Witchcraft ................................................................43 2.3 Motives Of Witches................................................................45 2.4 Witchcraft Within World Religions Perspective .....................46 2.5 Illness And Health..................................................................47 2.6 Strategies To Cope With Illness And Misfortunes..................49 2.7 African Witchcraft Idiom As A Discourse Of History And Power .....................................................................................50 2.8 Theories Of Witchcraft ...........................................................53 2.8.1 Functional Theories.......................................................................54 2.9 Conceptual Framework...........................................................59 2.10 Witchcraft Among The Hlubi.................................................62 2.11 Summary................................................................................63 CHAPTER 3 .................................................................................................65 THE STUDY REGION: THE HLUBI OF QUMBU.................................65 3.1 Geographic Overview Of The Surveyed Areas........................66 3.1.1 Soils...............................................................................................66 3.1.2 Climate..........................................................................................66 3.1.3 Population.....................................................................................67 3.1.4 Vegetation......................................................................................68 3.1.5 Agriculture.....................................................................................68 3.1.6 Health Services..............................................................................71 3.2. What is Poverty? .......................................................................71 3.2.1 Dimensions of Poverty...................................................................72 3.2.2 Attacking Poverty...........................................................................73 3.3 The Historical Background Of The Hlubi.................................74 3.4 The Hlubi Of Qumbu................................................................78 3.4.1 Life As A Group.............................................................................79
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