An Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment of Land at Lion House, Slough, Berkshire

NGR TQ 598 699

Parish of Slough Slough Borough

Prepared for O.C. Ventures Ltd

Caroline Russell BA, PhD

Project No. 2919

June 2007

Archaeology South-East, 1, West Street, Ditchling, Hassocks, W. Sussex. BN6 8TS

Tel: 01273 845497 Fax: 01273 844187 [email protected] Archaeology South-East Lion House, Slough ______

Summary

A Desk Based Assessment has been prepared for a plot of land at Lion House, Petersfield Avenue, Slough. A review of existing archaeological and historical sources suggested that the Site has a low potential for containing deposits of Prehistoric to Medieval date, and a high potential for containing deposits relating to a terrace of late 19th century buildings. Farming and various phases of construction in the 19th onwards is likely to have truncated to an unknown extent any archaeological deposits across much of the site.

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CONTENTS

1. Introduction

2. Site Topography and Geology

3. Planning Background

4. Archaeological and Historical Background

5. Cartographic Evidence

6. Aerial Photographs

7. Walkover Survey

8. Assessment of Archaeological Potential

9. Existing Impacts on Archaeological Potential

10. Assessment of Future Impacts

11. Recommendations

12. Acknowledgments

References

Appendix 1: Summary Table of Archaeological Sites

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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Fig. 1 Site Location Plan showing SMR Data

Fig. 2 Site Location Plan (in greater detail)

Fig. 3 3D Model of Proposed Development

Fig. 4 Thomas Jefferys, Map of Buckinghamshire, 1770

Fig. 5 Richard Binfield, Inclosure Map, 1822

Fig. 6 A. Byrant, Map of Buckinghamshire, 1825

Fig. 7 OS 25-inch, 1st ed., 1876

Fig. 8 OS 25-inch, 1st ed. revised, 1880

Fig. 9 OS 25-inch, 2nd ed., 1899

Fig. 10 OS 6-inch, 1913

Fig. 11 OS 25-inch, 3rd ed., 1925

______iii Archaeology South-East Lion House, Slough ______1. INTRODUCTION

Archaeology South-East (a division of the University College London Centre for Applied Archaeology) has been commissioned by Catalyst Regeneration (UK) Ltd, on behalf of O.C. Ventures Ltd, to carry out an archaeological appraisal, consisting of a desk based assessment (DBA) and walkover survey, of a plot of land at Lion House, Petersfield Avenue, Slough (Figs. 1 & 2).

This report follows the recommendations set out by the Institute of Field Archaeologists in Standards and Guidance for Archaeological Desk- Based Assessments (IFA 2001) and utilises existing information in order to establish as far as possible the archaeological potential of the Site.

The report will also consider, as far as available information will allow, the likely effects, whether positive or negative, of the proposed development. The temporal scope of the study will include both the construction and operational phases of the proposed development.

The site location is shown on Figs. 1 and 2. Centred on National Grid Reference SU 980 802, the Site lies on low-lying land in north-east Slough. The large town of Slough is located in the Middle Thames Valley.

A wider Study Area, extending for 1 kilometre from the centre of the site, has been considered to place the Site in context (Fig. 1). The terms Site and Study Area will be used accordingly in this report.

It should be noted that this form of non-intrusive appraisal cannot be seen to be a definitive statement on the presence or absence of archaeological remains within any area but rather as an indicator of the area’s potential based on existing information. Further intrusive investigations, such as machine-excavated trial trenching, are usually needed to conclusively define the presence/absence, character and quality of any archaeological remains in a given area.

In drawing up this desk based assessment, cartographic and documentary sources held by Slough Library, and the Centre for Buckinghamshire Studies at Aylesbury have been consulted. Archaeological data was obtained from the Sites and Monuments Record held by Berkshire Archaeology Service. Listed Building and Conservation Area data was acquired from English Heritage and Berkshire Archaeology Service. Relevant sources held within Slough reference library and the Archaeology South-East library were utilised, and appropriate Internet databases interrogated. These included: The Defence of Britain Project, The English Heritage NMR Excavation Index and National Inventory, and the Magic website, which holds government digital data of designated sites (Scheduled Ancient Monuments, Registered Historic Parks and Gardens, and Registered Historic Battlefields) in GIS map form. Relevant ______1 Archaeology South-East Lion House, Slough ______aerial photographs from the National Monuments Record, Swindon, have also been also obtained.

2. SITE TOPOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY

The Site is located in north-east Slough, in an area that is both heavily industrial and residential. Housing surrounds the Site on all the enclosed sides. Its boundary is defined by a mix of fencing, walling, and various structures on the site itself. The Site is located at an altitude of 30 m OD. Slough lies on an expanse of very low land, between 20 m and 55 m OD in height, with the highest land lying to the north-west in Burnham, and the lowest lying to the south. Slough is part of the Middle Thames Valley (WEA Local History Class 1981, 6). The River Thames flows between Slough and Windsor to the south and, at its nearest, is about a mile from Upton Park in Slough. The River Thames also borders Slough to its west, albeit not as closely here, whilst the River Colne, some five miles away, loosely borders the town’s eastern side. The area to the north of Slough rises in a series of gentle river terraces (or old flood plains) towards the chalk escarpment of the Chiltern Hills. Slough is built on the Taplow Terrace (Fraser 1980, 3).

Slough has an underlying formation of chalk (Fraser 1980, 3). According to the British Geological Survey of England and Wales 1:50,000 map (Sheet 269, Windsor), Slough has central patches of Taplow Gravel (from the third terrace) dating to the Pleistocene and Holocene epochs. This gravel is a River Terrace deposit of the River Thames and its tributaries. It is surrounded by the contemporary Langley Silt (comprising sandy clay and silt), which is commonly known as brickearth. Taplow Gravel is also found on the outskirts of Slough, but it differs from that previously mentioned in predominantly overlying London Clay which dates to the Eocene epoch. London clay and Langley silt were both exploited by the brickmaking industries in Slough (see section 4.8; VCH 1925, 301-02; Fraser 1980, 3). The fertile top-soil of the Taplow terrace led to Slough’s development as a horticultural centre in the 18th and 19th centuries (see section 4.8; ibid, 3). The Site is shown as lying on a deposit of Taplow Gravel that has subsequently been worked, perhaps by gravel extraction.

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3. PLANNING BACKGROUND

3.1 Town and Country Planning Legislation and Procedures

Government guidance to local authorities is given in Planning Policy Guidance Notes (PPGs). ‘PPG16 covers Archaeology and Planning. PPG 15 “Planning and the Historic Environment”, although concerned principally with listed buildings and conservation areas, also includes references to elements of the historic environment.

Consideration of detailed planning issues is beyond the remit of this report, but the general background as relating to archaeological matters can be briefly summarised as follows:

Archaeological remains should be seen as a finite, and non-renewable, resource...care must be taken to ensure that [they] are not needlessly or thoughtlessly destroyed. (PPG 16 para. 6).

Where nationally important remains, whether scheduled or not, and their settings, are affected by proposed development there should be a presumption in favour of their physical preservation. [In the case of] remains of lesser importance...planning authorities will need to weigh the relative importance of the archaeology against other factors including the need for the proposed development (PPG 16 para. 8).

If physical preservation in situ is not feasible, an archaeological excavation...may be an acceptable alternative (PPG 16 para. 13).

...the key to the future of the great majority of archaeological sites lies with local authorities, acting within the framework set by central government...Appropriate policies in development plans and their implementation through development control will be especially important. (PPG 16 para 14).

3.2 Berkshire Structure Plan

The Unitary Authorities in Berkshire, including Slough Borough Council, have a united policy for conserving and enhancing the heritage of the county for the benefit of present and future generations. This is set out in the Berkshire Structure Plan 2001-2016 (adopted 15 July 2005), of which the sole relevant policy is detailed below in full:

Policy EN4: Historic Environment

Historic features and areas of historic importance and their settings will be conserved and where appropriate enhanced. The Councils will only

______3 Archaeology South-East Lion House, Slough ______allow development if it has no adverse impact on features or areas of historic importance.

Proposals will be expected to have regard to the wider historic environment and will only be permitted when they would conserve or enhance the character or setting of Berkshire’s historic landscape and built environment.

3.3 Slough Borough Council Local Plan

The Town and County Planning Act 1990 made the preparation of local plans a statutory requirement. Local plans are the most detailed layer in the plan-making system and have an important role in directing and controlling development. The Slough Borough Council Local Plan (adopted March 2004) sets out the Council’s planning strategy for the Borough and has a number of policies pertaining to protection of the heritage. The relevant policies are summarised below:

Policy EN13: Conservation Areas

Seeks to preserve or enhance the character and appearance of Conservation Areas.

Policies EN14 & EN15: Listed Buildings

Seek to preserve and enhance the physical fabric and setting of Listed Buildings, and prevent inappropriate development.

Policy EN17: Locally Listed Buildings

Seeks to preserve and enhance locally listed buildings and their settings.

Policy EN18: Historic Parks and Gardens

Seeks to preserve the historic character, appearance or setting of any part of a historic park or garden defined on the Proposals Map.

Policies EN19-EN20: Archaeology

Seek to preserve the integrity of all scheduled ancient monuments and other archaeological remains of importance and their setting.

In areas with archaeological potential, a prospective developer will be required to carry out an archaeological field evaluation before any decision is taken on a planning application.

Seek to preserve archaeological remains either in situ or by record, as appropriate. ______4 Archaeology South-East Lion House, Slough ______

4. ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

4.1 Introduction

The Sites and Monuments Record maintained by Berkshire Archaeology Service, and held at the Central Library in Reading, was consulted, together with the NMR National Inventory and Excavation Index. Listed Building and Conservation Area data was acquired from English Heritage and Berkshire Archaeology Service. Details were taken of all archaeological sites and listed buildings within a 1 kilometre radius of the centre of the site (hereafter referred to as the Study Area). The identified sites are tabulated in Appendix 1 and shown plotted on Fig. 1.

4.2 Scheduled Ancient Monuments and Designated Sites

These comprise cultural heritage sites of a higher degree of status and significance, some of which enjoy a certain degree of legal protection from development and include Scheduled Ancient Monuments (SAMs), Listed Buildings, Historic Parks and Gardens, and Conservation Areas. These designations and others such as Archaeologically Sensitive Areas and Areas of High Archaeological Potential are typically detailed in Borough Council Local Plans and County Council Plans with appropriate planning policies pertaining to each category.

Scheduled Ancient Monuments (SAM) No SAMs are recorded within the Study Area.

Listed Buildings Sixteen Listed Buildings are recorded within the Study Area (6 - 13 and 16 - 23 on Fig. 1 and Appendix 1). None lie within the Site and all are Grade II, with the exception off the Church of St. Mary (16), which is Grade II*. Four of the Listed Buildings (13 & 18-20 – all buildings associated with the railway station) lie 150m from the Site, while the remainder lie a minimum of 450m (and mostly in excess of 750m) from the Site.

Historic Parks and Gardens No Historic Parks and Gardens are recorded within the Study Area.

Conservation Areas No Conservation Areas are recorded within the Study Area.

Other Designated Sites No other designated sites are recorded within the Study Area.

______5 Archaeology South-East Lion House, Slough ______4.3 Archaeological Periods Represented

The timescale of the archaeological periods referred to in this report is shown below. The periods are given their usual titles. It should be noted that for most cultural heritage assessment purposes the boundaries between them are not sharply distinguished, even where definite dates based on historical events are used. The period-based sections are summaries of the archaeological and historical context.

Prehistoric: Palaeolithic (c. 500,000 BC - c. 10,000 BC) Prehistoric: Mesolithic (c. 10,000 BC - c.5,000 BC) Prehistoric: Neolithic (c. 5,000 BC - c.2,300 BC) Prehistoric: Bronze Age (c. 2,300 BC - c. 600 BC) Prehistoric: Iron Age (c. 600 BC - AD 43) Romano-British (AD 43 - c. AD 410) Anglo-Saxon (c. AD 410 - AD 1066) Medieval (AD 1066 - AD 1485) Post-medieval (AD 1486 to date)

4.4 Prehistoric

Although many prehistoric sites and artefacts have been found in the district surrounding Slough, little has been found within the area of the Borough itself (Fraser 1980, 3).

Palaeolithic flintwork, including a number of hand axes and knives, have been found in the gravels, especially just to the north of Salt Hill, as well as at Burnham and at Furze Platt in Maidenhead. They reveal that Palaeolithic hunter-gatherers were exploiting the natural resources found along the banks of the River Thames when the river flowed along the line of the Boyn Hill and Lynch Hill Terraces (Hunter 1983, 12). If correctly dated to the Palaeolithic, a multi-functional flint tool was found at Burnham, a flint knife or scraper was discovered from a gravel pit in Chalvey, and a flint implement of finer workmanship than the multi-functional tool was recovered from a gravel pit in Great Stoke Field (Burne 1913, 11 and 12)

Occupation sites found at Iver and Thorney reveal that Mesolithic hunter- gatherers occupied the marshy fen country of the Colne Valley, just like their predecessors in the Palaeolithic (Hunter 1983, 12; Fraser 1980, 4).

The Neolithic was a period of increasing temperatures and more settled human occupation, allowing not just for the construction of large earthen monuments, but the development of more permanent farming systems. This picture is amplified by the results of pollen and mollusc studies indicating forest clearance. Evidence for settlement sites of this period is limited, with many suitable locations in floodplain and coastal areas, and possibly chalkland dry valleys, likely to be buried deeply beneath later deposits. However, evidence of Neolithic occupation has been discovered ______6 Archaeology South-East Lion House, Slough ______just to the west and northwest of Slough: hut floors have been excavated at Hitcham Park (Ellis nd, 1), and wooden remains excavated at Hedsar suggest that a hut was built on piles that were driven into the watery surroundings (Burne 1913, 12).

No significant Neolithic artefacts have been discovered in the immediate Slough area but enough have been found in the surrounding area to imply that Neolithic people did live here (Hunter 1983, 13). For example, many Neolithic finds have been dredged up from the Thames between Maidenhead and Datchet (Burne 1911, 12).

The Early Bronze Age is characterized by the introduction of metals, generally associated with new types of pottery known as the Beaker type, and the construction of new forms of ceremonial sites, notably groupings of round barrows often forming linear cemeteries on ridges. The Middle and Late Bronze Ages saw a change in emphasis away from ceremonial and monumental landscapes towards the development of large-scale agricultural landscapes, typified by blocks of field systems associated with scattered settlements. Evidence for Bronze Age settlement remains elusive, however, particularly before the Late Bronze Age when much of the evidence is concentrated in the Thames Valley. For instance, there is evidence of Bronze Age occupation in the Colne Valley and at Taplow (Fraser 1980, 4). Closer to the Study Area, a hoard of eighteen bronze axe and spearheads was discovered during the construction of the Slough Trading Estate in 1926 (Hunter 1983, 13).

The Iron Age is characterised by increasing evidence for field systems and the development of defended sites. There is evidence of Iron Age occupation in the large camp in Bulstrode Park, Gerrards Cross and at Taplow (Fraser 1980, 4).

Two Prehistoric sites are recorded within the Study Area. Each refers to the findspot of a Lower Palaeolithic handaxe. 1 was found in Slough High Street, in an area of Taplow Gravel geology, and 2 was recovered nearby in the back garden of 4 Chalvey Park. No other prehistoric sites are recorded within the Study Area.

4.5 Romano-British

Claudius’ successful invasion of AD 43 brought (southern) Britain firmly into the Empire. Roman rule resulted in considerable socio-cultural and economic changes to the south-east. The region saw, for example, the establishment of centralised administrative control from planned urban centres, the development of industry and the construction of roads providing arteries of communication throughout the country. By the 3rd century AD lowland Britain was a landscape of numerous small fields, and isolated farms, small villages, towns and villa estates, all of which were interlinked by roads and tracks (Hunter 1983, 15). ______7 Archaeology South-East Lion House, Slough ______

No Roman villa has been discovered nearer to Slough than those at Cox Green and Castle Hill in Maidenhead, nor a town nearer than Silchester (Hunter 1983, 15). Other Roman sites have been excavated at Bray and Staines (Fraser 1980, 4). The remains of a minor Roman road running south from Denham, follows the line of Black Park Road and the Fulmer/Langley boundary until it stops before the Slough boundary (Hunter 1983, 15). A second known Roman road runs from London to Silchester and crosses the Thames at Staines. The line of the road from Rickmansworth through Middle Green, Langley, to Staines is the promising trace of a third (Fraser 1980, 4). There has been a sprinkling of finds, particularly pottery sherds and coins, including one in Milton Road, Slough, and another in Herschel Park, formerly Upton Park (Hunter 1983, 15; Fraser 1980, 4).

No Romano-British sites are recorded within the Study Area.

4.6 Anglo-Saxon

Following the end of Roman rule in the early 5th century AD, migration of Germanic peoples introduced a new language and material culture into southern and eastern Britain. However, knowledge of this period is fragmentary, in part due to issues with dating evidence, as a result of the lack of official coinage and the decline of the big pottery industries. For instance, little is known of the nature of early and mid Saxon occupation, although later Saxon settlement is likely to have comprised nucleated settlements, around church sites, that were surrounded by dispersed farmsteads. There may have been some continuity in social networks and territorial units within the south-east during the early Anglo Saxon period. But by the 10th century, the multiple estates had begun to fragment into smaller units, and it is from this process that the separate parishes seen today probably derive. Anglo-Saxon society was hierarchical, as deduced from the early law codes and from cemetery studies.

South Buckinghamshire was settled by the Saxons, rather than the Angles or Jutes (Hunter 1983, 16). The Anglo-Saxons appear to have invaded Buckinghamshire from the east coast area of the Wash, along the Icknield Way, and first occupied the Vale of Aylesbury and the north of the county. The Upton-cum-Chalvey area, later known as Slough, was marshy land and so was less immediately attractive to settle on. The earlier settlements in the wider vicinity of Upton-cum-Chalvey were on higher ground, as at Taplow, where a pagan Saxton chieftain was buried (AD 610-620) with gold ornaments, drinking horns, cups, glass and bronze vessels (Fraser 1980, 5). Most place-names in the neighbourhood are of Saxon origin (see Table 1). It was in the 7th century that this part of Buckinghamshire was converted to Christianity (Hunter 1983, 18). A Saxon church may have stood on the site of Upton church, but as it was most probably built of wood, all trace has been lost (Fraser 1980, 5). ______8 Archaeology South-East Lion House, Slough ______

All present day Buckinghamshire was part of the Kingdom of Wessex until the late 8th century when King Offa extended his kingdom and it became a part of Mercia after the battle of Bensington in 777 or 779. It remained in

Table 1: Anglo-Saxon place-names (after Fraser 1980, 4; Hunter 1983, 17) Name Meaning Local Example Stoke Saxon settlement defended by a - Stoke Poges ring fence or stockade Eye Corruption of the Saxon ‘ea’ or - Chalvey ‘eyot’ meaning an island or islet, - Boveney presumably an area of slightly - Dorney higher ground and better drainage - Eton which stood out as an island or islet at times of flood Ham Homestead or meadow - Hitcham - Wexham - Burnham - Farnham - Denham - Cippenham - Iver (Evreham or Eureham) Ton May denote a village of rather late - Upton date - Eton - Horton - Ditton Bury Fortified manor-house or town - Wraysbury - Berryhill in Taplow

Mercian hands until the revival of Wessex under Egbert, 50 years later, and the consolidation of the English Kingdom (Fraser 1980, 4).

Every Saxon household owned a number of acres of ground, the number being in accordance with the status of its head, and paid tribute to the lord of the manor in the form of, for example, produce or work undertaken on the lord’s demesne. The agrarian community had a careful allotment of stable and meadow, and the regulated use of common and forest. This blend of private ownership and corporate endeavour came to a head in the later years of Saxon rule, during which the parish of Upton-cum-Chalvey probably originated. The land round the village was divided into open fields and each field was marked out into strips to ensure a fair distribution of good land, the strips allotted to each family being scattered over the whole area. Each parish also had woodland to supply firewood and an opportunity for pigs to graze. This may explain why Upon Wood became a detached portion of the parish of Upton-cum-Chalvey (Fraser 1980, 5).

______9 Archaeology South-East Lion House, Slough ______The men of the village owed military service to the lord of the manor when required. Every able-bodied man of Upton village was very probably called upon to aid King Harold, the lord of the manor of Upton, in his last fight for his crown (Fraser 1980, 5; Martin & Williams 2003).

In Saxon times, Slough District formed the southern base of the Chiltern Hundreds of Stoke, Burnham and Desborough (Ellis nd, 4). A hundred is the geographical division of an English county, introduced by the Saxons for administrative, military and judicial purposes. Once a month four men of Upton village would have walked up to Stoke to attend the Hundred Court and give evidence in any law suits and complaints affecting the village (Fraser 1980, 5).

One Anglo-Saxon site is recorded within the Study Area: 3 refers to the findspot of a small Late Saxon-Viking hunting spearhead, found in a trench during alterations to the Crown public house in the mid 1930s.

4.7 Medieval

The first recorded use of the name Slough occurs as ‘Slo’ in 1196 (www.wickipedia.org 29/05/2007). It then crops up as ‘Sloo’ in 1336 (ibid), and as ‘Le Slowe’ in 1437 when a document relating to Upton records the grant to John Eyston of the keeping of the way between ‘le Slowe’ and Eton for a wage (VCH 1925, 301-02).

Throughout the Medieval period Slough continued to be a small roadside hamlet located roughly around the crossroads, between the settlements of Upton and Chalvey. It was partly in the parish of Upton and partly in that of Stoke Poges (Hunter and Thompson 1991) - only much later, in 1252, was the parish of Upton-cum-Chalvey first mentioned (Burrows Publishing 1973, 29). Slough had the Bristol Road, one of the five great medieval highways (or postal roads) running through it. Travellers, such as pilgrims, pedlars, merchants, messengers, and the King and his household, would have passed through Slough on most days of the year. From its earliest beginnings, some of its inhabitants must have catered for these travellers (Hunter and Thompson 1991).

Slough was not a manor, but lay at the junction of three - Stoke Poges, Upton and Chalvey (Hunter and Thompson 1991). Both Upton and Stoke Poges are mentioned in Doomsday Book (Martin & Williams 2003). The entry describing the former states approximately that the civil parish of Upton was a manor of King Harold’s, accessed at 2160 acres, of which 270 acres were worked as a home farm with the help of labour due from the peasant tenants. At the time of the Doomsday survey there was no manor house, and Upton consisted solely of a few houses near the wooden Anglo-Saxon church. St Laurence’s Church, the stone-built Norman church at Upton, dates apparently to the beginning of the 12th century, and was extended in about 1160. The Conqueror granted Upton Manor to Hugh de ______10 Archaeology South-East Lion House, Slough ______Beauchamp, a Bedfordshire baron. In 1156, Upton Manor was subsequently granted by Payn de Beauchamp, who is probably Hugh de Beauchamp’s son, to Merton Priory, in Surrey (Fraser 1980, 7-8). A manor house was built close to the church. The present building, known as Upton Court, is over six hundred years old (Hunter and Thompson 1991).

During the 13th century, King Henry III had a royal palace in Cippenham, a suburb of Slough. The site, now a scheduled ancient monument, is still marked on modern maps as “Cippenham Moat” (www.wikipedia.org 29/05/2007).

In the 1440s Slough became the site of the new brickworks for Eton College, one of the earliest buildings to use the new building material introduced from the Continent. Brickearth, wind-blown material covered much of the river terrace on which Slough lay, and was the nearest source of suitable clay to the College (Hunter and Thompson 1991).

One Medieval site is recorded within the Study Area: 4 refers to a brickyard which documentary evidence reveals was established by Eton College in 1442. The kilns of the brickyard are excluded from this entry.

4.8 Post-Medieval

The dissolution of the monasteries by Henry VIII (1538-1541) resulted in Merton Priory being taken into the king’s hands (Hunter and Thompson 1991). In the 16th and 17th centuries lands and tenements at Slough, usually the property of tenants of Upton, are frequently referred to, showing that the area was gradually becoming more importance (VCH 1925, 301- 02). Thomas Duck, who lived at Upton Court at the time of the 1605 survey made for the Crown, leased Slough Farm, the farmstead of which lay in the centre of the settlement. The farm’s sixty or so acres lay scattered in the common fields of both Chalvey and Upton (Hunter and Thompson 1991).

Stagecoaches began to pass through Slough from the mid-17th century. Coaching inns grew up along the Great West Road to service the traffic between London and the West. Perhaps most notable were the Crown in Slough, and the Windmill and Castle inns in Salt Hill. Neither survives although the Red Cow in Upton and the Three Tuns in Salt Hill still exist as pubs today (www.wickipedia.org 29/05/2007). The Red Cow (5) dates to the 16th century (Burrows Publishing 1973, 29).

In 1809 the Upton-cum-Chalvey Inclosure Act was passed, although the Award was not signed until 1819. Land was subsequently redistributed so that landowners had a relatively compact holding rather than several strips dispersed in open fields (WEA Local History Class 1981, 7). These open fields, known as East Field and West Field (see section 5), are found north of the Bath Road, on each side of Wexham Road, so revealing that Wexham Road is as old as the open field system. Initial moves towards ______11 Archaeology South-East Lion House, Slough ______inclosure had to be taken by joint action of the principal landowners, who in this case were Lord Francis Godolphin Osbourne and William Bonsey of “Belleview” (Denington 1974, 146). William Bonsey, amongst other prominent men, could now release land for building in Slough and Upton (WEA Local History Class 1981). After 1922, several new streets were laid out, some of which covered part of Bonsey’s enclosed West Field.

The parish of Upton-cum-Chalvey comprised three settlements – Slough (which mostly concentrated around the crossroads), Upton and Chalvey (the largest of the three) - which in 1822 were separated by brickfields, farms and nurseryland. Slough was probably never totally within this parish for the northwest ‘quarter’ lay in the parish of Stoke Poges. In the second quarter of the nineteenth century Slough developed from a throughfare village to a small market town, and became the largest settlement in the parish (WEA Local History Class 1981, 19-20, 144).

It is mainly to the railway that Slough owes its modern development. The Great Western Railway service from Paddington to Maidenhead, via Slough, opened on June 1838 (Ellis nd, 19; www.wickipedia.com 29/05/2007). Initially, opposition from the authorities at Windsor and Eton College prevented the building of a station, although trains still stopped at Slough allowing passengers to board. Tickets were sold from the Crown coaching inn and subsequently from two hired rooms in the newly built North Star Inn, near the present station (VCH 1925, 301-02; www.wickipedia.com 29/05/2007). A station (13) was, however, opened by June 1840 (ibid). In October 1849, a branch line was opened from Slough Station to Windsor and Eton Central railway station (ibid; WEA Local History Class 1981, 142).

The Eton workhouse union buildings (12) were built in Albert Street, in about the centre of the town, between 1835 and 1836. The original workhouse was planned to accommodate 440 people but it is unlikely that it was ever fully occupied. People resorted or were sent to the workhouse for various reasons, such as destitution, infirmity and homelessness. Their stay could range from one night for the homeless to a lifetime for the aged (WEA Local History Class 1981, 54, 94-95).

The church of St Mary (16) in Church Street was constructed in 1837 and a new chancel, transcepts and vestry were added in 1876. A new nave was then begun, but was not finished until 1912, and the tower was rebuilt the following year (VCH 1925, 301-02).

By 1851 Slough was not yet the collective name for the whole area (WEA Local History Class 1981, 13). The north side of the High Street was far less developed than the south. One building located there was the Red Lion, with its quite extensive stabling. To the north of the High Street and running parallel with it was Wellington Road (now Wellington Street), which was laid after 1845. A large area of farmland lay north of the railway line, ______12 Archaeology South-East Lion House, Slough ______between the Uxbridge Road and Stoke Road, this being the northward extension of William Street (WEA Local History Class 1981, 23, 26, 28).

The Grand Junction Canal arrived in 1882 (www.wickipedia.com 29/05/2007) and passes through the north of Slough (VCH 1925, 301-02).

During the mid- to late-1800s, the arrival of the large-scale brickmaking industry into Langley and the area north of the Great West Road, saw dramatic growth northwards encroaching on the very south of the parish of Stoke Poges. This new development saw the population centre of the town move northwards and the name Slough suppressed Upton-cum-Chalvey.

The Roman Catholic chapel (22) in Herschel Street, dedicated to Our Lady Immaculate and St. Ethelbert, was built in 1885 (VCH 1925, 301-02).

In 1894 Slough was formed into a civil parish, which now includes the parish of Upton and also parts of Langley Marish and Stoke Poges (VCH 1925, 301-02).

In 1918 a large area of agricultural land to the west of Slough developed into an army motor repair depot. Repair of ex-army vehicles continued here until 1925 when Slough Estates Ltd established the world’s first Industrial Estate. Impressive growth and employment followed, with the town attracting employees from many parts of the UK and abroad. Large estates were built to house these workers and their families, notably Manor Park and Cippenham. Hundreds of major companies, such as Citroen and Mars Confectionary, have sited in Slough Trading Estate over the years, with its proximity to London Heathrow Airport and good motorway connections being highly attractive. However, in recent years Slough’s manufacturing industries have been in decline, instead being replaced by modern offices, including those of Nintendo, and Black and Decker (www.wickipedia.com 29/05/2007).

An enlargement of Slough’s boundaries took place in 1900, when parts of the parishes of Stoke Poges, Langley Marish and Upton-cum-Chalvey were included, which increased the population to 11,641. Slough was further enlarged in 1930/1, when it absorbed parts of the parishes of Burnham, Farnham Royal, Horton, Langley Marish and Stoke Poges. The population rose to 55,000 just before World War II and continued to rise after this war (Burrows Publishing 1973, 29). Several housing developments arose to take large numbers of people migrating from war-damaged London, notably the estates at Britwell and Langley. In the 2001 census the population was 119,070. It was estimated to be 122,000 in 2006 (www.wikipedia.com 29/05/2007).

Slough was incorporated into Berkshire in the 1974 local government reorganisation (www.wikipedia.com 29/05/2007).

______13 Archaeology South-East Lion House, Slough ______Thirty Post-Medieval sites are recorded within the Study Area (3 - 32). 3, the Medieval brickyard, dates up to 1900 and so is also a Post-Medieval site. Sixteen of the sites are Listed Buildings which range in date from the late 16th century (The Red Cow Public House, 6) to the first half of the 20th century (the WWI and WWII memorials, 24 - 26 and 28 - 33). They are all Grade II, apart from the Church of St. Mary (16), which is Grade II*. One Listed building (17) is located within a few metres of this church, and comprises a wall, gate piers and gates. Two other Listed Buildings are churches - the Church of Our Lady Immaculate and St Ethelbert (22), and St Ethelbert’s Presbytery (23). Three Listed Buildings (8-10) relate to Baylis House, and are again in the form of walls, gatepiers and gates. Three (18- 20) relate to the Great Western Railway (14) and its railway station at Slough (13). There is another public house (The Rose and Crown, 21) but it is of a much later date than The Red Cow. The other Post-Medieval sites are miscellaneous.

4.9 Undated

Four undated sites are recorded within the Study Area (34 - 37). Three (34 - 36) relate to the A4 Bath Road from London to Bristol, which was a coach road and a major route to the west. It is mentioned above in section 4.8 that stagecoaches began to pass through Slough from the mid-17th century. Nevertheless, this particular route to the west could have had far earlier origins than the Medieval Period. 37 is a milestone that records the distance in miles to London.

______14 Archaeology South-East Lion House, Slough ______

5. CARTOGRAPHIC EVIDENCE

As no estate map covers the Study Area, the earliest acquired map of it is a county map of Buckinghamshire that dates to 1770 (Fig. 4). This engraved map by Thomas Jefferys shows the crossroads of the hamlet lined with several buildings. The Site, which is located to the north-east of the crossroads, is vacant of buildings, however. The settlement is not named on the map, whereas the neighbouring settlements of Upton, Chalvey and Salt Hill, which all later become a part of Slough (see section 4.8), are each of a significant size to be named.

The second earliest map available of the Study Area is Richard Binfield’s 1822 inclosure map of the manor of Upton-cum-Chalvey (Fig. 5). The settlement is now named as Slough. This map is the earliest close-up map obtained of the Site itself, which is located in the southern half of William Bonsey’s large ‘West Field’. This field is clearly under cultivation. Due to the small scale of the earlier county map, it cannot be said for definite that Slough has grown in size. With Slough having already been well established at this time as a throughfare settlement (see section 4.8), coaching inns were thus not uncommon. The Dolphin is the only such inn to be marked on this plan, and is located at the east end of the London to Bath road. Worthy of note is T. Brown’s nursery, which is situated to the east of the cross-roads, up against the south side of the London to Bath road.

A. Byrants’ 1825 county map of Buckinghamshire adds very little to what is already known of early- to mid-1820s Slough from cartographic evidence (Fig. 6). Brown’s nursery appears to have expanded across to the north side of the London to Bath road, and a different inn to that of The Dolphin is shown on this map. White Hart inn is located at the cross roads. ‘Slough Farm’ incorporates the Site, and may or may not be under the same ownership as in 1822.

Fifty years later, the OS 25-inch map of 1876 still shows that Slough has nurseries in place (Fig. 7). The larger, eastern nursery is in the same location as T. Brown latter possible addition. Obviously, of greatest development is the construction of the railway. The railway station is 13 in Appendix 1. The Site has not yet been built upon, as it is the vacant space located to the east of the railway track that leads northwards to the corn mill. Two tracks lead from the corn mill to the road that runs south to the cross road. They are the first signs of Mill Street, the road from which Petersfield Avenue leads off from (this being the road that gives access to the Site).

The OS 25-inch map of 1880 shows little difference from the slightly earlier 1876 map (Fig. 8). Fig. 8 reveals that occupation is concentrated to the

______15 Archaeology South-East Lion House, Slough ______south of the railway, particularly to the south-east of the crossroads. It shows the Church of St Mary (16) and the Union Workhouse (12).

The OS 25-inch map of 1899 shows that the area to the east of the corn mill, previously devoid of buildings, has now been partly developed (Fig. 9). The railway line to the corn mill has branched out to the east, and from this line, to the north where a kiln is positioned. A set of buildings has been constructed within this rectangular defined area. Those in alignment with each other are presumably associated with the corn mill, whilst those directly to the south of them comprise the Gotha Iron Works. The Site lies across at least some of the corn mill buildings, but not the site of the iron works. A significant number of residential houses now extend to the north of the railway, with the housing having been built between Mill Street and the railway, where some had existed previously (as seen in Fig. 7).

In the OS 6-inch map of 1913 it can be seen how Upton has now merged with Slough, whilst Chalvey and Salt Hill have still to do so (Fig. 10). The Site has not changed. The Royal Nurseries are in the same location as part of T. Brown’s nursery from the 1820’s.

The OS-25 inch map of 1925 shows that the corn mill and its buildings are still there, but the Gotha iron works have been bought over and converted, or even demolished and built anew, into an engineering industry named Windsor Works (Fig. 11). All the buildings on the Site were demolished between 1925 and 1942.

______16 Archaeology South-East Lion House, Slough ______6. AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS

A search was made of the vertical and oblique collections of the National Library of Air Photographs held at the National Monuments Record Centre, Swindon. The search area comprised a 1 kilometre diameter circle centred on NGR SU 980 802. A total of 5 oblique prints and 17 vertical prints were consulted from the NMR collection, spanning the period 1942-1954. The following aerial photographs were checked.

Table 2: Aerial photographs Accession/Sortie Frames Date Scale No. Oblique RAF 30019 PFFO-0304 20/4/1948 N/A RAF 30019 PFFO-0305 20/4/1948 N/A RAF 30019 SFFO-0305 20/4/1948 N/A RAF 30020 SFFO-0079 7/5/1948 N/A MSO 31374 O-19173 11/11/1943 N/A Vertical RAF/106G/UK/687 4019-4022 23/8/1945 1:10500 RAF/CPE/UK/1936 4129-4132 18/1/1947 1:9960 RAF/540/1285 204-207 13/4/1954 1:10000 RAF/82/1006 142-143 31/8/1954 1:15000 RAF/HLA/581 6066-6068 6/6/1942 1:12000 NB. Some prints requested (OS/96643A: frames 36-40 and OS/51T22: frames 5076-5084) were not obtainable because they were not held as contact prints.

The earliest photograph is taken 17 years after the latest available map was published. The presence of the Grand Canal is the main difference observed from the maps (see section 4.8). Very little appears to have changed throughout the 12-year period covered by the photographs. The function of the Site does not, for instance, seem to have altered during this time, as it remained an open space. When the scale of the photographs is large enough to see the Site in greater detail, one or two structures of unknown use are seen within the Site. The Study Area is quite well built-up and does not seem to become much more developed during the time span investigated. A few fields are located to the very north and south of the Study Area. Also visible are several fields for probable allotments, which are found mostly on the outskirts of the settlement. They still look to be present as late as 1954. No potential archaeological features were identified in these open spaces.

______17 Archaeology South-East Lion House, Slough ______7. WALKOVER SURVEY

A walkover survey of the Site was undertaken by the author in the early morning of 5th June 2007. Conditions were good, being dry and quite sunny, with some cloud cover.

The objective of the walkover survey was to identify historic landscape features not plotted on existing maps, together with other archaeological surface anomalies or artefact scatters, in order that they may be described and added to the existing archaeological dataset (i.e. Appendix 1).

Results proved wholly negative as the Site is either built upon or is under tarmac.

The Site lies on flat land. It is currently under the predominant ownership of Interserve Ltd, which was appointed by Slough Borough Council in November 2001 to repair and maintain services for council-owned buildings and homes in the borough (www.interserveplc.co.uk). Interserve Ltd has two buildings on the Site (Fig. 2). One lines the west side of the Site, whilst the other is located centrally within the Site. The area between these two buildings is under tarmac and used for the parking of work vehicles. Interserve has a long, almost open-sided, shed-like store, and small, abutting, garage-like compartments in the south-east corner of the Site. An unnamed, tarmac road, very probably built to serve the company’s traffic, separates this western side of the Site from the eastern side. The road widens out to the very rear of the Site, where it is used for refuse disposal, amongst other purposes. The south-west corner of the Site is an enclosed open-air storage facility and to its immediate north is the employees car park. Where not lined with buildings or other structures, the land owned by Interserve is fenced in, and occasionally both fenced and walled in.

The rest of the Site is owned by the Islamic Shaksiyah Foundation who run an independent, preparatory school on the Site called ‘Lion House’. This building fronts onto Petersfield Avenue, and is the northern end of the western Interserve building (Fig. 2). Lion House is surrounded by a wooden fence and has an area of tarmac enclosed within, to the front of the building. A car park for the school is located to the back of a row of houses that also front Petersfield Avenue.

Linden Homes residential development is located immediately to the south of the Site. The proposed development will hence have no view of the town centre, and more importantly, the town below the railway will have no view of it. The illustration with a 3D image of the proposed development set within its environ demonstrates this point (Fig. 3).

______18 Archaeology South-East Lion House, Slough ______8. ASSESSMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL POTENTIAL

The archaeological potential is considered by period and then in terms of significance.

8.1 Prehistoric

Two Lower Palaeolithic handaxes are located in the very centre of the town, within the Study Area, but not within the Site. A sprinkling of Palaeolithic artefacts have been found elsewhere in Slough and in neighbouring Maidenhead. The Mesolithic is instead represented in the wider vicinity only (likewise the Neolithic), and by the odd occupation site just to the east of Slough, rather than by finds. The Neolithic is present in both forms; the artefacts were discovered between Maidenhead and Datchet, and the settlements were located just to the west of Slough. As with the earlier periods, Bronze Age settlement is observed in the wider Thames Valley, and in Colne Valley. A large Bronze Age hoard of weaponry was found in Slough Trading Estate.

The potential of the Site for this period is Low.

8.2 Romano-British

There is no Romano-British site within the Study Area. There is only the occasional Roman-British find in Slough, as the closest known occupation site of this date is in Maidenhead.

The potential of the Site for this period is Low.

8.3 Anglo-Saxon

The one Anglo-Saxon site within the Study Area is a find spot located at the crossroads, the very heart of old Slough. To the south-east of the crossroads is Upton, a village that Slough later encompassed. An Anglo- Saxon church is thought to have stood there, on the site of Upton Church. The parish of Upton-cum-Chalvey probably originated in the Late Saxon period. An Anglo-Saxon chieftan burial was found at nearby Taplow.

The potential of the Site for this period is Low.

8.4 Medieval

Throughout the Medieval period Slough was a small hamlet that centred roughly around the crossroads. The brickworks, established by Eton College in 1442, is the only Medieval site in the Study Area. However, part of Slough belonged to Upton Manor, whose church and manor house are steeped in Medieval history. As these buildings are located just outside the Study Area, there may be greater Medieval activity in the ______19 Archaeology South-East Lion House, Slough ______Study Area than initially perceived from the one stray find. During the 13th century, a royal palace for King Henry III was built at Cippenham. Today it is a scheduled ancient monument in a suburb of Slough.

The potential of the Site for this period is Low.

8.5 Post-Medieval

The majority of sites in the Study Area are Post-Medieval. None are located on the Site. Just under half the Post-Medieval sites are Listed Buildings, such as churches, railway buildings, and walls, gate piers and gates. Most of the sites which are not Listed Buildings are world war memorials. The southern part of the Site contained a series of buildings, possibly associated with the adjacent corn mill, which were built between 1880 and 1899 and demolished between 1925 and 1942. The foundations of these buildings may survive.

The potential of the Site for this period is High.

8.6 Summary of Potential

A desk-based assessment can generally only consider the potential of a site in principle. As is the case here, its conclusions usually require testing by fieldwork in order to confirm whether remains are actually present and, if this is the case, to establish their character, condition and extent and thus indicate the weight that ought to be attached to their preservation. It must always be acknowledged that remains of a type for which there is no prior evidence may be found on a site by fieldwork.

The potential for discovery of new sites has been revealed by a review of known archaeological sites in the immediate vicinity. The estimated potential for sites and/or findspots being located within the Site can be summarised thus:

Prehistoric – Low Romano-British – Low Anglo-Saxon - Low Medieval - Low Post-Medieval – High

The cartographic evidence has revealed that the Site remained open space, presumably farmland, until 1880-1899, by which time corn mill buildings were present across at least part of the Site. The aerial photographs show that by 1942 these buildings seem to have been demolished, and the Site is again open space with the odd small structure. This was the case until at least 1954.

______20 Archaeology South-East Lion House, Slough ______To conclude, the Site is considered to lie within an area of generally low archaeological potential, although there is a High potential for encountering deposits of late 19th century date.

______21 Archaeology South-East Lion House, Slough ______9. EXISTING IMPACTS ON ARCHAEOLOGICAL POTENTIAL

The Site is likely to have been disturbed by agricultural activity, particularly ploughing, from at least the Medieval period. The construction of late 19th century buildings along the southern edge of the Site will have disturbed any deposits of earlier date. The Site has two modern buildings, for which deep foundations would have been constructed. These buildings would also have required the excavation of various service trenches across the Site. Those for the adjacent houses may also pass through the Site. With the tracking of heavy machinery across the Site, any shallow archaeological features under the tarmac surface of the Site are unlikely to have survived untouched. Any surviving archaeology on the Site may thus be limited to deep features.

10. ASSESSMENT OF FUTURE IMPACTS

10.1 Proposed Development

From the 3D model (Fig. 3), it is clear that that there will be one main U- shaped block of flats, with a smaller block in front of it, directly facing Petersfield Avenue. The grounds around the buildings may be landscaped. No specific details of the proposed development are available, and the following comments are of a general nature.

10.2 Construction

The present buildings and structures will be demolished, and the tarmac surface lifted. Considering the apparent size of the buildings, the foundations for them are likely to be deep. Their construction will cover a large proportion of the Site, with the rest of the Site presumably being affected by the excavation of the services trenches. Construction will involve the use of heavy machinery and the provision of cabins. With the Site having already undergone two previous construction phases, this third phase is likely to remove any archaeology left on the Site.

No Listed Buildings will be physically impacted upon by the proposed development. Their locations diminish the likelihood of impacts from construction noise and traffic. The settings of the Listed Buildings are also important. However, none of the buildings have a direct view of the Site.

10.3 Operational

The operational impacts are as described above.

______22 Archaeology South-East Lion House, Slough ______

11. RECOMMENDATIONS

The Site has been found to have a High potential for containing archaeological remains relating to late 19th century buildings. It is recommended, therefore, that a programme of archaeological fieldwork is carried out during development works. Given the late date and short life (approximately half a century) of these buildings, and the low assessed potential for any earlier deposits, it is considered that an archaeological watching brief during all groundworks would be the most appropriate response. These comments should be discussed with the appropriate officers of the Berkshire Archaeology Service.

______23 Archaeology South-East Lion House, Slough ______12. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Archaeology South-East would like to thank the following for their help and advice in the preparation of this report:

Majah Zia, Assistant Project Manager, Catalyst Regeneration (UK) Ltd Teresa Hocking, SMR Officer, Berkshire Archaeology Service Katy Whitaker, NMR Enquiry Research Services, English Heritage Centre for Buckinghamshire Studies Slough Library

______24 Archaeology South-East Lion House, Slough ______REFERENCES

Burne, R.V.H., 1913. A History of the Parish of Upton-cum-Chalvey, Buckinghamshire, Commonly known as Slough. Charles Luff.

Burrows Publishing, 1973. The Borough of Slough: Official Guide and Industrial Review. Burrows Publishing.

Denington, R.F. 1974. The Upton cum Chalvey Inclosure Award, Middle Thames Archaeological Society News Bulletin 3 (19).

Ellis, J.C., nd. Slough District. [No publication details available]

Fraser, M., 1980. The History of Slough. Slough Corporation.

Hunter, J., 1983. The Story of Slough. Local Heritage.

Hunter, J. & Thompson, I., 1991. Slough: A Pictorial History. Biddles Ltd.

Williams, A. & Martin, G.H., 2003. Domesday Book: A Complete Translation. Penguin.

Workers’ Educational Association (Slough & Eton Branch) Local History Class 1981. A Town in the Making: Slough 1851. Berkshire County Council.

A History of the County of Buckingham, Vol. 3, Victoria County History (VCH), 1925.

MAP RESOURCES (all sources consulted)

Map of George Lord Jeffreys Baron’s estate,1686

Thomas Jefferys (engraver), Map of the County of Buckinghamshire, 1770

T.F. Webb & E. Webb, Plan of Part of the Parish of Upton-cum-Chalvey, 1773

F. Dowland, The Workings Rough Map of Bulstrode, Estate in parishes of Chalfont St Peter, Upton, Beaconsfield, Farnham Royal, Fulmer, 1784

John Raine, Estate Map, A Plan of all…estates in Farnham Royal, Upton cum Chalvey, Stoke Poges and Wexham…belonging to Lord Francis Godolphin Osbourne, …., 1801-2

Richard Binfield, Inclosure Map, Plan of the Manor of Upton-cum-Chalvey in the County of Bucks, 1822

Richard Binfield, Map of the Manor of Upton-cum-Chalvey, 1845 ______25 Archaeology South-East Lion House, Slough ______

A. Byrant, Map of the County of Buckinghamshire, 1825

Ordnance Survey 25-inch, 1st ed. Sheet LV1.2, 1876 Ordnance Survey 25-inch 1st ed. revised, 1880 Ordnance Survey 25-inch, 2nd ed. Sheet LV1.2, 1899 Ordnance Survey 25-inch, 3rd ed. Sheet LVI.2, 1925

Ordnance Survey 6-inch, 3rd ed. Sheet LVI. NW, 1913

Wyatt, G. 1978. Maps of Bucks. Barracuda Books.

Laxton. P. 2000. Buckinghamshire in the 1760s and 1820s: The County Maps of Jefferys and Byrant. Buckinghamshire Archaeological Society.

INTERNET RESOURCES http://www.magic.gov.uk http://ads.ahds.ac.uk http://www.british-history.ac.uk http://lbonline.english-heritage.org.uk http://www.wikipedia.org www.interserveplc.co.uk

______26 Archaeology South-East Lion House, Slough ______Appendix 1 - Summary Table of SMR/NMR and Listed Building Entries (refer to Fig. 1) (NMR numbers are in italics)

Site SMR/NMR/LB NGR (SU) Description Period No. SUID No. 1 00205.00.000 – 97300 80000 A Lower Palaeolithic handaxe, found in an Palaeolithic MSL7863 area of Taplow Gravel geology in Slough NMR_NATINV- High Street 251170 2 00207.00.000 – 97440 79690 A Lower Palaeolithic handaxe, found in the Palaeolithic MSL7865 back garden of 4 Chalvey Park 3 00206.00.000 – 97550 79790 A small Late Saxon-Viking hunting spear Anglo-Saxon MSL7864 (900 AD – 1000 AD), found in a trench NMR_NATINV- during alterations to the Crown public house 251173 in the mid 1930’s 4 00342.00.000 – 98000 80000 Medieval brickyard, established by Eton Medieval to MSL391 College in 1442. The brickyard dates up to Post- 1900. Medieval 5 04181.00.000 - 99000 80900 An Elizabethan silver groat, dated 1569, Post- was found in Mirador Crescent Medieval 6 LBSUID: 38700 98016 79252 The Red Cow Public House, built in late 16th Post- century (between 1567 and 1599), with 20th Medieval century additions to right and rear (between 1900 and 1984) Grade II Listed Building 7 LBSUID: 98262 79259 House (74 Upton Road), now flats, built in 18th century 434074 early 18th century (between 1700 and 1732), (early) and with later remodelling, including that done in 20th century 20th century Grade II Listed Building 8 LBSUID: 97032 80918 Wall and gate piers adjoining north-east 18th century 434052 forecourt wall and pavilion to Baylis House (early to mid) to north east, date from between 1700 and 1766 Grade II Listed Building 9 LBSUID: 97062 80877 Wall adjoining south-east forecourt wall and 18th century 434053 pavilion to Baylis House, dates from (early to mid) between 1700 and 1766 Grade II Listed Building 10 LBSUID: 97010 80830 Wall and gate piers (dating from between 18th century 434054 1700 and 1766), and gates (dating from (early to mid) between 1900 and 1984) adjoining south- and 20th east forecourt wall to Baylis House to south- century east Grade II Listed Building 11 LBSUID: 38704 97070 80050 Milestone, dating from between 1767 and 18th century 1799 (late) Grade II Listed Building 12 LBSUID: 38699 97770 79448 Beech House, Oak House and Linden 19th century House represent the remains of a union (1835-36) workhouse, now Upton Hospital, built 1835- 1836 Grade II Listed Building 13 NMR_NATINV- 978 801 Slough Station opened on June 1838. It 19th century 497401 was the first at Slough and was designed by (1838) ______27 Archaeology South-East Lion House, Slough ______Brunel. Grade II Listed Building 14 05053.00.000 – 97693 80217 The Great Western Railway at Slough 19th century MSL6024 (1840 – 1900) 15 04182.00.000 – 97700 79610 A brick vault (1859-1900) and burials (1859- 19th century MSL6331 1870) in St Mary’s Churchyard (1859-1900) 16 LBSUID: 38709 97634 79581 Church of St Mary, built 1876-8 and 19th and 20th enlarged 1911-3 century Grade II* Listed Building (1876-8 and 1911-3) 17 LBSUID: 38710 97650 79544 Wall, gate piers and gates approximately 5 19th century metres to east of Church of St Mary (c. 1878) Grade II Listed Building 18 LBSUID: 38705 97851 80163 Station building (i.e. Slough Station booking 19th century hall, booking office and travel centre), built (1882) and 1882, with some 20th century fittings 20th century Grade II Listed Building 19 LBSUID: 38724 97848 80201 Station building (i.e. Slough Station area 19th century managers office, traffic assistants office, (1882) and red star parcel office), built 1882 Grade II Listed Building 20 LBSUID: 38706 97855 80179 Island platform building (i.e. station 19th century building), approximately 25 metres to north (c. 1882) of another (i.e. Slough Station booking hall, booking office and travel centre) Grade II Listed Building 21 LBSUID: 38718 98312 79617 Tony’s Grill Café and The Rose and Crown 20th century public house, dating from 1900 to 1999 Grade II Listed Building 22 LBSUID: 97665 79953 Church of Our Lady Immaculate and St 20th century 434075 Ethelbert (1909-10) Grade II Listed Building 23 LBSUID: 97688 79945 St Ethelbert’s Presbytery 20th century 434076 Grade II Listed Building (c. 1910) 24 SL15490 – 97489 79760 WWI memorial plaque in Slough Baptist 20th century MSL15490 Church (1914/1918) 25 SL15482 – 97915 80668 WWI memorial plaque inside St Paul’s 20th century MSL15482 Church on the north wall 26 SL15485 – 97612 79580 WWI memorial plaque for Slough Old 20th century MSL15485 Contemptibles inside St Mary’s Church on the west wall 27 CBA_DOBNAI- 984 803 World War II anti-aircraft battery 20th century 3687 28 SL15486 – 97625 79573 Blunden WWII memorial window at St 20th century MSL15486 Mary’s Church (1944) 29 SL15483 – 97628 79592 Captain Symons WWII memorial windows 20th century MSL15483 at St Mary’s Church (1945) 30 SL15480 – 97257 80481 Horlicks Ltd WWI and WWII memorial 20th century MSL15480 statue in garden in front of offices (1949) 31 SL15488 – 97656 79573 The Horlicks WWI and WWII family 20th century MSL15488 memorial plaque at St Mary’s Church, Upton-cum-Chalvey, Slough 32 SL15489 – 98085 79441 WWI and WWII memorial plaque at Slough 20th century MSL15489 (St Andrews) Methodist Church 33 SL15491 – 97489 79760 WWII memorial plaque at Slough Baptist 20th century ______28 Archaeology South-East Lion House, Slough ______MSL15491 Church 34 05052.00.00 – 97165 80041 The A4 Bath Road from London to Bristol Undated MSL5909 was a coach road and a major route west. 35 05052.48.000 – 97998 79715 A section of the A4 Bath Road through Undated MSL6017 Slough 36 05052.49.000 99000 79450 A section of the A4 Bath Road at Slough Undated 37 05052.48.001 – 98400 79630 A milestone showing 20 miles to London Undated MSL6018 38 Event ID: 97717 79811 Desk based assessment undertaken in N/A ERM620 August 2006 on Buckingham Gateway

______29 N

81 8 9 5 10

The Site 13,19 14 20 18 11 34 80 1 22 4 23

3 38 24,33 2 35 29 16 15 21 37 26 31 17 12 32 36

6 7

01km

97 98 99 00

Reproduced from the Ordnance Survey's 1:25000 map of 1997 with permission of the Controller of Her Majesty's Stationary Office. Crown Copyright. Licence No. AL 503 10 A N

© Archaeology South-East Lion House, Slough Fig. 2 Drawn by: Ref: 2919 June 2007 SM Site Location Plan © Archaeology South-East Lion House Slough Fig. 3 Drawn by: Ref: 2919 June 2007 SM 3D Model of Proposed Development N

The Site