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IN SITU MJERENJA GAMAFONA U OKOLINI TERMOE- LEKTRANA NA UGALJ NA PODRUČJU Bih

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IN SITU MJERENJA GAMAFONA U OKOLINI TERMOE- LEKTRANA NA UGALJ NA PODRUČJU Bih HR9700033 IN SITU MJERENJA GAMAFONA U OKOLINI TERMOE- LEKTRANA NA UGALJ NA PODRUČJU BiH Anto MIHALJ, Davoriti SAMEK, Lejla SARAČEVIĆ Veterinarski fakultet Sarajevo, Zmaja od Bosne 134 UVOD Osnovu radijacijskog fona na zemlji danas sačinjavaju kosmičko i tere- sterijalno zračenje (radioaktivni elementi u zraku, vodi, zemlji i živom svijetu na njoj). Veličina radijacijskog fona zavisi od sadržaja radionuklida u tlu, vrste kosmičkog zračenja kao i geografskog područja na zemlji, te njegove nadmosrke visine. Posljednjih dvadesetak godina u svijetu se sve više primjenjuje gamaspektrometrijsko In Situ mjerenje gamafona (1,2,3), koje daje detaljne informacije o prisutnosti i koncentraciji radionuklida u zemlji kao i brzine ekspozicionih doza gama zračenja. Obzirom da nema konačnih saznanja o biološkim efektima dugotrajne ozračenosti niskim dozama koje potiču od vještačkih i prirodnih radionuklida, njihovo sistematsko istraživanje i mjerenje je od velike važnosti. Značaj ovih istraživanja naročito dolazi do izražaja kada se uzme u obzir da je visina radijacijskog fona u BiH nakon Ćernobiljskog akcidenta relativno slabo poznata. MATERIJAL I METODE Istraživanja su provedena tokom 1991.g. u okolini 4 termoelektrane na ugalj u BiH: Kakanj, Gacko, Tuzla i Ugljevik. Sve 4 termoelektrane locirane su u blizini naseljenih mijesta, a deponije pepela i šljake nalaze se u neposrednoj blizini termoelektrana. Deponije na lokalitetu Tuzla i Gacko predstavljaju vještačka jezera u koja se odlaže pepeo i šljaka potapanjem u vodu. Transport pepela I šljake obavlja se zatvorenim sistemom cjevovoda (Tuzla), prevozom kamionima-cisternama (Gacko) i transportom pokretnom trakom (Kakanj I Ugljevik). In Situ mjerenje gamafona i ukupna brzina ekspozicione doze gama zračenja vršena je na 4 točke svake od termoelektrana: u krugu termoelektrane, 3-5 km u smijeni i 3 -5 km suprotno od smijera ruže vjetrova te na deponiji pepela i šljake. Za In Situ mjerenja gamafona korišten je set za terensku gamaspektrometriju sa čistim germanijum detektorom (HPGe), reletivne efikasnosti 10% i rezolucijom 1.8 KeV na 1.33 MeV povezanim sa 4096 kanalnim analizatorom i pripadajućom elektronikom proizvođenje EG&G ORTEC. Iz dobijenih gama spektara izračunati su nivoi aktivnosti i brzine ekspozicionih doza gama zračenja za najvažnije prirodne (U-238, Th-232 i K-40) i vještačke (Cs-137 i Cs-134) radinuklide (3). III SIMPOZIJ 303 Na svakom lokalitetu gdje su se izvodila In Situ mjerenja, radi kontrole, vršeno je i mjerenja ukupne brzine ekspozicione doze gama zračenja na 1 m iznad tla visokoosjetljivom ionizacionom komorom, donje granice osjetljivosti 0.258 nC kg h , proizvodnje SILENA. RASPRAVA Rezultati In Situ mjerenja gamafona u okolini TE na ugalj prikazani su u Tablicama 1-9. Analizirajući dobivene vrijednosti nivoa aktivnosti tla može se konstatirati da najviše aktivnosti na svim ispitivanim lokalitetima (Tablice 1,3,5,7) od prirodnih radionuklida pokazuje K-40 (3,4). Maksimalna vrijednost specifične aktivnosti K-40 od 524.9 Bq kg izmjerena je na lokalitetu 3-5 km prije TE Kakanj (Tablica 1). Vrijednosti specifičnih aktivnosti urana i torija su približno ujednačene po svim lokalitetima i kreću se za U-238 od 21.6 (3-5 km prije TE Tuzla - Tablica 5) do 43.1 Bq kg" (3-5 km poslije TE Kakanj - Tablica 1), a za Th-232 od 22.9 (u krugu TE Tuzla) do 46.2 Bq kg (3-5 km poslije TE Tuzla - Tablica 5). Razmatrajuće sve istraživane radionuklide na lokalitetima navedenih termoelektrana, uočava se da su najviše vrijednosti specifičnih aktivnosti u tlu izmjerene kod termoelektrane Kakanj (Tablica 1). Prisustvo vještačkog radionuklida Cs-137 u tlu je utvrdjeno na svim lokalitetima, a najviša vrijednost izmjerena je na lokalitetu 3-5 km poslije TE Gacko od 37.7 KBq m" (Tablica 3\ Na istom lokaliteti izmjerena je i najviša vrijednost Cs-134 od 3.7 KBq m , što je najvjerojatnije uzrokovano veoma obilnim oborinama u periodu černobiljske havarije (5). Svugdje gdje je utvrdjena eksponencijalna raspodjela po dubuni tla specifična aktivnost je izražena u Bq m" , dok je za homogenu raspodjelu izražena u Bq kg" . Brzina ekspozicionih doza gama zračenja na 1 m iznad tla potekle od prethodno navedenih prirodnih i vještačkih radionuklida date su u Tablicama 2,4,6,8. Uočava se značajno povećanje učešća vještačkih radionuklida u ukupnoj brzini ekspozicione doze kod TE Gacko (Tablica 4). Takodjer je povećana i ukupna ekspoziciona doza na tom lokalitetu (Tablica 9). 304 HDZZ Tablica I. Specifična aktivnost u tlu na lokalitetuTE Kakanj Aktivnost: Bq kg" ili *Bq m'2 Radionuklid 3-5 km krug 3-5 km deponija prije TE TE poslije TE TE U-238 32.2 40.7 43.1 54.9 Th-232 39.5 32.3 29.6 51.1 K-40 524.9 397.4 388.7 446.3 *Cs-137 13314.5 18435.9 16613.9 x >5.6 *Cs-134 1762.7 2103.2 1892.6 IGD Tablica 2. Brzine ekspozicionih doza na lokalitetuTE Kakanj Brzina ekspozicione dozernCkg^h"1 Radionuklid 3-5 km krug 3-5 km deponija prije TE TE poslije TE TE U-238 0.427 0.539 0.570 0.718 Th-232 0.776 0.636 0.581 1.006 K-40 0.656 0.497 0.486 0.558 Cs-137 0.239 0.307 0.329 0.028 Cs-134 0.087 0.097 0.103 - In Situ 2.185 2.076 2.069 2.310 Kosm.zrač. 1.083 1.083 1.083 1.161 Zbirno 3.268 3.159 3.152 3.471 III SIMPOZIJ 305 Tablica 3. Specifična aktivnost u tlu na lokalitetuTE Gacko Aktivnost: Bq kg ili *Bq m"2 Radionuklid 3-5 km krug 3-5 km deponija prije TE TE poslije TE TE U-238 26.8 31.1 23.2 73.2 Th-232 29.9 39.2 29.1 15.8 K-40 398.5 199.3 293.8 39.8 *Cs-137 28404.7 27940.9 37673.2 IGD *Cs-134 3063.2 3053.6 3680.5 IGD Tablica 4. Brzine ekspozicionih doza na lokalitetuTE Gacko Brzina ekspozicione doze: nCkg^h'1 Radionuklid 3-5 km krug 3-5 km deponija prije TE TE poslije TE TE U-238 0.354 0.412 0.307 0.970 Th-232 0.589 0.771 0.572 0.311 K-40 0.498 0.249 0.367 0.050 Cs-137 0.423 0.446 0.994 - Cs-134 0.151 0.139 0.292 - In Situ 2.015 2.017 2.532 1.331 Kosm.zrač. 1.238 1.238 1.238 1.290 Zbirno 3.253 3.255 3.770 2.621 306 HDZZ Tablica 5. Specifična aktivnost u tlu na lokalitetuTE Tuzla Aktivnost: Bq kg" ili *Bq m'2 Radionuklid 3-5 km krug 3-5 km deponija prije TE TE poslije TE TE U-238 21.6 24.8 30.8 26.2 Th-232 25.6 22.9 46.2 24.6 K-40 206.8 300.9 396.3 225.9 *Cs-137 9500.6 10426.2 13186.5 x >5.2 *Cs-134 1246.1 2570.7 2829.9 IGD Tablica 6. Brzine ekspozicionih doza na lokalitetuTE Tuzla Brzina ekspozicione doze: nC kg'hi"1 Radionuklid 3-5 km krug 3-5 km deponija prije TE TE poslije TE TE U-238 0.286 0.329 0.408 0.347 Th-232 0.502 0.449 0.908 0.484 K-40 0.258 0.376 0.495 0.282 Cs-137 0.168 0.136 0.210 0.026 Cs-134 0.061 0.093 0.130 - In Situ 1.275 1.383 2.151 1.139 Kosm.zrač. 1.030 1.030 1.032 1.083 Zbirno 2.305 2.413 3.183 2.223 III SIMPOZIJ 307 Tablica 7. Specifična aktivnost u tlu na lokalitetuTE Ugljevik Aktivnost: Bq kg" ili *Bq m'2 Radionuklid 3-5 km krug 3-5 km deponija prije TE TE poslije TE TE U-238 24.9 25.4 28.8 117.7 Th-232 30.9 29.9 34.6 57.3 K-40 372.6 359.9 437.5 413.1 *Cs-137 x) 705.5 x) x) 10.5 5.1 8.3 *Cs-134 x IGD IGD IGD >3.2 Tablica 8, Brzine ekspozicionih doza na lokalitetuTE Ugljevik Brzina ekspozicione doze: nC kg h Radionuklid 3-5 km krug 3-5 km deponija prije TE TE poslije TE TE U-238 0.329 0.336 0.381 1.558 Th-232 0.608 0.589 0.680 1.126 K-40 0.466 0.450 0.547 0.516 Cs-137 0.053 0.015 0.026 0.042 Cs-134 0.020 - - - In Situ 1.476 1.390 1.634 3.242 Kosm.zrač. 1.030 0.950 0.950 0.950 Zbirno 2.506 2.340 2.584 4.192 308 HDZZ Tablica 9. Brzina ekspozicionih doza mjerene ionizacionom komorom Brzina ekspozicione doze: nC kg' h~ Lokacija Kakanj Tuzla Ugljevik Gacko 3-5 km prije TE 2.992 2.437 2.740 3.060 Krug TE 2.974 2.549 2.394 3.080 3-5 km poslije TE 3.179 3.070 2.560 3.570 Deponija TE 3.460 2.300 3.470 2.750 ZAKLJUČAK Gotovo na svim lokalitetima je uočeno prisustvo Cs-137 i Cs-134, što je najvjerojatnije direktna posljedica naknadne kontaminacije nakon Černobiljske havarije. Specifične aktivnosti potekle od prisustva urana i torija u tlu su prilično ujednačene i kreću se od 21.6 do 43.1 za uran i 22.9 do 46.2 za torij. Maksimalna ukupna brzina ekspozicione doze izmjerena je na deponiji TE Ugljevik (4.19 nC kg"1 h"1). POPIS LITERATURE 1. Beck H.L., DeCampo J. and Gogolak C.
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