HYMENOPTERA: ENCYRTIDAE), PARASITOIDE DE LA COCHINILLA ACANALADA DE COLOMBIA Crypticerya Multicicatrices KONDO & UNRUH (HEMIPTERA: MONOPHLEBIDAE

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HYMENOPTERA: ENCYRTIDAE), PARASITOIDE DE LA COCHINILLA ACANALADA DE COLOMBIA Crypticerya Multicicatrices KONDO & UNRUH (HEMIPTERA: MONOPHLEBIDAE ESTUDIO DE LA BIOLOGÍA DE Brethesiella sp. (HYMENOPTERA: ENCYRTIDAE), PARASITOIDE DE LA COCHINILLA ACANALADA DE COLOMBIA Crypticerya multicicatrices KONDO & UNRUH (HEMIPTERA: MONOPHLEBIDAE) XIOMARA KATHERINE MONTEALEGRE DELGADO Trabajo de grado presentado como requisito parcial para optar al título de Biólogo Director DEMIAN TAKUMASA KONDO RODRÍGUEZ Doctor en Entomología Co-Directora GLADYS REINOSO FLÓREZ Magíster en Biología UNIVERSIDAD DEL TOLIMA FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS PROGRAMA BIOLOGÍA IBAGUÉ-TOLIMA 2015 2 Cuando los sueños inundan el quehacer de cada día, ni las dificultades ni las tristezas pueden hacer de ello algo insignificante A Dios, mi madre y hermana con amor… 3 AGRADECIMIENTOS Este trabajo fue financiado por el Ministerio de Agricultura y Desarrollo Rural a través de la Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria (Corpoica), C.I. Palmira bajo el macro proyecto: “Selección, valoración, análisis de riesgos de enemigos naturales de Crypticerya multicicatrices y evaluación de estrategias de manejo explorando alternativas para su control” y el producto “Estudios Biológicos de Brethesiella sp. (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), Parasitoide de la Cochinilla Acanalada Crypticerya multicicatrices Kondo & Unruh (Hemiptera: Monophlebidae)”. Agradezco a Dios por haberme acompañado y guiado a lo largo de mi carrera, por ser mi fortaleza en los momentos de debilidad y por brindarme una vida llena de aprendizaje, experiencias y sobre todo felicidad. Debo agradecer de manera especial y sincera a mi director de tesis el Dr. Takumasa Kondo. Su apoyo, paciencia y dedicación para guiar mis ideas ha sido un aporte invaluable tanto personal como profesional. Quiero expresar también mis más sinceros agradecimientos a la Dra. Paola Sotelo por sus buenos concejos, por encaminar mis ideas, motivación, apoyo y amistad. No cabe duda que su participación ha enriquecido el trabajo realizado. Agradezco de manera especial a la Sra. Ana María Hurtado, por su apoyo siempre incondicional, por creer en mí, por todo lo que me ha brindado que han sido bendiciones para mi vida. A la Profesora Gladys Reinoso Flórez por su acogida, apoyo y enseñanzas durante mi carrera. 4 A Edwin Yepez (Piel Canela), por ser una parte importante de mi vida, por haberme apoyado en las buenas y en las malas, sobre todo por su paciencia y amor incondicional. A Erika Sierra, por haber sido una amiga incondicional, gracias por su apoyo, sus correcorres, comprensión y sobre todo amistad. A cada uno de los integrantes del grupo de Entomología, tengo sólo palabras de agradecimiento. Y a cada una de las personas que influyeron positivamente en mi vida y que muy seguramente aunque no estén aquí saben que fueron importantes en este proceso mil y mil gracias. Y por supuesto el agradecimiento más profundo y sentido a mi madre y hermana por apoyarme en todo momento, por los valores que me han inculcado, y sobre todo por ser ejemplo de vida a seguir. 5 CONTENIDO Pág. INTRODUCCIÓN………………………………………………………………............... 15 1. OBJETIVOS………………………………………………………………………....... 17 1.1 OBJETIVO GENERAL…………………………………………………………….... 17 1.2 OBJETIVOS ESPECÍFICOS……………………………………...……………….. 17 2. MARCO TEÓRICO…………………………………………………......................... 18 2.1 FAMILIA ENCYRTIDAE…………………………………...................................... 18 2.1.1 Taxonomía de la Familia Encyrtidae…………………………………………..... 18 2.1.2 Biología de la Familia Encyrtidae………………...…………………………....... 19 2.1.3 Parasitismo……………………………….......................................................... 20 2.1.4 Control biológico.…………………………........................................................ 21 2.2 ANTECEDENTES………………………………………………………………....... 22 3. DISEÑO MÉTODOLÓGICO……………………………………………………….... 27 3.1 ÁREA DE ESTUDIO……………………………………………………………....... 27 3.1.1 Corpoica, C.I. Palmira……………………………………………….................... 27 3.2 METODOLOGÍA DE CAMPO………………..………………………………......... 27 3.2.1 Colecta de Brethesiella sp. y su hospedero Crypticerya multicicatrices......... 27 3.2.2 Cría de Crypticerya multicicatrices Kondo & Unruh (Hemiptera: Monophlebidae)………………………………………………………………………….. 28 3.2.3 Cría de Brethesiella sp. (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae)………………………….. 29 3.3 METODOLOGÍA DE LABORATORIO…………..………………………………... 31 3.3.1 Identificación taxonómica de Brethesiella sp………………............................ 32 3.3.2 Preferencia de oviposición de Brethesiella sp……………………………........ 33 6 3.3.3 Tipo de reproducción de Brethesiella sp………………………………….......... 34 3.3.4 Tiempo de desarrollo de los estadios inmaduros de Brethesiella sp………... 34 3.3.5 Longevidad de Brethesiella sp……………………………………….................. 35 3.3.6 Fecundidad de Brethesiella sp....................................................................... 35 3.4 PROCESAMIENTO ESTADÍSTICO DE LA INFORMACIÓN………………....... 36 3.4.1 Análisis descriptivos…………………………………………………................... 36 3.4.2 Parámetros poblacionales………………………………………………............. 36 4. RESULTADOS……………………………………………………………................. 38 4.1 PREFERENCIA DE OVIPOSICIÓN DE Brethesiella sp……............................. 38 4.2 TIPO DE REPRODUCCIÓN DE Brethesiella sp............................................... 39 4.3 TIEMPO DE DESARROLLO DE LOS ESTADIOS INMADUROS DE Brethesiella sp......................................................................................................... 39 4.4 LONGEVIDAD DE Brethesiella sp..................................................................... 45 4.5 FECUNDIDAD DE Brethesiella sp..................................................................... 45 5. DISCUSIÓN……………………………………………………………………........... 47 5.1 PREFERENCIA DE OVIPOSICIÓN DE Brethesiella sp……............................. 47 5.2 TIPO DE REPRODUCCIÓN DE Brethesiella sp............................................... 48 5.3 TIEMPO DE DESARROLLO LOS ESTADIOS INMADUROS DE Brethesiella sp…………………………………………………………………………………………... 48 5.4 LONGEVIDAD DE Brethesiella sp..................................................................... 50 5.5 FECUNDIDAD DE Brethesiella sp..................................................................... 50 6. CONCLUSIONES……………………………………………………………............. 52 RECOMENDACIONES……………………………………………………………......... 53 REFERENCIAS………………………………………………………………………….. 54 7 ANEXOS………………………………………………………………………………...... 65 8 LISTA DE TABLAS Pág. Tabla 1. Frecuencia de tipo de reproducción de Brethesiella sp…………………… 39 Tabla 2. Medidas promedio de longitud de cuerpo, ancho de cabeza, ancho y largo de alas de adultos de Brethesiella sp…………………………………………… 44 9 LISTA DE FIGURAS Pág. Figura 1. Colecta de plantas infestadas con Crypticerya multicicatrices en la ciudad de Cali, Valle del Cauca. A. Rama de samán con alta infestación. B. Corte de ramas infestadas. C. Almacenamiento de las muestras………………….. 28 Figura 2. Infestación de plantas de acacia amarilla con Crypticerya multicicatrices en casa malla. A. Liberación de gateadores. B. Planta infestada con Crypticerya multicicatrices. C. Casa malla antiáfidos…………………………… 29 Figura 3. Ramas de samán cubiertas con velo para obtención de ninfas sanas de Crypticerya multicicatrices………………………………………………….............. 29 Figura 4. Ninfas y adulto de Crypticerya multicicatrices con evidencia de parasitismo de Brethesiella sp. A. Ninfas con malformaciones. B. Ninfas con coloración más oscura y protuberancias. C. Ninfas y adulto jóvenes con orificios de salida del parasitoide Brethesiella sp………………………………………………. 30 Figura 5. Morfo-especies. A. sp. 1, B. sp. 2, C. sp. 3, D. sp. 4, E. sp. 5, F. sp. 6 y G. Brethesiella sp…………………………………………………………………........... 32 Figura 6. Montaje para las observaciones de preferencia de oviposición de Brethesiella sp…………………………………………………………………………..... 33 Figura 7. Montaje para las observaciones de longevidad de Brethesiella sp. (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae)……………………………………………………………… 35 Figura 8. Montaje para las observaciones de fecundidad de Brethesiella sp…….. 36 10 Figura 9. Porcentaje de preferencia de oviposición de Brethesiella sp…............... 38 Figura 10. Huevo encitiforme ovarial de Brethesiella sp. A. Huevo bibulboso. B. Placa aeroscópica. C. Cadenetas de huevos dentro de la region abdominal…...... 40 Figura 11. Ciclo de vida de Brethesiella sp……………………………….................. 42 Figura 12. Adulto de Brethesiella sp. Nótese espolón de la tibia de las patas mesotorácicas muy desarrollado……………………………………........................... 43 Figura 13. Adultos de Brethesiella sp. A. Hembra. B. Parte ventral de la hembra nótese coloración oscura. C. Maza antenal de la hembra de 3 artejos fuerte. D. Macho. E. Parte ventral del macho blanco casi traslucido. F. Macho con maza antenal oblicuamente truncada…………………………………….............................. 43 Figura 14. Curvas de supervivencia y fecundidad de hembras de Brethesiella sp. 45 11 LISTA DE ANEXOS Pág. Anexo A. Formato de Registro de información de colecta de Crypticerya multicicatrices (Hemiptera: Monophlebidae) en la ciudad de Cali, Valle del Cauca, Colombia…………………………………………………………………………………….. 66 Anexo B. Etiquetas para envió de identificación taxonómica de especímenes colectados…………………………………………………………………………………… 66 Anexo C. Sitios de muestreo en la ciudad de Cali, Valle del Cauca, Colombia. Sitios con presencia de Brethesiella sp. resaltados en negrita……………………….. 67 12 RESUMEN La cochinilla acanalada de Colombia, Crypticerya multicicatrices Kondo & Unruh (Hemiptera: Monophlebidae) es una plaga que se ha registrado en las islas de San Adres y Providencia, Colombia, afectando a unas 95 especies de plantas y causando problemas fitosanitarios graves. El
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