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Redalyc.Diversity of Encyrtidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad ISSN: 1870-3453 [email protected] Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México México Rodríguez, José Manuel; Rodríguez-Velez, Beatriz; Zaragoza-Caballero, Santiago; Noguera-Martínez, Felipe Arturo; González-Soriano, Enrique; Ramírez-García, Enrique Diversity of Encyrtidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) collected with Malaise traps in the tropical dry forest of San Javier, Sonora, Mexico Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad, vol. 81, núm. 3, 2010, pp. 813-822 Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Distrito Federal, México Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=42518439021 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 81: 813 - 822, 2010 Diversity of Encyrtidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) collected with Malaise traps in the tropical dry forest of San Javier, Sonora, Mexico Diversidad de Encyrtidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) recolectada con trampas Malaise en el bosque tropical caducifolio de San Javier, Sonora, México José Manuel Rodríguez1, Beatriz Rodríguez-Velez1*, Santiago Zaragoza-Caballero1, Felipe Arturo Noguera-Martínez2, Enrique González-Soriano1 and Enrique Ramírez-García2 1Departamento de Zoología, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Tercer Circuito Exterior S/N. Apartado postal 70-153, 04510 México, D.F., México. 2Estación de Biología Chamela, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Aparatdo postal 21. 48980 San Patricio, Jalisco, México. *Correspondent: [email protected] Abstract. Results of a faunistic study of the Encyrtidae family (parasitoid wasps) of the tropical dry forest of San Javier, Sonora, Mexico are presented. The study was carried out from November 2003 to October 2004. Collections using Malaise trapping were made during 5 days of every month. A total of 52 species, 27 genera and 2 subfamilies were recorded. The subfamily with the largest number of recorded species was Encyrtinae, with 19 genera and 32 species, followed by Tetracneminae, with 8 genera and 20 species. The genus with the largest number of recorded species was Metaphycus with 10. Species richness was analyzed using parametric models; the best-fitting model was the Logarithmic, which is unbounded. Species had low abundance. Species richness and abundance varied with time, with the highest values recorded in the dry season. The fauna of San Javier was more similar to that of Huautla, Morelos, than to that of Huatulco, Oaxaca, both previously studied. Key words: Hymenoptera, parasitoid wasps, diversity, phenology, Mexico. Resumen. Se presentan los resultados del estudio de la fauna de la familia Encyrtidae (avispas parasitoides) en el bosque tropical caducifolio de San Javier, Sonora, México. El estudio se llevó a cabo de noviembre del 2003 a octubre del 2004. Las recolectas se realizaron durante 5 días de cada mes, el método de recolecta fue trampas Malaise. Se registró un total de 52 especies, 27 géneros y 2 subfamilias. La subfamilia con el mayor número de especies fue Encyrtinae, con 19 géneros y 32 especies, seguida por Tetracneminae con 8 géneros y 20 especies. El género con mayor número de especies fue Metaphycus con 10. El valor de la riqueza estimada de especies fue analizado usando los modelos paramétricos, el mejor fue el logarítmico, el cual es indefinido. Las especies no fueron abundantes. La riqueza y abundancia de las especies varió con el tiempo, registrándose el valor más grande durante la temporada de secas. La fauna fue más parecida a la de Huautla, Morelos que a la de Huatulco, Oaxaca, ambas previamente estudiadas. Palabras clave: Hymenoptera, avispas parasitoides, diversidad, fenología, México. Introduction lands; they show a very rapid increase of change in habitat and climate; an increasing impact by invasive species, a continuing overexploitation of their resources, and a rapid Diversity of hymenopteran parasitoids in tropical increase in pollution (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, regions is generally higher than in any other region of the 2005). world (Wolda, 1983; Noyes, 1989). In contrast, tropical In Mexico, tropical dry forest covers about 8% of regions are the least studied and their biodiversity is being the national territory (Trejo, 1998) and unlike the humid lost more quickly (Wilson, 1988). Tropical Dry Forests tropical communities, which share much of their richness (TDF) are the most reduced by cultivation, with almost with Central America, they have a large number of half of the biome’s native habitats replaced with cultivated endemics (Ceballos and García, 1995). Unfortunately, this community is the most globally threatened (Janzen, 1988), Recibido: 28 septiembre 2009; aceptado: 15 febrero 2010 and the study of its biodiversity is becoming increasingly 21-563.indd 1 18/11/2010 10:25:35 p.m. 814 Rodríguez et al.- Encyrtidae from Sonora urgent to generate information that will contribute to its al., 2001). They have also been used with great success to conservation. collect micro-hymenopterans (Noyes, 1982). Six Malaise Among insects, Encyrtidae is a group of highly diverse traps were placed in different locations inside the forest and micro-hymenopterans (Noyes, 1989). They play an remained in the same place throughout the year. Each trap important role in communities, as they are endoparasitoids was operated for 5 days of every month. Seventy percent or hyperparasitoids of other arthropods (Noyes, 1988). ethanol was used as a preservation fluid. Fieldwork was They are of great biological importance in natural carried out between November 2003 and October 2004. communities, since they help to regulate the populations Encyrtidae from Huautla, Morelos and Huatulco, Oaxaca of many species of insect hosts (Noyes, 1988). were collected in the same way as those from San Javier Considering this scenario, a group of researchers from but in different years (Huautla: November 1995 – October the Institute of Biology, of the Universidad Nacional 1996, Huatulco: February 2005 – January 2006). This Autónoma de México (UNAM) initiated a long term permitted a better comparison of diversity of Encyrtidae project to understand the diversity and distribution patterns among localities. of various groups of insects in the TDF in Mexico. As part Laboratory work. Laboratory work included the processing of this project, studies were conducted in 8 regions of the of 67 samples (5 of the 72 original samples were lost); this country. The Encyrtidae of 2 of the 8 collected localities process involved the separation of the encyrtids from each [Huautla, Morelos (Rodríguez-Velez and Wolley, 2005) sample, as well as drying, mounting, and labeling them. and Huatulco, Oaxaca (Rodríguez-Velez et al., 2009)] have Before mounting, the specimens were dehydrated using been previously analyzed. different ranks of alcohol and amyl acetate to prevent the This contribution presents results of survey work on specimen’s collapse. Identification of encyrtids was made the family Encyrtidae in San Javier, Sonora, Mexico, and with the help of specialized literature, such as keys to the a comparison with the 2 previously analyzed regions, in genera of Nearctic Encyrtidae (Noyes et al., 1997) and order to provide a better understanding of its local and Neotropical Encyrtidae (Noyes, 1980), and by comparison temporal diversity and also to increase the existing general with scientific collections. knowledge of this group in TDF. Methods of analysis. The values of richness and abundance are the number of species and individuals collected. Diversity was analyzed with the Shannon-Weiner Materials and methods (H´)´ s index; also from Shannon’s index, evenness was calculated, which is a measure of the homogeneity of species abundance in the community. Dominance was Study site. The Sierra San Javier is located in the central- analyzed with the Simpson´s index, which weights eastern part of Sonora, Mexico, in the extreme southwest towards the abundance of the most common species. These of the Sierra Aliso (Varela-Espinosa, 2005). The area under values were obtained with the program Past (Hammer et study is located between 28° 32’ 17” - 28° 36’ 41” N and al., 2001). 109° 44’ 22”- 109° 39’ 54” W. The climate is of the type Because the species richness of any sample obtained (A) Ca (wo) (x’) (e’) according to the Koppën classification usually underestimates actual species richness values modified by García (García, 1981). It is characterized as of individuals in a locality (Chazdon et al., 1998), an semi hot temperate with a hot summer, with predominance alternative statistical method proposed by Díaz-Francés of rain in summer and low rainfall in winter, and a thermal and Gorostiza (Díaz-Fracés and Soberón, 2005) was used oscillation of 14.2 °C. The annual average temperature to determine how close we were to collecting the real is 18.7 °C and the annual average precipitation is 638.2 richness of the encyrtids obtained with Malaise traps. The mm (Varela-Espinosa, 2005). The TDF is the dominant parametric models used were Logarithmic, Clench, and vegetation, which varies in composition and structure Exponential, which assume that the probability of finding according to the relief of the region. Dominant species at a new species depends on the size of the list and the medium elevations are
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