Associated with Scale Insects (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) Soo-Jung Suh Plant Quarantine Technology Center/APQA, [email protected]
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University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Center for Systematic Entomology, Gainesville, Insecta Mundi Florida 2019 Korean encyrtids (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) associated with scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) Soo-Jung Suh Plant Quarantine Technology Center/APQA, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/insectamundi Part of the Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Commons, and the Entomology Commons Suh, Soo-Jung, "Korean encyrtids (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) associated with scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha)" (2019). Insecta Mundi. 1209. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/insectamundi/1209 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Center for Systematic Entomology, Gainesville, Florida at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Insecta Mundi by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. July 26 2019 INSECTA 9 urn:lsid:zoobank. A Journal of World Insect Systematics org:pub:E3EDA06F-80B3-4845- UNDI M 85ED-65A1B59E0CD1 0719 Korean encyrtids (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) associated with scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) Soo-Jung Suh Plant Quarantine Technology Center/APQA 167, Yongjeon 1-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, South Korea 39660 Date of issue: July 26, 2019 CENTER FOR SYSTEMATIC ENTOMOLOGY, INC., Gainesville, FL Soo-Jung Suh Korean encyrtids (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) associated with scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) Insecta Mundi 0719: 1–9 ZooBank Registered: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:E3EDA06F-80B3-4845-85ED-65A1B59E0CD1 Published in 2019 by Center for Systematic Entomology, Inc. P.O. Box 141874 Gainesville, FL 32614-1874 USA http://centerforsystematicentomology.org/ Insecta Mundi is a journal primarily devoted to insect systematics, but articles can be published on any non- marine arthropod. 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Scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) are sap-sucking plant parasites and economically important pests on agricultural and horticultural crops. Scale insects are often difficult to control since their body is pro- tected by a wax cover. Parasitic wasps that live and develop in scale insects are important natural enemies and effective biological control agents of pest scale insects. Chalcid wasps of the family Encyrtidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) comprise the largest group of parasitoids of scale insects, followed by the family Aphelinidae. Here, an updated list of all thirty-six species of encyrtids in twenty-three genera that have been identified or reported from South Korea is provided, along with a dichotomous taxonomic key to separate them. Key words. Parasitic wasps, checklist, dichotomous key, biological control. Introduction Scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) are small sap-sucking plant parasites and economically important pests on agricultural and horticultural crops. Scale insects are often difficult to control with pesticides, as their body is protected by a wax cover. Thus, the management of pest scale insects requires a combination of tactics including chemical, cultural and biological control (Ouvrard et al. 2013). Parasitic wasps that live and develop in scale insects are important natural enemies and effec- tive biological control agents of pest scale insects. Most of the parasitoids associated with scale insects are chalcid species belonging to the families Encyrtidae, Aphelinidae, Eulophidae, Pteromalidae, Sig- niphoridae, and Eupelmidae. Of these families, Encyrtidae are the major parasitoids of scale insects (Xu and Huang 2004). The family Encyrtidae contains over 3,735 species in 460 genera worldwide and is thus one of the largest families belonging to the superfamily Chalcidoidea (Noyes 2019). The encyrtids form a large part of the chalcidoid fauna associated with scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha); of the reported encyrtid genera, about 45 genera are parasitic on soft scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccidae) and 28 on armored scale insects (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) (Prinsloo 1997). These parasitoid species attack various species of scale insects. Thus, the greatest value of the encyrtids lies in their ability to control scale insect populations under natural and agricultural conditions in their native environments (Noyes 1990; Prinsloo 1997). This family is distinguished from other Chalcidoidea by the following combination of characters: 1) both sexes with mesopleuron enlarged, often occupying more than half the mesosoma in side view, 2) mid coxae level with middle of mesopleuron in side view, 3) cercal plates advanced, not placed at apex of gaster and frequently in anterior two-thirds, 4) linea calva present and distinct, 5) mesoscutum transverse and without notauli, or if notauli are present then they are very shallow and curved, never deep and straight (Noyes 2019). The encyrtid parasitoid Anicetus beneficus Ishii and Yasumatsu was introduced from Japan to Jejudo, South Korea in 1975 for biological control of the red wax scale Ceroplastes rubens Maskell (Hemiptera: Coccidae), which is a serious pest of citrus (Kim et al. 1979). Consequently, this project has been the focus of several taxonomic contributions (Paik 1978, 1980, 1994). Since then, Paik (1978) listed 38 species (including 13 undetermined species and one deliberately introduced species) in 26 genera of encyrtids in the catalogue of the Korean Chalcidoidea, but, only a list of the encyrtids and hosts was enumer- ated. Subsequently, species of the following genera have been added to the Korean fauna: Acerophagus Smith, Adelencyrtus Ashmead, Anagyrus Howard, Aphycoides Mercet, Arrhenophagus Aurivillius, Caenohomalopoda Tachikawa, Callipteroma Motschulsky, Encyrtus Latreille, Leptomastidea Mercet, 2 • INSECTA MUNDI 0719, July 2019 SUH Rhopus Foerster, and Zaomma Ashmead (Paik 1980, 1994; Tachikawa et al. 1981; Trajapitzin and Paik 1996; Li and Byun 2001; Li et al. 2002). To date, 45 species belonging to 29 genera have been documented in Korea (Gim 2010; Choi et al. 2012; Suh 2019). Of these, 36 species belonging to 23 genera have been reported from scale insects (Choi et al. 2012; Suh 2019). Soft scale insects (Coccidae) constitute 27% (10 species), armored scale insects (Diaspididae) 22% (8 species), mealybugs (Pseudococcidae) 16% (6 spe- cies), gall-like scales (Kermesidae) 11% (4 species), felt scales (Eriococcidae) 8% (3 species), and others 16% (6 species) of primary hosts of encyrtids recorded